过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇.

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过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇

abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌air preheater 空气预热器air register 空气调节器airflow 气流alkali 碱allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金alternating current 交流电angle 角度，角apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量bearing 轴承bellow 波纹管belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片blower 鼓风机boiler 锅炉bolt 螺栓bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳cast 浇铸catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的文档大全coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数coil 盘管，线圈coking 结焦，焦化column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合combustion 燃烧，氧化component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分compressor 压缩机concentration 浓度concentric 同轴的，同心的condense 浓缩；凝结condenser 冷凝器；凝汽器conduction 传导cone roof 锥形顶constant 常量，常数contract 缩小，收缩contrast 对比，形成对照controller 控制器convection 对流convert 使转变；转换。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

5
The design of chemical reactors is probably the one activity which is unique to chemical engineering, and it is probably this function more than anything else which justifies the existence of chemical engineering as a distinct branch of engineering.
Physical treatment Steps
Produces

Recycle
1
The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically. They then pass through the reactor.The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment- separations, purifications, etc. - for the final desired product to be obtained. 原料进行了一些物理处理的步骤，使它们能够发生化学反应。然后让他们通过反应器。产物要经历进一步的物理处理——分离，净化提纯等等，以获得期望的最终产品。
只有……才有的化学反应器的设计也许是一种只有化学工程领域才涉及的工作。并且可能正是因为这种功能才奠定了化学工程作为工程领域的一个特殊分支而存在的合理性

过程装备专业英语单词

CQ螺纹球阀CQ Thread Ball ValvesL形三通式L-pattern three wayT形三通式T-pattern three way安全阀Safety valve暗杆闸阀Inside screw nonrising stem type gate valve 百叶窗; 闸板shutter百叶窗式挡板louver damper摆阀式活塞泵swing gate piston pump保温式Steam jacket type报警阀alarm valve报警阀; 信号阀; 脉冲阀sentinel valve背压调节阀back pressure regulating valve背压率Rate of back pressure本体阀杆密封body stem seal波纹管阀Bellows valves波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve波纹管密封式Bellows seal type波纹管平衡式安全阀Bellows seal balance safety valve 波纹管式减压阀Bellows reducing valve波纹管式减压阀Bellows weal reducing valve薄膜thin film薄膜; 隔膜diaphragm薄膜式减压阀Diaphragm reducing valve薄型闸阀Thin Gate Valves不封闭式Unseal type槽车球阀Tank Lorry Ball Valves颤振Flutter常闭式Normally closed type常开式Normally open type超低温阀门Cryogenic valve超高压阀门Super high pressure valve超过压力Overpressure of a safety valve衬胶隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm衬胶截止阀rubber lined globe valve垂直板式蝶阀Vertical disc type butterfly valve磁耦合截止阀Magnetic Co-operate Globe Valves带补充载荷的安全阀Supplementary loaded safety valve 带辅助装置的安全阀Assisted safety valve单阀碟双面平行密封闸阀parallel single disk gate valve 单口排气阀Single Opening Exhaust Valves单向阀Non-return Valve单闸板Single gate disc单闸板平板闸阀Single Disc Flat Gate Valves弹簧薄膜式减压阀Spring diaphragm reducing valve弹簧式安全阀Direct spring loaded safety valve弹簧座Spring plate弹性闸板Flexible gate disc当量计算排量Equivalent calculated capacity挡板damper导阀Pilot valve导向套Valve guide disc guide低温阀门Sub-zero valve低压阀门Low pressure valve底阀bottom valve底阀Foot valve电磁动装置Eletro magnetic actuator电磁阀magnetic valve电磁阀solenoid valve电磁－液动装置Eletro magnetichydraulic actuator电动阀mortor operated valve电动阀motorized valve电动截止阀Electric Actuated Stop Valves电动平行式双闸板闸板Electric Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves 电动楔式闸阀Electric Actuated Wedge Gate Valves电动装置Electric actuator电－液动装置Eletro hydraulic actuator电液伺服阀electro-hydraulic servovalve调节弹簧Regulation spring调节阀adjusting valve调节阀control valve调节阀regulating valve调节螺套Adjusting bolt Adjusting screw调节圈Adjusting ring蝶板Disc蝶阀；瓣阀butterfly valve蝶阀；瓣阀；拍门；铰链阀flap valve蝶式缓冲止回阀Butterfly Type Non-slam Check蝶式止回阀Butterfly swing check valve定比减压阀Proprutioning pressure reducing valve定差减压阀Fixed differential reducing valve定值减压阀Fixed pressure reducing valve动态特性Dynamic characteristics对焊连接阀Buttwelding valves对夹蝶板阀Wafer plate valves对夹式衬胶蝶阀Wafer Type Butterfly Valves with Rubber Itning 对夹式阀门Clamp valves对夹式止回阀Wafer Check Valves额定排量Certified capacity额定排量系数Derated coefficient of discharge二通阀Two-way valves阀valve阀板valve deck plate阀板valve plate阀板式活塞泵valve deck plate type piston pump阀板式活塞泵valve plate type piston pump阀瓣Disc阀操纵杆valve operating rod阀痤槽valve seat recess阀挡valve grid阀挡valve positioner阀挡valve stop阀导杆valve tail rod阀导向器valve guide阀盖bonnet阀盖衬套bonnet bush阀盖垫片bonnet gasket阀杆stem阀杆valve rod阀杆valve spindle阀杆端部尺寸Dimmension of valve stem end 阀杆环stem ring阀杆螺母Yoke bushing Yoke nut阀杆填料stem packing阀杆头部尺寸Dimension of valve stem head阀簧valve spring阀簧压板valve spring plate阀控水锤泵valve-controlled hydraulic ram阀框架valve yoke阀门Valve阀门传动装置valve bandle set阀门和管件Valves and Fittings阀门盘根valve packing阀门手柄valve handle阀盘disc阀盘valve disc阀片Disc阀球valve ball阀驱动臂valve driving arm阀驱动臂valve motion arm阀式活塞valve type piston阀式活塞valve type bucket阀室式活塞泵valve box type piston pump阀室式活塞泵（美）valve pot type piston pump阀抬起装置valve lifting device阀体body阀体valve body阀箱valve box阀箱valve cage阀箱valve chest阀箱；阀限位器valve guard阀箱盖cover for valve box阀箱盖valve box cover阀箱式活塞泵（美）turret type piston pump 阀形活塞泵valve type piston pump阀座Seat ring阀座valve carrier阀座valve seat(body seat)阀座；阀盘valve seat阀座环seat ring阀座密封嵌条sealing strip for valve seat法兰flange法兰堵头blind flange法兰端flange end法兰接头flange joint法兰连接紧固件（双头螺栓和螺帽）flange bolting法兰密封面，法兰面flange facing法兰面加工flange facing finish法兰球阀Flange Ball Valves翻板阀Flap反冲盘Disc holder反向作用式减压阀Reverse acting reducing valve反向作用式减压阀Reverse acting reducing valve放空阀emptying valve放气阀air vent valve;vent valve放气阀；排气阀air evacuation valve放泄阀escape valve分置阀室式活塞泵separate valve box type piston pump 分置阀室式活塞泵（美）side pot type piston pump封闭式Seal type浮动式球阀Float ball valve浮球Ball float浮球阀Float Valve浮球式疏水阀Ball float steam trap浮球式疏水阀Free Float Type Steam Trap浮桶Bucket float浮桶式疏水阀Open bucket steam trap辅助（副）阀Auxiliary valves负荷率Rate of load condensate附加背压力Superimposed back pressure复位弹簧Returnning spring杠杆式Lever type杠杆式安全阀Lever and weight loaded safety valve 杠杆式减压阀Lever reducing valve高温阀门High temperature valve高压阀门High pressure valve格兰密封gland隔离阀isolating valve隔膜Diaphragm隔膜阀diaphragm valve隔膜式控制阀diaphragm operated comtrol valve工作背压Operating back pressure工作温度Operating temperature工作温度Working temperature工作压差Operting differential pressure工作压力Operating pressure工作压力Working pressure公称通径Nominal diameter公称压力Nominal pressure固定式球阀Fixed ball valve关闭压力Lockup pressure关阀过冷度Subcooled temperature of close valve关阀温度Closing valve temperature管道安全阀Piping Safety Valves过冷度Subcoold temperature过流阀(或节流阀) Restrictor Valves喉径Throat diameter滑阀slide valve滑阀式回转活塞泵rotary piston pump with slide gate 滑阀型转子泵eccentric rotary pump with sliding sleeve环形阀annular valve环形阀double beat valve换向阀selector valve换向阀shuttle valve回转滑阀活塞泵piston pump with rotary gate 回座压力Re-seating pressure of a safety valve 活塞昵减压阀Piston reducing valve活塞式阀piston valve活塞式阀；柱塞式阀plunger valve活塞式减压阀Piston reducing valve减速阀Deceleration valves减压比Pressure reducing ratio减压阀pressure reducing valve浆液阀Parallel Slide Valves角阀Angle Valve角阀isolation valve angle configuration角式Angie type角式节流阀Angle Throttle Valves角式截止阀Angle Stop valves铰链阀；片状阀flapper