现实主义欧洲文学史

– Flaubert
– Zola左拉
natualism
– Maupassant
• England
– Dickens 狄更斯
--George Eliot --the Bronte sisters
– Thackeray
-- Thomas Hardy
• Russia
– Anton Chekhov --Turgenev
• Attempts at realism have been made several times throughout history in all the arts, but the term词汇 is generally restricted限定约束 to a movement that began in the mid-19th century, in reaction to the highly subjective主观 approach of Romanticism.
• It centered集中 in the novel; • It emphasizes fidelity 忠实 to reality and
actual experience实际经验.
• It aims at a truthful representation陈述 of human behavior and surroundings or figures and objects客观事物 exactly as they act or appear in life.
Realism in the 19th century
Realism
• A movement in art and literature;
• It developed in Europe and the US;
• In the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century;
• For the realists, it is important to reflect the world as it is from the personal experience of it.
Representative figures
• France
– Stendhal
– Balzac巴尔扎克
– The Red and the Black (1830) 《红与黑》
– The Charterhouse of Parma (1839) 《巴马 修道院》
Charateristics of his works
• He has an acute 敏锐的 analysis of the
characters' psycholo– Dostoyevsky --Tolstoy
• Northern Europe
– Henry Ibsen
French Literature
Stendhal
• one of the leading Realist French novelists of the 1800s
• Major works：
• Method: observational and objective representation
• The realists regard characterization 人物 塑造 rather than the plot 情节 the center of the novel.
• The realists have more interest in social problems and tend to talk about ethical 伦 理 issues.
• It was in opposition to Romanticism’s emphasis on feelings and imaginations, which was believed as an escape from reality by the writers of Realism.
• Central to the idea核心思想 of Realism is the
belief that literature is the mirror镜子 of real life.
• Writers of Realism use everyday scenes and occurences as their subject主题.
• The world reflected in Romantic writers’ works was false错误的 and the romantic works were considered too sentimental伤感的感情脆 弱的 by the realists.
• It began in France in the novels of Flaubert and the short stories of Maupassant.
analysis marks him as one of the first realists in 19th-century literature
• His works are also noted for the use of irony讽 刺反语, ambiguity模棱两可模糊, and narrative complexity复杂的. His narrative point of view restricts限制 the reader’s vision to that of the characters, so it gives readers an objective picture from the characters’ perspective透视 图.
• Its language is usually simple, clear and direct.
• Its tone is usually comic and sometimes satirical讽刺性的.
• The realists concentrate on middle-class life and preoccupations 想法, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues.