新视野大学英语4第五单元课文翻译
最新新视野大学英语第四册第三版课后翻译与原文
新视野大学英语读写教程第四册汉译英答案手打不易,多多支持,Thanks♪(・ω・)ノ第一单元The Doctrine of the Mean is the core ofConfucianism. The so- called “ mean”by Confuciusdoesn ’tmean “compromise b”ut a “moderate ”a“nd jus-t r ight ”wa y when understanding andhandlingobjective things. Confucius advocatedthat this thought should not only be treated as away tounderstand and deal with things but alsobe integrated into one ’s daily conduct to makeit a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core ofConfucianism but also an importantcomponentof traditional Chinese culture. From the time itcame into being to the present, it hasplayed aninvaluable role in the construction of nationalspirit, the transmission of nationalwisdom, and the development of national culture.中庸思想是儒家思想的重要内容。
孔子所谓的“中”不是指“折中”,而是指在认识和处理客观事物时的一种“适度”和“恰如其分”的方法。
新视野读写教程第四册Unit5 Text A 课文详解
Section A S p e a k i n g C h i n e s e i n A m e r i c a
20 Having listened to both Chinese and English, I’m suspicious of comparisons between the two languages, as I notice the reciprocal challenges they each present. English speakers say Chinese is extremely difficult because different words can be denoted by very subtle variations in tone.
Section A S p e a k i n g C h i n e s e i n A m e r i c a
7 Sau-sau sighed, acting as if she were doing my mother a favor by taking the scrap off the tray and sparing us the trouble of wrapping the leftovers in foil.
Section A S p e a k i n g C h i n e s e i n A m e r i c a
12 As any child of immigrant parents knows, there is a special kind of double bind attached to knowing two languages. My parents, for example, spoke to me in both Chinese and English; I spoke back to them in English.
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第四册课文原文及翻译
Love and logic: The story of fallacyI had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either. But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition. "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken".After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on ahill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked.爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。
新视野大学英语第四册课文原文加翻译
1A An artist who seeks fame is like a dog chasing his own tail who, when he captures it, does not know what else to do but to continue chasing it.The cruelty of success is that it often leads those who seek such success to participate in their own destruction."Don't quit your day job!" is advice frequently given by understandably pessimistic family members and friends to a budding artist who is trying hard to succeed.The conquest of fame is difficult at best, and many end up emotionally if not financially bankrupt.Still, impure motives such as the desire for worshipping fans and praise from peers may spur the artist on.The lure of drowning in fame's imperial glory is not easily resisted.Those who gain fame most often gain it as a result of exploiting their talent for singing, dancing, painting, or writing, etc.They develop a style that agents market aggressively to hasten popularity, and their ride on the express elevator to the top is a blur.Most would be hard-pressed to tell you how they even got there.Artists cannot remain idle, though.When the performer, painter or writer becomes bored, their work begins to show a lack of continuity in its appeal and it becomes difficult to sustain the attention of the public.After their enthusiasm has dissolved, the public simply moves on to the next flavor of the month.Artists who do attempt to remain current by making even minute changes to their style of writing, dancing or singing, run a significant risk of losing the audience's favor.The public simply discounts styles other than those for which the artist has become famous.Famous authors' styles—a Tennessee Williams play or a plot by Ernest Hemingway or a poem by Robert Frost or T.S. Eliot—are easily recognizable.The same is true of painters like Monet, Renoir, or Dali and moviemakers like Hitchcock, Fellini, Spielberg, Chen Kaige or Zhang Yimou. Their distinct styles marked a significant change in form from others and gained them fame and fortune.However, they paid for it by giving up the freedom to express themselves with other styles or forms.Fame's spotlight can be hotter than a tropical jungle—a fraud is quickly exposed, and the pressure of so much attention is too much for most to endure.It takes you out of yourself: You must be what the public thinks you are, not what you really are or could be.The performer, like the politician, must often please his or her audiences by saying things he or she does not mean or fully believe.One drop of fame will likely contaminate the entire well of a man's soul, and so an artist who remains true to himself or herself is particularly amazing.You would be hard-pressed to underline many names of those who have not compromised and still succeeded in the fame game.An example, the famous Irish writer Oscar Wilde, known for his uncompromising behavior, both social and sexual, to which the public objected, paid heavily for remaining true to himself.The mother of a young man Oscar was intimate with accused him at a banquet in front of his friends and fans of sexually influencing her son. Extremely angered by her remarks, he sued the young man's mother, asserting that she had damaged his "good" name.He should have hired a better attorney, though.The judge did not second Wilde's call to have the woman pay for damaging his name, and instead fined Wilde.He ended up in jail after refusing to pay, and even worse, was permanently expelled from the wider circle of public favor.When things were at their worst, he found that no one was willing to risk his or her name in his defense.His price for remaining true to himself was to be left alone when he needed his fans the most.Curiously enough, it is those who fail that reap the greatest reward: freedom!They enjoy the freedom to express themselves in unique and original ways without fear of losing the support of fans.Failed artists may find comfort in knowing that many great artists never found fame until well after they had passed away or in knowing thatthey did not sell out.They may justify their failure by convincing themselves their genius is too sophisticated for contemporary audiences.Single-minded artists who continue their quest for fame even after failure might also like to know that failure has motivated some famous people to work even harder to succeed.Thomas Wolfe, the American novelist, had his first novel Look Homeward, Angel rejected 39 times before it was finally published. Beethoven overcame his father, who did not believe that he had any potential as a musician, to become the greatest musician in the world. And Pestalozzi, the famous Swiss educator in the 19th century, failed at every job he ever had until he came upon the idea of teaching children and developing the fundamental theories to produce a new form of education.Thomas Edison was thrown out of school in the fourth grade, because he seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.Unfortunately for most people, however, failure is the end of their struggle, not the beginning.I say to those who desperately seek fame and fortune: good luck.But alas, you may find that it was not what you wanted.The dog who catches his tail discovers that it is only a tail.The person who achieves success often discovers that it does more harm than good.So instead of trying so hard to achieve success, try to be happy with who you are and what you do.Try to do work that you can be proud of.Maybe you won't be famous in your own lifetime, but you may create better art.1B One summer day my father sent me to buy some wire and fencing to put around our barn to pen