色影无忌关于pyro
蔡司摄影镜头产品说明书
ZEISS Otus 1.4/28ZEISS Otus 1.4/55ZEISS Otus 1.4/85ZEISS Otus 1.4/100ZEISS Otus LensesCamera Lenses from ZEISS Products at a glanceZEISS Milvus LensesZEISS Classic LensesMediumformat look and quality on full-frame cameras Lenses that unleash the performance of high resolution camerasProven optical design with a legendary bokeh in a sturdy metal barrel • E xceptionally high contrast, practically no color fringes even at an aperture of f/1.4 and virtually no distortion• O utstanding build quality and extremely smooth internal focusing mechanism with very long rotation angle for the very best usability• O utstanding micro contrast, high suppression of flares and ghosting• I deal for both still and motion pictureapplications thanks to the de-click feature of the ZF.2 series and hard stops at MOD and infinity • W eather-sealed barrel and lens mount for use under a wide range of conditions• C lassic product design and high optical performance• Full-metal housing and focus ring • I deal for both still and motion picture applications due to hard stops at MOD and infinityCompatible with: Canon or Nikon cameras 1; Format: FF; Focus: MFCompatible with: Canon or Nikon cameras 1; Format: FF; Focus: MFZEISS Milvus 2.8/15ZEISS Milvus 2.8/18ZEISS Milvus 2.8/21ZEISS Milvus 1.4/25ZEISS Milvus 1.4/35ZEISS Milvus 2/35ZEISS Milvus 1.4/50ZEISS Milvus 1.4/85ZEISS Milvus 2/135ZEISS Milvus 2/50M ZEISS Milvus 2/100MCompatible with: Canon or Nikon cameras 1; Format: FF; Focus: MFZEISS Planar T* 1,4/50ZEISS Planar T* 1,4/851 Canon is a trademark or registered trademark of Canon Inc. and/or other members of the Canon Group. Nikon is a registered trademark of Nikon Corporation;2Sony and E-mount are registered trademarks of Sony Corporation; 3 Fujifilm is a registered trademark of Fujifilm Corporation; 4 Leica is a registered trademark of Leica Microsystems IR GmbH.Carl Zeiss AG | Consumer Products | For more information see: /photo | /photo/dealer | Compatible with: Sony E-mount cameras 2; Format: FF; Focus: AFZEISS Distagon T* 2,8/15ZEISS Biogon T* 2,8/21 ZEISS Biogon T* 2,8/25 ZEISS Biogon T* 2,8/28 ZEISS Distagon T* 1,4/35 ZEISS Biogon T* 2/35ZEISS C Biogon T* 2,8/35ZEISS C Sonnar T* 1,5/50ZEISS Planar T* 2/50ZEISS Batis 2.8/18ZEISS Batis 2/25ZEISS Batis 2/40 CF ZEISS Batis 1.8/85ZEISS Batis 2.8/135ZEISS Touit 2.8/12ZEISS Touit 1.8/32ZEISS Touit 2.8/50MZEISS Batis LensesZEISS Loxia LensesZEISS Touit LensesZEISS ZM LensesProfessional full-frame AF lenses for mirrorless system cameras from Sony Compact, full-frame MF lenses for mirrorless system cameras from Sony AF lenses for Sony E-mount and Fujifilm X-mount APS-C sensor camera systemsLenses with exceptional workmanship for digital and analog rangefinder cameras • P rofessional-quality images and super-fast autofocus• D istance and depth-of-field scale tuned to image sensor and displayed by a unique OLED display• C ompatible with Sony E-mount video cameras,providing AF control for motion capture• O ptimized lens design for the high-res sensors in E-mount cameras• I deal for photography and videography thanks to the de-click feature and super-smooth manual focusing• C ompact, lightweight design for a small,handy system solution• H igh image quality, fast and accurate autofocus function•Lightweight yet sturdy barrel• E xcellent value in the rangefinder lens market • H uge selection of focal lengths from 15 mm – 50 mmE N _10_025_0025V I S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e i n d e s i g n a n d s c o p e o f d e l i v e r y a n d a s a r e s u l t o f o n g o i n g t e c h n i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t .Compatible with: Leica cameras 4; Format: FF; Focus: MFCompatible with: Sony E-mount or Fujifilm cameras 2,3; Format: APS-C; Focus: AFZEISS Loxia 2.8/21ZEISS Loxia 2.4/25ZEISS Loxia 2/35ZEISS Loxia 2/50ZEISS Loxia 2.4/85Compatible with: Sony E-mount cameras 2;Format: FF; Focus: MF。
尼康 Z 7II Z 6II 数码照相机使用说明书
A安全须知
“安全须知”包括重要安全使用说明。在使用照相机之前，请务必先阅读本部分内
容。有关详细信息，请参阅“安全须知” （பைடு நூலகம் xxxv）。
❚❚ 锂离子电池组
锂离子电池组是GB31241-2014 《便携式电子产品用锂离子电池和电池 组安全要求》对产品的定义名称。本资料也存在对锂离子电池组简称为 “电池”的情形。
ii
想立即进行拍摄时
❚❚ 拍摄 （0 56）并查看 （0 69）照片
1 将模式拨盘旋转至b。
2 半按快门释放按钮 （即轻轻按下快门
释放按钮，且在按到一半时保持不 动）进行对焦。
3 在不松开快门释放按钮的情况下，完
全按下该按钮拍摄照片。
4 查看照片。
想立即进行拍摄时 iii
包装内物品
请确认您照相机的包装中是否包含下列所有物品。
照相机控制............................................................................................................. 13 取景器 ............................................................................................ 13
2 插入存储卡 （0 45）。
3 安装镜头 （0 50）。
• 将镜头上的白点与照相机机身上的白点 对齐 （q），然后按照图示方向旋转镜 头 （w）。
• 您可在照相机上安装挂带。有关详细信
息，请参阅“安装挂带” （0 37）。
4 开启照相机并设定日期和时间
（0 52）。
pyrofuse 标准
pyrofuse 标准一、简介Pyrofuse是一种新型的开源文件系统，旨在为嵌入式系统和物联网设备提供高效、安全、可扩展的文件系统解决方案。
Pyrofuse标准是关于Pyrofuse文件系统的规范和标准，它定义了Pyrofuse文件系统的架构、功能、性能、兼容性等方面的要求，以确保Pyrofuse文件系统的质量和稳定性。
二、规范内容1.架构：Pyrofuse标准规定了Pyrofuse文件系统的基本架构，包括文件系统层次结构、目录结构、元数据存储方式等。
2.功能：Pyrofuse标准规定了Pyrofuse文件系统应具备的基本功能，包括文件和目录的创建、删除、修改、读取、写入、权限控制等。
此外，Pyrofuse标准还要求文件系统支持块设备、文件系统和网络文件系统的挂载，并提供加密和压缩等安全功能。
3.性能：Pyrofuse标准对Pyrofuse文件系统的性能进行了要求，包括读取速度、写入速度、I/O性能等。
同时，标准还要求文件系统支持热插拔和自适应缓存等技术，以提高性能和可靠性。
4.兼容性：Pyrofuse标准规定了文件系统应支持的硬件平台、操作系统和软件环境，以确保文件系统在不同环境和设备上的兼容性。
5.安全性：Pyrofuse标准要求文件系统提供全面的安全性保障，包括数据加密、访问控制、权限管理、安全审计等。
同时，标准还要求文件系统支持安全启动和固件更新等功能，以提高系统的安全性和稳定性。
三、实施和应用Pyrofuse标准的实施需要遵循标准的规范和要求，以确保文件系统的质量和稳定性。
同时，标准的推广和应用也有助于推动Pyrofuse 文件系统的普及和发展。
目前，许多嵌入式系统和物联网设备已经开始使用Pyrofuse文件系统，并取得了良好的效果。
四、总结Pyrofuse标准是关于Pyrofuse文件系统的规范和标准，它定义了Pyrofuse文件系统的架构、功能、性能、兼容性等方面的要求，以确保Pyrofuse文件系统的质量和稳定性。
UJIFILM 富士数码相机FinePix F460 说明书
3 高级功能
B 静止图像拍摄
拍摄功能 拍摄照片-选择相机设置 .................................................................................................................................... 30 选择拍摄模式 .................................................................................................................................................... 32 e 微距(特写)拍摄 ............................................................................................................................................ 34 d 闪光灯 ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 AUTO 自动闪光(无显示) ............................................................................................................................ 35 b 减轻红眼 ................................................................................................................................................ 35 d 强制闪光 ................................................................................................................................................ 36 v 禁止闪光 ................................................................................................................................................ 36 c 慢同步 .................................................................................................................................................... 36 n 减轻红眼+慢同步 ................................................................................................................................... 36 * 自拍 ............................................................................................................................................................ 37 fi 增加显示屏的亮度 ...................................................................................................................................... 38
杰克逊 DMC-GX85KK 相机产品说明书
LUMIX GX85 4K Mirrorless Interchangeable Lens Camera Kit, 12-32mm Lens, 16 Megapixels, Dual Image Stabilization, Electronic Viewfinder, WiFi - Black DMC-GX85KK TYPE Type Digital Single Lens Mirrorless cameraRecording media SD Memory Card, SDHC Memory Card, SDXC Memory CardRecording media (Compatible with UHS-I UHS Speed Class 3 standard SDHC / SDXC Memory Cards)Image sensor size 17.3 x 13.0 mm (in 4:3 aspect ratio)Lens mount Micro Four Thirds mountIMAGE SENSOR Type Live MOS SensorTotal pixels 16.84 MegapixelsCamera effective pixels 16.00 MegapixelsColor filter Primary color filterDust reduction system Supersonic wave filterRECORDING SYSTEMAspect ratio 4:3, 3:2, 16:9, 1:1Image quality RAW, RAW+Fine, RAW+Standard, Fine, StandardImage quality MPO+Fine / MPO+Standard (with 3D lens in Micro Four Thirds system standard)Color Space sRGB, AdobeRGBContinuous recordable time (Motion picture) A VCHD [FHD/60i]: Approx. 100 min (rear monitor), 90 min(LVF) with H-FS12032Continuous recordable time (Motion picture) MP4 [4K/30p]: Approx. 80 min (rear monitor), 70 min (LVFH-FS12032Actual recordable time (Motion picture) A VCHD [FHD/60i]: Approx. 50 min (rear monitor), 45 min (LVFH-FS12032Actual recordable time (Motion picture) MP4 [4K/30p]: Approx. 