国际经济与贸易金融危机中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译
Research on the Approaches of the participation of China’s SMEs in International Trade under Financial Crisis
Abstract Over the past 30 years, China's rapid growth of economy has been benefited from the tremendous contribution of SMEs,especially in foreign trade. However, the greatest impact of the financial crisis on China is on exports, and SMEs unavoidably is suffering hardest hit from it. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how SMEs participate in international trade under the new environment thereby contributing better and faster development to our economy. After the analysis of the development of SMEs in international trade, it has been drawn that the current trend of the overall development of SMEs in China is good, but there existing some internal problems, which will cause SMEs facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities in the financial crisis .As a result, SMEs should take the approaches to participate in international trade, such as adhering to independent innovation to enhance the market competitiveness of products; taking the use of operating flexibility to seek for new market space; taking full advantage of new tools to explore international market space; paying attention to avoiding trade barriers, and actively responding to anti-dumping lawsuits;actively investing abroad to conduct transnational business, etc., by which SMEs will soon be out of difficulties and fundamentally improve the depth and level of participation in international trade
Key words: SME, Financial crisis, Participation in international trade
1. Development of SMEs in International Trade
SME is the important part of GDP throughout of the world, and China's rapid growth of economy also benefited from the tremendous contribution of SMEs over the past 30 years. Until June 2007, China's total number of SMEs has reached more than 4200 million, accounting for 99.8% of the total number of national enterprises, including more than 430 million small and medium enterprises registered by the business sector, and more than 3800 million self-employed households, which accounted for 76.6% of total employment, 64.5% of industrial output value, especially 68% of total merchandise exporting value. Thus, SMEs has become the main force of China's economic development and exports as well. However, the greatest impact of the financial crisis on China is on exports, and SMEs
unavoidably is suffering hardest hit from it. Therefore, it is necessary to examine how SMEs participate in international trade under the new environment thereby contributing better and faster development to our economy. In recent years, more and more SMEs have been "going out" to expand overseas market, which has driven China's economy further to the market-oriented transition to large extent, and caused China's economy integrating with the world economy more and more closely.
1.1 Growth of Exports of SMEs
Since the reform and opening up, China has got sustained and rapid development of foreign trade, total value of exports increasing from 20.601 billion U.S. dollars of 1978 to 2.1738 trillion U.S. dollars of 2007 with average annual growth rate of 14.77%, so exports have become one of the most important factors to push national economy, obviously the exports growth rate of SMEs in China also remains high for a long time. Department of SMEs of National Development and Reform Commission chose some small and medium enterprises as samples for analysis and research to form “Research report of export-oriented SMEs” which has been registered in the State General Adm inistration of Customs from 2003 to 2005, with total value of exports from the one million to 20 million U.S. dollars and annual growth rate of over 25%. The report showed that the value of China's exports in 2005 amounted to 761.999 billion U.S. dollars, and SMEs’ exports reached 518.159 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 68% of total exports. Since most of our export enterprises are SMEs, export orders index of PMI index can be selected to reflect the export situation of China's SMEs.( MENG Shan-shan, 2007)If the export orders index is above 50%, it will indicate the export expansion for a period of time, and opposite is true. From January 2005 onwards, the export orders index had maintained at above 50%, while with the gradual expansion of the financial crisis emerged in US. In 2007, the exports of SMEs have declined more and more quickly.
As shown in Table1, in January 2008 the export orders index was 49.0%, which has dropped to below 50% for the first time since January 2005. Especially since from September 2008, PMI index began to decline, driving the export orders index to fall down in November 2008 to the lowest of 29%, which reflected China's external demand being further weakened. Although the index has rebounded gradually since then and rose to nearly 50% in April 2009, export enterprises in China especially SMEs are still being confronted with a severe test.
1.2 Composition of exporting products of SMEs in international trade
At present most of exporting goods such as textile and garment, footwear, toys,
luggage and other light industrial products, household plastic products and metal hardware, etc. are almost provided by SMEs. In recent years, SMEs are also actively involved in exports of high-tech and higher value-added products such as machinery equipment, electrical and electronic products, and chemical products, etc., and the proportion of SMEs in these three products has respectively amounted to 35%, 14.53% and 12.05%,rapidly growing trend being sustained. However, generally speaking, the structure of exporting goods of SMEs is still irrational, a long way for innovation and research to go. Most exporting products of SMEs are mainly resource-intensive and labor-intensive ones, therefore, the irrational structure of exporting products has brought a lot of obstacles to the survival and rapid development of SMEs. Though the state has strongly advocated "Improving trade with science and technology," but the improvement of exporting high-tech products was not obvious. According to statistics, the proportion for China's SMEs to invest in technology development is less than 40% of the national research funding, far below the level of 70% in developed countries. In particular, most private small and medium enterprises mainly rely on "imitation technology innovation" to develop, which involves small investment, short cycle, and quick pay back, but because of the ambiguity of property rights and low barriers to entry, enterprises do not have obvious advantages, and the additional value of the products produced by them is often low.