up the bull.At 16, I liked nothing better than getting behind the wheel of our truck and driving into town on the old mill road.Water from the mill's wheel sprayed in the sunshine making a rainbow over the canal and I often stopped there on my way to bathe and cool off for a spell—natural air conditioning.The sun was so hot, I did not need a towel as I was dry by the time I climbed the clay banks and crossed the road ditch to the truck.Just before town, the road shot along the sea where I would collect seashells or gather seaweed beneath the giant crane unloading the ships. This trip was different, though.My father had told me I'd have to ask for credit at the store.It was 1976, and the ugly shadow of racism was still a fact of life.I'd seen my friends ask for credit and then stand, head down, while a storeowner enquired into whether they were "good for it".Many store clerks watched black youths with the assumption that they were thieves every time they even went into a grocery.My family was honest.We paid our debts.But just before harvest, all the money flowed out.There were no new deposits at the bank.Cash was short.At Davis Brothers' General Store, Buck Davis stood behind the register, talking to a middle-aged farmer.Buck was a tall, weathered man in a red hunting shirt and I nodded as I passed him on my way to the hardware section to get a container of nails, a coil of binding wire and fencing.I pulled my purchases up to the counter and placed the nails in the tray of the scale, saying carefully, "I need to put this on credit."My brow was moist with nervous sweat and I wiped it away with the back of my arm.The farmer gave me an amused, cynical look, but Buck's face didn't change."Sure," he said easily, reaching for his booklet where he kept records for credit.I gave a sigh of relief."Your daddy is always good for it."He turned to the farmer."This here is one of James Williams' sons.They broke the mold when they made that man."The farmer nodded in a neighborly way.I was filled with pride."James Williams' son."Those three words had opened a door to an adult's respect and trust.As I heaved the heavy freight into the bed of the truck, I did so with ease, feeling like a stronger man than the one that left the farm that morning.I had discovered that a good name could furnish a capital of good will of great value.Everyone knew what to expect from a Williams: a decent person who kept his word and respected himself too much to do wrong.My great grandfather may have been sold as a slave at auction, but this was not an excuse to do wrong to others.Instead my father believed the only way to honor him was through hard work and respect for all men.We children—eight brothers and two sisters—could enjoy our good name, unearned, unless and until we did something to lose it.We had an interest in how one another behaved and our own actions as well, lest we destroy the name my father had created.Our good name was and still is the glue that holds our family tight together.The desire to honor my father's good name spurred me to become the first in our family to go to university.I worked my way through college as a porter at a four-star hotel. Eventually, that good name provided the initiative to start my own successful public relations firm in Washington, D.C.America needs to restore a sense of shame in its neighborhoods.Doing drugs, spending all your money at the liquor store, stealing, or getting a young woman pregnant with no intent to marry her should induce a deep sense of embarrassment.But it doesn't.Nearly one out of three births in America is to a single mother. Many of these children will grow up without the security and guidance they need to become honorable members of society.Once the social ties and mutual obligations of the family melt away, communities fall apart.While the population has increased only 40 percent since 1960, violent crime in America has increased a staggering 550 percent—and we've become exceedingly used to it. Teen drug use has also risen.In one North Carolina County, police arrested 73 students from 12 secondary schools for dealing drugs, some of them right in the classroom.Meanwhile, the small signs of civility and respect that hold up civilization are vanishing from schools, stores and streets.Phrases like "yes, ma'am", "no, sir", "thank you" and "please" get a yawn from kids today who are encouraged instead by cursing on television and in music.They simply shrug off the rewards of a good name.The good name passed on by my father and maintained to this day by my brothers and sisters and me is worth as much now as ever.Even today, when I stop into Buck Davis' shop or my hometown <49>barbershop</49> for a haircut, I am still greeted as James Williams' son.My family's good name did <50>pave</50> the way for me.2A He was born in a poor area of South London.He wore his mother's old red stockings cut down for ankle socks.His mother was temporarily declared mad.Dickens might have created Charlie Chaplin's childhood.But only Charlie Chaplin could have created the great comic character of "the Tramp", the little man in rags who gave his creator permanent fame.Other countries—France, Italy, Spain, even Japan—have provided more applause (and profit) where Chaplin is concerned than the land of his birth.Chaplin quit Britain for good in 1913 when he journeyed to America with a group of performers to do his comedy act on the stage, where talent scouts recruited him to work for Mack Sennett, the king of Hollywood comedy films.Sad to say, many English people in the 1920s and 1930s thought Chaplin's Tramp a bit, well, "crude".Certainly middle-class audiences did; the working-class audiences were more likely to clap for a character who revolted against authority, using his wicked little cane to trip it up, or aiming the heel of his boot for a well-placed kick at its broad rear.All the same, Chaplin's comic beggar didn't seem all that English or even working-class.English tramps didn't sport tiny moustaches, huge pants or tail coats: European leaders and Italian waiters wore things like that.Then again, the Tramp's quick eye for a pretty girl had a coarse way about it that was considered, well, not quite nice by English audiences—that's how foreigners behaved, wasn't it?But for over half of his screen career, Chaplin had no screen voice to confirm his British nationality.Indeed, it was a headache for Chaplin when he could no longer resist the talking movies and had to find "the right voice" for his Tramp.He postponed that day as long as possible: In Modern Times in 1936, the first film in which he was heard as a singing waiter, he made up a nonsense language which sounded like no known nationality.He later said he imagined the Tramp to be a college-educated gentleman who'd come down in the world.But if he'd been able to speak with an educated accent in those early short comedies, it's doubtful if he would have achieved world fame. And the English would have been sure to find it "odd". No one was certain whether Chaplin did it on purpose but this helped to bring about his huge success.He was an immensely talented man, determined to a degree unusual even in the ranks of Hollywood stars.His huge fame gave him the freedom—and, more importantly, the money—to be his own master.He already had the urge to explore and extend a talent he discovered in himself as he went along."It can't be me. Is that possible? How extraordinary," is how he greeted the first sight of himself as the Tramp on the screen.But that shock roused his imagination.Chaplin didn't have his jokes written into a script in advance; he was the kind of comic who used his physical senses to invent his art as he went along.Lifeless objects especially helped Chaplin make "contact" with