北京理工大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附答案)

北京理工大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read,After each passage there a re five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A，B，C and D．Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MACHI NE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneI was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Airbed’s (1994) article on hi gh illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, l iteracy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the wo rld who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned a nd committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to in tervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideological ly neutral.我在奥拉杜米·阿吉戈贝德的文章上接触到了扫盲志士这个概念，这篇文章发表于1994年。

该文章描述了女人中的高文盲率和女孩中的高辍学率。

根据阿吉戈贝德的观点，扫盲志士以帮助世界各地那些为更有意义生活而奋斗人们的自我解放为己任。

这些扫盲志士非常热心也很敬业，他们真切地拒绝集体赤贫化，这驱使他们积极参与到对边缘化人们的帮扶工作中。

他们的动力不是来自视识字仅仅是人们的一种技术性生活技巧意义上的热爱。

他们认为识字水平在文化和意识形态意义上从来不是中性的。

Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nig eria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and who se ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the Uni ted States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional c ultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?阿吉戈贝德基于她在尼日利亚以扫盲志士身份跟男女一起工作的经历进行写作。

她确信，扫盲志士必须在如下方面做出明确选择：在跟自己工作的人们中间培养什么样的文化和意识形态。

美国的文化教育工作者们是否想到过，他们实行的教育是否跟学生的传统文化或共性相冲突；是否在学习者的第一语言或母语或方言，以及其口语形态方面对文盲者有所促进？Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition.Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when s tudents engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of"sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings." Literacy pedagog y that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the do minant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a communit y of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measurin g what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor(1993) describ es literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators.Do our teacher -education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore p roblems from a community-based dialogic perspective?'有些文化教育手段饱含个体主义、控制和竞争这样的理念。