40 min (rear monitor), 35 min (LVF) withFS12032Recording file formatStill image JPEG (DCF, Exif 2.3), RAW, MPO (When attaching 3D lens in Micro Four Thirds system standMotion picture A VCHD (Audio format: Dolby Digital 2ch), MP4 (Audio format: AAC 2ch)File size(Pixels)Still Image [4:3] 4592x3448(L) / 3232x2424(M) / 2272x1704(S) / 1824x1368 (When attaching 3D lens in MicFour Third system standard)Still Image [3:2] 4592x3064(L) / 3232x2160(M) / 2272x1520(S) / 1824x1216 (When attaching 3D lens in MicFour Third system standard)Still Image [16:9] 4592x2584(L) / 3840x2160(M) / 1920x1080(S) / 1824x1024 (When attaching 3D lens in MFour Third system standard)Still Image [1:1] 3424x3424(L) / 2416x2416(M) / 1712x1712(S) / 1712x1712 (When attaching 3D lens in MicFour Third system standard)Motion picture*MP4 N/AA VCHD N/AMP4* [4K] 3840x2160: 4K/30p 100Mbps, 4K/24p 100MbpsMP4* [Full HD] 1920x1080: FHD/60p 28Mbps, FHD/60p 28MbpsMP4* [HD] 1280x720: HD/30p 10MbpsMP4* [VGA] 640x480: VGA/30p 4MbpsA VCHD* [Full HD] 1920x1080 FHD/60p: 28Mbps, 60p recordingA VCHD* [Full HD] 1920x1080 FHD/60i: 17Mbps, 60i recordingA VCHD* [Full HD] 1920x1080 FHD/30p: 24Mbps, 60i recording (sensor output is 30fps)A VCHD* [Full HD] 1920x1080 FHD/24p: 24Mbps, 24p recordingWiFi FUNCTION WiFi IEEE 802.11b/g/n, 2412 MHz - 2462 MHz (1-11 ch), Wi-Fi / WPA / WPA2, Infrastructure modeNFC NoQR Code Connection YesPassword-less connection Yes (ON / OFF selectable)VIEWFINDER Type LCD Live View Finder (2,764,800 dots equivalent)Field of view Approx. 100%Magnification Approx. 1.39x / 0.7x (35mm camera equivalent) with 50 mm lens at infinity; -1.0 m-1Eye point Approx. 17.5 mm from eyepiece lensDiopter adjustment -4.0 - +3.0 (dpt)Eye sensor YesEye sensor adjustment High / LowFOCUS Type Contrast AF systemDFD technology YesPost Focus YesFocus Stacking N/AFocus mode AFS (Single) / AFF (Flexible) / AFC (Continuous) / MFAF mode Face/Eye Detection / Tracking / 49-Area / Custom Multi / 1-Area / PinpointAF mode (Full area touch is available)AF detective range EV -4 - 18 (ISO100 equivalent)Starlight AF YesAF assist lamp YesAF lock Yes (AF/AE LOCK button)Others One Shot AF, Shutter AF, Half Press Release, Quick AF, Continuous AF (during motion picturerecording), Eye Sensor AF, AF+MF, MF Assist, Touch MF Assist, Focus Peaking, Touch AF/AE Function,Touch Pad AF, Touch ShutterEXPOSURE CONTROLLight metering system 1728-zone multi-pattern sensing systemLight metering mode Multiple / Center Weighted / SpotMetering range EV 0 - 18 (F2.0 lens, ISO100 equivalent)Exposure mode Program AE, Aperture Priority AE, Shutter Priority AE, ManualISO sensitivity (Standard Output Sensitivity) Auto / Intelligent ISO / 100 (Extended) / 200 / 400 / 800 / 1603200 / 6400 / 12800 / 25600 (Changeable to 1/3 EV step)ISO sensitivity (Standard Output Sensitivity) (Up to ISO6400 in motion picture recording) (ISO Auto in Mmode)Exposure compensation 1/3 EV step ±5EV (±3EV for motion picture)AE lock Yes (AF/AE LOCK button)AE bracket N/AWHITE BALANCE White balance Auto / Daylight / Cloudy / Shade / incandescent / Flash / White Set 1, 2, 3, 4 / Color temperasettingWhite balance adjustment Blue/Amber bias, Magenta/Green biasColor temperature setting 2500-10000K in 100KWhite balance bracket N/ASHUTTER Type Focal-plane shutterShutter speed Still image: Still image: Time (Max. 2 minutes), 1/4,000 - 60Shutter speed Motion picture: 1/16,000 - 1/25Shutter speed Electronic shutter: 1/16,000 - 1Self timer 10sec, 3 images / 2sec / 10secRemote control N/ASCENE GUIDE Still image N/AMotion picture N/ABRACKET AE bracket 3, 5, 7 frames in 1/3, 2/3 or 1 EV Step, Max. ±3 EV, single/burstAperture Bracket 3, 5 or all positions in 1 EV stepFocus Bracket 1 to 999 frames, focus steps can be set in 5 levelsWhite balance bracket 3 exposures in blue/amber axis or in magenta/green axisPANORAMA SHOT Panorama shot Yes (Standard / Wide)BURST SHOOTINGBurst speed [Mechanical shutter] AFS: H: 8 frames/sec, M: 6 frames/sec (with Live View), L: 2 frames/secLive View)Burst speed [Mechanical shutter] AFC: H: 6 frames/sec, M: 6 frames/sec (with Live View), L: 2 frames/sec(with Live View)Burst speed [Electronic shutter] SH: 40 frames/secBurst speed [Electronic shutter] AFS: H: 10 frames/sec, M: 6 frames/sec (with Live View), L: 2 frames/secLive View)Burst speed [Electronic shutter] AFC: H: 6 frames/sec, M: 6 frames/sec (with Live View), L: 2 frames/sec (Live View)Number of recordable images More than 13 images (when there are RAW files with the particular speed)Number of recordable images More than 100 images (when there are no RAW files)Number of recordable images (depending on memory card type, aspect, picture size and compression)4K PHOTO MODE4K Photo mode* 4K Burst: 30 frames/sec4K Photo mode* 4K Burst (S/S): 30 frames/sec4K Photo mode* 4K Pre-Burst: 30 frames/sec, approx. 2 seconds4K Photo mode* (depending on memory card size and battery power)Exif information YesSelectable aspect ratio Yes (4:3 / 3:2 / 16:9 / 1:1 are selectable)Exposure mode Program AE/ Aperture-Priority / Sutter-Priority / Manual ExposureMarking function Yes (in 4K Burst (S/S) mode)Loop rec function Yes (in 4K Burst (S/S) mode)FLASH Flash type TTL Built-in-Flash, GN6.0 equivalent (ISO200 ・m) / GN4.2 equivalent (ISO100 ・m), Built-inup (Reference）Flash Mode Auto*, Auto/Red-eye Reduction*, Forced On, Forced On/Red-eye Reduction, Slow Sync., SlowSync./Red-eye Reduction, Forced Off * For iA, iA+ only.Synchronization speed Less than 1/160 secondFlash output adjustment 1/3EV step ±3EVFlash synchronization 1st. Curtain Sync, 2nd Curtain Sync.Synchronization for flash dimming and exposure compensation YesWireless control N/AREAR MONITOR Type TFT LCD monitor with static touch controlMonitor size Tilt 3.0-inch / 3:2 aspect / Wide viewing anglePixels Approx. 1,040k dotsFiled of view Approx. 100%Monitor adjustment Brightness, Contrast, Saturation, Red-Green, Blue-YellowLIVE VIEW Digital zoom 2x, 4xExtra Tele Conversion Still image: Max. 2xExtra Tele Conversion Motion picture: 2.4x (FHD), 3.6x (HD), 4.8x (VGA)Other functions Level Gauge, Real-time Histogram, Guide Lines (3 patterns), Highlight display (Still imagmotion picture), Zebra pattern (Still image / motion picture)DIRECTION DETECTION FUNCTIONDirection Detection Function YesSELF SHOT Self Shot Mode N/AShutter N/AEffect N/AFUNCTION BUTTONFn1, Fn2, Fn3, Fn4, Fn5, Fn6 N/AFn1, Fn2, Fn3, Fn4, Fn5, Fn6, Fn7, Fn8, Fn9 4K Photo Mode / Wi-Fi / Q.MENU / LVF/Monitor Switch / ALOCK / AF-ON / Preview / One Push AE / Touch AE / Level Gauge / Focus Area Set / Zoom Control / CurButton Lock / Dial Operation Switch / Photo Style / Filter Select / Aspect Ratio / Picture Size / Quality /Metering Mode / Bracket / Focus Mode / Highlight Shadow / i. Dynamic / i. Resolution / Post Focus / HDRShutter Type / Flash Mode / Flash Adjust. / Ex. Tele Conv. / Digital Zoom / Stabilizer / Snap Movie / MotioSet / Picture Mode / Silent Mode / Peaking / Histogram / Guide Line / Zebra Pattern / Monochrome Live VRec Area / Step Zoom / Zoom Speed / Touch Screen / Sensitivity / White Balance / AF Mode/MF / Drive MRestore to DefaultFn1, Fn2, Fn3, Fn4, Fn5, Fn6, Fn7, Fn8, Fn9, Fn10 N/APHOTO STYLE Still image and motion picture Standard / Vivid / Natural / Monochrome / L. Monochrome / Scenery / PortCustomCREATIVE CONTROLStill image Expressive / Retro / Old Days / High Key / Low Key / Sepia / Monochrome / Dynamic MonochrRough Monochrome / Silky Monochrome / Impressive Art / High Dynamic / Cross Process / Toy Effect / TPop / Bleach Bypass / Miniature Effect / Soft Focus / Fantasy / Star Filter / One Point Color / SunshineMotion picture Expressive / Retro / Old Days / High Key / Low Key / Sepia / Monochrome / DynamicMonochrome / Impressive Art / High Dynamic / Cross Process / Toy Effect / Toy Pop / Bleach Bypass /Miniature Effect / Fantasy / One Point ColorCREATIVE VIDEO MODEExposure mode Program AE / Aperture-Priority / Sutter-Priority / Manual ExposureMOTION PICTURE FUNCTIONCinelike gamma N/AFlicker reduction [1/50] / [1/60] / [1/100] / [1/120] / OFFPLAYBACK Playback function 30-thumbnail display, 12-thumbnail display, Calendar display, Zoomed playback (MaxSlideshow (All / Picture Only / Video Only / 4K PHOTO / Post Focus / 3D / Category Selection / Favorite,duration & effect is selectable), Playback Mode (Normal / Picture Only / Video Only / 4K PHOTO / Post F3D Play / Category / Favorite), Location Logging, RAW Processing, Light Composition, Clear Retouch, TiEdit, Text Stamp, Video Divide, Time Lapse Video, Stop Motion Video, Resize, Cropping, Rotate, RotationDisplay, Favorite, DPOF Print Set, Protect, Face Recognition Edit, Picture Sort, Creating Still Pictures froMotion PictureIMAGE PROTECTION / ERASEProtection Single / MultiErase Single / Multi / All / Except FavoritePRINT Direct Print PictBridge compatibleINTERFACE USB USB 2.0 High Speed MultiHDMI N/AHDMI** microHDMI TypeD / VIERA LinkHDMI** Video: Auto / 4K / 1080p / 1080i / 720p / 480pHDMI** Audio: StereoAudio video output NoRemote input N/AExternal microphone input N/AMicrophone Stereo, Wind-cut: OFF / Standard / HighSpeaker MonauralLANGUAGE OSD language Japanese, English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese (Traditional) GENERAL POWERBattery Li-ion Battery Pack (7.2V, 1025mAh, 7.4Wh) (Included)Battery AC Adaptor (Input: 110 - 240V AC) (Included, connect with USB cable)Battery life (CIPA standard) Approx. 