valve节流阀throttle valve节流阀choke valve节流阀；节流throttle结构长度Face-to-face dimension ;End-to-end dimension; Face-to-centre dimension 结构形式Type of construction截止阀Globe valve截止阀Shut-off Valve截止阀；关断阀shut-off valve截止式隔膜阀Globe diaphragm valve紧急切断阀Emergeny Cut-off Valves进气阀air intake valve进水阀；进口阀门inlet valve静态特性Static characteristics静态特性偏差Static characteristics derivation开阀过冷度Subcooled temperature of open valve开阀温度Opening valve temperature开启高度Lift壳体试验Shell test壳体试验压力Seal test pressure空气阀门Air valves快速排污阀Quick Draining Valves类型Type冷凝结水排量Cold condensate capacity冷态试验差压力Cold differential test pressure 理论排量Theoretical flowing capacity连接槽尺寸Dimension of connecting channel 连接尺寸Conncetion cimension连接形式Type of connection帘面积Curtain area流道面积Flow area流道直径Flow diameter流量孔板flow orifice plate流量控制阀flow control valve流量特性Flow characteristics流量特性偏差Flow characteristics derivation 漏汽量Steam loss脉冲式疏水阀Impulse steam trap密封面Sealing face密封试验Seal test密封试验压力Seal test pressure明杆平行式双闸板闸板Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves明杆闸阀Outside screw stem rising through handwheel type gate valve 膜片Diaphragm内压自封Pressure seat逆止阀；止回阀check valve逆止阀；止回阀non-return valve逆止阀;止回阀;单向阀check valve排放背压力Brilt-up back pressure排放压力Relieving pressure排灰阀Ash valves排量系数Coefficient of discharge排气阀air release valve排气阀Exhaust valves排气阀Vent Valve排水阀Drainage valves排水温度Temperature at discharging condensate排污阀blowdown valve排污箱(阀) Waste Valves排渣闸阀Scum Gate Valves盘阀moushroom valve盘状阀plate valve旁路阀by pass valve配汽活塞阀缸套piston valve line喷射阀injection valve喷射阀sprayer valve喷水阀spray water valve频跳Chatter平衡阀Balance valves平衡式Balance type平行式闸阀Parallel gate valve Parallel slide valve 启闭件Disc启闭压差Blowdown of a safety valve起始升程Commencement of lift气动装置Pneumatic actuator气阀摇臂valve arm气－液动装置Pneumatic-hydraulic actuator潜水电泵(排污泵) Submerged Motor Pumps切断阀;截止阀block valve;shut-off valve;stop valve 切断式止回阀stop check valve切换阀;多向阀changeover valve球、球芯Ball球阀Ball valve球阀globe valve球体Ball全启式安全阀Fall lift safety valve热凝结水排量Hot condensate capacity入口隔离门suction isolating valve塞子Plug三通阀three-way isolating valve三通阀three-way valve三通式Three way type上密封Back seat上密封试验Back seal test渗漏量Leckage升降立式止回阀Vertical lift check valve升降式止回阀Lift check valve适用介质Suitable medium适用温度Suitable temperature手摇油泵(阀) Manual Oil Pumps Valves疏水阀drain valve双金属片式疏水阀Bimetal elements steam trap 双口排气球Double Opening Exhaust Valves双联弹簧式安全阀Duplex safety valve双闸板Double gate disc双闸板平板闸阀Double Disc Flat Gate Valves水封闸阀Water Seal Gate Valves水力喷射器(真空泵) Vacuum Pumps伺服阀servovalve填料Packing填料垫Packing seat填料函Stuffing填料式旋塞阀Gland packing plug valve填料箱Stuffing box填料压盖Gland通气阀breather valve通气阀；呼吸器breather通用阀门General valve吐出阀；排出阀discharge valve吐出阀限位器delivery valve guard微启式安全阀Low lift safety valve微阻缓闭止回阀Tiny Drag Slow Shut Check Valves 吻合度Percent of contact area蜗轮传动蝶阀Butterfly Valves with Gear Actuator 蜗轮传动装置Wormgear actuator屋脊式隔膜阀Weir diaphragm valve无阀泵valveless pump无阀隔膜泵valveless diaphragm pump无阀振动泵valveless vibration pump无负荷漏汽量No-load steam loss无负荷漏汽率Rate of no-load steam loss吸（抽）气阀Aspirating valves吸入阀suction valve吸入阀限位器suction valve guard先导式安全阀Pilot operated safety valve先导式液压阀Pilot-operated reducing valve相对静偏差Relative static characteristics derivation相对流量特性偏差Relative flow characteristics derivation相对压力特性偏差Relative pressure characteristics derivation 销轴Hinge pin楔式闸阀Wedge gate valve斜板式蝶阀Indined disc butterfly valve泄料（放空，排污）阀Blowdown valves泄压阀Decompression valves泄压阀pressure release valve泄压阀；安全阀relief valve卸荷式减压阀Balanced reducing valve型号Type Model旋启多瓣式止回阀Multi-disc swing foot valve旋启式止回阀Swing check valve旋启双瓣式底阀Double disc swing foot valve旋塞阀Cock旋塞阀plug valve压力（増压）阀Pressure valve压力调节阀；压力控制阀pressure controlled valve 压力特性Pressure characteristics压力特性偏差Pressure characteristics derivation压力增长系数Pressure increasing ratio摇杆Arm液动装置Hydraulic actuator液化气管件LPG Pipe Fitting液下泵Under Water Pumps液压执行器hydraulic actuator仪表针形截止阀Meter Needle Type Globe Valves 溢流阀overflow valve翼形阀；锥形阀wing valve油封式旋塞阀Lubricated plug valve有阀翼板double acting wing有阀翼板wing with valve有负荷漏汽量Load steam loss有负荷漏汽率Rate of load steam loss圆板阀；圆盘阀disc valve圆盘式疏水阀Shemostatic team trap圆柱齿轮传动装置Cylindrical gear actuator圆锥齿轮传动装置Conical gear actuator闸板Wedge disc闸板式隔膜阀Wedge diaphragm valve闸阀gate valve闸阀sluice valve针形阀Pintle valve ; Needle valve真空破坏阀vacuum breaker valve蒸汽疏水阀Automatic steam trap Trap整定压力Set pressure正向作用式减压阀Direct acting reducing valve 支架Yoke直接载荷式安全阀Direct loaded safety valve 直接作用式减压阀Direct-acting reducing valve 直流式Y-globe type直流式截止阀Oblique Stop Valve直通单向阀inline check valve直通单向阀straightway check valve直通阀Throughway Valve止回阀Check Valve止回阀；回流阀reflux valve制动阀Brake valves中压阀门Middle pressure valve钟形浮子式疏水阀Inverted bucket steam trap 钟形罩Inverted bucket轴套Axis Guide主阀Main valve主要外形尺寸Prime out-form dimensions主要性能参数Specifeca tion speeification注液漏斗阀Priming Tundish Valve柱塞阀Plunger valve柱塞截止阀Plunger Globe Valve柱塞型摆动阀rocking plunger valve撞击手轮Impact handwheel锥形阀；翼形阀conical valve自动循环阀Automatic Recirculation Valve组合阀Combination valves最大过冷度Maximum subcoold temperature最大流量Maximum flow rate最大压差Maximum differential pressure最低工作压力Minimum operating pressure最高背压率Maximum rate of back pressure最高工作背压Maximum operating back pressure最高工作温度Maximum operating temperature最高工作压力Maximum operating pressure最高排水温度Maximum temperature at discharging 最高允许温度Maximum allwable temperature最高允许压力Maximum allowable pressure最小过冷度Minimum subcooled temperature最小压差Minimum differntial pressure。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇

stator 定子
steam generator 蒸汽发生器，蒸汽锅炉
stir 搅拌
strength强度
stress 应力
stroke 冲程，行程
stuffing填料
suction 抽吸；吸力
summary 概要；总结
superheated steam 过热蒸汽
surface表面
surrounding环境
manometer压力计
manufacture制造，生产
measurement测量，量；量法
mechanical机械的，力学的
membrane薄膜
mesh啮合，网格
metal金属
modular模块化的；有标准组件的
moisture水分，湿度
molecule分子
molten熔化的；铸造的
monitor监控，监督
counter flow 逆流
crack 裂缝，裂纹
cracking 裂化
crankshaft 曲轴
cross-flow 横向流，交叉流
cross-sectional area 横截面面积
crystal 晶体，结晶
cyclone 气旋，旋风
cylinder 圆筒，气缸
cylindrical furnace 圆筒炉
lining衬里
linkage连接，连锁，连杆机构
lobe pump罗茨泵
longitudinal纵向的；经度的
loop环，回路
louver天窗，百叶窗
lubricant润滑剂
lubrication润滑
magenatic有磁性的，地磁的
maintenance维护，维修；保持
makeup补给，补充，组成

过程装备与控制工程英语

过程装备与控制工程英语1.过程装备(Process equipment)The process equipment in the factory is responsible for manufacturing products efficiently.2.控制工程(Control engineering)Control engineering plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability and reliability of industrial processes.3.设备(Equipment)The factory invested in state-of-the-art equipment to improve production efficiency.4.流程(Process)The production process includes multiple stages, each with its own specific requirements.5.控制(Control)The control system allows operators to monitor and adjust various parameters for optimal performance.6.自动化(Automation)Automation has greatly improved efficiency in manufacturing processes.7.传感器(Sensor)Sensors are used to collect real-time data and provide feedback for control purposes.8.测量(Measurement)Accurate measurement of process variables is crucial for maintaining quality standards.9.监控(Monitoring)Continuous monitoring of process parameters is essential for early detection of issues.10.仪表(Instrumentation)Instrumentation plays a vital role in collecting and displaying data from various sensors in a process.11.采样(Sampling)Regular sampling of raw materials ensures their quality meets the required standards.12.环境监测(Environmental monitoring)Efficient control engineering systems enable real-time environmental monitoring.13.压力(Pressure)The pressure in the system is carefully controlled to ensure stable operation.14.温度(Temperature)Temperature control is crucial for maintaining the desired chemical reaction rate.15.流量(Flow rate)Monitoring and controlling the flow rate of liquid or gas is important for process efficiency.16.液位(Liquid level)Accurate measurement of liquid level ensures proper functioning of the process.17.控制阀(Control valve)Control valves regulate the flow rate or pressure offluid in a process.18. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)PLCs are widely used in control engineering to automate and monitor industrial processes.19.数据采集(Data acquisition)Data acquisition systems collect and record data from various sensors for analysis.20.仪器仪表校准(Instrument calibration)Regular instrument calibration ensures accurate measurement and control.21.故障诊断(Fault diagnosis)Advanced control engineering systems can detect and diagnose faults in real-time.22.实时控制(Real-time control)Real-time control engineering allows for immediate adjustments to process conditions.23.可靠性(Reliability)Reliability is a key factor in choosing process equipment and control systems.24.自适应控制(Adaptive control)Adaptive control algorithms constantly adjust process parameters to optimize performance.25.能源管理(Energy management)Efficient control engineering strategies can help optimize energy consumption in industrial processes.。

(建筑工程管理)过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

（建筑工程管理）过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译GeneralEquilibriumConditionsofASystem力系的一般平衡条件在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所必须满足的条件。

根据牛顿第一定律，施加在一个静止物体上的力系的合力一定为零。

然而，请注意这个定律对力矩或力系的转动效应只字未提。

显然，合力矩也一定为零，否则物体将会转动。

这里的基本问题是原先叙述的牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的粒子。

然而，它可以扩展到如下所述的有限尺寸的物体。

考虑一个由两个质点组成的系统，假设和为它们之间的相互作用力(图.1.1)。

这些力称为内力，因为它们是由于系统内部的物体之间的相互作用而产生的。

假定内力服从牛顿第三定律，我们有。

假如还有质点与系统外物体之间的相互作用力施加在质点上，如和,这些力称为外力。

显然，作用在一个特定粒子上的力一定有相同的应用，因为粒子的尺寸可以忽略。

如果系统内的每一个质点处于平衡，我们就可以说系统是平衡的。

在本例中，依据牛顿第一定律，作用在每个质点上的力的合力一定为零。

对质点A我们有：而对质点B有：作用在系统上的力的总和为：现在我们来研究这些力对于同一点P的合力矩。

由图1.1，我们有：由于力和有相同的作用线，力矩的条件可以改写为但；所以力和力矩的条件简化为和换句话说，如果系统处于平衡，那么作用在其上的合外力一定为零，而且这些力对于任一点的合力矩也为零。

内力不需要考虑，因为它们的效应相互抵消了。

如果系统处于平衡，那么and(1.1)这里是作用在系统上的所有外力的总和，而是这些力对任意点的合力矩，包括系统中可能作用有的力偶的矩。

方程（1.1）是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程。

一般来说它们不是平衡的充分条件。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，因为我们的研究仅涉及平衡系统。

对于刚体，方程（1.1）既是其平衡的必要条件也是充分条件。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译1

过程装备与控制工程专业英语本文为过程装备与控制工程专业英语的个人翻译尝试。

By LiyerPART 1 engineering mechanicUnit 1 introduction to mechanicof materials材料力学是应用力学的分支，用于解决固体遭受外部多种载荷产生的力学行为。

对这个课题领域的另外的称呼有材料强度与固体变形的力学。

本章节提及固体包括经受轴向载荷的杆、扭转的轴、弯曲的梁和被压缩的圆柱。

材料力学研究的主要目标是在外部载荷加载的时候确定结构的应力、压力和应变以及固体微元的具体变化。

如果能够得到物体从受载到失效的所有与载荷对应的这些物理量，我们就对物体的力学性能有了一个全面的了解。

对力学行为的理解对于各种类型结构的安全设计是十分必要的，不管是飞机和天线、建筑和桥梁、机器和发动机、或者是船和飞行器。

这就是材料力学在这么多工程领域里都属于基础学科的原因。

静力学和动力学也是基本的，但是这些学科主要解决与粒子和刚体相关的力和运动问题。

在材料力学中，我们可以通过检测一个在有限维度内受力变形的实物的应力和应变来进一步学习。

而为了确定应力和应变，我们一般使用材料的物理性质以及一些理论公式和概念。

理论分析和实验结果在材料力学中也扮演着重要的角色。

我们从理论中为预测力学状态导出了准则和公式，但这些表达方式不能被用于实际的设计中，除非材料的物性已知。

只有通过在实验室细心的实验测试，我们方能得到材料的物性。

而且，并不是所有实际问题都能通过理论分析来解决，在这种情况下，物性试验就是必要的了。

材料力学的发展是理论和实验的有趣的结合-理论有时候指明了可以得到重大进展的路，有时候实验也做到这一点。

一些著名的科学家，如Leonardo da Vinci和Galileo Galilei通过实验确定绳索、杆和梁等的强度，尽管从今天的观点，他们没有得出详尽的理论体系来解释他们的实验结果。

