常见时态辨析

Grammar⏹simple past, past progressive, past perfect⏹verbs of perception⏹special word order with as and though⏹present participle phrases used as adverbialssimple past, past progressive, past perfect⏹simple past tense: verb + -ed or irregular verbs1) completed action in the past:–I planted these roses a long, long time ago… (L22)–A year and a half later, my grandfather became gravely ill. (L38)2) habits or facts in the past:–It was my way of saying thank you to God. (L24)–I used to watch him pick roses for his mother. (L25)3) duration in the past:–For a moment he just stared off into the apple trees. (L10)4) past tense of verbs such as want, wonder, hope is used for polite inquiries.–I wondered how you liked the film.⏹past progressive tense: was/were + v.-ing (present participle)1) interruption in the past: Use the Past Progressive to indicate a longer action in the past that was interrupted.–I was standing by his rosebush when an uncle came to tell me… (L49)2) In 1), described above, the Past Progressive is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.–Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.*In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Progressive, a specific time only interrupts the action.–Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.—I started eating at 6 PM.–Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.—I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.3) parallel actions: two or more actions happening at the same time–I was studying while he was making dinner.–They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.4) atmosphere: a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past–When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.5) repetition and irritation with “always”: expressing the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past–I didn’t like them because they were always complaining.6) “when” vs. “while”: “when” is most often followed by the Simple Past, whereas “while” is usually followed by the Past Progressive.–I was studying when she called.–While I was studying, she called.⏹past perfect tense: had + v.pp. (past participle)1) completed action before sth. in the past:–My whole life, brief as it was, had been spent in that big old house, … (L2)–I saw my grandfather’s tears. I had never seen him cry before. (L26)–…an uncle came to tell me that my grandfather had di ed. (L49-50)–I reached deep within me for those special feelings that had made up our friendship. (L50-51)–I knew what he had meat about never saying goodbye… (L51-52)2) duration before sth. in the past:–We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.–They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.3) a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time: the Past Perfect should be used rather than the simple past.–She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.√–She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. ×⏹Practice: Grammar exercises I., II., III.verbs of perception⏹verb of perception + object + infinitive without to (as the object complement)1) Suddenly I felt a hand rest on my shoulder.(L5-6)2) I used to watch him pick roses for his mother. (L25)3) I had never seen him cry before. (L26)cf.4) I looked up to see my grandfather. (L6)5) I see something soft and beautiful, Grandpa. (L18-19)6) I saw my grandfather’s tears. (L26)⏹Verbs of perception are a set of verbs denoting the use of one of the physical senses. Some verbs of perception see, look at, hear, listen, and feel, along with watch and sense can be used with objects followed by verbs in -ing form, -ed form and infinitive (without to) form.–I heard him shout at her just now. (emphasis on my hearing)–I heard him shouting at her when I passed his office. (emphasis on his shouting)–John has never heard the piece played before. (emphasis on the passive voice of play)*infinitive with to in passive:–She was seen to dance in the garden.–(We saw her dance in the garden.)*Practice: Grammar exercises IV.special word order with as and though⏹In an adverbial clause of concession (concessive clause) introduced by though or although, the complement or the adverbial can be placed at the beginning of the sentence. The formula for the inversion is:complement/adverbial + as/though + subject + predicate verbor: adj./adv. + as/though + n. + predicate verbv. + as/though + n. + auxiliary verb–My whole life, brief as/though it was, had been spent in that big old house. (L2-3)–Unlikely as/though it might seem, I’m tired too.–Try as/though she might / Hard as/though she tried, Sue couldn’t get the door open.*Practice: Grammar exercises V.Present participle phrases used as adverbials⏹Present participle phrases can be used as adverbials to express reason, condition, time, result and attending circumstances.–Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. (time)–Knowing English well, he can read Shakespeare. (reason)–Working still harder, you will succeed. (condition)–Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (result)–He sat at the window eating. (attending circumstances)⏹ing-clause indicating attending circumstances–…I ran to the haven of the small back porch and sat alone, shuddering, as tears welled up from my heart.(L4-5)–I looked at the flower, not knowing what to say,…(L18)–Remembering Grandpa’s words, I reached deep within me for those spe cial feelings that had made up our friendship.(L50-51)*Practice: Grammar exercises VI.1) _________________, the teacher came into the hall.2) ___________ the teacher, the children came into the hall.3) ____________ the young people, the elderly woman felt very happy.4) She stood there for more than an hour, ________ them at play.5) _________________ the other day, I saw a bird building a nest.6) He put the big box down on the floor, ________ heavily and _______ exhausted.Note-writing。