2006年北京理工大学化工原理考研试题
2006年北京理工大学工业设计考研真题汇编
北京理工大学工业设计考研经验总结最近很多人咨询关于北京理工考研的一些信息，为了更好的解决大家的问题，将我考研的过程和一些总结和大家分享一下，不一定是对的，但只求不要误导了大家，下面这个是去年写下的一个小的心得，到了现在，也已经有点改变了，关于考试，没有什么不变的法宝，对于北理工业设计考研更是如此，借用一句话：设计中唯一不变的就是变。
但如果我们能把握变化之中的一些规律，就不会为其看似无端的变化所困。
关于为什么考北理我就不多说了，综合的因素有很多，大家看自己的情况，多去搜集一些信息，横向比较一下，找到适合自己的学校。
英语和政治方面我的水平比较低，我相信大家都能超过我，所以也不再多说，我更愿和大家分享的是考研的历程、心态、每个阶段的安排以及我对考研专业课的一些浅薄的看法。
本人才疏学浅，如果有什么不妥的地方，欢迎指正，我渴望能够同大家一起学习。
闲话到此，请看正文：一、史论北京理工大学工业设计关于史论的考题整体比较简单，这也难怪今年在考完史论后第二天很多论坛出现关于北理工业设计考研过于简单的批判。
但难易也总是相对的，2011的考题均是大学期间所学的基础知识，因此给人比较简单的感觉，而感觉终究是感觉，这样的题目不会让人失去太多的分数，但想要取得高分却也没有那么容易。
这也是往年北理史论题目考查的一大特点，尤其是2010年之前的大论文模式的考查中，这种不易失分、同时也不易得高分的特点就更为突出。
2011的考试相对于往年来说考的更为具体，对我们对特定知识点的把握程度的要求也更高，其中关于设计史和材料成型工艺的考查也考的比较具体，对于简答题，很多知识点如果记得不牢固就会失去一定的分数。
而70分的论述题依然保留着原有论述题的特点，考题相对比较灵活，我们都会从一定的角度给出一定的分析，不会严重的失分，但想要得高分同样也没有那么容易。
考试分析：北京理工工业设计史论的考查虽然近两年开始了简答+论述的模式，考题趋于具体化，虽然开始注重考一些具体的细节性的东西，但更注重考查的还是我们分析问题的能力。
北京理工大学(已有10试题)
北京理工大学信息科学技术学院自动控制理论1999——2000，2002——2008自动控制理论（非控类）2004电子技术（含模拟、数字部分）1999——2000，2002——2008模拟电子技术与数字电子技术2000——2002模拟与数字电路1999——2000，2002微机控制与应用技术2002——2008控制工程基础2003——2008物理光学2003——2004，2007——2008应用光学1999——2008，2010（2010为回忆版）波动光学2002大学物理2006——2008精密机械设计2003——2008（其中2003年称“精密机械基础”）激光原理1999——2001，2005——2008电子电路2003——2005，2007——2008电路分析基础1999——2000信号处理导论2003——2008信号与系统1996——2002半导体物理学1999——2008电磁场理论1999——2000，2002——2008微机原理及应用2004——2005电动力学2003——2004理论力学1996——2008（96——98非原版）生物化学1999——2008（注：2007年试卷共11页，缺P5-6页）生物化学（A）2005——2006，2008计算机专业基础（含计算机组织与结构、数据结构）2007计算机技术基础（含计算机组成原理、操作系统和数据结构）2003——2006计算机原理（含操作系统）1999——2002程序设计1999——2000计算机系统结构基础（含计算机组成原理、计算机网络和数据结构）2004——2005 软件理论基础（含离散数学、操作系统、数据结构）1999——2005数据结构与程序设计2004——2008微波技术基础1999——2000晶体管理原理与制造1999——2000机电工程学院电子技术（含模拟、数字部分）1999——2000，2002——2008电子技术基础2007——2008自动控制理论1999——2000，2002——2008自动控制理论（非控类）2004电磁学2005——2008量子力学2005——2008运筹学2001——2008工程力学基础2007——2008流体力学基础2006工程流体力学2005数学物理方程2002——2006数学物理方法2000材料力学1997——1999，2002——2008理论力学1996——2008（96——98非原版）电动力学2003——2004微机控制与应用技术2002——2008控制工程基础2003——2008精密机械设计2003——2008（其中2003年称“精密机械基础”）应用光学1999——2008，2010（2010为回忆版）波动光学2002微机原理及应用2004——2005有机化学1997——2008无机化学（A）2003——2007无机化学（B）2003——2005，2007——2008分析化学2003——2008分析化学(A)2006物理化学2003——2008高分子物理2005——2008高分子化学及高分子物理2003——2004安全系统工程2003——2005，2008工程热力学（不含传热学）2003——2008爆炸与安全技术2005爆炸及其作用2006爆轰理论2003——2005化学2002——2005传感与测试技术2004——2005算法语言1998微波技术基础1999——2000晶体管理原理与制造1999——2000传热学2000应用电子技术2004机械与车辆工程学院电子技术（含模拟、数字部分）1999——2000，2002——2008 电子技术基础2007——2008自动控制理论1999——2000，2002——2008自动控制理论（非控类）2004机械设计2001——2008机械设计原理2001机械制造工程基础2003——2008机械制造工艺学2002理论力学1996——2008（96——98非原版）微机控制与应用技术2002——2008应用光学1999——2008，2010（2010为回忆版）电路分析基础1999——2000模拟电子技术与数字电子技术2000——2002模拟与数字电路1999——2000，2002精密机械设计2003——2008（其中2003年称“精密机械基础”）控制工程基础2003——2008微机原理及应用2004——2005工程热力学（不含传热学）2003——2008物理化学2003——2008工程力学基础2007——2008流体力学基础2006工程流体力学2005交通运输系统工程学2005，2007——2008微波技术基础1999——2000晶体管理原理与制造1999——2000数字电路与数字信号处理2008材料科学与工程学院物理化学（A）2008高分子物理2005——2008高分子化学及高分子物理2003——2004材料科学基础2003——2007材料力学1997——1999，2002——2008普通化学2008综合化学2008有机化学1997——2008无机化学（A）2003——2007无机化学（B）2003——2005，2007——2008分析化学2003——2008分析化学(A)2006理论力学1996——2008（96——98非原版）电化学原理2003——2006微波技术基础1999——2000晶体管理原理与制造1999——2000化工与环境学院自动控制理论1999——2000，2002——2008自动控制理论（非控类）2004过程控制原理2000——2005，2007——2008化工原理2002——2008有机化学1997——2008无机化学（A）2003