相反的，著名的数学家Leonhard Euler在1744年得出了圆柱体的数学理论并且计算了圆柱体的临界载荷，远早于任何能够证明他的结果重要性的实验证据出现。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语重点

《过程装备与控制工程专业英语》考试范围——made by REN09过控Unit 1 General Equilibrium Conditions of A System词汇：1、internal force 内力2、external force 外力3、equilibrium 平衡4、sufficient condition 充分条件5、necessary condition 必要条件虽然我们不能对其进行详细的讨论，以上结论适用于一个由任意外力作用的任何数量的质点所组成的系统，假设系统内力符合牛顿第三定律。

特别是，这些结果也适用于有限尺寸的物体，因为这样的物体可认为是有大量微体和质点组成的。

方程1.1是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程式。

通常情况下他们并不是平衡的充分条件；满足这些方程不一定保证系统将处于平衡。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，以内我们只处理处于平衡的系统。

对于刚体，方程1.1既是必要条件又是充分条件。

检验它的充分性需要用到牛顿第二定律和其他超出本课文水平的知识。

Unit 9 internal structure of steel词汇1、internal structure of steel 钢材的内部就够2、alloy 合金3、fracture 断裂，断口4、grind 研磨，抛光5、polish 研磨，抛光，精加工钢是我们最重要的工程和建筑材料；它大概占所有金属制品的80%。

由于它具有强度高，容易制造成多种形状，特性广泛并且成本低。

我们生产从相当柔软的带钢到硬质工具钢等各种用途的钢的能力，很多情况下取决于对给定的以加工成型或未成形钢的热处理。

在研究钢材和其他黑色金属合金材料的热处理之前，先简要的地考察一下钢材的内部结构将是有益的。

一块钢材的表面情况并不能给出该刚才内部结构情况的任何迹象，但是如果一块金属被破坏，则断口将呈现出颗粒状的表面。

Unit 13 principles of heat transfer词汇1、The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three ：conduction（热传导）、convection（热对流）、radiation（热辐射）2、natural convection 自然对流3、forced convection 强制对流4、electromagnetic wave 电磁波5、enthalpy 焓Unit 14单元操作有：fluid flow 流体流动，heat transfer 传热，evaporation 蒸发，drying 烘干，distillation 蒸馏，absorption 吸收，crystallization 结晶，mechanical physical separation 机械物理分离，membrane separation 膜分离，liquid-liquid separationUnit 15 chemical reaction engineering1、chemical reaction engineering 化学反应工程2、chemical kinetics 化学动力学3、fluid dynamics 流体力学4、materials mechanics 材料力学5、heat transfer 热转换6、thermal dynamics 热力学反应器的设计用到信息，知识，以及不同领域的经验——热力学、化学动力学、流体力学、传热、传质和经济学，化学反应工程是综合所有因素，其目的是正确设计一个化学反应器。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

Reading Material 16Pressure Vessel Codes①History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United States Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, explosions in boilers and pressure vessels were frequent. A firetube boiler explosion on the Mississippi River steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865, resulted in the boat's sinking within 20 minuted and the death of 1500 soldiers going home after the Civil War. This type of catastrophe continued unabated into the early 1900s. In 1905, a destructive explosion of a firetube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts, killed 58 people, injured 117 others, and did $400000 in property damage. In 1906, another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, resulted in death, injury, and extensive property damage. After this accident, the Massachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler Rules. The first set of rules for the design and construction of boilers was approved in Massachusetts on August 30, 1907. This code was three pages long.②In 1911, Colonel E. D. Meier, the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, established a committee to write a set of rules for the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. On February 13, 1915, the first ASMEBoiler Code was issued. It was entitled "Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition". This was the beginning of the various sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which ultimately became Section 1, Power Boilers.③The first ASME Code for pressure vessels was issued as "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure V essels", Section Ⅷ, 1925 edition. The rules applied to vessels over 6 in. indiameter, volume over 1.5 3ft, and pressure over 30 psi. In December 1931, a Joint API-ASMECommittee was formed to develop an unfired pressure vessel code for the petroleum industry. The first edition was issued in 1934. For the nest 17 years, two separated unfired pressure vessel codes existed. In 1951, the last API-ASME Code was issued as a separated document. In 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one code----the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section Ⅷ. This continued until the 1968 edition. At that time, the original code became Section Ⅷ, Division 1, Pressure Vessels, and another new part was issued, which was Section Ⅷ, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels.④The ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an ANSI/ASME document. One or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United Stated and in all provinces of Canada. Also, in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is used to construct boilers and pressure vessels.⑤Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and subparts. Some of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application; others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment; and others relate to care and inspection of installed equipment. The following Sections specifically relate to boiler and pressure vessel design and construction.Section ⅠPower Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅢDivision 1 Nuclear Power Plant Components (7 volumes)Division 2 Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containment (1 volume)Code Case Case 1 Components in Elevated Temperature service (in Nuclear Code N-47Case book)Section ⅣHeating Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅧDivision 1Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Division 2 Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Section ⅩFiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (1 volume)⑥A new edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued on July 1 every three years and new addenda are issued every six months on January 1 and July 1. The new edition of the code becomes mandatory when it appears. The addenda are permissive at the date of issuance and become mandatory six months after that date.⑦Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes In addition to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which is used worldwide, many other pressure vessel codes have been legally adopted in various countries. Difficulty often occurs when vessels are designed in one country, built in another country, and installed in still a different country. With this worldwide construction this is often the case.⑧The following list is a partial summary of some of the various codes used in different countries:Australia Australian Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, SAA Boiler Code (Series AS 1200):AS 1210, Unfired Pressure Vessels and Class 1 H, Pressure Vessels of Advanced Design and Construction, Standards Association of Australia.France Construction Code Calculation Rules for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Syndicat National de la Chaudronnerie et de la Tuyauterie Industrielle (SNCT), Paris, France.United Kingdom British Code BS. 5500, British Standards Institution, London, England.Japan Japanese Pressure V essel Code, Ministry of Labour, published by Japan Boiler Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese Standard, Construction of Pressure Vessels, JIS B 8243, published by the Japan Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese High Pressure Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Pressure Gas Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.Italy Italian Pressure Vessel Code, National Association for Combustion Control (ANNCC), Milan, Italy.Belgium Code for Good Practice for the Construction of Pressure Vessels, Belgian Standard Institute (IBN), Brussels, Belgium.Sweden Swedish Pressure Vessel Code, Tryckkarls kommissioner, the Swedish Pressure Vessel Commission, Stockholm, Sweden.压力容器准则①美国的压力容器规范历史在19世纪和20世纪初期，锅炉和压力容器频繁发生爆炸事件。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语全部翻译

