英语语言学范围

定义：
1.What is linguistics（语言学）？
Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a major branch of social science. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human language. Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.
2. Main branches (scope) of linguistics
Phonetics(语音学)─the study of human speech sound;
Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. It aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
Phonology(音位学)---the study of how speech sounds function in a language, the study of sound patterns;
Phonology, on the other hand, is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.
Morphology(形态学)─t he study of the formation of words;
3. Syntax (句法学)- the study of sentence structure, the arrangements of words;
4.Semantics(语义学)─the study of meaning (of words, of sentences).
5. pragmatics(语用学)-the study of language in use.
简答题：
What is the prescriptive approach and the descriptive approach?
Descriptive（描述性）vs. Prescriptive （规定性）
Descriptive: describing how things are.
Prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
Phrase Structure---Tree diagram
Word-level Phrasal
N=noun
A=adjective
V=verb
P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction NP=noun phrase
AP=adjective phrase VP=verb phrase
PP=preposition phrase S=sentence or clause
Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.
Reference（指称）: how language refers to the real physical world (语言指代外部物质世界) Sense（涵义）: inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (语言形式的内在意义)
The theory of meaning as concept suggests that any particular sound of image is psychologically associated with a particular concept. So when the word chair is spoken, the concept of chair is formed in the mind of the hearer. Every one of us who knows the wordor expression has a concept or idea in his mind (associated with it). Ogden and Richards suggested a model---- semantic triangle illustrating the view of meaning as concept. According to this view, there is no direct link between symbol and referent, the link is via thought and concept in our minds.
意义的类型：
According to G. Leech ，there are seven types of meaning: conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflective, collocative and thematic meanings.
Conceptual meaning (概念意义）
Connotative meaning（内涵意义）
Affective meaning (情感意义）
Collocative meanin g（搭配意义）
句子分类：
Simple sentence简单句Coordinate sentence 并列句Complex sentence 复杂句。