——2007无机化学（B）2003——2005，2007——2008分析化学2003——2008分析化学(A)2006物理化学2003——2008电化学原理2003——2006环境微生物学2007——2008工程热力学（不含传热学）2003——2008微波技术基础1999——2000晶体管理原理与制造1999——2000生命科学与技术学院生物化学1999——2008（注：2007年试卷共11页，缺P5-6页）生物化学（A）2005——2006，2008分析化学2003——2008分析化学(A)2006细胞生物学2004——2006微生物学2005——2008分子生物学2007——2008有机化学1997——2008无机化学（A）2003——2007无机化学（B）2003——2005，2007——2008药理学2007信号处理导论2003——2008信号与系统1996——2002电子电路2003——2005，2007——2008物理光学2003——2004，2007——2008应用光学1999——2008，2010（2010为回忆版）波动光学2002信号理论基础2007——2008计算机专业基础（含计算机组织与结构、数据结构）2007计算机技术基础（(含计算机组成原理、操作系统和数据结构）2003——2006计算机原理（含操作系统）1999——2002程序设计1999——2000计算机系统结构基础（含计算机组成原理、计算机网络和数据结构）2004——2005 软件理论基础（含离散数学、操作系统、数据结构）1999——2005数据结构与程序设计2004——2008理学院电子技术（含模拟、数字部分）1999——2000，2002——2008大学物理2006——2008数学分析1995，1999——2000，2003——2008高等代数2003——2008电磁学2005——2008量子力学2005——2008电动力学2003——2004普通化学2008综合化学2008无机化学（A）2003——2007无机化学（B）2003——2005，2007——2008分析化学2003——2008分析化学(A)2006物理化学（A）2008物理化学2003——2008有机化学1997——2008理论力学1996——2008（96——98非原版）材料力学1997——1999，2002——2008工程热力学（不含传热学）2003——2008数学物理方程2002——2006数学物理方法2000电路分析基础1999——2000模拟电子技术与数字电子技术2000——2002模拟与数字电路1999——2000，2002激光原理1999——2001，2005——2008微机控制与应用技术2002——2008爆炸与安全技术2005爆炸及其作用2006电化学原理2003——2006工程力学基础2007——2008流体力学基础2006工程流体力学2005微波技术基础1999——2000晶体管理原理与制造1999——2000管理与经济学院宏微观经济学2008管理学2003——2008（2003，2004名称叫做“管理学基础”。
北京理工大学真题2006年(含答案)
北京理工大学2006年Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Chouse the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneI was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and. in their orality?Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and represented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of "sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings". Literacy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problerm-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education textbooks on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?1. A literacy animator is one who ______.A. struggles for a more meaningful lifeB. frees people from poverty and illiteracyC. is committed to marginalize the illiterateD. is concerned with what is behind illiteracy2. The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way ______.A. promote students' home languagesB. force students to accept their cultureC. teach nothing but reading and writingD. consider literacy as of non-neutral nature3. Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.A. teach American customs and ideologyB. make a choice of culture to be fosteredC. reject the values of the dominant classD. help maintain Nigerian language and culture4. According to the author, "choral reading" may represent ______.A. individualismB. collectivismC. competitionD. immersion5. Animator ideology emphasizes more on ______.A. the social function of literacyB. students' performance in testsC. the dominant group's languageD. the attainment of life skillsPassage TwoAccording to one survey of 12, 000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year's resolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5 actually stays on track for six months or more, reports eDiets, com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now."The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, 'Is this going to get me the results that I want?'" says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist."And if you're doing something every day to eat healthy, then that's going to pay off in the long run."Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90 -10 eating rule."If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cut yourself some slack and eat pleasurably."She says she believes that "healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution."The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping into your routine.Setting goals too high is another common mistake, "If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry," said Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout—and the resulting pain and stiffness—is discouraging and may force most to abandon a program. Starting slowly is key.But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside, Uria says to start up again immediately."A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride... drive toward that goal," he says.6. According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does not necessarily mean that ______.A. the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as wellB. those who have made their resolution should give up their effortC. whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chipsD. long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles7. What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule acording to the passage?A. You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.B. You should feel to eat 10% of the time.C. You should learn to eat healthy gradually.D. Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.8. Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?A. Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.B. Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.C. Making a schedule with too high goals in it.D. Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.9. How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Seven10. What is critically important in making long-lerm resolutions successful?A. You should be struggling with yourself all the time.B. You should constantly evaluate the results you want.C. You should try to keep yourself motivated.D. You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.Passage ThreeOur present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has been cast adrift, without any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to support serious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number.Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, content to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of Uniersity critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations.Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of the Puritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate, so difficult to prove. Has the level of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of coarse the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely t6 the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so entrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they beacme largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the famous, but not a typical case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer, lamented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She surveyed a literary culture that had embraced "snark", her term for hostile, self-serving reviews.The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticism to be in "critical condition". For him, the postmodern turn to theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theatre critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old day's of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultual criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, as John Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a golden age that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.11. What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?A. Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherished by publications and institutions.B. Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.C. Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.D. Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.12. How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?A. Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style.B. Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallow standards.C. Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not really trust it.D. Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.13. What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the other fields?A. When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless.B. It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of commercialism.C. Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape.D. It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing.14. What does "the snark review" refer to according to Heidi Julavits?A. Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfless.B. Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.C. Entertainment reviews in the film industry.D. Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.15. In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultunal criticism, the author suggests that ______.A. we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challengesB. pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticismC. democriatic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon systemD. we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitudePassage FourIn July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division felt it was safe for poultry move virus has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is that the H5Nlvirns, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained, and most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out."Every time a new person gets infected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic," said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. "It's a very small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,00O or less."Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If lan Brown, the head of avian virology, there, confirms the cause of death as HSN1, the alert level will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine,restriction of poultry movements to culling, will swing into action. Other agencies, such as the Department of Health—the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of Defence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that the outbreak cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibility of vaccination.At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities. The Civil Contingency Secretariat (CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to terrorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June, CCS officials warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—a projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic plan later this month.In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many death sin the 12 weeks of an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000 people would require hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tamiflu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14m courses, enough for a quarter of the population, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professionals and essential civil servants the first in line. The govenment would also come under pressure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for just two to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual human flu strains will also work against H5N1.The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the East Midlands codenames Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuaries would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, any of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group, said: "All you can do is plan for the worst case scenario."The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to poultry on British farms.In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week that they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds—three times the normal level. "The risk of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low," said Defra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. "However, we have said all along that we must remain on the look out."16. What does the "scenario" in Para. 2 mean to Turkey?A. Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severely attacked country on these shores.B. Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.C. Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of HSN1 on these shores.D. All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.17. What is, according to Nell Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?A. Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.B. That each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird-flu.C. The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him.D. It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain person will cause a national bird virus spreading.18. The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that ______.A. all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possible.B. the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistance.C. the most serious situation of bird-flu has appeared.D. the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do.19. What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with the risk of the virus spreading to human population?A. The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to