1.3 Regional distribution of exporting SMEs and destination countries of exporting goods
Exporting SMEs are mainly located along the coastal areas, from Bohai gulf centered by Shandong, and Liaoning,Yangtze River Delta centered by Zhejiang and Jiangsu, to the Pearl River Delta centered by Guangdong and Fujian,which have taken full advantage of the window status to and actively guide SMEs to take the road of export-oriented economy, thereby promoting the continuous development of the regional economy. Exporting destination countries mainly concentrated in the United States, Japan, Europe and other countries, which are the main trading partner of China for a long time, while the worst affected areas by the present financial crisis are Europe and America, which caused tremendous obstacles to the export of SMEs. So SMEs should actively explore new markets in order to avoid the risks of financial crisis. According to statistics of customs, in the first 8 months of 2009, the total value of bilateral trade between China and Brazil has amounted to 25.41 billion U.S. dollars, Brazil ranking as one of China's top 10 trade partners so far. (Fenxi Mining, 2009)
In view of the status above mentioned, the current trend of the overall development of SMEs in China is good, but there existing some internal problems, which concluding low
level of technology, irrational export structure, concentration of destination of exporting countries, and weak anti-risk ability. Therefore, SMEs of China are facing unprecedented challenges with the internal problems together with the high degree of harm of the financial crisis, but opportunities also existing side by side.
2. Opportunities and Challenges Faced by SMEs in International Trade under the Financial Crisis
2.1 Challenges
2.1.1 Reduced demand for exports leading SMEs inadequate production
With proliferation and the severe impact of the U.S. sub-prime crisis, the world economy further slows down. The sluggish consumption growth in the United States and Europe, and the weakened importing demand lead to marked drop in the exporting growth of SMEs especially in processing trade, and varying degrees of reduction in exporting orders. Statistics shows that China's exports to U.S. will decrease by 4% whenever the economic growth of U.S. Drops by l%. According to the statistics from General Administration of customs of China, in 2008, the total value of bilateral Sino-US trade amounted to 333.74 billion U.S. dollars, growing by 10.5% compared with 2007, which reaching the lowest growth rate during the seven years after entry into WTO. And the exporting value of China to the U.S. was 252.3 billion U.S. dollars at an increase rate of 8.4%, which dropping to single digit the first time in seven years. Facing the sharp reduction in orders, the unique countermeasure many companies can apply is to “Produce as orders”, i.e. Stopping production without orders, expectant. As the result of limited production, a large number of raw materials companies had purchased have been piled up in warehouses, together with many machinery and equipments, most SMEs have to maintaining a simple production in order to retain workers. In short, considerable number of enterprises is working under capacity. (Chen Lijin, 2009)
2.1.2 Financing difficulties causing a serious shortage of working capital
Most SMEs are in urgent need of funds in the early stage of development and access to rapid growth period. However,due to financing difficulties, enterprises can not acquire the large amount of fund needed for development. Even with the current turmoil global financial system and the banks non-performing assets increasing substantially, banks will raise credit standards in order to avoid risks, which would cause business loans and
consumer credit more difficult, as the result of the deficiency of the SMEs, small scale, poor ability to resist risks, short life and low level of credit Banks would provide more strict loan conditions to SMEs comparing with large enterprises for consideration of reducing credit risks which would cause the community reducing aggregate demand and the macro-economic environment deteriorate, and then SMEs would be lack in orders or even stop production or semi-cut-off.
2.1.3 Economic efficiency decreasing significantly
According to the survey on nearly 2,000 key enterprises by Ministry of Commerce of China, during the first half of 2009, average export profit margin is only 1.5%, decreasing by 6.2%, part of exporting SMEs facing difficulties, which is mainly reflected in the following facts, Firstly, export growth rate of SMEs lowering as result of sharply reducing overseas orders; secondly, SMEs being at the edge of loss because declining cost of export swap rate can not keep up with the appreciation of exchange rate; thirdly, profit margin of exporting SMEs has been severely squeezed with the superposition effect of the changes of tax refund rates, exchange rates, interest rates, raw material prices, labor costs and the monetary policy environment. Since most exporting enterprises of China belong to processing SMEs, already in the end of industry value chain, with the weak ability of price transfer, it is difficult for enterprises to cover operational costs through increasing prices and profit margins of them are further squeezed. in buyer's market.
2.2 Opportunities
Despite enormous difficulties faced by SMEs, opportunities of development also come so that SMEs should seize these opportunities to continue development in the new platform.
2.2.1 Opportunities of global industrial transfer
After the outbreak of the financial crisis, the pattern of the world economic development needs to be re-adjusted. From the perspective of the manufacturing sector, the
current global manufacturing industry mainly lies in North America, Europe and East Asia, and East Asia represented by Japan and South Korea. At present, China's manufacturing industry occupies an important position in the world, second-largest manufacturing great-power, accounting for 13.2% of that of the global value, but still far below the 20% share of the United States. However, after the hit of financial crisis, the United States, European Union, Japan and other developed economies will fall into recession in 2009 or
the edge of a recession, so that the manufacturing industry in developed countries will undoubtedly accelerate the speed of transfer to developing countries to offset the adverse effects on local economy, which will help speed up the formation of China's "world factory" and bring a historic opportunity for the development of manufacturing industry. So far, despite a cyclical downturn of macroeconomic trends faced by China, the degree of the manufacturing sector still remains at a high level. Therefore, after the financial crisis of the industrial structure adjustment, China will strengthen its manufacturing center, and in the near future is likely to replace the U.S. as the world's largest manufacturing base, by which SMEs can get greater share of international trade in the global industrial transfer to drive China's economy out of shadow of the financial crisis.
2.2.2 Opportunities of industrial upgrading
With the development of economic globalization, new industrial revolution and the core technologies is providing an opportunity of "reshuffle" to help backward countries achieve economic development by leaps and bounds through the development of new leading industries. The long-term development of export-oriented SMEs in China and the problems, (such as the low level of technology, mainly engaged in processing trade and low value-added products) focusing in the current financial crisis make China’s SMEs in an urgent need to conduct industrial upgrading in process. Thus, we must seize the current favorable opportunity to actively undertake the transfer of global industry and accelerate the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure to achieve sound and fast economic development, which is bound to provide unprecedented opportunities for the development and innovation of China's SMEs and new opportunities for China's industrial and product upgrading.
2.2.3 Opportunities of favorable domestic policies
In order to help SMEs cope with the financial crisis, in 2008,the central and local governments of China have adopted a series of policies and measures to secure steady and rapid development of SMEs, such as improving export tax rebate rate of some labor-intensive products, guiding the SMEs credit guarantee institutions to make greater effort to ease the difficulties of production and management for SMEs activating a package of over 4 trillion yuan construction plans to promote economic development. In addition, the commercial banks have also introduced new measures to support SMEs’ development, such as simplifying procedures of small business loans, separately arranging credit scale,satisfying the liquidity needs of SMEs complying with industrial and environmental policies. With the implementationof the above-mentioned policies, SMEs will get
tremendous opportunities for development. (NELSON K. H., 2003)
Therefore, SMEs should actively take advantage of these policy supports and resource to create conditions for thegovernment loan assistance, further expand exports and strengthen their leading role in driving China's exports.
3. Approach Choices o f SMEs’ Participation in International Trade
3.1 Adhering to independent innovation to enhance the market competitiveness of products
It is often ineffective for SMEs to survive only by the simple strategy to reduce prices owing to their small-scale, low level of technology and weak market capacity. Only if SMEs implement their own innovative strategies, take the way of "small but specialized, specialized but tertiary", manage to raise the added value of products, enhance market competitiveness and create differentiated products, would they get rid of difficulties to expand their own market space.
Firstly, fully understand the importance of innovation. Many SMEs do not really recognize the importance of innovation and R & D, usually putting production and operation income in the first place while ignoring long-term development of enterprises. Therefore, it is much important to work out relationship between production and R & D. Secondly, orient the innovation of SMEs to market demand. R & D and innovation are aimed at better development of SMEs in the future market competition for them to occupy a dominant position to get more profit. Therefore, all innovation and R & D need to carry out according to the actual needs of the market.
Thirdly, obtain innovative technologies outside SMEs through introduction, cooperation and mergers. SMEs can get access to innovative technologies after the correct assessment on the market, its capacity and partners through introduction, cooperation and mergers. (HUANG Bin FANG , 2009)
3.2 Taking the use of operating flexibility to seek for new market space
