加拿大多元文化对教育的影响分析

Abstract: Multicultural education reveals the cognitive awareness of cultural diversity and multiple choices, which enable people to re-examine the motives and ultimate destination of the main stream culture education, and consequently can face up to the limitations of education.Through referring to some foreign writings, multicultural and multiculturalism’s concepts are defined. By combined with the description of multicultural education’s concept, emphatically elaborated its basic ideas. Then, according to the real of Canada and its historical process, this paper analyses the reasons for Canada's multicultural learning and summarize Canada's multicultural policy. Finally, the analysis the same point between the Canadian multicultural education and Chinese national cultural education, from the perspectives on confirming multicultural education philosophy, fostering students the cross-cultural skills and structuring cultural connotations with national cultural history, some inspirations can be explored that brings from the Canadian multicultural education to Chinese national education.Key words: Canada; multi-culture; multicultural education; inspirations中文摘要: 多元文化教育揭示了人们对文化多样性与文化多元选择的认知，使人们重新审视主流文化教育的动机与归宿，从而正视教育的局限性。

本文引用多本国外著作对多元文化、多元文化主义的概念进行了界定，并对多元文化教育概念的发展进行了描述，对其概念进行了界定。

着重阐述了多元文化教育的基本理念，其中双语教育是前提，课程设置是关键，教育方法是根本。

结合加拿大的现实发展与历史进程，分析了加拿大多元文化学习的原因，并描述了学校及家庭里的多元文化学习、总结了加拿大多元文化的政策和教育。

最后，分析了拿大多元文化教育与我国民族文化教育的相同点，并从确定多元文化教育理念、培养学生的跨文化交往能力、按照本民族的文化历史构造民族教育的文化内涵等角度探讨了加拿大多元文化教育对我国民族教育的启示。

关键词: 加拿大；多元文化；多元文化教育；启示1. Induction1.1. Related notions1.1.1. Multi-culture and multiculturalismNational culture is one factor of multi-culture composition, the symbol of nation state and the main feature to certify country’s own independent identity. It originated from a specific ethnic geography, environment and long-term social practice. As a national co-precious spiritual wealth, national culture not only to shape the nation's life style, but also to construct the specification of the value of the nation, is the fundamental source of national community cohesion.In the “Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights”,Will Kymlicka believed that cultural provides the possibility for citizens to choose a meaningful life. As a multi-ethnic nation-state, Canada should proceed from freedom and respect the cultural rights of citizens, inclusive “National citizenship” and “Thin identity”to integrate ethnic nation-state. Nation-state not have to create a unified national culture, but only to ensure that all ethnic groups have the opportunity to maintain a different culture, so that it can ensure that members of all ethnic and cultural identity gain equal protection. Due to the different situation of different cultural groups, truly equal treatment of these minority cultures is to give unequal treatment.Canadian migration tide caused diverse national cultural integration, and made Canadian culture emerged a pattern of multicultural. According to the explanation of “multi-culture” from the “Canadian Encyclopedia” which edited by James ·H ·Marsh, generally, there are three meanings: First, it refers to a racial or cultural heterogeneity characteristics of the society; Second, it was the perception of the concept of equality and respect between ethnic or cultural groups; Third, it was the policies that Canadian federal and provincial government implemented since 1971.Hall considered that the "multi-cultural" and "multiculturalism" segment is a useful approach in “Unsettled Multiculturalism”. He thought, multicultural as an adjective described the coexistence of many cultures in the social community, andattempted to establish a common life, but it also can retain the original identity social characteristics. While, "Multiculturalism" tends to refer to those strategies and policies for governance or management differences in a multicultural society, it is a political ideology.Although scholars disagree, each has focused particularity on, but all actively agrees the core meaning of multiculturalism that respect for differences, giving full rights to minorities, implementing differentiated politics, and advocating the real democracy, in order to realize the coexistence of multiple.1.1.2. Multicultural educationSince the date of submission, Multicultural education as a concept attracted the attention of the multi-ethnic countries. Many countries, from different angles, in different ways to define multicultural education, although have diverse statement, but generally they have the same meaning. Several representative theories are summarized as follows:James Lych, the British multicultural educationist, considered that multicultural education is an reform movement in order to meet the needs of the various minority groups or individuals in the culture consciousness and self-evaluation. Its purpose is to help all the different cultures of the ethnic groups to learn how to live harmoniously in multicultural society actively, then to maintain the equilibrium of educational achievement among populations, and based on the promotion of mutual respect and tolerance to consider all national differences.In Japan, the more representative typical opinion thought that, so-called "multicultural education" is to provide equal education opportunities for the young people of diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds, especially those children of the ethnic minorities and immigrants in poor situation. It is the implementary education on the basis of respect for their nation and its cultural identity.American multicultural educator, C James A · Banks considered that, multicultural education generally refers in the multi-ethnic country, in order to protecting the holders of a wide variety of ethnic and cultural background, in particular their children able to enjoy equal opportunities in education and theirnational culture and its unique characteristics achieve respect. What’s more, Banks believed that the fundamental goal of multicultural education is: "made groups belonging to different cultural, ethnic, social class, can learn to maintain relations so as to achieve peace and co-ordination between symbiotic. However, multicultural education is not just a concept or slogan. To become operable education activity, practical education reform must be put forward.The early 1980s, Gollnick (from USA) integrated many scholars point of view and put forward the multicultural education have to: promote cultural diversity of features and value; promote the concept of human rights and respect for social justice and equality of opportunity between individuals; so that everyone has the opportunity to choose life; promote the social become justice and equality of opportunity for all mankind; promote equal distribution of power between the different races. In our country, multicultural education is known as a multi-ethnic cultural education or minority education, mainly from the perspective of cultural background to study national education issues.Since the 1990s, scholars’understanding of multicultural education tend to be consistent, comprehensive up, it can be roughly like this expression: multicultural education should enable all students (not only minority students) known and understand the various cultures in the community, including students own country's culture, as well as a universal national mainstream culture shared by all ethnic groups. while regardless of gender, race, religion, language, social economic status. Multicultural education must help students acquire the knowledge, skills and attitude needed to survive in the national mainstream culture, but also helps to develop the ability of students in the national subcultures and other minority subcultures survival needs. Through multicultural education courses, students can know the social injustice and its causes, and can improve their ability to adapt to different cultural backgrounds are the goals of multicultural education. In short, multicultural education is a “different cultur al education”, which treats respect different cultures as the starting point, based on every group’s equality, then promoted the mutual understanding between different cultural groups with targets, plans to implement a co- equal.1.2. The theoretical basis of the multicultural education多元文化教育是当代国际流行趋势之一。