publish documents for the pandemic preparedness.B. The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.C. The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan as soon as possible.D. The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.20. British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to ______.A. the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to Britain.B. the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wide geese.C. the migration of the wild geese every winter.D. British shores infected by the geese virus.Part ⅡTranslation (40 points)Part A Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points)21. Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about. Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block out path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we belive we have been, how law we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.22. We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know ourselves. If we realized how precious the gist of life is, we would not waste a moment trying to improve it. If we really understood how precious we are to the gift of life, we would not waste time trying to fix ourselves.23. We cannot draw to us more than we believe we are worth. Everything that happens to us and every choice we make is a reflection of what we believe about who we are. Our inspiration comes from our self-acceptance. Our motivation comes from our self-reliance. When we accept ourselves and rely on ourselves, we feel good about ourselves. When you feel good about something, you believe in it. When you believe in it, it will work for you!24. It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yourself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignore you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has very little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your "self". Selfesteem begins and ends with you. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.Part B Translate the following paragraph into English.现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。
2006年北京理工大学工业设计考研真题总结
于Google的Material Design和锤子Smartism os系统的题目，如果考生平时没有留意的话，遇到这类的题目根本无从作答。
相信今年的初试还是有很多考生的表现不是很理想，是否能够在初试中拉开距离很难判断。
但就目前的工业设计复试规则来说，初试的意义也就仅限于敲门砖，最终结果主要还是由复试决定的。
大家应该早做准备,特别是参加才思教育教育各个辅导班的同学,你们为考研付出了这么多,也为考研投入了那么多的精力,不要在最后关头败下阵来,也不要轻言放弃。
对于考研来说,初试只是一块敲门砖，没有这块敲门砖复试的大门是不可能向考生敞开的；但是，有了这块敲门砖并不意味着万事大吉，复试差额录取，太多在复试失败的惨痛案例发人深省。
究其原因，没有为复试做好充分的准备是致命伤！才思教育教育提示每位备考2015年工业设计考研复试的考生，要牢牢把握两点：第一，及时对自己的考试情况进行评价。
我们在此强调的“及时”绝不是让每位考生在每考完一个学科之后就及时核对答案，这是大忌；我们指的及时对自己的考试情况进行总结是指在全部考试已经结束之后，也就是专业课结束之后，才思教育教育每年在研究生入学考试结束之后，都会第一时间为大家提供工业设计考研相关学校的相关试题和分析,并会给出考研复试的方法和技巧，针对2015年的工业设计考研专业课考试，才思教育教育推出了梯次配置的复试辅导.与此同时，大家要挑选相对准确的政治、英语试题答案进行核对，对自己的考试情况进行合理的评估，才思教育教育一般建议大家评估一个最低值和一个最高值，以此，来指导接下来的复试备考。
第二，尽可能尽全面提前准备复试。
在考生已经对自己的考试情况进行了合理的评价之后，我们将考试情况分为以下几种：第一种，评估最高值在280分之下并且对自己完全失去信心的考生，可以直接放弃考研，无需对复试做任何准备；第二种，评估最低值在320分以上的考生，必须充分重视复试，并且提前准备复试，否则，你初试来之不易的优势在复试中会荡然无存；第三种，评估最低值在280以上，最高值在370以下的考生，也是人数最多的一部分考生，此部分考生务必要拿出120分的努力来准备复试，因为，我们的初试成绩并非完全理想，但是，我们很有可能进入复试或者通过国家线。
北京理工大学历年真题快速下载索引