290 images (rear monitor), 270 images (LVF) with H-FS12032Battery grip N/ADIMENSIONS / WEIGHTDimensions (W x H x D) 122 x 70.6 x 43.9 mm / 4.80 x 2.78 x 1.73 inch (excluding protrusions)Weight Approx. 426g / 0.94 lb (SD card, Battery, Body)Weight Approx. 383g / 0.84 lb (Body only)Weight Approx. 493g / 1.09 lb (SD card, Battery, H-FS12032 lens included)OPERATING ENVIRONMENTOperating temperature 0℃ to 40℃ (32°F to 104°F)Operating humidity 10%RH to 80％RHSTANDARD ACCESSORIESSoftware ・ The software to edit and playback images on computer is not bundled with DMC-GX85. To doPHOTOfunSTUDIO is available for download at Panasonic website using computer connected to the Interhttp://panasonic.jp/support/global/cs/soft/download/d_pfs99pe.html (For Windows)・ The software to process RAW file on computer is not bundled with DMC-GX85. To do this, SILKYPIXDeveloper Studio is available for download at Ichikawa Soft Laboratory's website using computer connectthe Internet.http://www.isl.co.jp/SILKYPIX/english/p/ (For Windows / Mac)Standard accessories DMC-GX85K KitStandard accessories Hot Shoe Cover, Battery Pack, AC Adaptor, USB Connection Cable, Shoulder StrapCapStandard accessories ・ The DMC-GX85 Operating Instructions for advanced features is available fordownloaded at Panasonic LUMIX Customer Support Site using PC, smartphone or tablet connected to theInternet.INTERCHANGEABLE LENS-1Lens Name LUMIX G V ARIO 12-32mm / F3.5-5.6 ASPH. / MEGA O.I.S.Lens Construction 8 elements in 7 groups (3 aspherical lenses, 1 ED lens)Nano Surface Coating -Mount Micro Four Thirds mountOptical Image Stabilizer Yes (MEGA O.I.S.)Focal Length f=12-32mm (35mm camera equivalent 24-64mm)Aperture Type 7 diaphragm blades / Circular aperture diaphragmAperture range N/AAperture N/AMaximum Aperture F3.5(Wide) - F5.6(Tele)Minimum Aperture F22Closest Focusing Distance 0.20m/0.66ft (at focal lenghts 12-20mm) / 0.30m/0.98ft (at focal lenghts 21-32mmMaximum magnification Approx. 0.13x / 0.26x (35mm camera equivalent)Diagonal Angle of View 84°(Wide) to 37°(TELE)Weatherproof N/AGeneralFilter Size 37mm / 1.5inMax. Diameter φ55.5mm / 2.2inOverall Length Approx. 24mm / 0.94in (from the tip of the lens to the base side of the lens mount)Weight [g] Approx. 70g (excluding lens cap, lens rear cap )Weight [oz] Approx. 2.47oz (excluding lens cap, lens rear cap )Others N/AINTERCHANGEABLE LENS-2Lens Name N/ALens Construction N/ANano Surface Coating N/AMount N/AOptical Image Stabilizer N/AFocal Length N/AAperture Type N/AAperture range N/AAperture N/AMaximum Aperture N/AMinimum Aperture N/AClosest Focusing Distance N/AMaximum magnification N/ADiagonal Angle of View N/AWeatherproof N/AGeneralFilter Size N/AMax. Diameter N/AOverall Length N/AWeight [g] N/AWeight [oz] N/AOthers N/ANOTES Image Stabilization System Image Sensor Shift Type (5-axis)TIME LAPSE SHOT YesSTOP MOTION ANIMATION YesSILENT MODE YesNOTE * About motion picture recording / 4K Photo recording- Use a card with SD Speed Class with "Class 4" or higher when recording motion pictures.- Use a card with SD Speed Class with "UHS-I UHS Speed Class 3 (U3)" when recording motion pictures w[MP4] in [4K] or [4K PHOTO].(SD speed class is the speed standard regarding continuous writing.)- Recording stops when the continuous recording time exceeds 29 minutes and 59 seconds or the file size ex4GB with [MP4] in [FHD] [HD] [VGA].- MP4 motion pictures with [MP4] in [4K]:- When using an SDHC memory card: You can continue recording without interruption even if the file sizeexceeds 4 GB, but the motion picture file will be divided and recorded/played back separately.- When using an SDXC memory card: You can record a motion picture in a single file.- When the ambient temperature is high or continuous recording is performed, the camera may stop therecording to protect itself. Wait until the camera cools down.** For [4K] video output, use an HDMI cable that has the HDMI logo on it, and that is described as"4Kcompatible".UPC885170285316。
《Minolta手动镜头的一些数据》
Minolta手动镜头的一些数据郑重声明：本文是我整理色影无忌网上jackripper的帖子所写，分享给众位美能达玩家原帖地址：/printthread.php?threadid=352158小木整理/people/alicesherry/----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------最开始整理这份资料的时候，是在我自己准备玩回Minolta手动器材的时候。
在无忌诸位高人留下的帖子中领悟了许久，却发现自己依然是充满了茫然。
――直到后来我知道这与Minolta一贯的经营作风有关，将市场划分为若干区块并投放带有不同标识的产品。
所以我捧着一本厚厚的英文词典开始翻阅所有能找到的，与Minolta手动镜头有关联的帖子。
之后，我踏上了攒镜头的不归路。
直到我基本上攒到了那些曾让我梦牵魂系的镜头时，整理在手中的资料也够让我骄傲自满一番的了。
所以想把它分享出来，因为现在沉迷在Minolta 手动器材中的玩家还很多，更有一些入门的新兵。
前段时间曾有想法在无忌上申请博客，只是博客一直没批下来，所以相关资料就贴在这里，各取所需好了。
在聊那些具体数据之前，有必要先聊一聊Minolta手动镜头的市场划分。
或者叫做版本。
单纯按照市场划分来看，Minolta把整个市场划分成两个最主要的区块，北美市场和欧洲市场。
包括日本本土销售的产品应该也是类同于欧洲市场的样式及产品系列。
只是对此我没有具体考证过，不能绝对肯定。
一个对Minolta手动器材颇有研究的美国玩家认为，准对北美市场生产的镜头无论在用料做工及最后的成像上多少要好于发布在欧洲市场的产品。
对此我同样没有具体考证过，不敢认同。
但是两大市场的区分，反映在镜头上却很简单。
北美市场的产品在镜头标识中带有黄颜色的ROKKOR-X，也就是国内玩家所说的黄标头。
哈萨尔布摄影机的毛胶icro-Planar T 5.6 135 CF专用阴暗摄影镜头说明书
Makro-Planar®T* 5.6/135 CFThis is the other close-up specialist in the CarlZeiss lens range for Hasselblad cameras. Theoptical characteristic of the Makro-Planar® T*5.6/135 lens is very similar to that of theMakro-Planar® T* 4/120 lens. However, there is asignificant difference: The Makro-Planar® T*5.6/135 lens comes without focusing device. Thisis because this lens is designed to be used withthe Hasselblad bellows extension.In this combination the photographer has acamera that can quickly focus from infinity downto life size without any further accessories. Also, itis eqipped with a fast central shutter, offeringflash synchronisation to 1/500 s. This highperformance combination is unique in mediumformat and proves very useful in scientific,industrial, technical, and nature photography onlocation and in the studio.Preferred use: Close-ups of all kind,documentation, nature, scientific, digitalphotography_________________________________________________________________________________________Cat. No. of lens10 78 24Number of elements7Close limit field size55 mm x 55 mmNumber of groups5Max. scale 1 : 1Max. aperture f/5.6Entrance pupil*Focal length137.1 mm Position47.4 mm behind the first lens vertex Negative size55 x 55 mm Diameter24.1 mmAngular field*width 23°, height 23°,Exit pupil*diagonal 31°Position47.3 mm in front of the last lens vertex Min. aperture45Diameter28.4 mmCamera mount CF Position of principal planesShutter Prontor CF H67.6 mm behind the first lens vertexFilter connection bayonett series 60H'23.5 mm in front of the last lens vertex Focusing range infinity to 0.54 m Back focal distance*113.6 mmWorking distance (between mechanical front end of Distance between firstlens and subject)0.2 m and last lens vertex80.2 mmWeight620 g_________________________________________________________________________________________*for image scale 1 : infinityMakro-Planar® T* 5.6/135 CF Cat. No. 10 78 241. MTF DiagramsThe image height u - calculated from the image center - is entered in mm on the horizontal axis of the graph. The modulation transfer T (MTF = M odulation Transfer Factor) is entered on the vertical axis. Parameters of the graph are the spatial frequencies R in cycles (line pairs) per mm given at the top of this page.The lowest spatial frequency corresponds to the upper pair of curves, the highest spatial frequency to the lower pair. Above each graph, the f-number k is given for which the measurement was made. "White" light means that the measurement was made with a subject illumination having the approximate spectral distribution of daylight.Unless otherwise indicated, the performance data refer to large object distances, for which normal photographic lenses are primarily used.2. Relative illuminanceIn this diagram the horizontal axis gives the image height u in mm and the vertical axis the relative illuminance E, both for full aperture and a moderately stopped-down lens. The values for E are determined taking into account vignetting and natural light decrease.3. DistortionHere again the image height u is entered on the horizontal axis in mm. The vertical axis gives the distortion V in % of the relevant image height. A positive value for V means that the actual image point is further from the image center than with perfectly distortion-free imaging (pincushion distortion); a negative V indicates barrel distortion.Makro-Planar® T* 5.6/135 CF Cat. No. 10 78 24i.s. = image scaleSubject to change.Printed in Germany 29.05.2000Carl ZeissPhotoobjektiveD-73446 OberkochenTelephone (07364) 20-6175Fax (07364) 20-4045eMail:**************http://www.zeiss.de。
无忌 4只顶级loupe的比较---图文并茂
eye_control
泡菜
上图:2/0
发帖:23K/770
注册:2000年04月 小虾这个毒中得快，是买的新货吧？
2002-01-23 14:56个人资料 发送电邮 编辑删除 个人文集 个人图集 IP: 已记录
发帖:14K/156
注册:2001年08月
请问各位，50MM标头观看反转片相当于几倍的loupe？4只顶级loupe都没用过，但好象一般200元
以内的观片放大镜效果还不如标头（包括廉价的俄产标头）。
2002-02-23 20:50个人资料 发送电邮 编辑删除 个人文集 个人图集 IP: 已记录
小蔡
泡菜
上图:3/0
发帖:377K/3035
注册:2000年07月 4只顶级loupe的比较---图文并茂
参加比较的是的leica 5x,施奈德 4x,6x 非球面，10x.
