初中英语语法大全-5.形容词
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《初中英语语法大全》第五章形容词
一、概说
形容词是用于描写或修饰名词或代词的词,它可以表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态和属性,在句中可用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。
二、形容词的句法功能
1. 用作表语
Her parents are very old. 她的父母很老了。
Everyone was happy. 人人都很快活。
2. 用作定语
He has a clever son. 他有个聪明的儿子。
We had a good time there. 我们在那儿玩得很高兴。
3. 用作宾语补足语
The news made her sad. 这消息使她很伤心。
We found the room empty. 我们发现房间是空的。
【说明】这类句型若变为被动语态,形容词则为主语补足语:
She was made sad by the news. 这消息使她很伤心。
4. 用作状语
He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他回到家里,又饿又累。
I went there full of joy. 我兴高采烈地去了那儿。
三、形容词的位置
1. 前置与后置
(1) 形容词用作定语一般应前置(即置于被修饰的名词前):
a beautiful girl 美丽的女孩 an interesting story 有趣的故事
cheap clothes 便宜的衣服 difficult problems 难题
(2) 以下情况形容词作定语可以后置或必须后置:
①表语形容词若用作定语,必须后置:
Who is the greatest poet alive? 谁是当今世界上最伟大的诗人?
②修饰something, anything, everything, nothing, everyone, anybody 等复合不定代词的形容词,必须后置:
There must be something wrong with it. 它一定出了什么问题。
Keep everything useful. 保存好所有有用的东西。
③在“数词+名词+old (long, high, deep, tall等)”结构中,形容词总是后置:
The boy is only five years old. 这男孩只有5岁。
The tree is about 20 meters tall. 这棵树大约20米高。
【说明】形容词heavy不用于该结构,如回答How heavy is the box? 时,不能用It's 10 kilos heavy.(应去掉heavy)
(3) 形容词enough修饰名词时可前置,也可后置(但以前置为多见):
Do you have enough money [money enough]? 你有足够的钱吗?
We have enough time [time enough] 我们有足够的时间。
2. 前置形容词的排列顺序
当名词的修饰语不只一个时,我们就得考虑它们的排列顺序问题。
在通常情况下,它们的顺序为遵循以下原则:描绘形容词—大小(长短高低)形容词—形状形容词—年龄(新旧)形容词—颜色形容词—国籍形容词—材料形容词—用途(类别)形容词—名词(动名词):
It was a small yellow wooden table. 那是一张黄色的小木桌。
He bought a nice(好看的) small(小小的) round(圆形的) new(新的) brown(褐色的) French (法国产的) oak(橡木做的) writing desk(写字台).
四、表语形容词和定语形容词
1. 表语的形容词
所谓表语形容词即指只用于连系动词后作表语,而不能用于名词前作定语的形容词。
这类形容词常见的有:
(1) 某些以a-开头的形容词:
afraid 害怕的 alive 活着的 alone 单独的
ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 awake 醒着的
Don’t be afraid.别怕。
Now the baby is asleep. 现在孩子睡着了。
He was alone in the house. 他独自一人在家里。
若要用作定语且具有以上意义,可改用其他形容词:
误:an asleep child, an ashamed girl, an alive poet
正:a sleeping child, a shy girl, a living poet
(2) 某些表示健康的形容词:
fine 健康的 ill有病的 well身体健康的
“How's your wife?” “She’s fine, thank you.”“你妻子好吗?”“她很好,谢谢。
”
He was ill and couldn’t come.他病了,所以不能来。
【说明】在美国英语中,表示健康状况的ill和well 有时也用作定语。
另外,以上词语若不是表示以上意思,则可用作定语:fine weather 好天气,ill news 坏消息
(3) 某些描述感觉或心情的形容词:
glad 高兴的 pleased 高兴的 sorry 难过的
I’m glad to hear that.听到这消息我很高兴。
You will be sorry about this later. 对这件事你以后会后悔的。
We are very pleased with the plan. 我们对这个计划很满意。
【说明】若用于其他意思,则可用作定语,如 glad 表示“(感到)高兴的”时,只用作表语;若表示“令人高兴的”,则只用作定语(glad news 好消息)。
(4) 其他表语形容词:
certain 确信的,一定的 sure 确信的,一定的 fond 喜欢的,温柔的