分析化学2007 分析化学2008 创作2008 化学2002 化学2003 化学2004 化学2005 化工原理2000 化工原理2001 化工原理2002 化工原理2003 化工原理2004 化工原理2005 化工原理2006 化工原理2007 化工原理2008 半导体物理学1999 半导体物理学2001 半导体物理学2002 半导体物理学2003 半导体物理学2004 半导体物理学2005 半导体物理学2006 半导体物理学2007 半导体物理学2008 单片机原理接口与应用技术2003 哲学基础2008 国际贸易1999 国际贸易2000 国际贸易2001 国际贸易2002 国际贸易2004 基础英语2002 基础英语2005大纲 复变函数2002 大学物理2006 大学物理2008 安全系统工程2003 安全系统工程2004 安全系统工程2005 安全系统工程2008 宏微观经济学2008 工程力学基础2007 工程力学基础2008 工程流体力学2005 工程热力学(不含传热学)2000 工程热力学(不含传热学)2001
机械设计2001A 机械设计2002A 机械设计2003 机械设计2004 机械设计2005 机械设计2006 机械设计2007 机械设计2008 机械设计原理2001 材料力学2000 材料力学2001 材料力学2002 材料力学2003 材料力学2004 材料力学2005 材料力学2006 材料力学2007 材料力学2008 材料科学基础1999 材料科学基础2000 材料科学基础2001 材料科学基础2002 材料科学基础2003 材料科学基础2004 材料科学基础2005 材料科学基础2006 材料科学基础2007 模拟与数字电路1999 模拟与数字电路2000 模拟与数字电路2001 模拟与数字电路2002 法学基础2008 法学综合（1）2008 法学综合（2）2008 法学综合（3）2008 波动光学2001 波动光学2002 流体力学基础2006 流体机械原理2003 激光原理2005 激光原理2007 激光原理2008 火工品原理与设计2002 热处理原理1999缺p3 爆炸与安全技术2005 爆炸及其作用2006 爆轰理论2003
整理化工原理考研试题(中国石油大学) 2006年硕士研究生入学化工原理复试试题及答案
2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：微生物学（发酵）一、选择题（1.5×8＋3＝15分，*题为多选题，答案请写在答题纸上）1、Saccharomyces cerevisiae的无性繁殖方式是（）A、裂殖B、芽殖C、假菌丝繁殖D、子囊孢子繁殖2、菌种的分离、培养、接种和染色等研究微生物的技术的发明者是（）A、巴斯德B、科赫C、吕文胡克D、别依林克3、真核微生物中，（）A、TCA环反应在细胞质中进行，EMP途径在线粒体内进行B、TCA环反应在线粒体中进行，EMP途径在细胞质中进行C、TCA环反应及EMP途径都在细胞质中进行D、TCA环反应及EMP途径都在线粒体中进行4、下列霉菌中，哪一种属于多核单细胞结构（）A、红曲霉B、米曲霉C、产黄曲霉D、黑根霉5、下列微生物明明正确的是（）A、Candida utilisB、escheruch coliC、bacillus SubtilisD、Cerevisiae saccharomyces6、友菌株A+B-和A-B+形成的异核体菌落上形成的分生孢子，一般情况下在（）培养基上不能萌发。
A、MMB、MM+AC、MM+BD、MM+A+B7、组织分离法是纯种分离方法之一，适用于（）。
A、细菌B、放线菌C、高等真菌D、酵母菌8、菌苔是微生物在（）上的培养特征。
A、固体平板B、固体斜面C、液体表面D、明胶穿刺9、下列孢子中属于郑钧无性孢子的有（）；二倍体有性孢子的有（），单倍体有性孢子的有（），属于真菌休眠体的是（）A、节孢子B、接合孢子C、子囊孢子D、厚垣孢子E、卵孢子F、担孢子G、分生孢子H、孢子囊孢子二、名词解释（3×15＝45分）1、芽孢2、革兰氏染色3、生长因子4、类囊体5、诱导抑制因子6、光复活作用7、化能自养型8、定位诱变9、生物膜10、移码突变11、菌种退化12、共生关系13、nucleiod14、PCR 15、chemostat三、问答题（90分）1、试述普遍性转导噬菌体及转导子的形成机制。
2.北京理工大学2006-2007学年第一学期《化工原理》模拟试卷二
北京理工大学2006-2007学年第一学期2004级化工原理模拟试卷班级学号姓名成绩[一] [二] 题做在题纸上、[三] 题做在答题纸上。
[一] 选择题：(每小题1分共20分)1. 圆管内流体流动类型为层流，且其雷诺数Re为160，则摩擦系数 为。
a. 0.01b. 0.05c. 0.4d. 0.52. 圆管内流动流体的雷诺数Re为1000时，与雷诺数Re为500时的摩擦系数比值为。
a. 2b. 3/ 2c. 1/ 2d. 1/ 43. 机械能衡算方程式中各物理项的单位是。
a. kgb. kJc. kJ/md. kJ/kg。
4. 当水流经一收缩喷嘴时，。
a. 动能及静压能均增大b. 动能及静压能均减少c. 动能增大、静压能减少d. 动能减少、静压能增大5. 流体流动处于阻力平方区时，若管径不变，而将流速提高成兩倍，则摩擦损失为原来的。
a. 0.5b. 1c. 2d. 46. 会发生汽蚀现象的为。
a. 往复泵b. 离心泵c. 旋转泵d. 喷射泵7. 两种流体以相同流速，流经相同管径的圆管时，下列叙述正确的是。
a. 粘度小者，雷诺数较小b. 粘度大者，易成层流c. 密度小者，易成湍流d. 粘度及密度对雷诺数沒有影响8. 在相同温度下，实际物体的吸收率A与黑体的吸收率A b的关系是。
a. A > A bb. A = A bc. A < A bd. 不一定9. 有一套管换热器，环隙有119.6℃蒸汽冷凝，管内空气从20℃被加热到50℃，管壁温度应接近____________。
a. 35℃b. 119.6℃c. 77.3℃10. 计算下列三种“数”时，其数值大小与单位制选择有关的是_______。
a. 努塞尔特准数b. 摩擦系数c. 导热系数、d. 雷诺准数11．质量分率w、摩尔分率x、，比质量分率w、比摩尔分率X之间转换关系正确的是。
a. w=w/(1-w)b. X=x/(1-x)c. x=X/(1-X)12．一般而言，液体中的分子扩散系数随着温度的升高而。
北理工06-08年历年真题讲解_自动化
北京理工大学自动化学院自动化专业——2006年真题及解析科目一：代码810 科目名称自动控制理论第 1 页 共 51 页一、真题北京理工大学2006年自动控制理论考试试题一、根轨迹方法 （25分）单位反馈系统如图1，其中()()21+=s s s G 。
为简便起见，图中用R 表示r(t)的Laplace 变换R(s)。
其余的符号和以后的图均采用这种简便记法。
（1）设()K s G c =,画出根轨迹图；（2）确定K 的值，使闭环系统单位阶跃响应的最大超调量为π-=e M p 。
计算相应的上升时间r t ； （3）设计控制器()()11++=Ts Ts K s G c c αα使最大超调量p M 保持不变，上升时间为83π=r t ，并使闭环系统尽可能地简单。
图1：单位反馈系统二、状态空间方法 （30分）第 2 页 共 51 页考虑系统 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+=+=DuCx y BuAx x 。
（1）先设 ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡---=210100100a a a A （ⅰ）证明：若()()()2122101223,λλλλ≠--=+++=其中s s a s a s a s s f ，则可通过状态空间中的线性变换Tx x=ˆ，将状态空间表达式（1）变为⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+=+=Du xC y u B x A x ˆˆˆˆˆˆ。