himself as an artist.He turned them into other kinds of objects.Thus, a broken alarm clock in the movie The Pawnbroker became a "sick" patient undergoing surgery; boots were boiled in his film The Gold Rush and their soles eaten with salt and pepper like prime cuts of fish (the nails being removed like fish bones).This physical transformation, plus the skill with which he executed it again and again, is surely the secret of Chaplin's great comedy.He also had a deep need to be loved—and a corresponding fear of being betrayed.The two were hard to combine and sometimes—as in his early marriages—the collision between them resulted in disaster.Yet even this painfully-bought self-knowledge found its way into his comic creations.The Tramp never loses his faith in the flower girl who'll be waiting to walk into the sunset with him; while the other side of Chaplin makes Monsieur Verdoux, the French wife killer, into a symbol of hatred for women.It's a relief to know that life eventually gave Charlie Chaplin the stability and happiness it had earlier denied him.In Oona O'Neill Chaplin, he found a partner whose stability and affection spanned the 37 years age difference between them, which hadseemed so threatening, that when the official who was marrying them in 1942 turned to the beautiful girl of 17 who'd given notice of their wedding date, he said, "And where is the young man? "—Chaplin, then 54, had cautiously waited outside.As Oona herself was the child of a large family with its own problems, she was well prepared for the battle that Chaplin's life became as many unfounded rumors surrounded them both—and, later on, she was the center of calm in the quarrels that Chaplin sometimes sparked in his own large family of talented children.Chaplin died on Christmas Day 1977.A few months later, a couple of almost comic body thieves stole his body from the family burial chamber and held it for money.The police recovered it with more efficiency than Mack Sennett's clumsy Keystone Cops would have done, but one can't help feeling Chaplin would have regarded this strange incident as a fitting memorial—his way of having the last laugh on a world to which he had given so many. 2B Modest and soft-spoken, Agatha Muthoni Mbogo, 24, is hardly the image of a revolutionary.Yet, six months ago, she did a most revolutionary thing: She ran for mayor of Embu, Kenya, and won.Ms. Mbogo's victory was even more surprising because she was voted in by her colleagues on the District Council, all men.For the thousands of women in this farming area two hours northeast of Nairobi, Ms. Mbogo suddenly became a symbol of the increasingly powerful political force women have become in Kenya and across Africa.Ms. Mbogo launched her dream of a career in politics in 1992 by running for the Embu Council, facing the obstacles that often trouble African women running for political office.She had little money.She had no political experience.She faced ridiculous questions about her personal life."My opponent kept insisting that I was going to get married to somebody in another town and move away," Ms. Mbogo said.Ms. Mbogo also faced misunderstanding among the town's women, many of whom initially were unwilling to vote for her.She became an ambassador for women's political rights, giving speeches before women's groups and going from door to door, handbag in hand, spending hours at a time giving a combination of speech and government lesson."I was delighted when she won the election, because men elected her," said Lydiah Kimani, an Embu farmer and political activist."It was the answer to my prayers because it seemed to be a victory over this idea that 'women can't lead'."Education of African women has become a top priority for political activists.One organization has held dozens of workshops in rural Kenya to help women understand the nation's constitution and the procedures and theory behind a democratic political system.One veteran female political activist said that many women had not been taught the basics of political participation.They are taught to vote for the one who "gives you a half kilo sack of flour, 200 grams of salt, or a loaf of bread" during the campaign, said the activist.Women politicians and activists say they are fighting deeply-held cultural traditions.Those traditions teach that African women cook, clean, take care of children, sow and harvest crops and support their husbands.They typically do not inherit land, divorce their husband, control their finances or hold political office.Yet, political activity among Kenyan women is not a new phenomenon.During the struggle for independence in the 1950s, Kenyan women often secretly provided troops with weapons and spied on the positions of colonial forces.But after independence, leaders jealous to protect their power shut them out of politics, a situation repeated across the continent.Today, men still have the upper hand.Women in Kenya make up 60 percent of the people who vote, but only 3 percent of the National Assembly.No Kenyan woman has ever held a cabinet post.Against that background, Agatha Mbogo began her political career.After winning her council seat, she declined a spot on the education and social services committee after a colleague called it "a woman's committee".She instead joined the town planning committee, a much more visible assignment.Then last year, she decided to challenge Embu's mayor, a veteran politician.Ms. Mbogo said she had become frustrated because the donor groups that provide substantial aid to Kenya's rural areas "did not want to come here"."We weren't seeing things done for the community," she said."It was a scandal—the donors' money seemed to be going to individuals."After a fierce campaign, the council elected her, 7 to 6.She said women in Embu celebrated.Men were puzzled; some were hostile.They asked, "How could all of those men vote for a woman? " she recalled.Ms. Mbogo has not met with the kinds of abuse that other female politicians have been subjected to, however.Some have said their supporters are sometimes attacked with clubs after rallies.Last June, Kenyan police attempted to break up a women's political meeting northwest of Nairobi, insisting it was illegal and might start a riot.When the 100 women, including a member of the National Assembly, refused to go, officers tore down their banners and beat them with clubs and fists, witnesses reported.In contrast, Ms. Mbogo generally receives warm greetings from the men of Embu, and many say they are now glad the council chose her.Donor groups are now funding projects in Embu in earnest.A new market is going up downtown.A 200-bed section for new mothers is being added to the hospital.A dormitory-style home has been built for the dozens of homeless street children who once wandered the city.Ms. Mbogo is especially proud of the market and the hospital because "they have an impact on women".At the current market, where hundreds of people, shaded by umbrellas, lay out fruits and vegetables, one person who sells lemons said she liked the new mayor."I feel like if I have a problem, I can go to her office," she said."The other mayor shouted. He acted like an emperor. He did not want to hear my problems."Nearby, a man said he found Ms. Mbogo a refreshing change."I'm tired of men," he said, watching over his pile of onions."They give us so many promises, but they don't deliver the goods. As long as she keeps giving us what we want, she is all right."3A A welfare client is supposed to cheat. Everybody expects it.Faced with sharing a dinner of raw pet food with the cat, many people in wheelchairs I know bleed the system for a few extra dollars.They tell the government that they are getting two hundred dollars less than their real pension so they can get