这是图片。
2001-12-01 18:03个人资料 发送电邮 编辑删除 个人文集 个人图集 IP: 已记录
主题浏览数：4724 跟贴数：80
jesusjustlikeme
泡菜
上图:0/0
发帖:2K/31
注册:2001年11月 Leica胜在外观、手感，Schneider胜在成像、体积
真正比较好的办法是到商店把想要的型号放在一起做一个比较，相信很快就会有结论。其实这
注册:2002年01月 已经买了个灯箱Cabin
CL-5000P和一个罗敦斯德4X非球面Loupe，再带一个Cabin灯箱专用稳压电源，全新行货，巨爽，
康纳德摄影系统产品说明书
LENSES
Interchangeable lenses, all bayonet-mounted , ran ging from 18mm to 1000mm.
• 18mm to 250mm lenses with automatic pre-set diaphragms. • B-Planar and B-Distagon with built-in automatic flash control. • Automatic diaphragm compensation for close-up photography for 25 to
330.00 276.00 279.00
209.00
189.00
TESSAR~f / 2.8, 50mm, automatic preset ...... . .... . . . .. . .
S.PLANA~f / 4, 50mm for scale reproductions at 1:2.8 to 1:13 only .. . . . ...... . ... . . . ..... . .... . . .. .
PLANAR~f / 1.4, 55mm , automatic preset . ... .
SONNAR~f / 2 , 85mm, automatic preset ... . ...... .. . TESSAR~f / 3 . 5 , 115mm, manually preset
(for use with BELLOWS EXTENSION only)
CONTAREX PROFESSIONAL
Same features as Contarex Super, but no built-in exposure meter.
ARRI ALEXA Mini LF 摄影机说明书
Identity Number K1.0024074Model ALEXA Mini LFSensor Type Large Format ARRI ALEV III (A2X) CMOS sensor with Bayer pattern colorfilter arraySensor Maximum Resolution and Size4448 x 309636.70 x 25.54 mm / 1.444 x 1.005"⌀ 44.71 mm / 1.760"Sensor Frame Rates0.75 - 90 fpsWeight∼2.6 kg / ∼5.7 lbs(camera body with LPL lens mount)800 g (MVF-2)Photosite Pitch8.25 μmSensor Active Image Area Photosites LF Open Gate ProRes 4.5K: 4448 x 3096LF Open Gate ARRIRAW 4.5K: 4448 x 3096LF 16:9 ProRes HD: 3840 x 2160LF 16:9 ProRes 2K: 3840 x 2160LF 16:9 ProRes UHD: 3840 x 2160LF 16:9 ARRIRAW UHD: 3840 x 2160LF 2.39:1 ProRes 4.5K: 4448 x 1856LF 2.39:1 ARRIRAW 4.5K: 4448 x 1856Sensor Active Image Area Dimensions LF Open Gate ProRes 4.5K: 36.70 x 25.54 mm / 1.445 x 1.006"LF Open Gate ARRIRAW 4.5K: 36.70 x 25.54 mm / 1.445 x 1.006"LF 16:9 ProRes HD: 31.68 x 17.82 mm / 1.247 x 0.702"LF 16:9 ProRes 2K: 31.68 x 17.82 mm / 1.247 x 0.702"LF 16:9 ProRes UHD: 31.68 x 17.82 mm / 1.247 x 0.702"LF 16:9 ARRIRAW UHD: 31.68 x 17.82 mm / 1.247 x 0.702"LF 2.39:1 ProRes 4.5K: 36.70 x 15.31 mm / 1.445 x 0.603"LF 2.39:1 ARRIRAW 4.5K: 36.70 x 15.31 mm / 1.445 x 0.603" Recording File Container Size LF Open Gate ProRes 4.5K: 4480 x 3096LF Open Gate ARRIRAW 4.5K: 4448 x 3096LF 16:9 ProRes HD: 1920 x 1080LF 16:9 ProRes 2K: 2048 x 1152LF 16:9 ProRes UHD: 3840 x 2160LF 16:9 ARRIRAW UHD: 3840 x 2160LF 2.39:1 ProRes 4.5K: 4480 x 1856LF 2.39:1 ARRIRAW 4.5K: 4448 x 1856Recording File Image Content LF Open Gate ProRes 4.5K: 4448 x 3096LF Open Gate ARRIRAW 4.5K: 4448 x 3096LF 16:9 ProRes HD: 1920 x 1080LF 16:9 ProRes 2K: 2048 x 1152LF 16:9 ProRes UHD: 3840 x 2160LF 16:9 ARRIRAW UHD: 3840 x 2160LF 2.39:1 ProRes 4.5K: 4448 x 1856LF 2.39:1 ARRIRAW 4.5K: 4448 x 1856Exposure Latitude14+ stops over the entire sensitivity range from EI 160 to EI 3200 asmeasured with the ARRI Dynamic Range Test Chart (DRTC-1) Exposure Index Adjustable from EI 160-3200 in 1/3 stopsEI 800 base sensitivityShutter Electronic shutter, 5.0°- 356° or 1s - 1/8000sRecording Formats MXF/ARRIRAWMXF/Apple ProRes 4444 XQMXF/Apple ProRes 4444MXF/Apple ProRes 422 HQRecording Media Codex Compact DrivesRecording Frame Rates LF Open Gate ProRes 4.5K: 0.75 - 40 fpsLF Open Gate ARRIRAW 4.5K: 0.75 - 40 fpsLF 16:9 ProRes HD: 0.75 - 90 fpsLF 16:9 ProRes 2K: 0.75 - 90 fpsLF 16:9 ProRes UHD: 0.75 - 60 fpsLF 16:9 ARRIRAW UHD: 0.75 - 60 fpsLF 2.39:1 ProRes 4.5K: 0.75 - 60 fpsLF 2.39:1 ARRIRAW 4.5K: 0.75 - 60 fpsNote: maximum fps values are preliminary informationRecording Modes Standard real-time recordingNo Pre-recordingNo IntervalometerViewfinder Type Multi Viewfinder MVF-2 with 4" flip-out monitorViewfinder Technology OLED viewfinder displayLCD fold out monitorViewfinder Resolution Pixel1920 x 1080Viewfinder Diopter Adjustable from -5 to +5 dioptersColor Output Rec 709Rec 2020Log CCustom Look (ARRI Look File ALF-2)Look Control Import of custom 3D LUTASC CDL parameters (slope, offset, power, saturation)White Balance Manual and auto white balance, adjustable from 2000K to 11000K in 10KstepsColor correction adjustable range from -16 to +16 CC1 CC corresponds to 035 Kodak CC values or 1/8 Rosco valuesFilters Built-in motorized ND filters 0.6, 1.2, 1.8Fixed optical low pass, UV, IR filterImage Outputs 1x proprietary signal output for MVF-2 viewfinder on VF CoaXPressconnector (video, audio, power, control signals)SDI 1:-HD only, Processed or Clean, with or without a look file applied-1.5G 422 HD (SMPTE ST292-1, up to 30 fps, progessive (p) or progressivesegmented frame (psf))-3G 422 HD (SMPTE ST425-1, up to 60 fps, p)-3G 444 HD (SMPTE ST425-3, up to 30 fps, p)SDI 2:-HD or UHD, Clean only, with or without a look file applied, or SDI 1 clone-1.5G 422 HD (SMPTE ST292-1, up to 30 fps, p or psf)-3G 422 HD (SMPTE ST425-1, up to 60 fps, p)-3G 444 HD (SMPTE ST425-3, up to 30 fps, p)-6G 422 UHD (SMPTE ST2081-10, up to 30 fps, p)“Clean” is an image without surround view or overlays (status, false color,zebra, framelines, etc.)“Processed” is an image with surround view or overlays.Lens Squeeze Factors 1.001.251.301.501.651.802.00Exposure and Focus Tools False ColorZebraZoomAperture and Color PeakingAudio Input1x LEMO 6pin balanced stereo line in with 12V power output(Line input max. level +24dBu correlating to 0dBFS)Audio Output SDI (embedded)3,5mm stereo headphone jack (on MVF-2)Audio Recording 2 channel linear PCM, 24 bit 48 kHzRemote Control Options MVF-2 viewfinder can act as wired remote control with 10m/33ft cableWeb-based remote control from smart phones, tablets and laptops viaWiFi & Ethernet (beta version)Camera Access Protocol (CAP) via Ethernet & WiFiGPIO interface for integration with custom control interfacesWCU-4 hand-unit with control over lens motors and operationalparameters via built-in white radioSXU-1 hand-unit with control over one lens channelOCU-1 and Master Grip control of lens and user buttonsInterfaces1x LEMO 5pin LTC Timecode In/Out1x LEMO 10pin Ethernet for remote control and service1x BNC SYNC IN1x LEMO 7pin EXT multi purpose accessory interface w. RS pin and 24Vpower output1x LEMO 4pin LBUS (on lens mount) for lens motors, daisy chainable1x USB 2.0 in media bay (for user setups, look files etc)Wireless Interfaces Built-in WiFi module (IEEE 802.11b/g)Built-in White Radio for ARRI lens and camera remote controlLens Mounts LPL lens mount with LBUS connectorPL-to-LPL adapterLeitz M mount (available from Leitz)Flange Focal Depth LPL mount: 44 mmwith PL-to-LPL adapter: 52 mmPower Input1x LEMO 8pin (11-34 V DC)Power Consumption Around 65 W when recording ARRIRAW at 24 fps with MVF-2 attached(preliminary information)Power Outputs 1x Fischer 3pin 24V RS1x LEMO 2pin 12V1x LEMO 7pin EXT 24V power outputPower Management-Measurements HxWxL140 x 143 x 188 mm / 5.5 x 5.6 x 7.4"(camera body with LPL lens mount)Operating Temperature-20° C to +45° C / -4° F to +113° F @ 95% relative humidity max, noncondensing, splash and dust proof through sealed electronics Storage Temperature-30° C to +70° C / -22° F to +158° FSound Level< 20 dB(A) at 24fpsSoftware Licenses-。