（2）其中 ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡==2211000ˆλλλJ A T 可取为 ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=222221112101λλλλλT （ⅱ）设 ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-=110001000A 求At Jt e e 和。
（ⅲ）A 同（ⅱ）， [][]100,011==C B T第 3 页 共 51 页判断系统的可控性和可观测性。
若系统不可控或不可观测，确定不可控或不可观测的模态；（ⅳ）A,B,C 同（ⅲ），D=0，()[]()t x x T,1110-=是状态方程在初态()0x 下的解，证明()()()0,30≥∀=-t t u e t x x t T ，并解释这个结果。
北京理工化工原理模拟试题1-解
北京理工大学2006-2007学年第一学期2004级化工原理模拟试卷班级学号姓名成绩[一]选择题：(每空1分共20分)⑴流体流动处于层流区时，粗糙管摩擦系数λ值 __ b____。
a、与Re无关b、只取决于Rec、只取决于相对粗糙度d、只取决于粗糙度⑵流体输送管路分为简单管路和复杂管路，复杂管路的特征是管路中__ d____。
a、包含阀门b、包含弯头c、管径有变化d、存在分流或合流点⑶调节离心泵流量的最常用方法是__ c ___，调节漩涡泵流量的常用方法是___ b_ __。
a、改变吸入管路中阀门开度b、安置回流支路，改变循环量的大小c、改变压出管路中阀门的开度d、改变电源的电压⑷由离心泵基本方程式导出的理论性能曲线（H―Q线）其形状是__ a ___。
a、直线b、抛物线c、双曲线d、三次曲线⑸离心泵铭牌上标明的流量是指__ a____的流量。
a、效率最高时b、扬程最大时c、扬程最小时⑹列管换热器管程常用流速范围为：一般液体___a ___，气体___c ___。
a、0.5～3m/sb、3～15m/sc、5～30m/sd、30～55m/s⑺为了减少室外设备的热损失，保温层外所包的一层金属皮应该是__a ___。
a、表面光滑颜色较浅b、表面粗糙颜色较深c、表面粗糙颜色较浅⑻ 在相同温度下，实际物体的吸收率A 与黑体的吸收率A b 的关系是___c___。
a 、A > A b b 、A = A b c 、A < A b d 、不确定⑼ 亨利（Henry ）定律可以用来描述 c 的平衡物系气液相间的浓度关系。
a 、理想 b 、非理想 c 、溶质数量很小 ⑽ 质量分率w 、摩尔分率x 、比质量分率w 、比摩尔分率X 之间转换关系正确的是 a 。
a 、w=w /(1+w )b 、X=x/(1+x)c 、x=X/(1-X) ⑾ 若传质推动力（p*- p ）为正值，则溶质转移方向为 b 。
a 、从气相到液相 b 、从液相到气相 c 、无法确定 ⑿ 液相总传质系数与传质分系数之间的关系可表示为 a 。
2006年硕士研究生入学化工原理试题A
中国石油大学（华东）2006年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题A考试科目: 化工原理一、填空题（共30分，每空2分）：⒈ 在大气压为101.3×103Pa 的地区，某真空蒸馏塔塔顶真空表读数为9.81×104Pa 。
若在大气压为8.73×104Pa 的地区使塔内绝对压强维持相同的数值，则真空表读数应为 Pa ，相当于 kgf/cm 2。
⒉ 某一离心泵在运行一段时间后，发现吸入口真空表读数不断下降，管路中的流量也不断减少直至断流。
经检查，点机、轴、叶轮都处在正常运转后，可以断定泵内发生了 现象；应检查进口管路有否 。
⒊ 将降尘室用隔板分层后，若能将100％除去的最小颗粒直径要求不变，则生产能力将 ，沉降时间 。
（填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”）⒋ 流化床的操作气速范围是 ，在此气速范围内，床层压降保持恒定。
质量为m 的颗粒床层在截面为A 的气固流化系统中，床层压降可近似为 。
⒌ 通过三层平壁的定态传导过程，各层界面接触均匀，第一层两侧面温度为120℃和80℃，第三层外表面温度为40℃，则第一层热阻R 1与第二、三层热阻R 2、R 3的大小关系为： R 1 R 2＋R 3。
（填“＞”、“＜”、“=”或“无法确定”）⒍ 科希霍夫定律的形式是 ，能以相同的吸收率且部分地吸收由零到∞的所有波长范围的辐射能的物体称为 。
⒎ 双组分气体A 、B 在进行稳定分子扩散时，J A 及N A 分别表示在传质方向上某截面溶质A 的分子扩散通量与传质通量。
当整个系统为单向扩散时（B 为停滞组分），则有：A JB J ，A N B N 。
（填“＞”、“＜”或“=”）⒏ 萃取操作选择萃取剂的基本原则为： 、 。
（写出两条）二、分析简答题：（共20分，每题4分） ⒈ 试述离心泵和往复泵在操作时的区别。
⒉ 试述Lobo-Evans 假定的主要内容。
⒊ 画出塔板的负荷性能图，标明各条线的名称，并分析在板式塔的结构设计中，哪些因素考虑不周时，易发生降液管液泛现象，举出三个原因。
各大名牌高校化工原理考研真题之传热2
各大名牌高校化工原理考研真题之传热2（1）估算此换热器的传热系数。
（2）若被加热气体量减少50%，并可近似认为被加热气体的密度、比热等物性参数保持不变，估算在加热蒸汽压力和被加热气体入口温度不变的条件下，该气体出口温度变为多少？解：（1）由题意，2221()m Q KA t m Cp t t =∆=-其中，211261.66lnm t t t C T t T t -∆==︒--2225000/ 1.4/m v kg h kg s ρ===代数得，22221()37.84/()mm Cp t t K W m K A t -==⋅∆ （2）由题意，被加热气体量减少50%后，'0.5u u =0.8'0.5K K =2221''''(')m Q K A t m Cp t t =∆=-整理得，1222''ln 'T t K A m Cp T t -=-代数解得，2'84.5t C =︒【北京理工大学，2004，三】如下图，流量为0.5kg/s 、温度为20℃的水（Cp=4.18k J/kg ·K ）流过串联的两台列管换热器，以冷却流量为0.8kg/s 、温度为120℃的某溶液（C p=2kJ/kg ·K ）,测得该溶液的出口温度为65℃，现因故使进口水降到6℃，咨询：若保持其他进口条件不变，则溶液的出口温度变为多少？解：如图为串流的换热器逆流传热从本题中能够看出，当被加热流体流量减小，并保持其他操作条件不变的情形下，流体出口温度变大。
本题是串联换热器的运算，用传热单元运算法比较简单易行。
11122R m Cp C m Cp =1122111K A K ANTU m Cp +=进口水温度降低时，以上两项保持不变，'εε=即12121212''T T T T T t T t --=--代数解得2'57.3T C =︒【北京理工大学，2005，三】流量为1k g/s 、温度为20℃的冷却介质（Cp=5kJ/kg ·K ）流过一台逆流运行的列管换热器，把流量为2kg/s 的反应物（Cp=4kJ/kg ·K ）从95℃冷却到70℃ 。