[汇编]复试试题(语言学
复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）
复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）2000年现代汉语1. 填空2. 名词解释：基本词汇、存现句、音素和音位、比喻和比拟3. 句法分析4. 现代汉语词汇的特点5. 哪几种把字句不能或不宜变换成主谓宾句式2001年1. 汉民族共同语形成的过程2. /e/代表几个音素，为什么可以用一个/e/代表几个音素3. 给下列轻声字写出国际音标，并说明轻声引起了哪几种音变：棉花、豆腐等10-15个词4. 同义词辨析：仔细/细心常常/经常/往往5. 归并义项：“轻”的多个义项6. 词性标注，并说明其语法功能7. 分析歧义句，说明变换分析法与层次分析法的区别：保护了小张的奶奶8. 歧义分化的实质是什么9. 指出下列单位中，哪些是词、字、短语，说明三者之间的关系如何10. 说说你是如何理解“语法的动态多角度验证”的。
04年复试现代汉语部分（30分）一，什么是轻声？轻声对韵母的读音有哪些影响？并举例说明。
二，什么是词汇？它有几个组成部分？各包括什么？举例说明。
（一说：汉语有几级词汇单位？）三，对下列各词的进行比较，说明其用法有何异同。
并举例。
1，每—各； 2，吗—呢四，“听说他马上回来”和“命令他马上回来”有何区别，请加以论证。
古代汉语部分（30分）一，解释黑体字的义项，如果是活用，说明活用的类型。
（5个）（10分）二，标点并翻译短文（《孟子》节选），并回答问题：找出宾语前置的句子，并说明原因是什么。
（20分）语言学概论部分（40分）一，名词解释1，组合关系和聚合关系 2，义素分析法 3，历史比较法二，严式标音（马、谈、见、猫等）指出其中元音是几个音位，为什么？三，以语言结构各要素和社会联系的不同，说明语言发展的不平衡性。
四，用变换分析法说明下列两个句子在语义上的差别。
这位领导我也不认识。
这种植物我也不认识。
05年复试语言学概论部分（30分）一，名词解释1，亲属语言 2，屈折语 3，音质音位 4，语法范畴二，简答1、口语和书面语的关系2、语言发展变化的两大特点3、词汇意义和语法意义的区别。
英语语言学常考大题(本科、研究生、复试通用)
1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitationof sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; it collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.4. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.5. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.6. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.7. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.8. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.9. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.10. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.11. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.12. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” For example, to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.13. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.14. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.15. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.16. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.17. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N V NPDet NThe boy likes the music.18. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustratethe constituent relationship among linguistic elements.。
2013民大语言学与应用语言学复试试题
2013民大语言学与应用语言学复试试题
（面试）分组抽题，共六组
一题必答题：对本专业的认识以及研究生期间的计划
选答题（选三道）：
1、汉语分为几个语系，各有什么特点?