Nikon D700数码相机 说明书
A 商标信息
ii
X 简介 s 指南 d 影像记录选项 N 对焦 k 释放模式 S ISO 感光度 Z 曝光 r 白平衡 J 影像增强 l 闪光灯摄影 t 其它拍摄选项 I 有关播放的详细信息 Q 连接 U 菜单指南 n 技术注释
iii
Q&A 索引
i
图标和惯例
为便于您获取所需信息，本手册使用了以下图标和惯例：
D A
该图标表示警告， 提醒您应该在使用前阅读这些信息， 以避免损 坏相机。 该图标表示注意，提醒您应该在使用本相机前阅读这些信息。
相机显示屏中所示的菜单项目、选项及信息用 粗体 表示。
Macintosh、 Mac OS 和 QuickTime 是 Apple Inc. 的注册商标。 Microsoft、 Windows 和 Windows Vista 是 Microsoft Corporation 在美国和 / 或其他 国家 / 地区的注册商标或商标。 CompactFlash 是 SanDisk Corporation 的 商标。 HDMI、 HDMI 标志及 High-Definition Multimedia Interface （高 清晰度多媒体接口）是 HDMI Licensing LLC 公司的商标或注册商标。 PictBridge 是一个商标。本手册或尼康产品随附的其它文档中提及的所
包装内物品
请确认您相机的包装中是
• D700 数码相机 （第 3 页） • 机身盖 • BM-9 LCD 显示屏 （第 36、 388 页） 盖 （第 21 页）
• EN-EL3e 锂离子充 • MH-18a 快速充电 电电池，附带终端 器，附 带 电 源 线 盖 （第 32、 页） （第 32 页） 34
昆虫记中关于萤火虫的介绍
昆虫记中关于萤火虫的介绍
萤火虫(又名萤光虫，学名英文为Pyrophorus sp.) 是一种萤光
昆虫，它体长约5毫米，体侧扁平、无翅，雌雄性异形，雄的全身漆黑，但在体侧有两个青绿色光区；雌的体型略大，背部有两条明显的
斑纹，但大多数时候不会发光。
它们的发光发出的是一种淡的绿色光，这种发光能力是ー个有效的防卫机制，可以使那些掠食萤火虫的动物
心理受到恐吓而转移目标，同时也让萤火虫可以更容易找到异性栖息地。
萤火虫常见于傍晚或晚上，在热带地区生活，多见于花园或公园，也可以在天然草原中见到，以及各种高温的乱石堆中。
世光Sekonic L-478D L-478DR 测光表 中文说明书
4பைடு நூலகம்
■ 目录
■ 盒内附件...............................................................................................................3
■ 安全守则...............................................................................................................4
亡和污染环境。 ● 请不要用取景器(另购)直接看太阳，这会对眼睛造成伤害。 ●(只用于L-478DR)请勿修改无线电装置，否则可能会导致违反无线电通讯法律，从而受到惩
处。
● 请不要在雨中、潮湿地方使用。请不要湿手碰它。 以上情况使用「同步线闪光模式」可能会有触电的危险，或导致产品故障。
●请勿自行拆开本机去修理或改装。如有故障，请交给有资格和授权的人员和经销商办理维修事 儿。
● 本产品附带的光盘不适用于音乐光盘播放器。可能导致听觉、扬声器或耳机受损。 ● 请用手指轻按显示屏操作。请勿使用原子笔或铅笔等尖锐的物品去代替，否则会损坏显示屏。 ●(只适用于L-478DR)本产品符合无线电法所列明的低功率无线电设备的技术标准许可证，您不
需要为这领取相关应用许可证。请务必遵守以下几点。 ·请不要拆卸或修改本产品的无线应用。法律禁止拆卸或修改本产品的无线应用。 ·请不要揭下机背上的标签。法律要求使用时要标签。 ·本产品可能不符合日本国国外的无线电法。
指出注意事项或在使用上有关的特别事项。请阅读此事项，避免 不正确使用本测光表。
提供有关在使用本测光表时的参考资讯和相关有帮助的功能。建 议阅读参考事项。
lomo相机的使用方法_lomo相机使用教程知识说明
lomo相机的使用方法_lomo相机使用教程知识说明LOMO是个相机品牌,最著名的是拍立得相机。
下面由店铺整理了几种lomo相机的使用方法，希望对大家有所帮助。
lomo相机的使用方法lomo相机的使用方法(一)1、大部分LOMO照相机还是全手动的(光圈、快门速度)，有一些是带有简单测光系统的，还有就是你说的那种只管按就是了。
2、LOMO使用普通135、120负片或反转片，有些人使用过期的负片，一是为了产生奇异的色彩，二是因为过期的便宜。
3、所谓的LOMO风格，是由于LOMO照相机的技术故障造成的，LOMO照相机本身就是有残次的照相机所以才会有那种风格。
4、暗角是照相机镜头缺陷造成的特殊效果，不用另做遮挡。
5、因为传统LOMO是用胶卷的比较麻烦，所以现在很多人用普通数码照相机照出来用光影魔术手等软件修成LOMO风格，这样更简单，文字是用软件加水印做上去的。
lomo相机的使用方法(二)1、胶片选择大部分入门级的LOMO相机快门都只有一挡快门和光圈，这种情况下，控制照片曝光程度的重任就落在胶片的选择上了。
但是，入门级的LOMO玩家又该如何选择胶片?一般来说，春秋季的晴天、多云天气，可使用感光度为200的胶片;日照强烈夏季或反光强烈雪地、海滩，可以选择感光度为100或50的胶片;一般照度的室内可选择感光度为400的胶片;阴雨天、夜间或是照度很低的舞台，建议选择感光度为800的胶片。
另外，除了针孔摄影外，笔者建议大家尽量选择反转胶片。
如果能有过期的反转胶片就更完美了，因为过期的反转胶片更容易产生那些奇异、迷幻的强烈色彩反差。
2、照片的冲洗如果有条件，笔者建议大家尽量选择自己在家冲印，这样可以更好地控制曝光，因为冲印是对照片曝光效果做调整的最后机会。
如果是到冲印店冲洗照片，要尽量选择可以“正片负冲”的冲印店，这样才能最大限度地将LOMO那种迷幻、色彩冲撞表现出来。
3、HOLGA的暗角拍摄HOLGA是著名的“漏光大师”，能使照片的四角呈现暗角效果。
Nikon 135mm f 2 DC 说明书
Nikon 135mm f/2 DCThe King of Bokeh (1990-)© 2009 . All rights reserved. Intro Specs Performance RecommendationsNikon AF DC-NIKKOR 135mm f/2 D (72mm filters, 28.9oz/818g, about $1,300). enlarge . I'd get it new or used at at Adorama or B&H Photo Video , new at Amazon ,or used at eBay . The 135 DC is a limited-production lens, and therefore hard to findin stock; you have to order it and wait. It helps me keep adding this site when youget yours from these links, thanks! Ken.December 2009 More Nikon ReviewsIntroduction top Intro Specs Performance RecommendationsThe Nikon AF 135mm f/2 DC is Nikon's, and arguably the world's,greatest portrait lens . It has a very similar smaller brother, the 105mm f/2 DC .The 135mm DC is also Nikon's sharpest 135mm lens, and anextraordinarily great lens for nature and landscape photography. Itis worlds sharper and freer from spherical aberration than any ofthe the old manual focus 135mm f/2 lenses.The hood is the best built-in hood I've ever used. It is metal, and itlocks into position so it doesn't shrivel down like most other built-inhoods.You have to move a ring to get to manual focus mode, and onceyou do, manual focus is fantastic.Search Amazon:Defocus ControlDC stands for Defocus Control. A lot got lost in the translation onthe way from Japan. The key word is control, not defocus. This isnot a soft-focus lens; it is a lens that has been specifically designed and patented both for superior bokeh (the softness ofout-of-focus areas), and the ability to control this bokeh for optimum results under all conditions.Defocus Image Control. bigger .How do you set this 135mm lens for optimum bokeh? Easy: setthis ring to the same aperture at which you're shooting. Press theunlock button on the left in order to move it, otherwise it stayslocked. Set it to the R side to make backgrounds go soft anddisappear, or the F side if you want to optimize it for junk in theforeground.Hint: You should almost never have out-of-focus objects in front ofyour subject or in the foreground. It looks unnatural and weird. Oureyes naturally focus on the closest thing to us, so it'suncomfortable when a photo has a soft foreground or otherdistractions which our eyes can't bring into focus.The effects of this defocus control are very subtle. You won't see itthrough your viewfinder. When used properly, the 135 DC turns backgrounds into the softest, smoothest washes of color you'veever seen. Turn the ring in the wrong direction, and out-of-focus backgrounds get harsher. These are subtle effects. Computer people may not seethese subtleties at all, but artists will.Leave the Defocus Image Control ring at zero, and the 135 DC simply acts as thesharpest 135mm lens you've ever used.The defocus control only controls defocus, or the parts of the image that are not infocus.If