Due to less restriction of traditional economic system, SMEs are strongly interest-driven and market-oriented with flexibility and variability, which request SMEs own a large number of daring entrepreneurs who can take full advantage of their own strengths and market opportunities to develop their business with the absolute control over companies and rich industry knowledge. Additionally, with a strong innovation and pioneering spirit, they can rapidly adjust business decisions to adapt to new economic
requirements of the times to come into the market areas usually ignored by large enterprises, as which there existing characteristics as short product life cycle, low but stable profits, inadequate market capacity, and small quantity of production. At present, exporting goods of SMEs are mainly distributed in the United States and Europe, which were badly hit by the financial crisis, so SMEs should actively explore new markets, actively stepping out the shadow from the financial crisis.
3.3 Taking full advantage of new tools to explore international market space
During the global economic crisis, facing the situation of shrinking export markets, many SMEs have to tighten expenditure thereby changing the traditional sales methods in order to reduce marketing costs, which concerns that SMEs can acquire complete information quickly through e-commerce, greatly reducing the search costs and improving the efficiency of the search; find suppliers on line to reduce purchasing costs and improve the international market competitiveness of products and expand overseas market through searching purchasers on line. According to “2009 Annual Report on the development of Network enterprises”issued by Alibaba, after 10 years of development, network enterprises of China have gradually realized the integration with the mainstream of socio-economic system. Till the first half of 2009, the amount of China's network enterprises has been expanded to 63 million, with the growing social impact. Thus, SMEs can make use of e-commerce to help enhance mutual exchanges, and to gain more effective means than traditional means of marketing channels to expand the volume of foreign trade.
3.4 Paying attention to avoiding trade barriers, and actively responding to anti-dumping lawsuits
Since small differences of exporting goods of the majority of SMEs in China led to the situation of export order in chaos and dramatic price competition, when SMEs were expanding overseas rapidly, they have been exposed to an increasing number of barriers to trade, anti-dumping lawsuits and intellectual property litigation. At present, due to the impact of financial crisis on the global trade, countries are expected to protect their own economy by stimulating domestic demand or taking import substitution measures, while most exporting goods of China's SMEs are labor-intensive, low value-added and easily substitutable, so China's exporting goods ran into hardest hit by trade barriers. (Ruta Aidis, 2005)
As shown in figures of WTO, during the first half of 2008 there launched 85 new anti-dumping investigations, 37 of which were directed against China's export products, accounting for 43% of the overall amount. Therefore, SMEs in China should raise
awareness of barriers to trade, and pay attention to the harm caused by trade barriers, on the one hand, avoiding trade barriers through a variety of ways and means to reduce the harm by trade barriers; on the other hand, emphasizing on the anti-dumping lawsuits to actively respond to them. And then, each SME should strengthen its integration to hedge their risks by the full use of the power of community organizations.
3.5 Actively investing abroad to conduct transnational business
With the expansion of globalization and the increasingly fierce international competition, China's SMEs expand overseas investment and international co-operation not only to avoid the above-mentioned barriers to trade, but also to get the interests of international competition and to serve as a useful complement to the expansion of exporting goods. At present, the main force of China's foreign investment is large enterprises, foreign investment of SMEs is still in its infancy. SMEs should actively carry out foreign investment, do develop cross-border operations with the use of their own advantages.
4. Conclusion
SMEs’ participation in international trade is a complicated systematic project, and can not be solved only by themselves.In face of financial crisis, SMEs should continuously improve themselves and seek for the space to survive and develop in the environment for changes. At the same time, the Government has the responsibility and obligation to provide the necessary support to help SMEs survive in difficulties. It is believable that SMEs will soon be out of difficulties and fundamentally improve the depth and level of participation in international trade with the efforts of both the government’s policy support and the creating ability of SMEs.
References
[1] Fenxi Mining. (2009). Study on the Payment Incentive Mechanism of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises under the Financial Crisis. Rural Economy. (Vol 8) (91-93). [2] HUANG, Binfang. (2009).Technological Achievement and the Sustainable Development of Regional Medium and Small Export Enterprises: Corresponding Renovating Countermeasures. Journal of International Trade. (Vol7)(106-108).
[3] Lijin Chen. (2009). The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on China's Small & Medium-Sized Enterprises and Their Corresponding Strategies. REFORMATION & STRATEGY, 25(6): (85-87).
[4] Shan-shan MENG & Hui-ying WANG. (2007). Solutions to small and medium-sized enterprises’ financial services of China. China-USA Business Review, Mar. Volume 6, No.
3 (Serial No.45) (79-82).
[5] NELSON K. H. TANG. (2003). Development of an Electronic business Planning Model for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, Vol. 6, No. 4, (289-304)
[6] Ruta Aidis. (2005). Institutional Barriers to Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Operations in Transition Countries.Small Business Economics, 25: 305–318.
金融危机下中国中小企业参与国际贸易的途径研究
摘要在过去30年来，中国经济的快速增长一直得益于中小企业的巨大贡献，特别是中小企业在对外贸易中的贡献。