2、什么是基本词汇，有什么特点？
3、声母和韵母发音各有什么特点？
4、试述语法范畴
5、试述一下语流音变
6、什么是同音词，产生的途径有哪些？
（笔试）
第一题：国际音标注词和句子
第二题：分析音节中的音的发音部位，发音方法和音值
第三题：根据繁体字写出简体字
第四题：简答：1、举例说明什么是反切注音法
2、为什么说语言是人类特有的交际工具？
3、什么是五度标调法，试举例说明
4、什么是同音词，产生的途径有哪些？。
语言学复试面试题
面试问了我五个问题：1、先中文的自我介绍。
2、（现代汉语方面）马匹和推翻各是什么结构、？既然都是述补结构，那么它们又有什么不同？(名+|量；动+动)既然是这样那么它们总体上又有什么不同。
？（我回答的是马匹侧重于马，推翻侧重于翻）3、（对外汉语方面)：你对对外汉语的认识？4、（古代汉语方面）什么叫做古无轻唇音？5、what're the structure of the sentence in chinese?（英语方面）答案是主谓宾，定状补的英文回答。
1.鸡公和公鸡的结构2.Jio字的本义（不要网络义）3.你对张斌，胡玉树，黄伯荣这三本书有些什么看法？4.你学习现代汉语有什么难点？5.苹果的苹怎么分析？6.解释一下说文解字？7.中国第一部方言著作，并谈谈内容？8.最近出现了许多网络新词，你有什么看法?9.你的学生不尊重你，你要怎么办？10.四大名著的作者，文房四宝，岁寒四友（英语专业的要问一些基本的文化常识）11.尊卑关系在汉语词语中有些什么反映？举例说明。
（专业其实很注重你的积累，很多同学背问到读了什么书，还会根据你的自我介绍刨根问底，从我等了一天看，老师会根据你的专业适当提问题）英语，我们这一组问的难：1.用英语说说乔姆斯基著作，观点？2.如何把动词变为名词?3.什么样的名词用程度形容词修饰？4.如何教外国人声调？5.请你用英语谈谈句子成分怎么说的？主语，谓语这些的。
6.吃的饱和不能吃饱有什么区别？7.好和很好的区别？8.对外汉语应该怎么讲？为什么？9.好和很好的区别？10.不能吃饱和吃不饱的区别？（我想是用主观和客观的区别来答)二、文字学妹妹。
初试378分，已经录取。
英语面试：1.自我介绍2.用英语说一下《说文解字》《尔雅》《经典释文》等名著的特点专业课面试:1.人们常说“以形见意”，那“以意见形”性的通吗？2.《说文》里对“为所欲为”里的“为”解释得对吗？3.汉语里有“轻重音”吗4.《广雅》的声韵调的情况，作者，性质等5.汉语拼音与汉字都是字吗6.通假与假借的关系7.古韵三十部8.为什么选择文字学9.平时读过关于语言学的哪些书和语言学之外的哪些书现在就想起这么多以后还想起什么再补充还有我的，，我也被录取了，复试题目跟大家分享1.请说明“文字”与“文化”的关系2.请说明汉语中的构词方式3.请说明“隶变”4.请说明“浴霸”“麦霸”“波霸”中的“霸”是怎么用于构词的语言学1月18:13:021.卖菜的唱歌的教书的我们的祖国这四个短语中的的有没有区别分析一下语言学1月18:13:192.对外汉语教学和汉语作为二外教学有什么区别语言学1月18:13:443.谈谈宜宾话中有的而现代汉语中没有的语音现象（我家宜宾的）很多中国人被送到韩国去汉语但对韩国文化不能充分理解不懂韩语怎么解决~~语言学1月18:16:56前面的同学都被问共鸣腔声调语素和音素的关系。
东北师范大学英语考研复试语言学真题
东北师范大学英语考研复试语言学真题2013年外国语言学及应用语言学复试题满分100分一填空（10题，一道2分，共20分）（有的题是大概的意思）1. I eated too much. according to error analysis, it belongs to ____.2. Speech Act Theory was proposed by_____.3. The _____ School studied the system of language and the function of language.4. ____ refers to the same words which have many meanings.5. Interlanguage contains field, mode and ___6. There are 3 classes of theory towards SLA ______,environmentalist and functionalist.7. Referential meaning also called ____meaning8. The semantic feature of these words "pine,elm,willow,birch,polar" is _____9.Such words as " pot, oven, knife,ladle,napkin"not belong toa prototype of category which is ____10. "waistcoat"is from British English while its American English is _____.二term （4题，一道5分，共20分）11.parole 12. entailment 13. conventional meaning 14. conversational implicature三paraphrase （3题，一道5分，共15分）15. The chicken is too hot to eat16. Flying planes can be dangerous17. I saw him on the bus四写出下列句子的Presupposition（5题，一道3分，共15分）18. Did their team win his year's African Cup finals?19.Their team win this year's African Cup finals.20.Mary didn't see the horse with two head.21. Ambraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865.22. Would you please try it again?五大题（一道10分，共30分）1. Write two dialogues about preference structure,and give explanation and illustrate it2.How to understand the sentence “ In successful communication, what is actually said is only the tip of iceberg.”3. the factors of SLA以上是专业复试笔试，下面我来介绍下法语面试和专业面试的准备：关于法语面试：（3-5分钟左右吧）首先：一定要准备自我介绍，记住，自我介绍的内容无需太过繁琐，可说你的姓名，毕业于或将要毕业于哪所学校，我的兴趣是。