General Equilibrium Conditions of A System力系的一般平衡条件在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所必须满足的条件。

根据牛顿第一定律，施加在一个静止物体上的力系的合力一定为零。

然而，请注意这个定律对力矩或力系的转动效应只字未提。

显然，合力矩也一定为零，否则物体将会转动。

这里的基本问题是原先叙述的牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的粒子。

然而，它可以扩展到如下所述的有限尺寸的物体。

考虑一个由两个质点组成的系统，假设1f 和2f 为它们之间的相互作用力(图.1.1)。

这些力称为内力，因为它们是由于系统内部的物体之间的相互作用而产生的。

假定内力服从牛顿第三定律，我们有12f f =-。

假如还有质点与系统外物体之间的相互作用力施加在质点上，如1,2F F 和3F ,这些力称为外力。

显然，作用在一个特定粒子上的力一定有相同的应用，因为粒子的尺寸可以忽略。

如果系统内的每一个质点处于平衡，我们就可以说系统是平衡的。

在本例中，依据牛顿第一定律，作用在每个质点上的力的合力一定为零。

对质点A 我们有：∑=++=0121f F F F A 而对质点B 有：∑032=+=F f F B作用在系统上的力的总和为：123120A B F F F F F F f f =+=++++=∑∑∑现在我们来研究这些力对于同一点P 的合力矩。

由图1.1，我们有：12()()P A B M r F r F =⨯+⨯∑∑∑ 由于力1f 和2f 有相同的作用线，力矩的条件可以改写为1121223()0P M r F F f f r F =⨯++++⨯=∑ 但12f f =-；所以力和力矩的条件简化为1210F F F F +=+=∑ 和111223()()()0P M r F r F r F =⨯+⨯+⨯=∑换句话说，如果系统处于平衡，那么作用在其上的合外力一定为零，而且这些力对于任一点的合力矩也为零。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

第四单元Membrane Stresses薄膜应力Shells of Revolution回转壳体Curve曲线 Axis轴线Process vessels过程容器 Cylinder cylindrical 圆柱,圆柱的Cone conical圆锥 ,圆锥的Hemispherical sphere半球形的,球形 Ellipsoidal椭圆形的 T orispherical准球形的（碟形的）Bending stresses弯曲应力 Shear stresses剪切应力 Internal pressure内压Arising from…由什么引起Be subjected to…承受…Symmetric对称的Circumference周向的 Meridional stress经向应力 Circumferential stress周向应力T angential stress切向应力 Radius of curvature曲率半径 Normal component法向分量Diameter直径 An angle αto the axis与轴夹角α段落： 22页2，3段第五单元mechanical vibration机械振动 periodically repeated motion交替重复的运动 wear磨损bear轴承 fatigue疲劳 precision instrument精密仪表 propeller螺旋桨threshing machine脱粒机 spring弹簧 shaft轴 beam梁 cantilever beam悬臂梁cycle循环 frequency频率 amplitude振幅 displacement位移 elastic force弹性力free vibration自由振动 natural frequency自然频率 forced vibration受迫振动exciting force激振力 damped vibration阻尼振动 undamped vibration非阻尼振动degree of freedom自由度 coordinate坐标重点段落：图1.20下面的第一段:"Mechanical vibrations ...for many purposes."第六单元金属合金 metal alloy 结晶的crystalline 晶格crystal-lattice 原子atom 离子ions锻造金属wroung metal 铸造金属cast metal 导热体conductor of heat导电体conductor of electricity 塑性的plastic 黑色金属ferrous metal 铸铁cast iron有色金属nonferrous metal 碳钢carbon steel 铜合金copper alloy 钛trtanium熔点melting point第七单元原材料 the virgin/starting material 韧性ductility 脆性brittleness 断裂fracture硬化hardening 导热性 thermal conduction 润滑(n,v）lubrication ,lubricateThe final strength of any material used in an engineering component depends on its mechanical and physical properties after it has been subjected to one or more different manufacturing processes. 用于工程构件的任何一种材料的最终强度取决于这种材料在经历了一种或多种不同加工过程之后的机械与物理性质。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语 1-13

tensile strength抗拉强度
tensile test拉力（抗拉）试验
Lesson 1
universal testing machine万能试验机 specimen样本（品），试样（件） cross section横截面 gauge length标距长度 elongation拉伸，延长；延伸率 elastic range弹性范围 yield point屈服点 elastic limit弹性极限 yield strength屈服强度
硬度是一个很重要的特性，这是因为制造在很大程度上取决于它。硬度是由材料提供的对压痕的抵抗能力。一般来说，用于测量材料硬度的压痕试验有好几种。这些试验通常包含一个由硬度更大的材料制成的球、圆锥或棱锥，这个球、圆锥或棱锥在规定载荷的作用下压入试验材料，通过测量由此形成的永久性压痕可以得到给定试验条件下的硬度值。
The deformation caused in a material is of two types, elastic and plastic. Elastic deformation is that part of the deformed material which when the applied load is removed, would spring back to its normal shape. Plastic deformation is on the other hand, permanently set in a material and cannot be regained.
L 5.65 d
抗拉强度是由在万能试验机上进行的拉力试验
测得的，这个试验涉及到试件的制备，其规格如