然而，受金融危机影响最严重的是中国的对外贸易，其中，中小企业受到了不可避免的最严重的打击。

因此，研究在新的环境下中国中小企业如何参与国际贸易，从而有助于中国更好更快的发展很有必要。

在分析了国际贸易中的中小企业发展，发现目前我国中小企业的整体发展的趋势是很好，但在金融风暴中，有一些内部的问题将导致中小企业面临前所未有的挑战和机会。

因此，我国中小企业应采取积极参与国际贸易的途径，如坚持自主创新，提高产品的市场竞争力，利用灵活性操作以寻找新的市场空间，充分利用新工具来开拓国际市场空间，注重避免贸易壁垒，积极应对国外反倾销诉讼，积极投资进行跨国经营等。

这些措施可以帮助中小企业尽快从金融危机带来的困境中摆脱，从根本上提高中小企业参与国际贸易的深度和水平。

关键词中小企业；金融危机；参与国际贸易
一、国际贸易中小企业的发展
在世界范围内中小企业都是GDP的重要组成部分,在过去的30年中我国中小企业也为中国飞速发展的经济发展做出了巨大贡献。

到2007年6月,中国在商业部门登记注册的中小企业的数已经超过4300万家,包括99.8%的国有企业和超过3800万个体家庭,提供了约占总就业的76.6%的就业岗位、贡献了工业产值的64.5% ,尤其是其商品出口总额占全国出口总额的68%。

因此,我国中小企业已成为中国经济的发展和出口的主力部队。

然而,受金融危机影响最大的是中国的出口,中小企业是难免遭受最严重的打击。

因此，研究在新的环境下中国中小企业如何参与国际贸易，从而有助于中国更好更快的发展很有必要。

近年来,越来越多的中小企业通过“走出去”战略已经扩展到海外市场,很大程度上进一步推动了中国经济的市场化转型,使中国经济与世界经济整合越来越密切。

(一) 中小企业出口的增长
改革开放以来,中国对外贸易一直持续快速发展，出口总额从1978年20.601的亿美元增长到2007年的2.1738万亿美元,年均增长14.77%,出口已成为个推动国民经济高速增长最重要的一因素，明显的,中国中小企业的出口也保持了很长一段时间的快速增长。

根据国家发展和改革委员选择了中小企业部门的一些中小企业为样本进行分析和研究得出的《出口型中小企的业研究报告》中显示,被登记在国家海关总署的2003年至2005年,这些企业的总出口额从100万增长到2000万美元,年增长率超过25%。