a little extra welfare money. Or, they tell the caseworker that the landlord raised the rent by a hundred dollars.I have opted to live a life of complete honesty.So instead, I go out and drum up some business and draw cartoons.I even tell welfare how much I make!Oh, I'm tempted to get paid under the table.But even if I yielded to that temptation, big magazines are not going to get involved in some sticky situation.They keep my records, and that information goes right into the government's computer.Very high-profile.As a welfare client I'm expected to bow before the caseworker.Deep down, caseworkers know that they are being made fools of by many of their clients, and they feel they are entitled to have clients bow to them as compensation. I'm not being bitter.Most caseworkers begin as college-educated liberals with high ideals.But after a few years in a system that practically requires people to lie, they become like the one I shall call "Suzanne", a detective in shorts.Not long after Christmas last year, Suzanne came to inspect my apartment and saw some new posters pasted on the wall."Where'd you get the money for those? " she wanted to know."Friends and family.""Well, you'd better have a receipt for it, by God. You have to report any donations or gifts."This was my cue to beg.Instead, I talked back."I got a cigarette from somebody on the street the other day. Do I have to report that? ""Well, I'm sorry, but I don't make the rules, Mr. Callahan."Suzanne tries to lecture me about repairs to my wheelchair, which is always breaking down because welfare won't spend money maintaining it properly."You know, Mr. Callahan, I've heard that you put a lot more miles on that wheelchair than average."Of course I do.I'm an active worker, not a vegetable.I live near downtown, so I can get around in a wheelchair.I wonder what she'd think if she suddenly broke her hip and had to crawl to work.Government cuts in welfare have resulted in hunger and suffering for a lot of people, not just me.But people with spinal cord injuries felt the cuts in a unique way: The government stopped taking care of our chairs.Each time mine broke down, lost a screw, needed a new roller bearing, the brake wouldn't work, etc., and I called Suzanne, I had to endure a little lecture.Finally, she'd say, "Well, if I can find time today, I'll call the medical worker."She was supposed to notify the medical worker, who would certify that there was a problem.Then the medical worker called the wheelchair repair companies to get the cheapest bid.Then the medical worker alerted the main welfare office at the state capital.They considered the matter for days while I lay in bed, unable to move.Finally, if I was lucky, they called back and approved the repair.When welfare learned I was making money on my cartoons, Suzanne started "visiting" every fortnight instead of every two months.She looked into every corner in search of unreported appliances, or maids, or a roast pig in the oven, or a new helicopter parked out back. She never found anything, but there was always a thick pile of forms to fill out at the end of each visit, accounting for every penny.There is no provision in the law for a gradual shift away from welfare.I am an independent businessman, slowly building up my market.It's impossible to jump off welfare and suddenly be making two thousand dollars a month. But I would love to be able to pay for some of my living and not have to go through an embarrassing situation every time I need a spare part for my wheelchair.There needs to be a lawyer who can act as a champion for the rights of welfare clients, because the system so easily lends itself to abuse by the welfare givers as well as by the clients.Welfare sent Suzanne to look around in my apartment the other day because the chemist said I was using a larger than usual amount of medical supplies.I was, indeed: The hole that has been surgically cut to drain urine had changed size and the connection to my urine bag was leaking.While she was taking notes, my phone rang and Suzanne answered it.The caller was a state senator, which scared Suzanne a little.Would I sit on the governor's committee and try to do something about the thousands of welfare clients who, like me, could earn part or all of their own livings if they were allowed to do so, one step at a time?Hell, yes, I would!Someday people like me will thrive under a new system that will encourage them, not seek to convict them of cheating.They will be free to develop their talents without guilt or fear—or just hold a good, steady job.3B It was late afternoon when the chairman of our Bangkok-based company gave me an assignment: I would leave the next day to accompany an important Chinese businessman to tourist sites in northern Thailand.Silently angry, I stared at my desk.The stacks of paper bore witness to a huge amount of work waiting to be done, even though I had been working seven days a week.How will I ever catch up? I wondered.After a one-hour flight the next morning, we spent the day visiting attractions along with hundreds of other tourists, most of them loaded with cameras and small gifts.I remember feeling annoyed at this dense collection of humanity.That evening my Chinese companion and I climbed into a chartered van to go to dinner and a show, one which I had attended many times before.While he chatted with other tourists, I exchanged polite conversation in the dark with a man seated in front of me, a Belgian who spoke fluent English.I wondered why he held his head motionless at an odd angle, as though he were in prayer.Then the truth struck me.He was blind.Behind me someone switched on a light, and I could see his thick silvery hair and strong, square jaw.His eyes seemed to contain a white mist."Could I please sit beside you at the dinner?" he asked."And I'd love it if you'd describe a little of what you see.""I'd be happy to," I replied.。
新大学英语第四册第五单元课文翻译
戒烟之辍,人脉之殁尼希尔·斯瓦米纳森【1】一项新的研究表明,戒烟失败者不仅会危害自身健康,还可能失去结交新朋友的机会,在某些情况下甚至连故交也难保。
【2】《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表了一篇研究报告,一项针对超过12 000名烟民(包括他们的朋友,家人和同事)历时30年的研究分析表明,尝试戒烟会成为周围人群,如一帮叽叽喳喳的大学生或小公司的同事们的谈资,从而增加戒烟者的人际吸引力。
【3】根据这项研究,戒烟往往牵涉戒烟者人际网络的改变,这些人的言行会传播到与其打交道的其他人际圈里。
该研究的参与者之一,哈佛大学医学院研究医疗保健政策的尼古拉斯·克里斯塔科斯教授说,“从深层次上讲,你的戒烟行为与那些离你的人际圈有两三层距离的戒烟者的戒烟行为息息相关。
虽然你与这些人素昧平生,然而他们的行为却可以通过这样的人际网络波及并影响到你。
”【4】克里斯塔科斯认为这种影响可以引起“戒烟级联效应”,就像电网输电线上的电灯一样,随着电网的向外延伸,灯光逐渐变暗直至完全熄灭。
而在电网中那些未受停电影响的地方,比如那些未受实际灯火管制的地方,通常都处在电网的边缘地带——在戒烟的级联效应中则对应那些依旧抽烟的人。
【5】马里兰州贝塞斯达国家老龄研究所行为和社会研究部主任理查德·苏兹曼认为,级联效应研究对我们帮助烟民和其他“瘾君子”摒弃不良习惯有启示作用。
“如果戒烟的决定通过社会网络产生级联效应,”他讲到,“那么这项研究就为影响抽烟行为的公共健康运动提供了新的方法。
”【6】克里斯塔科斯与他的同事詹姆斯·福勒——加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校的政治学副教授,采用Framingham 心脏研究受试者的数据,整合了一个包含12 067人的人际网络,其中的每一个人都能通过亲友、工作或社会关系与其他几个人建立起联系。
该研究对受试者的健康状况,包括抽烟情况和社会联系每四年更新一次,为抽烟行为的分析提供了理想的数据来源。
新视野大学英语4读写教程unit 5讲义
to refer to myself, next week I will use the plural form.
While the others are absent you can stretch out your
soul until it fills up the whole room, and use your
waterproof selfcentered
companiona slippery ble
ego
observation
humble
choke
seal
on purpose cast out
back up at length
in line
settle down
for the time being
commodity reliance
随笔
词汇学习
课文分析
导入
预习
小结 写作
Back
Para. 9a Actualy,he live a mile,or 20minutes’ walk,from his nearest neighbor;half a mile from the railroad;three hundred yards from a busy road.He had company in and out of the hut all day,asking him how he could possibly be so noble.
freedom, coming and going as you please without
►One of the main writing techniques employed is making comparisons. In Paragraphs 11 to 13 the writer compares how people living with others feel when they are left alone with the feeling of those living alone, and also the solitary people’s different solutions to the need to talk.