you set the control beyond the aperture you're using, like set to f/5.6 whenshooiting at f/2, you can get a softer focus effect.The in-focus part of the image is always ultra sharp. This is not a soft-focus lens. It'sonly the unfocused parts of the image which are made softer. No one in the USAunderstands this lost-in-translation subtlety, and mistakenly thinks this is a soft focuslens. That's why this lens isn't popular in the USA.The 135 DC has a control for all of this. This is why Nikon has the patent on it. Youcan adjust the lens from normal to super bokeh to soft focus if you push it too far.You'll notice that dedicated soft-focus lenses have no separate defocus control; theyare fixed one way and the only control you have is your shooting aperture.I personally buyfrom Adorama , Amazon , Ritz , B&H , Calumet and J&R . Ican't vouch for adsbelow.This lens is so unique that Nikon will probably discontinue it just around the time people start figuring out what it does, and then the used price will skyrocket to$4,000, just like it did with the 28mm f/1.4, for exactly the same reason.FocusNikon 135mm DC Focus Controls.bigger.When you set the Defocus Image Control away from zero, the focus shifts. Be sure to focus after you set the Defocus Image Control (DIC). That's why the ∞ mark has a white band slopping off to the left: with the DIC set to optimize defocus behind the subject (R), infinity comes up along that bar. With the DIC set towards F, infinity comes up closer on-scale distances. Don't sweat this; this is how the optics recombobulate themselves for optimum performance. If your an engineer and aren't getting this, leave the DIC at zero.To switch between auto and manual focus, press the unlocking button on the left, and rotate the AF Mode selector between M or A.For use on most Nikons made since the 1980s where aperture is set or controlled on the camera, be sure to set the aperture ring to 16, otherwise you'll see a blinking " fEE" message. There's a sliding lock to keep it set at 16, just above the 2 in the photo above.Nikon 135/2 DC.bigger.Compatibility back to intro back to topThis 135 DC lens works incredibly well on FX, film and DX Nikons like the D700,D3X, D300s and F6. It works fantastically on manual-focus cameras like the F2AS, F3, FE and FA, since it has a real manual-focus ring that works exactly as it should.The 135mm f/2 DC AF works perfectly with almost every film and digital Nikon camera made since 1977. If you have a coupling prong added to the diaphragm ring, it's perfect with every Nikon back to the original Nikon F of 1959.The only incompatibility is that it will not autofocus with the cheapest D40, D40x,D60, D3000 or D5000, but if you focus manually, everything else works great. These cameras have in-finder focus confirmation dots to help you.See Nikon Lens Compatibility for details on your camera. Read down the "AF, AF-D (screw)" column for this lens.Production and History back to intro back to top1990: This AF 135mm DC was introduced as an AF lens.1995: It was updated to "D," meaning that focus distance is coupled to 3D Matrix meters, especially helpful for flash exposures.Nikon made about 15,000 of the first non-D version from 1990-1995, and has made about 15,000 of the current D version so far.Specifications topIntro Specs Performance RecommendationsNameNikon calls this the Nikon AF DC-Nikkor 135mm f/2 D.The earlier non-D version (1990-1995) skipped the D, and was called the Nikon AF DC-Nikkor 135mm f/2.Focal Length135mm.Used on a DX camera it gives angles of view similar to what a 200mm lens would give on an FX or 35mm film camera. See also Crop Factor.Optics7 elements in 6 groups.Multicoated.Newer D models have an extra rear optical flat to protect against dust.Rear Focusing.Haruo Sato of Nikon received US Patent 5,841,590 on Nov. 24, 1998 for the defocus control design.When an optical designer friend ran simulations and analyses on the design, he discovered another clever trick: Nikon designed the red end of the spectrum to focus in a slightly different plane to make skin look even better.Look ma, no lens! When the 135/2 opens up, it sucks in light. The entire front of the lens is glass, so this is what a photon sees as it head on in.Front view, Nikon 135mm f/2 DC at f/2.DiaphragmNikon 135/2 DC at f/4. bigger.9 curved blades.Stops down to f/16.The diaphragm is an "outie," meaning the tail ends of each blade go in front of the diaphragm.AF DC-Nikkor 135mm f/2D at f/16.Filter Thread72mm, metal.Does not rotate.Close Focus3.6 feet (1.1 m).Maximum Reproduction Ratio1:7.1.Focus Distance ScaleYes.Depth-of Field ScaleAlmost; marked only at f/16.Infra-Red Focus IndexYes, white dot on depth-of-field scale.Size4.7" (120mm) extension from flange x 3.1" (79mm) diameter.Weight28.850 oz. (817.8 g), measured, current D version.Nikon specifies 30.7 oz. (870g) for the original 1990-1995 model, and 28.6 oz/810g for today's D version.TeleconvertersNikon suggests only the TC-14B. More at teleconverters.CaseCL-38.HoodNikon 135/2 DC with hood extended and locked.Built-in telescoping, locking metal hood.When you pull it out, rotate it to lock it into position.Nikon Product Number1935.Announced1990.Price2009 December: $1,300, USA.Performance topIntro Specs Performance RecommendationsOverallThis lens does it all. It's fast, super-sharp, and designed for the best portraits you've ever taken.BokehBokeh is extraordinary. It's the whole point of this lens.Defocus is Nikon's sloppy English translation of the Japanese word bokeh.Nikon really means that this is a lens with variable bokeh, or "bokeh control," thus the garbled English name "defocus control."Get the happy feeling.DistortionThe 135 DC has no distortion.Falloff (dark corners)For real pictures, it's got just a tiny bit of falloff at full aperture. It's gone by f/2.8. Iwouldn't even notice it at f/2 except by comparison to the same shot made at smallerapertures.I've gone out of my way to exaggerate this below. With real pictures, this is invisible.Flare and GhostsIf you point it ito the sun and look in the shadows, you can get a couple of softghosts.FocusAF is fast. One full turn of the AF screw pulls it from infinity to 20 feet.One light fingertip is all that's required to focus manually, and the manual focus ringis a huge, solid, rubberized ring.Manual focus is the best of any AF lens. It's even better than most manual-focusNikon lenses, especially the original 135mm f/2 manual focus lens. This is becausethe 135 DC uses internal focus, so most of the lens stays put as it's focused. Sincenot much is moving inside the lens, the 135 DC requires very little effort to focusmanually.Autofocus accuracy is perfect on my D3. Every f/2 shot is dead-on.Nikon AF DC 135mm f/2 falloff on FX and film at infinity.