该报告显示,在2005年中国出口商品的总价值达到761.999亿美元,其中中小企
业的出口达到518.159亿美元,占出口总额的大多数，达到68%。

由于我国出口企业中大多数是中小企业,出口订单指数PMI指数反映了我国中小企业的出口情况，如果出口订单指数大于50%,那么这一段时间的出口是扩张的,如果小于50%出口则是收缩的。

从2005年1月起,出口订单指数维持在高于50%,然而受美国金融危机逐渐扩大的影响，2007年我国中小企业的出口下降越来越快。

根据资料显示,在2008年1月在表出口订单指数自2005年1月已经首次下降到低于50%。

特别是自2008年9月PMI指数开始大幅下降,2008年11月降至最低的29%,反映了中国的外部需求被进一步削弱。

尽管现在指数已逐渐反弹,上升到将近50%,到2009年4月份为止，中国的出口企业特别是中小企业仍面临着严重的考验。

（二）国际贸易中中小企业出口产品的组成
目前大部分的纺织、服装、鞋类、玩具、行李和其它轻工产品、家用塑料制品、五金的出口等几乎全部是由中小企业完成的。

近年来,我国中小企业也积极参与出口高科技,高附加价值的产品,如机械设备，电气、电子产品，化工产品等,中小企业出口占这三类产品总出口的比例已达到35%,14.53%和12.05%，并仍保持快速增长的趋势。

然而，总的说来,中小企业的出口货物的结构仍然是非理性的,还有很长的创新和研究的路要走。

大多数中小企业产品出口是主要资源密集型和劳动密集型,因此,出口产品结构的不合理已经给快速发展中小企业带来了很多的生存的困难。

尽管国家大力倡导提高贸易和科技的进步，但高科技产品的出口增长并不明显。

据统计,我国中小企业投资在技术发展资金不足国家总体科研经费的40%,远远低于发达国家的70%。

在这种特殊情况下,民营中小企业的大多数主要依赖于“模拟技术创新”的发展,包括投资小,周期短、快速收回成本的发展模式,但由于模糊的产权和较低的技术壁垒，企业没有明显的优势,而且产品的附加价值往往很低。

（三）出口型中小企业区域分布和出口货物的出口目的地国
从以山东、辽宁为中心的环渤海区域和由浙江、江苏为中心的长江三角洲区域以到以广东和福建为中心的珠江三角洲地区，出口型的中小企业主要是位于沿海地区。

这些地区充分利用窗口优势,积极引导中小企业的发展道路,从而促进外向型经济的可持续发展区域经济的协调发展。

出口目的地国家主要集中在美国、日本、欧洲,很长一段的时间内这些国家和地区都是中国最主要的贸易伙伴,然而由于受金融危机影响最严重的是欧洲和美洲,给中小企业的出口造成巨大的障碍。

所以中小型企业应积极开拓新的市场,以避免风险的金融危机。

据统计,到2009年8月中国和巴西的双边贸易总额达25.41亿美元,巴西成为为中国十大贸易伙伴。

鉴于上述提到的现象,中国中小企业这种总体发展的趋势的是很好的,但存在一些国内问题,如技术水平过低,非理性的出口结构，出口目的国和地区过于集中,和抗
风险能力较弱。

因此,在金融危机的高风险中中国的中小企业正面临着前所未有的挑战与内部问题,但也存在着机会。

二、国际金融危机下中小企业在国际贸易中的机遇和挑战
（一）国际金融危机下中小企业在国际贸易中的挑战
1.出口减少导致的中小企业产能过剩
受美国的次贷危机扩散的严重影响,世界经济发展减慢。