南师大英语语言学03-07复试题
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is an inappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in the late 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe;(a) “You are a terrible friend.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “You are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense.In the phrase inflecting language (“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term re fers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indicative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had moti vated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater or lesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by using isolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in the previously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal l inguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s personal linguistic pattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument that allows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determines linguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlook are two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposes one’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle and the politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” as an example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers of the Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.2004年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、单选题。
北京语言大学考研语言学及应用语言学复试专业面试问题
北京语言大学考研语言学及应用语言学复试专业面试问题专业课面试1、本科学过什么？学到了什么？介绍本科主要课程及最喜欢的课程2、大学学了哪些文学方面的课程？3、最近读的语言学相关的书。
（你读过哪些著名的书？/看过哪些语言学的书？）《语言学的邀请》北京大学出版社，塞缪尔·早川&艾伦·早川著，柳之元译。
书分成两编。
第一编：语言的功用（1-9章）第二编：语言和思想（10-16章）但是就我而言，我理解为三部分：第一部分语言出现的原因、语言的表现形式、语言的基本分类、我们是如何理解语言的？第二部分（语言是如何影响社会）语言的社会功能有哪些、以及语言是如何实现这些功能的？第三部分（语言和思想、语言是如何影响我们每一个人的）如何通过语言获得知识——抽象阶梯如何用抽象阶梯解释人在使用语言时的缺陷：倾向于向上抽象；抽象混乱导致分类的错误等价值观：怎样用语言建立二元价值观或者是多元价值观内向观点会引起的社会问题、外向观点会引起的社会问题通过本书技巧和作者的建议，走向内心和外界的秩序。
归纳：1、内向意义和外向意义很重要的一点区别在于：倘若一句话有外向意义，争论可以结束，双方也可以达成一致的看法；倘若一句话只有内向意义没有外向意义，我们就有可能而且常常会争论不休。
2、一张地图并不就是它所代表的地域；言辞并不就是事物。
3、一张地图从来都不会表现出一个地域的每一个部分；言辞从来无法做到将所有事物都描述出来。
4、言辞的意义并不在言辞中，而是在我们的脑海里。
5、牛1不是牛2，牛2不是牛3。
牛是不同的，它提醒我们，“母牛”这个词并没有把这一事物的各个方面都说出来；它提醒我们，在抽象化过程中，许多特质都被忽略去了（母牛→社会财富）；它使我们不至于把名词和事物当成一样东西。
或者说，它使我们不至于把抽象的“母牛”当成外向的母牛。
6、合作：（适者生存）倘若我们不能同舟共济就不免逐一灭顶，这一原则在人类还没能用文字表达出来以前就已经存在于自然界中。
北外硕士研究生入学考试复试——德语语言学试题