© 2009 . All rights reserved.f/2 f/2.8f/4 f/5.6Use with FiltersThe metal 72mm filter thread doesn't rotate.Use all the filters you want; you're not going to get any vignetting.Lateral Color FringesNone, on a D3.Mechanics and ConstructionRear, Nikon 135 DC. bigger.The 135mm f/2 DC is made like it should be.It almost feels like a piece of American military equipment, except that it's not weather sealed.It's not textured plastic like most of the toy-store trash coming out of the Orient today. Everything you see in crinkle-coat is solid metal.Filter Threads: Metal.Retraceable Hood: Metal, internally flocked, screw-thread locking.Barrel: Metal.Focus Ring: Metal, rubber covered.Aperture Ring: Plastic.Finish: Black crinkle-coat.Mount: Chromed brass.Internals: Metal.Markings: Paint.Serial Number: Laser-engraved on bottom of aperture ring.USA Models: Designated by US prefix in serial number.Noises when Shaken: Assorted clunking from all the moving elements.SharpnessSharpness is extraordinary.On a 12MP D700 or D3, it's super sharp edge-to-edge at f/2, and doesn't get any softer even in the farthest corners.It's also super-sharp on the 24MP D3X. At this high resolution, it almost gets a tad softer at f/2.8 and f/2 compared to f/4 and f/5.6, but not enough to notice except in carefully controlled tests at infinity. It's sharp!Have no fear, I shoot this puppy at f/2 and get super-sharp, and perfectly in-focus images, edge-to-edge.SpherochromatismLike most fast long lenses, there is a little spherochromatism.This means that out-of-focus highlights may have slight green tinges behind the subject, and slight magenta tinges when in front of the subject. Recommendations topIntro Specs Performance RecommendationsNikon's 135 DC is the best 135mm lens I've ever used.If you want an ultra-sharp 135mm lens, this is it. Canon users tell me that Canon's 135mm f/2 L is super-sharp, but I've not used it, and it has no bokeh control.If you want a superb portrait lens, optimized to let you control the look of your backgrounds, this is it.Get one while you still can.Nikon's 28mm f/1.4D came out at about the same time. It performed to the same extreme level, offered unique optics never seen before and was built to the same ultrahigh mechanical standard as the 135 DC. When Nikon discontinued the 28/1.4 in 2006, its used price quickly rose to over twice what the new price used to be.The same thing could happening with this 135 DC.The very similar 105mm f/2 DC is also a good choice, but not as good for portraits or for softening backgrounds because of its shorter focal length.Help me help you topI support my growing family through this website, as crazy as it might seem.If you find this as helpful as a book you might have had to buy or a workshop you may have had to take, feel free to help me continue helping everyone.If you've gotten your gear through one of my links or helped otherwise, you're family. It's great people like you who allow me to keep adding to this site full-time. Thanks! If you haven't helped yet, please do, and consider helping me with a gift of $5.00. The biggest help is to use these links to Adorama, Amazon, Calumet, Ritz, J&R and eBay when you get your goodies. It costs you nothing and is a huge help to me. eBay is always a gamble, but all the other places have the best prices and service, which is why I've used them since before this website existed. I recommend them all personally.Thanks for reading!。
我所用过的德头漫谈-——————徕卡R系、contax
我所用过的德头漫谈-——————徕卡R系、contax（转接邪派）开这个帖子很纠结，从转入手动后，就远离纷扰，安心研究摄影和镜头，偶尔上来看看，蜂鸟还是一样吵吵嚷嚷。
想想还是随笔写写，写到哪算哪吧，算作总结，算作给有兴趣的同志一点交流。
Romil同学已写过《我所用过的德头漫谈（给想入德头的兄弟一点参考和建议）》有关东德和西德禄来，洋洋洒洒数十页，独缺徕卡r系和contax高富帅，我觉得甚是可惜，不才试试将这段补齐，东拼西凑，泛泛而谈，当作一乐。
Romil同学原帖/viewthread.php?tid=864本人摄影水平还是在努力学习阶段，发发镜头照片，不谈德味，不参加口水。
一、前言写文章之前先解释我对几个问题的理解。
1、为什么推崇徕卡和蔡司老一代的摄影师，一直以拥有一台m系旁轴为最终理想。
感谢党中央，感谢政府。
@#￥%，才让我们如此接近徕卡（一个镜头还不到一平米房子），我们才拥有如此多的色彩。
喜欢徕卡蔡司的都是一些追求完美的极端分子，兵书二十二篇有云“从来没有哪一个品牌的粉丝们像徕卡的粉丝们这样重视镜头的号码；也从来没有哪一个品牌的粉丝们像徕卡的粉丝们这样重视镜头结像味道的细微变化。
徕卡始终拥有着摄材世界里最为坚定、最为“铁杆”的一群拥趸，他们遍布世界各地，并且通过Int ernet结成同盟，他们被我戏称为――“Leica原教旨主义者”。
对于他们，每一款镜头自何年何月开始设计，由谁设计，设计采用的结构是什么，中间经历了几度更改，每一次更改的理由和结果是什么，何时投入生产，生产工艺有无变化，生产了多少数量，每一批次的镜头号码是从多少到多少，各批次之间的用料有无变化，哪一批的用料、工艺最佳，各批次之间的结像特点有何变化，这种变化是否符合传统的“徕卡味道”，每一支新镜头第一次卖到了哪里，它到我手中时已经几易其主……MyGod!他们简直比徕卡厂的工程师还要严谨细致！谁会像他们那样对一支镜头的来历寻根问底到偏执的程度？这就是为什么外人戏称他们为“发烧友”的由来――得到一支梦寐以求的靓镜时的欢乐，被人欺骗后的痛苦悔恨，对藏品的百般珍爱呵护…..他们对器材的痴迷外人无法理解，他们甚至扬言：“生活本无乐趣，把玩徕卡已是唯一的避风港……”。
RICOH CX5 数码照相机 说明书
危险
● 勿试图自行拆解、修理或改装本机。本机内的高压 电路可能会导致严重的电击。
● 请勿试图自行拆解、改变或直接焊接电池。
2
● 请勿将电池置于火中、试图将其加热，或在火附近 或车内等高温环境中使用或将其丢弃。请勿将其投 入水中或海里，或使其受潮。
● 请勿试图用针刺破电池、用锤子敲击电池、挤压电 池、使其坠地或受到猛烈撞击或外力影响。
如何减少图像噪音？
减少噪音
5 P.78; P.82
如何在照片上加印日期？
加印日期摄影 5 P.78; P.84
如何调整曝光？
曝光补偿 5 P.78; P.84, 90
如何为彩色光源进行补偿？
白平衡
5 P.78; P.84, 91
可以在一次连拍中拍摄多张 照片吗？
连拍模式
5 P.65; P.64
3 动画
3
● 请遵守以下注意事项以防电池漏液、过热、燃烧或 爆炸。
• 请勿使用特别推荐用于本机的电池以外的其他电
池。
• 请勿与圆珠笔、项链、硬币、发夹等金属物品一起
携带或保存。
• 请勿将电池放入微波炉或高压容器内。 • 在使用时或充电时，如果发现电池漏液或发出异味、
出现变色等，请立即从照相机或充电器中取出电池 并使之远离火源。
● 请勿使用破损或变形的电池。
警告
● 在本机冒烟或发出异味等异常情况下，请立即关闭 电源。请尽快取出电池，并小心动作以免触电或烧 伤。如果使用家庭电源插座，请务必将电源插头从 插座上拔下，以免发生火灾或受电击。如果本机发 生故障，请立即停止使用。请尽快与当地的维修中 心联络。
● 如果有金属物品、水、液体或其他异物掉进本机内， 请立即关闭电源。请尽快取出电池与存储卡，并小 心动作以免触电或烧伤。如果使用家庭电源插座， 请务必将电源插头从插座上拔下，以免发生火灾或 受电击。如果本机发生故障，请立即停止使用。请 尽快与当地的维修中心联络。
尼康 COOLPIX S8200 数码照相机 使用说明书
数码照相机参考手册商标信息•Microsoft、Windows和Windows Vista是Microsoft Corporation在美国和/或其它国家的注册商标或商标。
•Macintosh、Mac OS 和 QuickTime 是 Apple Inc. 在美国和其它国家的注册商标。
iFrame 标志和 iFrame 符号是 Apple Inc. 的商标。
•Adobe和Acrobat是Adobe Systems Inc.的注册商标。
•SDXC、SDHC和SD标志是SD-3C, LLC的商标。
•PictBridge是商标。
•HDMI、标志和High-Definition Multimedia Interface（高清晰度多媒体接口）是HDMI Licensing LLC的商标或注册商标。
•在本说明书或随尼康产品提供的其它文件中所提及的所有其它商标名称，分别为其相关所有者所持有的商标或注册商标。
AVC Patent Portfolio License本产品在AVC Patent Portfolio License下被授权于客户在个人和非商业使用范围内使用，用以(i)按照AVC标准进行视频编码（“AVC视频”），和/或(ii)对从事个人和非商业活动的客户编码的和/或从经授权可以提供AVC视频的视频供应商处获得的AVC视频进行解码。
任何其它使用范围均未获得授权或予以默示。
可以从MPEG LA, L.L.C.获得更多信息。