美国和欧洲消费增长缓慢和进口需求明显减少，导致中小企业的出口增长显著减少，特别是加工贸易出口订单出现不同程度的减少。

统计数据显示,当经美国济增长速度降低1%，中国对美国出口将会降低4%。

据中国海关总署的统计,2008年中美两国贸易总额达333.74侧亿美元,比2007年增长10.5%，达到在加入世贸组织七年后的最低增长率。

中国对美国的出口达到252.3亿美元,增长速度降至8.4%，这是这一数据在七年中第一次降到个位数。

面对急剧减少订单，许多公司唯一的对策就是照单生产。

也就是，没有订单就停止生产。

由于公司生产有限,公司购买的大量原料连同许多机器和设备已经被堆放在仓库,,大多数中小企业为了留住员工只能保持一个简单的生产状态。

简而言之,相当数量的企业现在产能过剩。

2.融资困难带来的流动性不足
大多数中小企业在早期急需大量资金来维持其技术开发和快速增长。

然而,由于融资困难，企业难以获得了大量的资金。

目前由于全球金融体系的动荡和银行不良资产大幅度增加,银行将会提高信贷标准以避免危险,这将导致商业贷款和信用消费更加困难,由于中小企业规模小、贫穷、缺乏对抗风险能力、寿命短、信贷水平低，银行会提供更多的贷款给大型企业降低信用的风险,这将会导致社会总需求的减少，并会使缺少订单的中小企业半停产或停产。

3.经济效益显著降低
据商务部调查显示，中国近2000重点企业2009年上半年出口的平均利润率仅是1.5%,降幅到达6.2%。

中小企业面临减少出口的困难,主要体现在以下事实:首先,中小企业的出口增长速度大幅降低,由于订单的大幅度减少;其次，由于出口交换率下降的费用不能跟上升值人民币汇率，中小企业处于边际损失状态;其三,由于受退税率、汇率、利率、原材料价格,劳动成本与货币政策叠加效应的影响中小企业出口的利润率已被严重挤压。

中国大多数出口企业,属于加工型中小企业，处在产业价值链的末端价格转移能力弱,由于是买方市场，通过提高价格增加利润维持运营是十分困难的。

（二）国际金融危机下中小企业在国际贸易中的机遇
尽管面临巨大的困难，中小型企业同时也存在着发展机遇。

中小企业要抓住这些机会在新的平台上继续发展。

1.全球产业转移带来的机遇
金融危机爆发后,世界经济发展模式将会重新洗牌。

从对制造业的愿景上来看,目前全球制造业主要在北美、欧洲和亚洲的日本和韩国。

目前,我国制造业在世界制造业中占有重要地位,占全球制造业总额的13.2%,虽然仍远远低于20%的美国。

然而,在金融危机的打击之后,美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家会在2009年陷入衰退或衰退的边缘,使发达国家的制造业无疑会加快向发展中国家转移，以抵消地方经济的负面影响,这将有助于加快形成中国的“世界工厂”,并带来了发展制造业难得的历史机遇。

到目前为止,尽管面临宏观经济趋势周期性低迷所，中国制造业仍然处于高水平。

因此,金融危机后的产业结构调整,中国将加强其生产中心地位,在不久的将来有可能取代美国成为全球最大的生产基地,从而在全球产业转移中使中小企业在国际贸易得到更大的市场份额，推动中国经济走出金融危机的阴影。

2.产业升级带来的机遇
随着经济全球化的发展,新的工业革命和核心技术提供一个“洗牌”的机会，通过发展新的主导产业来帮助落后国家实现经济突飞猛进的发展。

由于中国外向型中小企业的长远发展的问题(如低水平的技术,主要从事加工贸易和生产低附加值产品)，当前的金融危机使我国中小企业迫切需要进行产业升级。

因此,我们必须抓住当前的有利时机,积极承接全球的产业转移,加快产业结构优化升级,实现经济快速和健全的发展。

这同样是为发展中国创新型中小企业,加速中国的产业和产品升级提供了前所未有的机遇。

3.良好的国内政策带来的机会
2008年，为了帮助中小企业应对金融危机，中央和地方政府的中国已经采取了一系列的政策和措施，以保证中小企业持续、快速、健康地发展。

如提高中小企业的一些劳动密集型产品的出口退税率,为中小企业提供信用担保，为了作出更大的努力来缓解中小企业在激活生产和管理上的困境，投入了4万亿元的建设计划促进经济发展。

此外,商业银行也出现了新的措施,扶持中小企业发展,例如简化程序的小型企业贷款,分别安排,满足符合工业和环境政策的中小企业流动性的信贷规模需要。

随着上述政策的实现,中小企业将会获得巨大的发展机遇。

因此,我国中小企业应该积极地利用这些政策支持和资源,创造条件,在政府贷款援助和中国出口带动下，进一步扩大加强他们的出口。