英语辅导讲义

英语辅导讲义英语的时态和语态问题这是英语的基本问题。

英语是一门以动词为中心的句子，动词形式的变化是英语用来表示不同意思的主要手段。

英语的每个句子都有时态和语态的问题。

时态和语态都是针对英语的动词来讲的。

这一点一定要明确。

时态实际上就是时间和状态。

时间上我们分为：现在，过去，将来，过去将来。

时间的作用就在于告诉我们谓语动词这个动作发生的时间，即谓语动词是在什么时间发生的。

状态上我们分为：一般进行完成完成进行。

状态的作用就在于告诉我们谓语动词这个动作的状态，是正在进行，还是已经完成等等。

数学：两点确定一条直线。

过两点能确定且只能确定一条直线。

同样在英语里，我们依据时间和状态这两个点也就确定了一个唯一的时态。

Be+ v ing have\has +v pp↓↓↓↓表时间表状态表时间表状态Ving 表主动表进行Vpp 表被动表完成英语时态一般现在时的使用：1．客观真理2．习惯性反复性动作3．持久的状态（或按时刻表或计划等必然发生的事情）4．在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来。

进行时的用法：1．正在做某事2．一段时间内一直在做某事，总是做某事。

3．进行时也可以表示将要发生的事情。

给人一种事情正在一步步的到来的感觉，这些动词一般是一些表示位置移动之类的词，例如，come，go leave , get married 之类的词。

现在完成时的用法：1．从过去某一时间开始，延续到现在对现在造成影响。

和一般过去时的区别在于，是否对现在造成影响。

区分是使用一般过去时还是现在完成时的依据是：是否有表示到目前为止的时间状语或副词等。

一般过去时一般只会给出过去的某一个时间，现在完成时则一般会给出一个与现在有关联的时间状语。

例如：for\since, up to now, so far, in the past ten years, already, yet, over time 见到这些词一般要用现在完成时。

2．过去完成时的使用过去的过去。

参照系。

因为英语是用时态来表示动作发生的先后顺序的，而时间先后顺序的确定肯定要找一个参照点。

因此过去完成时的标志是，一般会和一般过去时连用，或者有表示过去的过去的时间状语，例如，by last summer, before 1997等过去将来一般是指过去说|想等将来要干什么，一般是以宾语从句的形式出现的。

主动语态与被动语态某人做某事某事被某人做汉语主动变被动，是在句子中加个“被”字，英语也差不多。

主动被动V\v es be+v ppVed be+v ppwill+V will+be+v ppbe+V ing be+being+v ppbe+V ing be+being+v pphave\has+Vpp have\has+been+v pphad+V had+been+v pp情态动词+v 情态动词+be +v ppbe+ being +v pp have\has+ been+ v pp↓↓↓↓↓↓时间状态语态时间状态语态注意：只有及物动词或及物动词词组才能用于被动语态。

They build a bridge every year.They built a bridge last year.They will build a bridge next year.动词专题基本原则：一般来讲，一个句子中一个主语一个谓语动词。

有实义动词时，用实义动词做谓语动词，没有谓语动词了，加入be动词。

动词分为 (一)系动词1. be2.感官动词3.表示变化的词（二）及物动词（三）不及物动词助动词：do \does\ did情态动词have \has \had因此，be+v\ves 在英语句子中永远不会出现。

但是be+ving 和be+vpp是对的，因为ving和vpp都不能单独做谓语动词。

因此我们大体上可以把所有的英语句子分为两类。

含be的句子和不含be 的句子。

含be的句子He is a student.He is not a student.Is he a student?Who is he ?不含be 的句子He likes football.He does not like football.Does he like football?What does he like?I can write.I can not write.Can you write?What can you do?I have seen the film.I have not seen the film.Have you seen the film?What have you seen?练习I have a dog.He is listening to music.He has gone to America.Y ou look tired.He met an old friend on the street yesterday.五年高考三年模拟60页习题英语五种基本句型1．S+linkV+n\adjHe is a student.He is clever.The problem is where we should stay.The problem of unemployment the governments want to solved is as serious as ever in underdeveloped country.2．S+ViThe deer disappeared.He died.The first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states.3．S+Vt+OI like English.He likes playing football.I can’t image how he did it.We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it.4．S+Vt+O+OI gave him a book.I gave a book to him.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.5．S+Vt+O+CI find his novel interesting.I think it impossible to get there in 30 minutes.He has made the company what it is today.He met a lot of outstanding church ministers, they encouraged him to read and reread a book called civil disobedience written by the 19th century American author, David Thoreau.句子成分划分练习：The time I had been looking forward to came at last and I saw my favorite star.The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.For him to be reelected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.Mr Mc Whorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to benatural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of old English.The way we react to other people, the educational training we receive, and the knowledge we display are part of our cultural heritage.To help homeless people toward independence, the federal government must support job programmes, raise the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.非谓语动词基本原则：一般来讲，在英语中一个主语一个谓语动词。

但是由于我们要表达的意思可能比较复杂，在同一句话中会出现很多动词，那么我们在这些动词中找一个做谓语动词，其他的动词就用非谓语动词形式。

非谓语动词三种形式：To doVing 表主动表进行V pp 表被动表完成1.逻辑主语：一个动词肯定会有它的发出者，一般来讲，这个发出者就是这个动词的逻辑主语。

2．要注意动词发生的时间顺序。

3.过去分词不能做宾语。

He sat in his restaurant feeling disappointed.Seeing from space, we can see the great wall.Seen from space, the earth is blue.I heard her singing in the next room.Faced with the enomorous wave, these tourists were scared to death. Facing the enomorous wave, these tourists were scared to death.When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.Having waited in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.He denied having been there.He regretted not having gone to university.I have always regretted not having studied harder at school.The houses being built are for the teachers.I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time.I remember my parents’ taking me to the zoo for the first time.The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.The garden needs watering.Helen had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music. He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.To look at him, you would like him.I am glad to see you.He wanted the letter to be delivered at once.It is an honor for me to be invited to address the international conference. She does not like to be treated as a distinguished guest.I am sorry to bother you.I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. The traffic was terrible on my way here.He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came in.He happened to be sitting in the room when I came in this morning. They are said to have been collecting folk songs in yunnan.The little girl seems to have been watching TV all this evening.The book is easy to understand.It is no use\good doing sth.It is no use crying over split milk.Deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.Though exhausted by the walk, he continued his journey.If seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.独立主格The test finished, we began our holiday.The president assassinated, the whole nation was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.He came out of the library, with a large book under his arm. He came into the room, his ears red with cold.。