北外硕士研究生入学考试复试——德语语言学试题北京外国语大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题招生专业：德语语言文学科目名称：德语语言学（考试时间2小时，满分100分）I. Unterstreichen Sie den Begriff, der nicht in seine Reihe passt! (5 Punkte) a) T isch - Stuhl - Bett - Buch - Regal b) B und - Land - Stadt - Staat - Unternehmen c) T aoismus - Konfuzianismus- Chauvinismus - Christentum - Islam d) C ousine - Chef - Gro?vater - Vetter - Nichte e) R ealit?t - Vernunft - Einsicht - Besonnenheit - Verstand II. Erg?nzen Sie folgende Wordfelder und geben Sie einen Oberbegriff für jedes Wortfeld! (5 Punkte) Oberbegriff a) Mantel - Kleid - Hut - Hemd - ................. __________b) Sozialismus - Feudalismus - Kapitalismus - ................. __________c) Angst - Freude - Traurigkeit - Wehmut - ................ __________ d) Weihnachten - Silvester - Ostern - ................. __________ e) Lehrer - Sekret?rin - Kaufmann - Arzt - ................. __________ III. Ordnen Sie den Begriffen 1-10 die richtigen Erl?uterungen A-J zu! (10 Punkte) 1. langue A. gebundene Morpheme 2. parole B. hypotaktische Zusammensetzung 3. langage C. nationale Einzelsprache 4. Zusammenrückung D. freie Morpheme 5. Determinativkomposita E. allgemeine menschliche Sprachf?higkeit 6. Kopulativkomposita F. Sonderfall der Zusammensetzung 7. Pragmatik G . Untersuchungen der Relation zwischen Zeichen und Gegenst?nden 8. Lexeme H. parataktische Zusammensetzung 9. Flexionsmorpheme I. konkrete Sprachverwendung, Rede 10. Semantik J. Untersuchungen der Relation zwischen Zeichen und ihren Benutzern 1－ 2－ 3－ 4－ 5－ 6－ 7－ 8－ 9－ 10－题号 I II III IV V VI VII 总分阅卷人签字得分报考专业姓名考生编号IV.Suchen Sie bitte 5 Begriffe von u nten aus und übersetzen Sie diese ins Chinesische!(10Punkte)1. Flexion2. Konjugation3. Akzent4. Phonologie5. Morphologie6. Syntax7. Partizip8. Pragmatik9. Satzklammer 10. Valenzgrammatik( )__________ ( )__________ ( )__________ ( )__________ ( )___________ V. Suchen Sie bitte 5 Begriffe von unten aus und übersetzen Sie diese ins Deutsche! (10 Punkte)1. 主语2．短语3．被动态4．不定式5．连词6．篇章语言学7．反义词8．从句9．介词短语 10．符号学( )__________ ( )__________ ( )__________ ( )__________ ( )___________ VI.Formulieren Sie bitte folgende S?tze mit Ihren eigenen Worten um!(15 Punkte)1.In der Sprachwissenschaft wird eine eigene Fachterminologie verwendet. Eine ganzeReihe von Fachausdrücken erscheint auch im allt?glichenSprachgebrauch. GrundlegendeTermini sind über die schulis che Ausbildung auch der Allgemeinheit verst?ndlich.2.Die Sprachwissenschaft ist schon allein deshalb interessiert, sich durch Berichte inPrintmedien, Beitr?gen in Rundfunk und Fernsehen sowie mittels Buchpublikationen undInternetbenutzung einem breiteren Publikum zu pr?sentieren.3.Die besondere Bedeutung der interkulturellen Kommunikation liegt darin, dass einigeAspekte von interkultureller Kommunikation eine h?here Bedeutung haben als bei derKommunikation innerhalb einer Kultur. Einer der Gründe ist, dass innerhalb derinterkulturellen Kommunikation besonders V orurteile zu Problemen führen k?nnen.VII. Antworten Sie bitte auf Deutsch auf die folgenden Fragen！1.Sprache l?sst sich aus verschiedenen Perspektiven definieren. Welche Definition(en) kennenSie? Was verstehen Sie unter Sprache? (15 Punkte)2.Welche linguistischen Disziplinen kennen Sie? Was ist ihr jeweiliger Forschungsgegenstand?(15 Punkte)3.Geben Sie einige Anwendungsgebiete der Linguistik an! Wie sieht dieEntwicklungsperspektive dieser Anwendungsgebiete aus?(15 Punkte)。