例如，让学生参加合唱班和让一个学生面对群体大声朗诵，其传达和表现的价值是不同的。

成为一个合格的扫盲志士就是选择了“分享、团结、爱、平等、尊重并与自然和其他人合作”等思想意识。

适合扫盲志士思想意识的文化教学法，会存续几百万少数民族孩子的语言和文化，而目前这些孩子被迫接受统治者群体的语言和文化。

这样可以评估一个扫盲地区的总体成效和使用文字的社会意义，而不是在一个标准化考试中对某一个体作为读者和作者的所作所为进行测评。

肖（1993年）将扫盲志士描述为问题启发式、基于共性式、对话式的教育者。

我们关于阅读和语言艺术的教师教育教材，提升了教师应从一种基于共性的对话或视角来探讨问题的理念吗？1. A literacy animator is one who ________.A. struggles for a more meaningful lifeB. frees people from poverty and illiteracyC. is committed to marginalize the illiterateD. is concerned with what is behind illiteracy2. The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way________.A. promote students' home languagesB. force students to accept their cultureC. teach nothing but reading and writingD. consider literacy as of non-neutral nature3. Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ________.A. teach American customs and ideologyB. make a choice of culture to be fosteredC. reject the values of the dominant classD. help maintain Nigerian-language and culture4. According to the author, "choral reading" may represent ________.A. individualismB. collectivismC. c ompetitionD. immersion5. Animator ideology emphasizes more on ________.A. the social function of literacyB. students' performance in testsC. the dominant group's languageD. the attainment of life skillsPassage TwoAccording to one survey of 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year's re solutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5actually stays on tr ack for six months or more, reports , a consumer diet and fitness Web site.But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now."The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your hea lthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, 'Is this going to get me the results that I want? '" says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist."And if you're doing something every day to eat healthy, then that's going to pay off in the l ong run. "Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule."If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yours elf some slack and eat pleasurably. "She says she believes that "healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution. "The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.Staying motivated is key to Long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help stren gthen a weakening workout program.Adding variety to a fitness regime also c an prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes . After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping you're your routine.Setting goals too high is another common mistake. "If you're not running a marathon at the e nd of the month, don't worry," say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout- and the resulting p ain and stiffness-is discouraging and may force most to abandon a program. Starting slowly is key.But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside, Uria says to start up again immediately."A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride...drive toward that goal," he says. 6. According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that ________.A. he figure is rather depressing and unexpected as wellB. those who have made their resolution should give up their effortC. whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chipsD. long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles7. What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?A. You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.B. You should feel free to eat 10% of the time.C. You should learn to eat healthy gradual l y.D. Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.8. Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?A. Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.B. Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.C. Making a schedule with too high goals in it.D. Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.9. How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?A. Four.B. Five.C. Six.D. Seven.10. What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?A. You should be struggling with yourself all the time.B. You should constantly evaluate the results you want.C. You should try to keep yourself motivated.D. You 8hould try your best to diversify your fitness practice.Passage ThreeOur present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and th e increasingly widespread commercialization of-culture, has been cast adrift, without any firm bas is for judgments. Publications and institutions to support serious criticism,in this view, either n o longer exist or are few in number.Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, content to e mploy a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of university critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards, Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of pett y bickering and bloated reputations.Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of the Pu ritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove. Has the le vel of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of course the logic of such an opinion depends on t he figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving tod ay could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not lim ited solely to the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so encrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they became largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is tha t literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of cormmercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the fatuous, but not a typical, case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, l amented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She surveyed a literary culture that had e mbraced "snark", her term for hostile, self-serving reviews.The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favo r of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film r eviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in "critical condition. "For hi m, the postmodern turn to, theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent gr ound out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demea ned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned i n the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theater critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, w as anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old days of the critic who wield ed unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden t o a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the presen t is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultural criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, as John Dewey did almost a century ag o, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a golden age that ne ver was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.11. What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?A. Cultural critics attack postmodernism and cornmercialization cherished by publica- tionsand institutions.B. Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.C. Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.D. Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.12. How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?A. Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prosestyleB. Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallowstandards.C. Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not really trust it.D. Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.13. What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the ot her fields?A. When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, t h eir views are likely to be meaningless.B. It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of co m-mercialism.C. Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which wouldscorch the landscape.D. It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious-fiction and reviewing.14. What does "the snark review" refer to according to Heidi Julavits?A. Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfish.B. Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.C. Entertainment reviews in the film industry.D. Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.15. In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultural criticism, the author suggests th at________.A. we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challengesB. pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticismC. democratic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon systemD. we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitudePassage FourIn July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant far m in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) id entified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a floc k of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3 k m exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burn ed and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping.It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinar y Exotic Diseases Division felt it was safe for poultry movements in the area to resume. This we ekend, with the news that H5Nl, a far more deadly bird virus,has reached Turkey, similar emer gency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are pr eparing for is that the H5Nl virus, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in sout h-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained and—most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those dire ctly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought, to be at risk, though direct human-to-human t ransmission cannot be ruled out. "Every time a new person gets infected with the virus there is a s mall chance that person will trigger a pandemic," said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial Coll ege, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5Nl to reach Britain. "It's a very small chance, probably l in a l,000, 1 in 10,000 0r less. "Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain t he outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples s ent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If Ian Brown, the head of avian virology there, confirms the cause of death as H5Nl, the alert level will be raised to red an d a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine, restriction of poultry movements to cu lling, will swing into action. Other agencies,such as the Department of Health, the Health Protec tion Agency and the Ministry of Defence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that the out break cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibili ty of vaccination.At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of He alth would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of h ospital trusts and local authorities.The Civil Contingency Secretariat ( CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to ter rorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June,CCS offici als warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic p reparedness plan later this month. .In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many deaths in the 12weeks o f an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000people would r equite hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tami flu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14 courses, enough for a quarter of the populati on, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professi onals and essential civil servants the first in line.The government would also come under pres sure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for just t wo to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual hu man flu strains will also work against H5Nl.The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the E ast Midlands codenamed, Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuar ies would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, an y of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group,said: "All you can do is plan for the worst case scenario. "The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the viru s to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration n orth. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to po ultry on British farms.In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week tha t they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds-three times the normal level. "The risk of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low," said D efra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. "However, we have said all along that we must remain on the l ook out. "16. What does the "scenario" in Paragraph 2 mean to Turkey?A. Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severelyattacked country on these shores.B. Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.C. Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of H5Nl on these shores.D. All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.17. What is, according to Neil Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?A. Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.B. Each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird flu.C. The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him.D. It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain persons will cause a national bird virus spreading.18. The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that______.A. all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possibleB. the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistanceC. the most serious situation of bird flu has appearedD. the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do19. What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with-the risk of the virus sprea ding to human population?A. The Department of Health required Civi l Contingency Secretariat to publish docu- ments for the pandemic preparedness.B. The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.C. The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan assoon as possible.D. The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.20. British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to______.A. the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to BritainB. the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wild geeseC. the migration of the wild geese every winterD. British shores infected by the geese virusPart ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section ADirections:Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese; (20 points)21.Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about.Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may kno w how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block our path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad webelieve we have been, how low we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin agai n.22.We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know ourselves. If we r ealized how precious the gift of life is, we would not waste a moment trying to improve it. If we really understood how precious we are to the gift of life, we would not waste time trying to fix o urselves.23.We cannot draw to us more than we believe we are worth. Everything that happens to us an d every choice we make is a reflection of what we believe about who we are. Our inspiration c omes from our self-acceptance Our mot i vation comes from our self-reliance. When we accept o urselves and rely on ourselves, we feel good about ourselves. When you feel good about some thing, you believe in it.When you believe in it,it will work far you!24．It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yo urself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignor e you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has ver y little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your "self".Self-esteem begins and ends with you, the self. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English. (20 points)现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。