过程装备专业英语全解

Determination of testing method---确定试验方法

英语一词多义现象普遍。科技英语中词义相对稳定，但一词多义还是不少。而汉语的词义则很少一词多义。
3、Difference between STE & others
1) English & Chinese
②
句法方面

从词序上看，英语的基本句型主干成分词序与汉语基本
Revising, Revising, Revising
Finishing
AIP
Cal-Tech
Maria Goeppert Mayer
Linus Pauling
1、Translating Process
翻译过程可分准备、翻译和校核三个阶段。
1)

准备阶段
通过粗读了解原文的内容及翻译的价值。
收集有关资料，通过阅读了解与原文有关的背景知识
① 前缀

a-无，非不 ab-离去，脱去, 偏离 anti-反，防
aperiodic (非周期的), acentric(无中心的)

abnormal(不正常的)

antiknock(抗震的),antinoise(抗噪声的 )
① 前缀

auto-自动
bi-双,二
autocontrol(自控),autotune(自动调谐)
self-自动,自我
semi-半
semiconductor(半导体) semiautomatic(半自动)
① 前缀
sub-子,亚,次
subprogram(子程序),subroutine(子例程)
super-超
superpower(超功率),superprofit(超额利润)

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

过程装备与控制工程专业英语Unit 13 Principles of Heat TransferPractically all the operations that are carried out by the chemical engineer involve the production or absorption of energy in the form of heat. The laws governing the transfer of heat and the types of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance.实际上，所有的由化学工程师进行的操作都要涉及热量的产生和吸收。

因此，控制传热的定律和以控制热流为主要目的的仪器类型都是很重要的。

1. Nature of Heat FlowWhen two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature. The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease. The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three, conduction, convection, and radiation. 当两种不同温度的物体开始接触后，热流就会从高温物体传给低温物体。

净热流总是随着温度降低的方向。

传热的机理通常分三种:热传导，热对流，热辐射。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译10

Reading Material 10Corrosion ControlCorrosion problems can be solved in the following ways:(1) Select a material that is resistant to be the corrosion environment.(2) Give metal a protective coating.(3) Change the service conditions, such as temperature, pressure, or velocity.(4) Change the environment chemistry such as pH, concentration, aeration, or impurities.(5) Add a corrosion inhibitor.(6) Shift the electric potential of the metal by cathodic or anodic protection(7) Modify the design of the equipment or system.(8) Let it corrode and replace it (often a viable alternative!)Once the engineer has determined that there is no danger of a catastrophe, deciding which way to combat corrosion usually comes down to the economics of the situation.Material SelectionStainless steels are usually the first choice for a “probably corrosive”environment with unknown properties, because these alloys are resistant to a wide range of oxidizers, but they cannot withstand strong reducing solutions, such as hydrochloric acid. Stainless steels can be corroded, despite their name. The stainless steels are classified into five general groups (martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, duplex and precipitation-hardenable strainless steels) according to their metallurgical structures, with the of which one to use depending not only on corrosion resistance but also on required strength and cost.Commercially pure nickel has high corrosion resistance, especially to alkalies, combined with mechanical properties similar to mild steel, and good weldability. Nickel and nickel alloys widely used in the food industry and are frequently selected for service in chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. They are very resistant to high-temperature air and to stress-corrosion cracking. Aluminum is a very reactive metal in the standard electromotive force series; it immediately reacts with air to form a passive film consisting of two layers: an inner, compact, amorphous oxide and an outer, thicker, more permeable hydrated oxide. Aluminum is naturally compatible with the atmosphere and withstands many solutions well if the pH lies between about 4 to 9. Strong acids and moderately strong bases destroy aluminum’s passive film. Chloride ions are particularly damaging because they attack the film only at weak spots and pit aluminum. Many chlorinated organic solvents and alcohols can attack aluminum alloys disastrously, sometimes explosively.Protective CoatingsThe major purpose of coating a metal is to protect it from a corrosive environment when the metal is otherwise suitable for the service conditions in terms of mechanical and physical properties. Coating metal with good mechanical properties(usually steel) is often more practical in terms of cost and required life than selecting a more corrosion resistion but expensive material.Protection can be achieved in four ways, with many coatings functioning in more than one way:(1) A barrier coating that prevents the corrosive environment from contacting the metal.(2) A sacrificial coating that corrodes while giving cathodic protection to the underlying metal.(3) An inhibitor coating that slows electrode reactions.(4) An electrically resistive coating that stifles electrochemical corrosion cells, Paints fall into this last category.Corrosion InhibitorsAn inhibitor is a chemical added to the corrosive environment in small amounts to reduce the corrosion rate. Some inhibitors interfere with the anode reaction, some with the cathode reaction, and some with both. They usually used to prevent general corrosion but most are not effective in preventing localized attack, such as crevice corrosion, pitting, or stress-corrosion cracking. Inhibitors have a critical concentration that must be reached or exceeded for them to be effective, and in some cases to prevent them from making corrosion worse.Cathodic and Anodic ProtectionCathodic protection converts all anodic on a metal surface to cathodes so that corrosion ceases. The protected metal has positive current flowing onto it from the electrolyte everywhere on the surface so that no current flows off. This result can be achieved in two distinictly different ways.(1) By connecting a sacrificial anode the metal that is be protected.(2)By applying an electric current from a separate source, a technique called impressed-current cathodic protection.Anodic protection, on the contray, makes the entire metal surface anodic-so anodic that the metal completely passivates. Obviously, then, this technique is limited to metals that can form protective passive films. Since passivated metals still corrode at a low rate, anodic protection almost, but not completely, stops corrosion. Most corrosion problems originate with either improper design or improper material selection. However, a good choice of material can overcome severe environmental conditions and even some deficiencies in design.The methods listed above are the accepted ways of dealing with a corrosion problem, but not all of them apply in a given situation. In particular, the corrosion engineer often cannot change the service conditions or environment chemistry. These may be as unalterable as the ocean, or nearly as unalterable: an industrial process that is running fairly smoothly where any change will be fanatically opposed by the production people.阅读材料 10腐蚀控制腐蚀问题的解决方法如下：（1）选择抗腐蚀环境的材料；（2）给金属加一个保护层；（3）改变工作条件，如温度，压力或速度；（4）改变化学环境，如PH值，浓度，通风，杂质；（5）添加缓蚀剂；（6）改变金属阳极或阴极保护的电势；（7）完善设备或系统的设计；（8）让其腐蚀后取代它（通常是一个可行的替换物）。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语基础词汇