复试语言学重点和题目
Chapter I Introduction I教学重点1. Definition of Linguistics2. Important distinctions in linguistics1) Prescriptive vs. descriptive2) Synchronic vs. diachronic教学难点1. Prescriptive vs. descriptive2. Synchronic vs. diachronic思考题:1. How do you understand that linguistics is the scientific study of language?2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?3. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?Introduction II教学重点1. Important distinctions in linguistics Speech and writingLangue and paroleCompetence and performance2. Traditional grammar and modern linguistics教学难点1. Speech vs. Writing2. Langue vs. Parole3. Competence vs. Performance4. Traditional Grammar vs. Modern Linguistics思考题:l.How i s Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?2.For what reason does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?Chapter II Speech Sounds思考题:1.How is broad transcription different from narrow transcription?2.What are the three cavities involved in the production of speech sounds? How do they function?● 笔头作业:l.What are the principles by which we classify consonants and vowels?2.How do we describe a consonant or a vowel?Chapter II Phonology II教学 1.Phonology vs phonetics重点 2.Phone, phoneme and allophone3. Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair教学难点1.Phone, phoneme and allophone2. Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair思考题:l. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?2. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?Chapter 3 Morphology教学重点1.Morphemes2.Types of morphemes3.Word formation教学难点Understanding of different types of morphemes思考题：1. How is a free morpheme different from a bound morpheme?2. How are derivational morphemes different from inflectional morphemes? Chapter 4 Syntax I教学重点不同的语言流派对句子结构的分析方法教学难点表层结构，深层结构Questions and Exercises1, 2, 5, 9Chapter 4 Syntax II教学重点表层结构与深层结构教学难点句子的生成及其转换Questions and Exercises1, 2, 5, 9Semantics (I)学重点1.The naming theory2.The conceptualist view3.Contextualism4.Behaviourism教学难点Views concerning the study of meaning思考题：What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? Semantics (II)教学重点Sense vs. Reference Synonymy vs Antonymy教学难点1.Lexical MeaningSense and reference2.Different types of synonyms3.Different types of antonyms and their characteristicsHow can words opposite in meaning be classified? What are the characteristics of each category of antonyms?Semantics (III)教学重点1. Sense relations between sentences2. Componential analysis3. Predication analysis教学难点1. Componential analysis2. Predication analysis思考题：1. What are the major sense relations between sentences? How can we judge these sense relations?2. What is componential analysis? What is the advantage of componential analysis?3. How do you understand predication analysis?Pragmatics (I)教学重点1.Pragmatics vs. Semantics2.Context3.Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning4.Speech Act Theory教学难点Locutionary act; illocutionary act; perlocutionary act; classification of illocutionary act思考题：1. How is Pragmatics different from Semantics?2. How do you understand the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?3. How do you understand locutionary act，illocutionary act and perlocutionary act?4. How does Searle classify the illocutionary act? What is the illocutionary point of each type?Pragmatics (II) The theory of conversational implicature教学重点会话含义理论准则的违反及特殊会话含义的产生教学难点特殊会话含义笔头作业：1. How do you understand the cooperative principle?2.How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicature? Pragmatics (III) Politness Principle教学重点Politeness Principle教学难点The maxims to realize the politenessThe weakpoints of Leech’s pliteness principle思考题：1.Why do we need politeness principle to supplement Cooperative Principle?2. What are the weakpoints of Leech’s Politeness principle?Language Change教学重点1.Nature of language change2.Changes in the English language3.Causes of language change教学难点1.Causes of language change2.Historical development of English1. What are the major periods in the history of English and what are the characteristics of English in each period?2. Think of the examples to show how English has changed in phonetic, morphological, syntactic and semantic systems.● 笔头作业：What are the causes of linguistic changes?Language and Society (I)教学重点The relatedness between language and society Social variation教学难点The relatedness between language and society笔头作业:Discuss with examples the relatedness between language and society Language and Society (II)教学重点语域、标准语言与非标准语言、双言与双语教学难点语域思考题：l. What is register? How does it affect our choices of linguistic forms?2. What are the differences between diglossia and bilingualism?3. How do social factors influence the use of language?Second Language Acquisition I教学重点Learning vs acquisition；roles of linguistic input, classroom instructions, reinforcement and imitation in the process of first language acquisition；教学难点the influence of linguistic input, classroom instructions, reinforcement and imitation on first language acquisition思考题：l. How is acquisition different from learning according to Krachen?2. How does the linguistic input and classroom instruction affect language acquisition?Second Language Acquisition II教学重点1. Influence of input, classroom instructions and learner factors on second language acquisition2. Grading rubrics；Common scales of DWA；Assessment criteria: Basic functions教学难点Influence of learner factors on second language acquisition; assessment criteria思考题：1. What are roles played by the input and classroom instructions in the processof second language