请访问。
简介照相机部件和基本操作拍摄和播放的基本操作拍摄功能播放功能录制和播放动画一般照相机设定参考部分技术注释和索引iii*如果在需要使用插头适配器的国家或地区购买了照相机，则会附带插头适配器。
插头适配器的形状会因购买照相机的国家或地区而异。
注：照相机不附送存储卡。
可充电电源适配器EH-69P*USB 连接线 UC-E6EG-CP16音频/视频线ViewNX 2 Installer CD （ViewNX 2安装光盘）Reference Manual CD （参考手册光盘）•保修卡iii简介关于本说明书如果您想立即使用照相机，请参见“拍摄和播放的基本操作”（A 13）。
FUJIFILM FINEPIX Z20 说明书
包装箱
：CB
隔板
：CB
托盘
：CB
照相机包装袋 ：PP 05
用户手册袋 ：HDPE 02
其他包装袋 ：LDPE 04
CD 包装袋 ：OTHERS 07
瓦楞纸板 瓦楞纸板 瓦楞纸板 聚丙烯 高密度聚乙烯 低密度聚乙烯 其他
iii
安全须知
使用前务必阅读本注意事项。
安全使用须知
安全须知
产品中有毒有害物质或元素的名称及含量
本体 配件
部件名称
外壳（金属部件）
外壳（树脂部件）
传感器部件
显示部件
光学部件
基板部件
电 池
外壳（金属部件）
充 外壳（树脂部件）
电 器
基板部件
电缆部件
电缆
铅 （Pb）
× ○ ○ ○ × × × ○ × × ×
电池
×
汞 （Hg）
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
• 如果误吞了液晶，请用水彻底
备用电池存放在暖和的地方并 的 地方，且 周围环 境 温 度 需 在 • 请勿将其用于其它设备。
漱口。喝大量水以诱发呕吐，然
在必要时更换，或者将电池放在 +15 °C 至 +25 °C 之间。请勿将其 • 请勿自行拆卸。
后寻求医务人员的帮助。
口袋或其它暖和的地方，且仅等 到拍摄时才将其插入相机。请不 要 将电池 与暖 手用品或 其它 加 热设备直接接触。
使用相机。
请勿擅自改装或拆卸相机。（切勿打开外壳）如果相 机摔落或外壳受到损坏，请勿继续使用。否则可能会 禁止拆卸。 导致火灾或触电。请与 FUJIFILM 销售代理商联系。
请勿改装、加热、过分拧扭或拽拉电线将重物压在连 接电线上。否则可能损伤电线，导致火灾或触电。若电 线出现损坏，请与 FUJIFILM 销售代理商联系。
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本来放在中画幅论坛的我的帖子里，在那边也没什么看，放到黑白坛来。
有兴趣者可以一试，欢迎各位讨论。
试着翻译了一篇介绍染色型显影液的文章，非学术论文，但也不业余，作者Sandy King 是pyrocat-HD系列显影液的发明者。
后附常见几个配方。
有所删减，知识有限，错误难免，还望达人批评指正。
友情提示：邻苯二酚和连苯三酚毒性较强。
染色型显影液简介作者Sandy King 译者wirdo染色型显影液（Pyro Staining Developers）的使用是一个似乎会把摄影师划分为两大阵营的话题。
一方面，在此类显影液中，使用者可以发现几乎所有超乎寻常甚至是神奇的优秀品质，相比于普通显影液，其具有更强的边缘效应，更好的亮部和暗部细节的分离，更高的分辨率和更细的颗粒。
而另一些人则坚持认为普通显影液也同样可以获得相似的结果。
历史上染色显影剂的应用所有现代染色型显影剂都是以连苯三酚或者邻苯二酚为主要还原剂。
连苯三酚是应用最早的有机显影还原剂。
它由Regnault 在1851年首先引入，同年，Frederick Scott Archer将其用于他新发明的火棉胶湿板的显影。
从此连苯三酚成为十九世纪最为受欢迎的显影剂，所有美国西部的重要湿板摄影师都使用它，包括William HenryJackson, T. H. O’Sullivan，Carlton E. Watkins等，湿板的尺寸从11x14到18x22英寸。
邻苯二酚在1880年引入，尽管被认为更为稳定可靠，但并未像连苯三酚一样在美国得到广泛应用。
在1910年之后，连苯三酚不再受欢迎，被其他显影物质所取代。
连苯三酚显影液被广泛认为能够比其他任何显影液产生更清晰的边缘和更明显的影调分离。
同时灵活性也最好，浓度高时产生高反差的负片，浓度低时则相反。
但是连苯三酚也有很多导致其没落的缺点。
连苯三酚只在酸性溶液中稳定，与大量亚硫酸盐或碳酸盐混合后会很快变质。
因此这些配方的工作液都易于氧化而导致使用寿命较短，而这一特点能够导致由空气氧化引起的很强的整体染色（general stain）。
更重要的是，染色影像的密度难以控制，这一指标受到搅动方式和强度、显影液中保护剂的用量，以及与胶片单位表面积对应显影液的量，等等因素的影响。
最后一点，如果显影剂是只有连苯三酚时，则会有很大的感光度损失。
在胶片显影远未如今天这样以科学方法完成的当时，不可能，至少是很难控制所有的这些因素来获得稳定持续的显影效果。
非染色型的配方克服了由不稳定染色带来的一些问题，但也没有了染色的效果，从而失去了染色型显影液独特的印放特点。
现阶段染色型显影液的应用几十年来，还在坚守的染色型显影液主要是ABC Pyro。
很多西海岸的摄影师，包括Edward Weston 和Morley Baer,过去都使用ABC pyro，而今Michael Smith也提倡用它处理用于接触转印的AZO相纸。
ABC Pyro据说是最难以掌握和最不稳定的配方，但同时又能够产生极佳的效果，“在阶调和细微高光分离方面超过绝大多数其他染色型显影液”。
第一个为现代胶片所研制的显影液配方是John Wimberley 的WD2D配方。
该配方采用米吐尔与连苯三酚配合，避免了感光度的损失；相比ABC pyro等老配方，所得相片的颗粒要少很多。
今天仍有很多摄影师在使用该配方，还有一种改进的版本，叫做WD2D+。
现今很多人对于染色型显影液有兴趣，这要归功于Gordon Hutchings的PMK配方，一些杂志和书籍在1991年首次介绍了该配方。
Hutchings认为PMK是适宜现代胶片乳剂的一种通用显影液，可用于多种显影条件，容易操作，其设计目的就是获得最大程度的影像染色（image stain）和最小程度的整体染色（general stain）。
PMK显影过程中，在银被还原的区域内会同时产生黄绿色的影像染色，这种染色的程度是与银的量成比例的：阴影处最少，高光处最多。
因为印放时曝光光线将染色视作增加的底片密度，则整体底片的密度等于银密度和染色密度的总和。
结果，染色物质填充银颗粒之间的空隙，从而掩盖了银颗粒，使得锐度提高而且最终相片的色调更好。
这一作用对所有尺寸的胶片都有效，对于35mm胶片和卷装胶片则尤其显著。
Steve Simmons 如此形容这种作用：“换句话说，没有像灰雾一样的整体染色，只有一种如同额外密度的染色。
底片上影调越高，这种染色越多。
结果就是，要在照片上产生同样的高影调，染色型显影液处理底片上所需的银密度低于用普通显影液处理的底片，产生高调所需要的额外密度就由染色来提供。
高调区域更低的银密度就可能在相片上产生出非常干净、精细的高光，而与任何非染色型显影液所产生的影调都不同。
”近几年，三种另外的染色型显影液已经为人所知：Rollo Pyro/ABC+,Diaxactol,Pyrocat-HDRollo Pyro显影液能量较高，显影时间大约是PMK的一半。
适用于滚动式冲洗（rotary processing），整体染色较低，得到的胶片感光度与PMK相似。
Diaxactol是一种双浴的邻苯二酚显影液。
染色型显影液的优势一些假定和事实染色型显影液的支持者的说法既来源于实际操作，也来自于理论推导。
其中最重要的如下：1.影像染色与银密度成比例，并且染色可掩盖银颗粒，因而提升了影调，降低了颗粒效应，在高光区域尤为显著；2.高光分离，锐度，分辨率得以提高。
染色型显影液比其他显影液产生更为显著的边缘效应，这是由于在显影过程中银离子迁移极为微弱，从而产生更为精确的还原，由此增强了锐度。
另外染色型显影液在显影过程中使明胶颜色加深且硬化，从而减弱了光渗效应（effects of irradiation）和infectious development (越过确定影像边界的银还原过程的扩散).3.在用可变反差相纸印放时，底片上与银密度成比例的染色就如同一个连续变化的色罩，起到降低反差的作用，特别在高光区域。
这一特性就使得不需要因保留高光而压缩暗部和中间调，或是为再现后者而遮挡高光，从而减少了局部加减光的时间。
4.染色型显影液特别适合制作双用途的底片，既适合普通银盐相纸，又适合如铂钯工艺等传统手工工艺（alternative processes）。
铂钯工艺所需的底片的密度范围要远大于普通黑白相纸，传统显影液是无法兼顾的。
染色底片有两种印放密度范围，一种适用于普通放大时所用的浅蓝/绿光，另一种适用于传统手工工艺所用的紫外光。
用可变反差相纸放大时，染色能够压缩影调，起到一个连续变化的滤镜的作用，从而实现多种反差。
用于传统手工工艺时，染色则起到高效率紫外线滤镜的作用，提高高达一档的曝光时间，增加log0.30或更多的密度，直至曲线的顶端，从而提高反差。
结果是，相比普通黑白印放，紫外光下印放的染色底片具有的有效密度范围要高得多。
染色型显影液的劣势染色显影液未被广泛接受的原因如下：1.连苯三酚是毒性很强的化学物质；2.染色底片的感光特性与普通底片不一样，操作起来更复杂；3.很多摄影师仅仅只是认为染色底片与其他非染色底片没什么不一样。
下面我们来一一检视这几项。
毒性连苯三酚和邻苯二酚都是毒性很强的物质。
但是对于摄影师的主要威胁是皮肤吸收和干粉吸入，二者都很容易规避。
盘显页片时，注意穿戴橡胶手套，混合酚类时，在户外操作或者使用通气罩。
遵从这些简单的流程，注意一些常识，相关的潜在健康风险其实是完全可以避免。
染色型显影液与感光学染色底片的透射光密度是由银密度和染色构成，这要比普通底片更难以预见。
染色底片基本上比较平，但外观是具有欺骗性的，因为染色会增加底片有效印放密度范围，增加量为log0.30-log0.50.但是密度计不能读取染色的密度，因为密度计只能测量白光。
如果采用银盐相纸印放，要精确测量染色密度则需要彩色密度计，并设置在蓝色通道；如果是任何其他传统手工工艺，则需要一台能够读取紫外密度的密度计；一些黑白密度计能够读取染色的密度值，前提是安装了合适的蓝紫吸收滤镜（如Schott BG-28 ，a 47 ，47B）；如果采用染色底片印放在普通银盐相纸，必须注意，当从密度计的蓝色通道读取数值时，读取的只是该底片有效印放密度的大概读数。
原因是银盐相纸虽然主要对蓝光敏感，同时也对紫外线、紫色、和绿色有相当的感色性，而采用蓝色通道的密度计只能测量一小段蓝色光谱，因此不能测量后三种光。
这个问题在使用可变反差相纸时就更严重了，这种相纸有额外的高反差感蓝乳剂层和低反差感绿乳剂层。
使用传统手工工艺时情况要好很多，因为其相纸的感光范围大部分在紫外区域。
实际操作中，采用UV模式的密度计能够对染色底片的实际印放密度提供非常准确的指示，不受特定染色色罩颜色的影响。
510-Pyro(2006)(Jay DeFehr)三乙醇胺Triethanolamine (TEA), 75.0 ml抗坏血酸Ascorbic acid 5.0 g连苯三酚Pyrogallol 10.0 g菲尼酮Phenidone 0.25 g加TEA至100ml TEA to make 100.0 mlThe standard dilution is 1:100. Starting development time is 5 to 7 minutes at 70F/21C.标准稀释倍率1:100。
21摄氏度的显影时间5~7分钟起。
PMK (1991)(Gordon Hutchings)A液SOLUTION A水Water, 750.0 ml米吐尔Metol, 10.0 g亚硫酸氢钠Sodium bisulfite, 20.0 g连苯三酚Pyrogallol, 100.0 gEDTA二钠（可选）EDTA-disodium (optional), 5.0 g加水至1升Water to make 1.0 literB液SOLUTION B水Water, 1400.0 ml偏硼酸钠Sodium metaborate, 600.0 g加水至2升Water to make 2.0 liters混合比例A:B:水=1:2:100。
显影时间在9~15分钟，21摄氏度。
Mix 1 part A to 2 parts B to 100 parts water (e.g., 10.0 ml of A to 20.0 ml of B to 1000.0 mlof water). Measure the water and then add the A and B solutions. Development times arebetween 9 and 15 minutes at 70F/21C.WD2H (2003)(John Wimberley)A液SOLUTION A蒸馏水Distilled water, 750.0 ml苯并三氮唑Benzotriazole, 0.2 g米吐尔Metol, 6.0 g连苯三酚Pyrogallol, 60.0 gEDTA四钠EDTA tetrasodium salt, 5.0 g加水至1升Distilled water to make 1.0 literB液SOLUTION B蒸馏水Distilled water, 750.0 ml一水碳酸钠Sodium carbonate, monohydrate, 110.0 g加水至1升Distilled water to make 1.0 liter中低反差稀释倍率Working Dilution for Normal and Reduced ContrastDistilled water, 1600.0 mlStock Solution A, 25.0 mlStock Solution B, 25.0 ml高反差稀释倍率Working Dilution for Increased ContrastDistilled water, 1600.0 mlStock Solution A, 25.0 mlStock Solution B, 50.0 mlHypercat(Jay DeFehr)A液STOCK SOLUTION A丙二醇Propylene glycol, 75.0 ml抗坏血酸Ascorbic acid, 0.5 g邻苯二酚Pyrocatechin, 10.0 g加丙二醇至100毫升Propylene glycol to make 100.0 ml室温下将药品加入丙二醇，加热后持续搅拌至全部溶解，最后添加到最终容量。