ready 准备好的,愿意的 unable 不能…的
I’m certain [sure] he will come. 我确信他会来。
He is fond of music. 他喜欢音乐。
We are ready to do it. 我们已准备好做这事。
【说明】若用于其他意义,有的也可用作定语,如 certain表示“某”时,只能用作定语:a certain person 某人。
2. 定语的形容词
所谓定语形容词即指只位于名词前作定语(即前置定语),而不用作表语的形容词,如elder(年岁较大的),eldest(最年长的),daily(每日的),everyday(每日的),last(刚过去的)等:
Janet is Mary's elder sister. 珍尼特是玛丽的姐姐。
Her eldest daughter works in a bank. 他最大的女儿在银行工作。
He is practising everyday English. 他在练习日常英语。
He went home last Sunday. 他上周星期日回家了。
五、–ed形容词和–ing形容词
顾名思义,-ed形容词即指由过去分词转化而来且以-ed结尾的形容词,-ing形容词则指以现在分词转化而来且以-ing结尾的形容词。
关于两者的用法区别,有的同学认为-ed形容词只用于人,-ing形容词只用于物,此说法尽管对初学者来说记忆方便,而且在许多情况下也是可行的,但由于说得太绝对,在许多情况下却是不可靠的。
如-ing 形容词用于人的情况就比比皆是:若你的老师说话幽默、讲课生动,那么不仅他的课非常interesting,而且你会说他是一个 interesting man(有趣的人)。
比较以下句子:
I'm interested in interesting people. 我对有趣的人感兴趣。
He was worried about his worrying son. 他为他令人担忧的儿子感到担忧。
另一方面,-ed 形容词用于指物的情况也不少见。
比较并体会:
a frightened look 害怕的表情(指带有这种“表情”的人感到害怕)
a frightening look 吓人的表情(指这种“表情”令人害怕)
an excited talk 心情激动的谈话(指“谈话”的人心情激动)
an exciting talk 令人激动的谈话(指听“谈话”的人心情激动)
六、形容词比较等级
1. 比较等级的构成
(1) 单音节和部分双音节形容词通过加后缀–er和-est构成比较级和最高级:
原级比较级最高级
tall(高的) taller tallest
quiet(安静的) quieter quietest
【说明】①若原级以字母e结尾,则只加-r和-st,如fine—finer—finest。
②若原级以“辅音字母+y”结尾,则应将y改为i,再加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级,如:dry—drier—dries,early—earlier—earliest。
但是有一个例外,即shy(害羞的)—shyer—shyest。
③若原级为重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,则双写这个辅音字母后加词尾-er 和-est构成比较级和最高级,如:big—bigger—biggest。
(2) 多音节和部分双音节形容词通过在其前加more和most构成比较级和最高级:
原级比较级最高级
difficult(困难的) more difficult most difficult
dangerous(危险的) more dangerous most dangerous
【说明】有的双音节形容词(如 clever, common, gentle, handsome, happy, narrow, polite, quiet, shallow, simple, stupid)可以有两种方式构成比较级和最高级:clever —cleverer / more clever —cleverest / most clever 等。
2. 形容词比较等级的不规则变化
原级比较级最高级
good(好的) better best
well(好,健康的) better best
bad(坏的) worse worst
ill(有病的) worse worst
much(多) more most
many(多) more most
little(少) less least
far(远) farther / further farthest / furthest
3. farther, further与farthest, furthest 的用法区别
(1) 表示距离时,四个词都可用:
Which town is farther [further] from this city? 哪个城镇离这座城市更远?
What's the farthest [furthest] distance you've ever run? 你跑过最远的距离是多少?
(2) 若用于引申义,表示“更进一步”、“此外”等义,则只能用 further:
Are there any further questions? 还有问题吗?
4. elder, eldest与older, oldest 的用法区别
(1) old 通常的比较级和最高级分别是 older, oldest。
可用于人或物,可用作表语或定语,可与 than 连用:
He is older than me. 他比我年纪大。
I'm two years older than he. 我比他大两岁。
The church is the oldest building in the city. 这座教堂是城里最古老的建筑。
(2) elder 与 eldest 主要用于家人之间表明长幼关系。
通常只用于人而不用于物,只用作定语而不用作表语,也不与 than 连用:
Who is the eldest sister? 谁是大姐?