acquisition?2. How do learner factors affect second language acquisition?3. What is a grading rubric?4. How many common scoring methods of DWA? What are they?5. What are the basic functions of assessment criteria?Language Testing ：Grading Rubrics & Direct Writing Assessment张红霞副教授Questions for review:1. How to define classroom assessment?2. What’s the relationship between classroom assessment and instruction?3. What does DWA simulate?4. For writing to be effective, what skills and knowledge required (product-based and process-based)?Questions for summary1. What is a grading rubric?2. How many common scoring methods of DWA? What are they?3. What are the basic functions of assessment criteria?。
安徽大学 复试 英语语言文学 考研复试真题
2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试复试题考试科目：外语综合(微观部分)）Thou art more lovely and more temperate.Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date.1. ___________ (Author)2. ___________ (Title)2North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers'School set the boys free. An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from itsneighbours in a square ground. The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them,gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.3. _____________ (Author)4. ___________ (Title)……四、. Fill in the blanks1. The old English alliterative verse is best represented by _______ , the national epic of theas 五、modern rocking horse, behind the smart doll’s house, a voice would start whispering: “There must be more money! There must be more money!” and the children would stop playing, to listen for a moment. They would look into each other’s eyes, to see if they had all heard. And each one saw in the eyes of the other two that they too had heard. “There must be more money! There must bemore money!”六、Comment briefly on the following works or characters1. Captain Ahab2. Arthur Dimmesdale3. Song of Myself4. Carrie Meeber5. The Great Gatsby……。
南京师范大学英语语言文学复试经验复试真题
2019南京师范大学英语语言文学复试经验复试真题复试备考最终由于法语的73分，遗憾错过南师的复试，成绩下来便马上准备调剂，经过一个多月的信息战及苦苦等待，最终收到山科和上师的复试通知，并且全部通过复试，收到拟录取通知。
以下是本人调剂复试环节的内容：英语基础笔试加二外听力，口试加英语面试。
英语基础笔试满分100分，题型是单选五道题，长阅读五道单选五道判断，语言学文学基础知识加英语写作。
总体不是很难。
二外听力，口试共100分。
其中听力三十分，口试七十分。
听力考了听音辨析以及填空。
口试考了自我介绍，读一段法语以及老师的口语提问。
我被问到了故乡是哪里，大学在哪里读这两个问题。
英语面试100分，包括自我介绍，读一篇文章听发音，抽题目（三选二）我抽到了“最喜欢的文学作品及原因”，还有“喜欢的语言学流派及原因”这两个题目。
之后是老师问答，老师问了我论文发表在什么地方，为什么参加那么多社会活动，你有什么优势在这次面试中脱颖而出，你以后想选的方向是什么这几个问题。
英语面试加法语笔试。
了解更多南师大复试信息，可移步仙林南师大考研网查看英语面试：老师们都很专业，上师十分注重发音。
一进去老师让我读了一篇文章，给我纠正了几个重音，问了我选择上师的理由，之后问了我专业的问题，包括：Syntax和Morphology的区别，context的重要性，还有课程论的理论有哪些。
最后老师还问了我发表的论文内容，写这篇文章的目的，研究方法等等。
法语笔试：包括法语作文，辨音，就回答提问等。
P.S.考研走到复试或是调剂这一步，不必太紧张，面试都是纸老虎，导师其实都很nice，他们最想看到的其实是你诚恳的科研态度。
以上内容有仙林南师大考研网整理发布。
川大语言学文学考研复试题
一、举例说明下列语言学术语1、语言 2 、任意性 3 、聚合关系 4、洋泾浜 5、语法意义 6、递归性二、指出下例语言学论著的作者及国籍《马克思主义与语言学问题》《普通语言学教程》《现代语言学教程》《语法哲学》《历史语言学中的比较方法》《结构句法基础》《句法结构》《语言的共性和语言类型》三、举例说明集中常见的语流音变现象四、举例说明词义的概括性及其三种表现形式五、试述语言的经济原则在构词、句法、和修辞等方面的具体表现07年的复试试题大致和05年的一样，大多题目是重复的名词解释有一个不一样的是“性范畴”。