新视野大学英语4第2版Unit5课文翻译
新视野大学英语4第2版Unit5课文翻译新视野大学英语4第2版Unit 5课文翻译对于独处和与人相处,大家都是怎么想的?大学的住宿生活有没有给大家带来困扰?下面是店铺分享的新视野大学英语第四册第五单元课文翻译,欢迎大家阅读!新视野大学英语第四册Unit 5课文翻译【1】事实如此,我们孤独无依地生活着。
据最近的统计,共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。
其中有些人喜欢这种生活,有些却不喜欢。
有些离了婚,有些鳏寡无伴,也有些从未结过婚。
孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病,我们羞于承认它,甚于其他任何罪恶。
而另一方面,故意选择独处,拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃,却是美国式英雄的一个特点。
孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险,征服广袤的荒野时,并不需要有人陪伴。
梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋,有意疏离了城市生活。
现在,这成了你的个性。
独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西。
他们都赞成独处,都因能够独处而自视甚高,至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。
就拿多萝西·华兹华斯来说吧,她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣,为他找到笔记本和铅笔,向他挥手告别,目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。
他写道:“独处多么优雅,惬意。
”毫无疑问,如果自愿独处,感觉要好得多。
看看弥尔顿的女儿们:她们为他准备好垫子和毯子,然后蹑手蹑脚地走开,以便他能创作诗歌。
然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来,而是唤回女儿们,向她们口述,由她们记下来。
也许你已经注意到,这些艺术家类型的人,大多是到户外独处,而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶,等着他们回家。
美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。
我们钦佩他,并非因为他能自力更生,而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活,他喜欢这样──独居在湖畔的树林中。
实际上,他最近的邻居离他只有一英里,走路也就20分钟;铁路离他半英里;交通繁忙的大路距他300码。
整天都有人进出他的小屋,请教他何以能够如此高洁。
显然,他的高洁之处主要在于:他既没有妻子也没有仆人,自己动手用斧头砍柴,自己洗杯洗碟。
新视野大学英语第四册unit5单词翻译总结
英语Unit 5 总结Word and Phrasesolitary a. tending to spend a lot of time alone 独自的;喜欢独处的e.g. A solitary tree remained standing after the hurricane. 飓风过后,惟有一棵树孤独地挺立在那儿。
tame vt. make sb. or sth. easy to control 驯服;控制e.g. Atomic energy has been tamed and harnessed for useful work. 原子能已被控制并得到实际应用。
a. (esp. of animals) not afraid of people, and used to living with them (尤指动物)温顺的,驯化的e.g. The birds in the park are quite tame and will take food from your hand. 公园的鸟很温顺,它们会吃你亲手喂给它们的食物。
pond n. [C] a small still body of water formed naturally or created artificially 池塘 She has a pond at the bottom of her garden. 她在花园深处有个池塘。
inspiration n. [C, U] a sudden good idea about what to do or say 灵感e.g. Wordsworth found (his) inspiration in the Lake District. 华兹华斯从湖区获得灵感。
solitude n. [U] the situation of being alone 独居,孤独e.g. People need a chance to reflect on spiritual matters in solitude. 人们需要独处的机会来反思精神上的事情。
新视野大学英语4读写教程翻译汉译英第1,2,5,9单元整理带汉语
1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成长。
2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.研究结果表明,无论我们白天做什么事情,晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦。
3.Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.有些人往往责怪别人没有尽量最大努力,以此来为自己的失败辩护。
4.We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it.我们忠于我们自己的承诺;凡是答应做的,我们都会做到。
5.Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.连贝多芬的父亲都不相信自己的儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。
爱迪生也是如此,它的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝。
6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security当局控告他们威胁国家安全。
新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译(1~5单元)
新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译a他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。
他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。
他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。
狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事,但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”,这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。
就卓别林而言,其他国家,如法国、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。
在1913年,卓别林永久地离开了英国,与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。
在那里,他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。
令人遗憾的是,20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。
中产阶级当然这样认为。
劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子,或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。
尽管如此,卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人,甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。
英国流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。
另外,“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英国观众认为不太正派──只有外国人才那样,不是吗?而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中,银幕上的他是不出声的,也就无从证明他是英国人。
事实上,当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影,不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时,他确实很头疼。
他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:在 1936 的《摩登时代》里,他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。
在片中,他扮演一名侍者,满口胡言乱语,听起来不像任何国家的语言。
后来他说,他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育,但已经没落的绅士。
但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了,而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。
没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的,但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。
他是一个才能非凡的人,他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。
新视野大学英语课文翻译(第四册前五单元)
那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道,某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇,直至成功。美国小说家托马斯·伍尔芙的第一本小说《向家乡看吧,安琪儿》被拒39次后;才最终得以出版。贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他毫无音乐家潜质的偏见,成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。19世纪瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件成功,直到他想到去教小孩子,并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论。托马斯·爱迪生在四年级时被赶出了学校,因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝。但不幸的是,对大多数人而言,失败是奋斗的结束,而不是开始。
新视野大学英语课文翻译(第四册)
Section B 好名声的力量
夏日的一天,父亲让我去买些铁丝网和栅栏,用来围畜棚,把牛圈起来。那时我16岁,最喜欢开上货车,沿着老磨坊路到城里去。研磨机轮子上的水花在阳光下喷洒,在河道上空形成一道彩虹。我常在半路上把车停下来,在河里洗个澡,凉快一会,享受一下天然空调。太阳火辣辣的,不用毛巾擦,等我爬上岸边的土坡,穿过路边的壕沟,到达货车时,身上已经都干了。快进城时,有一段沿着海滩的路,我会在那儿拣贝壳,拣海藻,头顶就是正从轮船上卸货的巨大的起重机。但是,这次却有所不同。父亲告诉我,我得向店里要求赊账。
当我把沉重的货物拉进货车车厢时,觉得轻而易举,感到比早上离开农庄时更有劲了。我发现,一个好名声所带来的友好是一笔无价之宝。人人都知道,威廉斯家的人是什么样的:是诚实守信的体面人,自尊自重,不干坏事。我的曾祖父也许曾被作为奴隶拍卖,但这不能成为伤害他人的理由。相反,我父亲相信,赢得尊敬的唯一方法就是努力工作、尊敬他人。
令人宽慰的是,生活最终把卓别林先前没能获得的稳定和幸福给了他。他找到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。他们的年龄差别太大,以致当1942年他们结婚时,新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后,为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘:“那个年轻人在哪儿?”一一当时已经54岁的卓别林小心翼翼在外面等候着。由于沃娜本人出生在一个被各种麻烦困扰的大家庭,她对卓别林生活中将面临的挑战也做好了充分准备,因为当时关于他俩有很多毫无根据的流言。后来在他那个有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中,卓别林有时会引发争吵,而她则成了安宁的中心。
新视野大学英语4课文翻译及英译汉
Unit1 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。
那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。
2 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。
她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。
如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。
3 “光彩照人”,她已经是了。
而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。
4 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。
我的想法有些怪异。
而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。
我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。
“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。
5 “逻辑学。
”6 “好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。
7 “逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。
逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。
我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。
”8 “好啊,”她表示同意。
9 “‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。
比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。
”10 她点头表示赞同。
11 我看得出她没弄明白。
“波莉,”我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了。
如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。
所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。
”12 “接下来是‘草率结论’。
这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。
”13 “是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。
“没有人吗?”14 “这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。
新视野大学英语4unit5
粼粼波光也在跳着舞, 水仙的欢欣却胜过水波; 与这样快活的伴侣为伍, 诗人怎能不满心欢乐! 我久久凝望,却想象不到 这奇景赋予我多少财宝, 每当我躺在床上不眠, 或心神空茫,或默默沉思, 它们常在心灵中闪现, 那是孤独之中的福祉; 于是我的心便涨满幸福, 和水仙一同翩翩起舞。
I. Pre-reading Activities: Background Information
CHOOSE TO BE ALONE
制作人:
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
娇
数学与信息科学学院
Many people leave another person, does not have its own. And you spend all alone. Your loneliness,glorious defeat.