一．有用词汇及短语1.radial stress 径向应力2.longitudinal stress 经向应力3.circumferential stress 环向应力4.subscript 脚注，下标5.ultimate strength 强度极限6.rupture 破裂，断裂7.postulate v. 假设，主张8.specimen n. 标本，样本9.membrane stress 薄膜应力 membrane separation 膜分离10.shells of revolution 回转壳11.conical adj. 圆锥形的12.cylinderical adj. 圆柱的，筒形的13.hemispherical adj. 半球形的14.ellipsoidal adj. 椭圆形的15.torispherical adj. 准球形的16.boundary conditions 边界条件17.high-oder term 高阶的项18.displacement 位移19.reciprocal 倒数20.amplitude 振幅21.free vibration 自由振动22.forced vibration 受迫振动23.dissipative elements 耗散因素24.coordinate 坐标25.crankshaft 曲轴26.bearing 轴承27.toughness 韧性28.stiffness 刚度29.as-cast adj.铸造的 n.毛坯铸件30.ingot 钢锭，铸块31.solder 钎焊、锡焊、银焊等低温焊接32.braze 硬钎焊33.weld 焊接，熔焊34.plain carbon steel 普通碳素钢mild steel 低碳钢35.low-alloy steel 低合金钢36.generic term 通用术语37.quench 淬火38.temper 回火39.ductility 韧性，延展性40.brittle adj.脆性的 brittleness n.脆性41.granular adj.颗粒的，粒状的 grain n.颗粒，晶粒42.magnifying glass 放大镜 microscope 显微镜43.magnification 放大，放大倍数 magnify v.放大44.reagent 试剂reactant 反应物，反应剂 resultant 生成物；合力45.ferrite 铁素体46.body-centered cubic adj.体心立方的 body-centered cube 体心立方face-centered cubic adj.面心立方的 face-centered cube 面心立方47.allotropy n. 同素异构 allotrope n.同素异构体mpblack 炭黑 graphite 石墨49.corrodent 腐蚀剂50.corrosion-resistant 耐腐蚀的 impact resistance 抗冲击性能51.inhibitor 缓蚀剂52.stable compound 稳定化合物53.contamination of products 产品污染54.depletion 消耗，耗尽55.concentration 浓度 concentration gradient 浓度梯度56.impurity 杂质57.alkaline adj.碱性的，碱的58.chlorine 氯59.film 膜 passive film 钝化膜60.ion 离子61.volatile 易挥发的 nonvolatile 难挥发的62.solvent 溶剂 solution 溶液，解solute 溶质63.crevice corrosion 缝隙腐蚀 pitting 点蚀64.passivate v.钝化65.cybernetics 控制论 kinematics 运动学66.engage in 从事67.forge ahead 前进，发展bustion 氧化，燃烧69.artificial intelligence 人工智能70.differential equation 微分方程 solution 解71.scalar 标量 vector 矢量72.mass/heat/momentum transport 传质/热/动量传递73.humidifier 增湿器 dry 干燥器fractionater 分馏器 absorber 吸收器74.pollutant 污染物75.pilot-plant 中试装置，试验工厂76.homogeneous 均相的，均匀的77.coefficient 系数 heat-transfer ～传热系数78.tubular 管状的79.apparatus 设备，仪器80.conduction 传导 convection 对流 radiation 辐射81.furnace 火炉，熔炉82.enthalpy 焓，热焓83.flux 通量84.monatomic 单原子的，单质的 diatomic 双原子的，二元的85.sedimentation 沉淀，沉降86.precipitate vt.使沉淀 vi.沉淀 n.沉淀物87.setting 沉降，沉淀88.more often than not 往往，通常89.endothermic 吸热的90.exothermic 放热的91.。

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

Unit 21Pumps1. IntroductionPump, device used to raise, transfer, or compress liquids and gases. Four' general classes of pumps for liquids are described below t In all of them , steps are taken to prevent cavitation (the formation of a vacuull1), which would reduce the flow and damage the structure of the pump, - pumps used for gases and vapors are usually known as compressors . The study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.1．介绍泵是提出，转移或压缩液体和气体的设备。

下面介绍四种类型的泵。

在所有的这些中，我们一步步采取措施防止气蚀，气蚀将减少流量并且破坏泵的结构。

用来处理气体和蒸汽的泵称为压缩机，研究流体的运动的科学成为流体动力学。

Water Pump, device lor moving water from one location to another, using tubes or other machinery. Water pumps operate under pressures ranging from a fraction of a pound to more than 10,000 pounds per square inch. Everyday examples of water pumps range from small electric pumps that circulate and aerate water in aquariums and fountains to sump pumps that remove 'Water from beneath the foundations of homes.水泵是用管子或其他机械把水从一个地方传到另一个地方。