He is my elder brother. 他是我哥哥。
【说明】在美国英语中也可用 older, oldest 表示长幼关系。
elder 与 eldest 的区别是:前者指两者中年纪较大的, 而后者指三者或三者以上的年纪最大的。
如:
one's elder son 指两个儿子中年纪较大的一个
one's eldest son 指三个或三个以上的儿子中年纪最大的一个
另外,elder 和 eldest 作为形容词,通常只能用作定语,不用作表语;但若不是用作形容词(即其后不接名词)而是用作名词,则可以用作表语(此时通常有冠词或物主代词修饰):
I'm the eldest in the family. 我是全家年纪最大的。
He was the elder of the two sons. 他是两个儿子中较大的。
5. 使用比较等级的基本原则
不作比较用原级,两者比较用比较级,多者比较用最高级:
He is very tall. 他很高。
(尽管“很高”,但没有比较,故用原级)
He is very short, but taller than me. 他很矮,但比我高。
Among the three short girls, Mary is the tallest. 在这三个矮姑娘中,玛丽是最高的。
6. 不能使用双重比较等级
即构成比较级时不能既加词尾-er,又在其前加more;构成最高级时不能既在词尾加-est,又在其前加most:
误:His English is more better than mine.
正:His English is much better than mine. 他的英语比我的英语好多了。
【说明】虽不能说more better, most earliest 之类的,但可用“比较级+and+比较级”这样的形式:
It’s getting warmer and warmer.天气越来越暖和了。
The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 这个城市变得越来越美丽了。
7. 使用比较等级要合乎逻辑
请看下面两道题:
(1) Her music is more beautiful than ______.
A. me
B. you
C. us
D. his
此题应选D,其中的his=his music。
因为从逻辑上说,应该是her music与his music作比较,而不是her music与me, you, us比较。
(2) China is larger than ______ country in Asia.
A. any
B. other
C. any other
D. any others
此题应选C,因为China也在Asia范围内,所以应在any后加上other,以排除自己比自己大的不合理逻辑。
8. 比较级前冠词使用规律
比较级前通常不用冠词,但有时也用,这主要见于以下情形:
(1) 当比较级后接名词时,比较级前可能用冠词,此时的冠词不是修饰比较级,而是修饰其后的名词:
This watch is too expensive. Would you show me a cheaper one? 这块表太贵了,你能给我看一个便宜一点的吗?
(2) 当要特指两者中“较(更)…”时,比较级前通常要带定冠词,此时可视为比较级后省略了有关的名词或代词one,即定冠词实为修饰被省略的名词或代词one:
Of the two brothers, the younger is more clever. 在这两兄弟中,年轻的这个更聪明。
(3) 用于“the+比较级,the+比较级”,表示“越来越…”:
The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
The more a man has, the more he wants. 人越有越想要。
9. 最高级前冠词使用规律
(1) 在形容词最高级前通常应有the:
He is the tallest boy in the class. 他是这个班最高的。
This computer is most expensive in this shop. 这种电脑是这家商店里最贵的。
(2) 当最高级形容词用作表语且不带比较范围时,有时可以不用the:
This room is (the) best. 这个房间最好。
但是,当处于表语位置的最高级带有比较范围或限定性修饰语时,其前的the通常不能省去:This room is the best in this hotel. 这个房间是这家宾馆最好的。
(3) 如果是对同一个人或事物在不同情况下进行对比,那么处于表语位置的最高级形容词前不能用the。
比较:
He’s busiest on Sunday.他星期天最忙。
(他与自己平时比,不用the)
He’s the busiest of all the people.在所有人当中他最忙。
(他与别人比,故用the)
10. 比较级和最高级的常见修饰语
(1) 比较级的修饰语有far, even, still, a great deal, a bit, rather, three times, any, no, very much 等:
This is very much cheaper. 这个便宜得多。
Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好点儿了吗?
This one is even more expensive. 这个更贵些。
(2) 最高级的常见修饰语有 (by) far, much, nearly, almost, not quite, second等:
He is far more careful than I am. 他比我仔细得多。
He is almost the tallest here. 他差不多是这儿最高的。
This is much the worst book of all. 这是所有书中最最糟糕的一本。
【说明】very不能修饰比较级,却可修饰最高级,但它与一般的修饰最高级的副词有所不同,即它要放在最高级前的定冠词之后,而不是之前:
This is the very best one. 这是最最好的。
另外,second, third等也要放在定冠词之后:
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河流。
11. as…as结构
该结构的意思是“与…一样”,其间应接形容词原级,不能用比较级或最高级:
He is as tall as his father. 他与他父亲一样高。
He is as busy as before. 他还是像以前那样忙。
在否定句中第一个as也可换成so,其意为“不如”:
He is not as [so] tall as his father. 他不如他父亲高。
He is not as [so] busy as before. 他不像以前那样忙。
12. more than 与less than
两者均可用于表示数量,more than指“比…多”或“多于”,less than指“比…少”或“不到”:
He is more than 50 years old. 他有50多岁了。
Two eyes can see more than one. 两只眼睛比一只眼睛看得真。
It's less than a mile to the station. 去车站不到一英里。
She eats less than she should. 她吃得比她应该吃的少。
【说明】more than 除以上用法外,还可表示“不只是”、“非常”等:
He is more than a father to her. 他待她胜过父亲。
They were more than glad to help. 他们非常乐于帮忙。
七、实力训练题
1. 写出以下各形容词的比较级和最高级:
(1) nice ______________________ (2) fat ____________________
(3) slow _____________________ (4) dry ____________________
(5) happy ____________________ (6) wet ____________________
(7) much ____________________ (8) ill _____________________
(9) little _____________________ (10) bad ___________________
(11) thin ______________________ (12) far ____________________
(13) early _____________________ (14) careful_________________
(15) exciting ___________________ (16) busy __________________
2. 根据句意,用所括号内所级形容词的比较等级形式填空:
(1) Mr. Smith is _________ man in this office. (rich)
(2) Winter is _________ season of the years. (cold)
(3) This radio is not so ________ as that one. (cheap)
(4) It is much _______ today than yesterday. (hot)
(5) She is a little ________ than her classmates. (careful)
(6) ________ people came to the meeting than last time. (many)
(7) Which book is ________, this one or that one? (easy)
(8) My room is _______ than yours. (small)
(9) Hainan is _______ from Beijing than Hunan. (far)
(10) Skating is _______ than swimming. (exciting)
(11) Jim is _______ than all the others. (honest)
(12) Things are getting _______ and _______. (bad)
(13) The higher you climb, the _______ it will be. (cold)
(14) Now his life is becoming ________ and _______. (difficult)
(15) There are _______ boys than girls in our class. (few)
3. 选择最佳答案填空:
(1) It was really a(n) _______ story.
A. afraid
B. excited
C. exciting
D. worried
(2) Everyone was _______ in the _______ news.
A. interesting, interesting
B. interested, interested
C. interesting, interested
D. interested, interesting
(3) Look the _______ baby. ______ lovely it is!
A. sleeping, What
B. sleeping, How
C. asleep, What
D. asleep, How
(4) My pronunciation is poor, but his is even _______.
A. better
B. worse
C. good
D. bad
(5) Which town is _______ from here, Beijing or Shanghai?
A. far
B. farther
C. farthest
D. the farthest
(6) She knows _______ about history than most people.
A. more
B. much
C. most
D. many
(7) It takes _______ time to go there by plane than by train.
A. little
B. much
C. less
D. least
(8) To my joy, it was much _______ than I thought.
A. more easy
B. more easier
C. much easy
D. much easier
(9) The house is not ________ for so many people. We must find ______ one.
A. big enough, a bigger
B. enough big, a bigger
C. big enough, bigger
D. enough big, bigger
(10) Canada is larger than _______ country in Asia.
A. any
B. any other
C. other
D. another
参考答案:1. (1) nicer / nicest (2) fatter / fattest (3) slower / slowest (4) drier / driest (5) happier / happiest (6) wetter / wettest (7) more / most (8) worse / worst (9) less / least (10) worse / worst (11) thinner / thinnest (12) farther / farthest 或 further / furthest (13) earlier / earliest (14) more careful / most careful (15) more exciting / most exciting (16) busier / busiest
2. (1) richest (2) coldest (3) cheap (4) hotter (5) more careful (6) More (7) easier (8) smaller (9) farter [further] (10) more exciting (11) more honest (12) worse, worse (13) colder (14) more, more difficult (15) fewer
3. (1)—(5) CDBBB (6)—(10) ACDAA。