Unit 5
II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
II
Para. 2 While many people think
living in solitude may be a sort of national disease, others take it as a characteristic of an American hero.
William
Emerson
Wordsworth
Emerson
May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882
American essayist, Philosopher and Poet Essays: First Series《论文集》 Nature 《论自然》
John
更改文字
1608 —1674
新视野大学英语第4册课文翻译
新视野大学英语第4册课文翻译新视野大学英语课文翻译第四册UNIT1 名气之尾1 艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐,不知道还能做些什么。
成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。
2 对于一名正努力追求并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢~”他们的担心不无道理。
追求出人头地,最乐观的说也困难重重,许多人到最后不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。
尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞美之类的不太纯洁的纯洁的动机却在激励着他们前进。
享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。
3 成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在唱歌、舞蹈、绘画或写作方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。
为了能迅速走红,经纪人会极力吹捧他们的这种风格。
他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。
他们究竟是怎样成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。
尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。
若表演者,画家或作家感到厌烦,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。
公众的热情消磨以后,就回去追捧下一个走红的人。
有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。
公众对于他们借以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。
4 知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西.威廉斯的喜剧、欧内斯特.海明威的情节安排、罗伯特弗罗斯特或T.S艾略特的诗歌等。
同样,像莫奈。
雷诺阿、达利这样的画家、希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。
他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。
5 名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。
骗局很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。
它让你失去自我。
你必须是公众认可的那个你,而不是真实的你,或是可能的你。
艺人,就像政客一样,必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。
大学英语4 课文翻译 unit5
第五单元残忍课文A有些人似乎容易了解:他们的个性在初次交往时就表露无遗。
然而,外表可能具有欺骗性。
患难之交S.毛姆三十年来,我一直研究我的人类同胞,但至今了解不多。
每当有人跟我说他对一个人的第一次印象向来不错的时候,我就耸耸肩。
我想这种人不是无知,就是自大。
拿我自己来说,我发现,认识一个人的时间越长,我就越感到困惑。
我产生这些想法,是因为我在今天早上的报纸上看到爱德华·海德·伯顿在神户去世的消息。
他是个商人,在日本经商多年。
我跟他并不熟,但是对他挺有兴趣,因为有一次他让我大吃一惊。
要不是听他亲口讲述这个故事,我根本不会相信他能做出这种事来。
这件事之所以特别令人惊讶,是因为无论是外表还是风度,他都让人想到一种非常明确的类型。
要说真有表里如一的人的话,那就是此公了。
他个子很小,身高不过5英尺4英寸,身材纤细,白头发、蓝眼睛,红红的脸上布满皱纹。
我估计自己认识他时,他大约有60岁光景。
他向来衣着整洁素雅,合乎他的年龄和身份。
伯顿的办事处设在神户,但他常常到横滨宋。
有一次,我正好因为等船,要在那里呆几天,在英国俱乐部经人介绍与他相识。
我们在一起玩桥牌。
他打得不错,牌风也好。
无论在玩牌的时候,还是在后来一起喝酒的时候,他的话都不多,但说的话却都合情合理。
他挺幽默,但并不咋呼。
他在俱乐部里似乎人缘不错,后来,在他走了以后,人家都说他是个顶呱呱的人。
事有凑巧,我们俩都住在格兰德大酒店。
第二天他请我吃饭。
我见到了他的太太——一位肥肥胖胖、满面笑容的半老妇人——和他的两个女儿。
这显然是和睦恩爱的一家人。
我想,伯顿当时给我印象最深的主要还是他这个人和善。
他那双温和的蓝眼睛有种令人愉快的神情。
他说话的声音轻柔;你无法想象他会提高嗓门大发雷霆;他的笑容和蔼可亲。
这个人吸引你,是因为你从他身上感到他对别人的真正的爱。
同时他也喜欢玩牌,喝鸡尾酒,他能绘声绘色地讲个来劲儿的段子什么的,他年轻时多少还是个运动员呢。
《新视野大学英语读写教程(4)》(第3版)【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】-Unit 5-
【例句】The Spring Festival is the lunar New Year. 春节卲农历新年。
mutter
n. 喃喃老诧,小声低诧;抱忔
v. 低声诪,抱忔
【例句】Actors often mutter to themselves when rehearsing their lines. 演员背台词
遣迒海地。
十万种翿研翿觜电子乢、题库规频学习平台
【派生】emigration n. 秱民;秱民出境;秱屁外国
taboo
n. 禁忌,遰讳
v. 禁忌,遰讳;禁制,禁止
【例句】Is there a taboo against sex before marriage in your society?圃你仧癿社会里,
起了他仧乀间癿丌呾。
【搭配】breach of duty 失职;迗反职责
breach of warranty 迗反保觜;迗背诮觊
be in breach of 迗反
a breach of loyalty, trust, protocol, etc 丌忠、背信、背约等
etiquette [
] n. 礼节,礼仦
【派生】colonial adj. 殖民地癿,殖民癿 colonist n. 殖民耀;殖民地屁民;秱民
configuration
n. 布尿,极造;配置;轮庬
【 例 句 】 The complexity of this configuration also make mis-configuration a
圣才电子书
十万种翿研翿觜电子乢、题库规频学习平台
Unit 5
一、词汇短语
SECTION A
peninsula
新视野大学英语4课文翻译及英译汉讲解
Unit1 爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。
那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。
2 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。
她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。
如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。
3 “光彩照人”,她已经是了。
而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。
4 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。
我的想法有些怪异。
而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。
我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。
“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。
5 “逻辑学。
”6 “好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。
7 “逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。
逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。
我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。
”8 “好啊,”她表示同意。
9 “‘绝对判断’是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。
比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。
”10 她点头表示赞同。
11 我看得出她没弄明白。
“波莉,”我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了。
如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。
所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。
”12 “接下来是‘草率结论’。
这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。
”13 “是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。
“没有人吗?”14 “这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。
新视野大学英语第4册课文翻译
新视野大学英语课文翻译第四册UNIT 1艺术家追求成名,犹如狗自逐其尾,一朝追到手,除开接续追逐不知还能做些啥子乐成之凶狠冷酷正在于它常常让那一些追逐乐成者自寻扑灭对一位正起劲追求乐成并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲友常例会提议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担忧不无道理追求光宗耀祖,最乐不雅地说也困难幢幢,很多人到最后纵然不是潦倒生活困难,也是几近精力瓦解只管如此,但愿博患上追星族追捧和同行赞扬什么的的不太纯正的念头却在激励着他们向前安享乐成的无上庆幸,这类诱惑不是能等闲抵挡的成名者之以是成名,大多是因为发挥了本身在讴歌、跳舞、绘画或撰著等方面的拿手,并能形成本身的气势派头为了能快速走红,代办别人代理人会尽力吹嘘他们这类气势派头他们平步显要的地位的历程让人看不清楚他们到底是怎么乐成的,大多数人也都说不上来只管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来若演出者、画家或作家感应无聊,他们的作品就难以接续连结以前的魔力,也就难以连结公家的注重力公家的热忱消磨往后,就会去追捧下一个走红的人有些艺术家为了不后进,会对他们的撰著、跳舞或唱歌的气势派头略加变更,但这将冒泼天的掉宠的危险公家对于他们藉以成名的艺术气势派头之外的不论什么情势都将掉以轻心知名作家的文风一眼就能见患上,如田纳西·威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特·海明威的情节摆设、罗伯特·弗罗斯特或T.S.艾略特的诗歌等同样,像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利如许的画家,希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋如许的电影建造人也是如此他们鲜明奇特的艺术气势派头标记着与旁人不同的艺术情势上的重大变革,这让他们求名求利,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是掉去了用其他气势派头或情势表现自我的自由名气这盏聚光灯可比回归森林还要炙热圈套很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以蒙受它让你掉去自我你必须是公家认可的阿谁你,而不是真正的你或是可能的你艺人,就像政客同样,必须常常说些违心或连本身都不纯粹信赖的话来取悦听众一滴名气之水有可能玷辱人的心魄这一整口井,因此一个艺术家若能连结真我,会非分特别让人齰舌你可能答不上来哪一些人没有妥协,却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡·王尔德,他在社交举动和性举动方面以我行我素而闻名于世虽则他的举动受到公家的阻挡,却傲然故我,他也因此付出了凄惨的代价在一次宴席上,他一位密友的母亲当着他的伴侣和崇拜者的面,诘问诘责他在性方面影响了她的儿子他听了她的话往后大为光火,起诉了这个年青人的母亲,声称她毁了本身的“好”名声但是,他真该请一个更好的状师结果是,法官不仅不撑持他提出的让这个女人补偿他名声损掉费的请求,反倒对他本人举行了罚款他由于拒交罚款终极还被送进了牢狱更糟的是,他再也没有办法获患上更多公家的宠爱在最糟的时辰,他发现没有一个人愿意拿本身的名声冒险来替他措辞为连结真我,他付出的代价是,在最需要崇拜者时,谁也不睬他稀罕的是,收获最大的恰恰是掉败者他们收获了自由!他们可以自由地表达,独辟蹊径,不落俗套,不消担忧掉去崇拜者的撑持掉败的艺术家寻求慰藉时,可以想一想很多伟大的艺术家都是过世多年往后才成名,或是他们没有出卖本身他们也可认为本身的掉败辩白:本身的才调实在过于深奥,不是今世听众或不雅众所理解患了的那一些掉败了却仍不肯抛却的顽固派也许会乐于知道,某些明星曾如何越挫越勇,直至乐成西方强国小说家托马斯·伍尔芙的熬头本小说《向家乡看吧,安琪儿》被拒39次后,才终极患上以出书贝多芬打败了爸爸认为他一无音乐家潜质的成见,成为世界上最伟大的音乐家19世纪瑞士著儒家观念育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件乐成,直至他想到去教小孩儿,并研究出一种新式教育标准样式的根蒂根基意见托马斯·爱迪生在四班级时被赶出了学校,因为老师感觉他彷佛太迟钝但不幸运的是,对大多数人而言,掉败是奋斗的竣事,而不是起头对那一些背注一掷的追名逐利之徒,我要说:祝你们好运但是,遗憾的是,你会发现这不是你想获患上的狗自逐其尾所获患上的只是一条尾巴而已获患上乐成的人常常发现乐成对他来说弊大于利以是要为真正的你、为本身的所为感应开心,而不是拼命去获患上乐成做那一些你为之感应自满的工作可能在有生之年你默默无闻,但你可能创编了更好的艺术Unit 2查理·卓别林他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区,他所穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。
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பைடு நூலகம்
室友间的冲突
同卵双胞胎卡蒂和萨拉·莫纳汉去年来到宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡大学,决心闯出一条独立之路。虽然这对18岁的姐妹曾要求住在不同的宿舍楼,但宿管处还是把她们安排在了同一栋楼的第8层,中间只隔一条过道。卡蒂与室友相处融洽,但萨拉却十分不快。她因许多事情与室友暗地里不和,诸如什么时候熄灯、家具应如何摆放等等。最后她们将房间一分为二,彼此不再说话,主要通过写便条进行交流。
这段时间里,萨拉不断跑到过道对面卡蒂那儿寻求慰藉。不久两人又想住在一起了,而萨拉的室友最终也同意搬出。“从重新住在一起的第一晚开始,我就感到很舒服,”萨拉说,“就好像回到家里一样。”
萨拉以和同卵双生姐妹同住的办法走出了她的困境,这种办法很少见,但她所遇到的冲突却并不罕见。尽管许
独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家们最有用的东西。他们都赞成独处,都因能够独处而自视甚高,至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。
就拿多萝西·华兹华斯来说吧,她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣,为他找到笔记本和铅笔,向他挥手告别,目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。他写道:“独处多么优雅,惬意。”
毫无疑问,如果自愿独处,感觉要好得多。
选择独处
事实如此,我们孤独无依地生活着。据最近的统计,共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜欢这种生活,有些却不喜欢。有些离了婚,有些鳏寡无伴,也有些从未结过婚。
孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病,我们羞于承认它,甚于其他任何罪恶。而另一方面,刻意选择独处,拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃,却是美国式英雄的一个特点。孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险,征服广袤的荒野时,并不需要有人陪伴。梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋,有意疏离城市生活。现在,你应有这样的个性。
重要的是保持理性。
重要的是不再等待,而是安顿下来,使自己过得舒服,至少暂时要这样。要在我们自身的条件下发现一些优雅和乐趣,不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人,而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主,耐心地等待着我们的童话故事迎来快乐的结局。
毕竟,事已至此,这或许不是我们所期望的局面,但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧。不管怎么说,没有什么地方比家更好。
一位二年级学生艾伦·萨斯曼回忆道:“我觉得他们肯定了解我们的性格,然后就选性格相反的(搭配)。”萨斯曼喜欢整洁,学习认真,而他的室友却邋里邋遢,而且喜欢通宵聚会直至凌晨。“我一进房间,就看见他在我的桌子上到处乱翻,想找邮票去寄信。还有一次,我回来就看到他在吃我的最后一块巧克力曲奇饼,那是我妈妈带给我的。宿舍楼里的人都在打赌我们什么时候打起来,”他说。但是出乎人们的意料,他们却最终成了朋友。萨斯曼说:“我们彼此从对方身上学到了许多东西──但我也决不想再有这样的经历了。”
一厢情愿的数据,特别是在吸烟问题上,这就削弱了这种做法的效果。此外,宿舍管理人员中关于大学生活特色的理论之争也使这一安排过程复杂化。这一争论围绕的主题是:“到底是让相似的人住在一起,还是让不同的人住在一起,让他们取长补短呢?”一幅漫画道出了许多学生对这一做法的感受:面对一大堆资料,宿舍工作人员随便拿出两张待选的表格,叫道:“这位喜欢象棋,那位爱好足球,他们住在一起是最理想的了!”
科学调查表明,独居的人会对着自己、对着宠物、对着电视机唠叨不休。我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装,问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条。我们跟自己争论那个花样滑冰选手和这个滑雪运动员到底谁更了不起。这没什么不妥,也对我们有好处,而且不像有些人那么令人尴尬:在超市付款处,排在前面的女人告诉收银员,她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能会来看她。梅莉莎非常喜欢热巧克力,所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉,虽然她自己从来不喝这东西。
有些学校试图通过电脑配对安排住宿,以期防止争吵发生。不过这种做法更像推测游戏,并不科学。它根据学生对住宿表格上一系列问题的回答将他们组合在一起。这些问题包括是否容忍抽烟,选择什么样的作息时间,以及对个人习惯是整洁还是凌乱的自我描述。有时家长会拿走表格,就他们孩子的习惯填入不真实的、
实际上,他最近的邻居离他只有一英里,走路也就20分钟;铁路离他半英里;交通繁忙的大路距他300码。整天都有人进出他的小屋,请教他何以能够如此高洁。显然,他的高洁之处主要在于:他既没有妻子也没有仆人,自己动手用斧头砍柴,自己清洗杯碟。我不知道谁为他洗衣服,他没说,但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。听听他是怎么说的:“我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。”
大多数室友间冲突的起因都是小小的令人不快的分歧,而不是抽象的哲学原则上的重大争执。“都是具体的事情弄得室友不和,”俄亥俄州一所大学的宿舍管理处主任助理说。
在极端的情况下,室友间的冲突可能引发严重的暴力事件。去年春天哈佛大学就发生了这种情况:一位学生将她的室友杀害后自杀。许多学校都已经启动了化解冲突的项目,以缓和紧张形势,要不然它们就会像火山一样蓄势待发,最终导致暴力行为。有些大学采用了“室友合同”的做法:所有新生在参加有关室友关系的讨论会之后,都要填写签署该合同。学生们订下详细的宿舍行为准则,包括可以共同接受的学习时间、睡眠时间,动用彼此物品的原则,以及如何处理留言。虽然合同不具有法律约束力,也永远不会诉诸法庭,但合同副本都被送到所在楼层的宿舍指导员处,以防日后发生冲突。宿舍管理处主任说:“合同允许我们处理一些同学们没有想到或不愿谈及的问题。”
看看弥尔顿的女儿们:她们为他准备好垫子和毯子,然后蹑手蹑脚地走开,以便他能创作诗歌。然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来,而是唤回女儿们,向她们口述,由她们记下来。
也许你已经注意到,这些艺术家类型的人,大多是到户外独处,而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶,等着他们回家。
美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。我们钦佩他,并非因为他能自力更生,而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活,他喜欢这样──独居在湖畔的树林中。
彼此性格不合时,离家上大学的那种兴奋感就会立刻变得索然无味。而且,室友会互相影响对方的心理健康。根据最近的研究,大学生室友的忧郁症往往会从一个人传给另一个人。
学会容忍陌生人的习惯可使大学生学会灵活应变和妥协的艺术,但这往往是一个十分痛苦的过程。21岁的朱莉·诺埃尔是大四学生。她回忆说,她一年级时与室友无法沟通,彼此整整一年都很不自在。“我曾从早到晚用CD机播放同一张碟,就是为了试试她,因为她太羞怯了,”诺埃尔说,“直到那天晚饭时,她才终于改变了她的羞怯。”虽然她们没有将房间一分为二,但是到了年末,她们还是大吵一场分开了。“回想起来,我真希望当时能跟她谈谈我的感受,”诺埃尔说。
梭罗以自尊自重为伴。也许这里的启示是:自我意识越强,就越不需要其他的人在周围。我们越是感觉谦卑,就越受孤独的折磨,感到仅与自己相处远远不够。
若与别人同住,他们的小别会使你感到耳目一新。孤独将会于星期四结束。如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词,那么下星期我就会使用复数形式。其他人不在的时候,你可以放飞自己的灵魂,让它充满整个房间。你可以充分享受自由,随意来去而无需道歉。你可以熬夜读书、大泡浴缸、一口气吃掉整整一品脱的冰淇淋。你可以按自
己的节奏行动。暂别的人会回来。他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里,狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影。但如果你单独居住,那么朋友或熟人的暂时离别会使你感到空虚,也许他们永远也不会回来了。
孤独的感觉时起时落,但我们却永远需要与人交谈。这比需要倾听更重要。噢,我们都有朋友,可以把大事要事向他们倾诉。我们可以打电话对朋友说我们丢了工作,或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了,摔断了胳膊。每日不断的琐碎抱怨,对各种事情的看法和意见,积在那儿,塞满了我们的心。我们不会真打电话给一位朋友,说我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹,或者说现在天黑得比较早,或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官。
多学校已做了许多努力来为学生安排合适的室友,但结果常常不尽如人意。一位室友总感觉冷,而另一位却总是不想调高暖气温度,尽管气温计显示室外温度已达零下5度。一个喜欢安静,而另一个却每天练习两个小时的小号,或将音响开得很大,响得连整个房间都在震动。一个只吃有机蔬菜产品,认为所有生物都是神圣的,即使是蚂蚁、蚊子也如此,而另一位却爱穿皮草,喜欢在生物课上将青蛙开膛破肚。