08年语言的普遍特点？语言的渐变性、不平衡性？表音文字和表意文字的区别？和往年不同的填空题1、《模糊语言学》的作者2、《不对称与标记论》的作者2009年四川大学语言学、文字学考研复试试题2010-01-22 19:22语言学概论一.填空(每空1分，共10分）1.人类研究语言的阶段分为_____阶段，___阶段，______阶段，形式语言学阶段和交叉语言学阶段。
2.语言的社会属性体现在_______,________,和__________。
3.狭义构词包括________,_________,转化法和缩减法。
4.（没记住)二.写出下列作品的作者名（共5分）1.《马氏文通》2.《汉语史稿》3.《语言学引论》4.《句法结构》5.《语言共性和语言类型》三。
名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1.任意性2.异化3.语法范畴4.5.亲属语言四。
简答题（每题15分，共45分）1.举例说明自由形式和黏着形式的区别。
2.举例说明音素文字和语素文字的区别。
3.试用相关理论和方法分析“视而不见，闻而不听”中“视”和“见”，“闻”和“听”有什麽区别。
五。
论述题（25分）以汉语为例，分析层次分析法的特点和局限性。
四川大学2010年语言学复试题（回忆版）一、填空。
（不全）1、O可以表示氧，也可以表零，是能指同，不同。
2、语流音变是在中发生的变化。
语言学04-13年复试真题
北京语言大学语言学、文字学专业历年复试完整版（04-13年）2013年语用、文字复试真题语言学（25分）一、举例对比说明汉语普通话和英语的音节结构特点。
（5分）二、什么是语法化？举例说明。
(5分)三、举例说明汉语借词的类型。
（7分）四、给出了汉语隋唐时期的几个音位，从中归纳出发生的变化。
并据此说明语音演变的特点。
（8分）就是辅音声母在轻音节中变成浊音的那几个音p-b 这些。
实际上就是考察浊音清化，然后说明语音演变的特点规律就是了。
现代汉语（50分）五、给出了几个词：饿姐每学本等而（跟08年复试真题一样）写出汉语拼音，列表分析音节结构。
然后，写出严式音标，根据其中的主要原因，结合音位归纳原则对主要元音进行音位归纳。
（10分）六、同义词辨析，并说明同义词辨析的方法和步骤（8分）生命-性命废除-解除-破除（这个直接跟08年复试真题一样）七、说明下列单位哪些是音节语素词短语？简单说明理由。
如果是合成词的话，说明词的类型。
（7分）奋忐鸳鸯白菜白布依靠银两管家（这个也是跟08年复试真题一样，多了几个而已）八、实词和虚词划分的标准？把实词又分为名词动词之类的，把虚词分为介词连词等，二者划分的一致性是什么？（这个跟07年复试真题基本一样）（5分）九、给出了几个“把”字句和“被”字句，然后回答问题，这个题目跟2010年文字初试真题一样，例子略有区别。
具体例子没记住，只是记住了题目的答案。
（10分）问题1：“把”字句和“被”字句中动词的区别。
问题2：解释造成这种动词区别的原因。
十、两个句子：（5分）看情况！我把东西放下，就回家了。
两个句子外观上没有主语，比较两个句子的不同。
十一、歧义分化的实质是什么？（01年就是这个题，郑贵有老师的讲义讲了）（5分）古代汉语（25分）十二、翻译一段文字，原文是没有标点的。
（10分）孟子曰：“桀纣之失天下也，失其民也；失其民者，失其心也。
得天下有道：得其民，斯得天下矣；得其民有道：得其心，斯得民矣；得其心有道：所欲与之聚之，所恶勿施尔也。
语言学历年真题试卷汇编23_真题-无答案
语言学历年真题试卷汇编23(总分68,考试时间90分钟)1. 多项选择题多项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，至少有一个是符合题意的，请选出所有符合题意的备选答案。
1. 反义词有相对反义词和绝对反义词之别。
下列各组词中属于相对反义词的有：( )(2011年中山大学考题)A. 死：生B. 大：小C. 强：弱D. 男：女2. 案例分析题1. 下面六个音素[p]、[p‘]、[t]、[t‘]、[k]、[k]在汉语中是几个音位，在英语中是几个音位?为什么?(2006年中山大学考题)下面各组词能不能构成一组同义词，说明原因。
(2012年中国海洋大学考题)2. 结婚、娶亲、嫁人3. 花园、花圃、花房、花坛4. 分析下列词语的结构类型。
(2011年广西民族大学考题)船只蝙蝠人性莲子猩猩司令民主弟弟帘子老板娘5. 指出下面那个词是单纯词还是复合词，还是派生词。
(2011年南开大学考题)剪刀克隆taller 绳子棕色菠萝氧吧dancer 质子actually3. 单项选择题单项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。
1. 元音和辅音最本质的区别是( )。
(2005年华中科技大学考题)A. 气流是否受阻B. 是否均衡紧张C. 声带是否振动D. 时间延续久暂2. 下列结构不属于主谓结构的是( )。
(2006年中山大学考题)A. 来客人了B. 今天星期天C. 台上唱着戏D. 衣服洗了3. 英语文字和日语文字都属于( )(2012年北京语言大学考题)A. 表音文字B. 表意文字C. 音节文字D. 音素文字4. 填空题填空题请完成下列各题，在各题的空处填入恰当的答案。
1. 现代汉语属于_______语言学，汉语史属于_______语言学(2011年北京语言大学考题)2. 辅音的音质主要取决于_______和_______。
(2012年中国人民大学考题)3. 一个语言单位如果加上一定的语调等条件可以独立成为句子，可以单说，那么这种语言单位就是_______。
语言学面试真题答案解析
语言学面试真题答案解析语言学是研究语言的科学，它涵盖了广泛的领域，包括语音学、词汇学、语法学等等。
在语言学面试中，考官常常会提出一些相关的问题，来考察考生对语言学知识的理解和运用能力。
在本文中，我们将为大家解析一些典型的语言学面试题，并给出相应的答案。
1. 请解释一下语音学中的元音和辅音的概念。
在语音学中，元音和辅音是两类基本的音素。
元音是指在发音过程中，口腔道路喉腔相对宽松，空气通过时不受阻碍，产生清晰响亮的声音。
例如汉语中的 /a/、/i/、/u/ 等音就属于元音。
而辅音则是指在发音过程中，口腔道路喉腔受到一定程度的阻碍，产生浊音或者噪音。
例如汉语中的 /b/、/p/、/m/ 等音就属于辅音。
2. 请分析一下句法学中主语和宾语的不同之处。
在句法学中，主语和宾语是两个重要的概念。
主语是一句话中动作的执行者，通常是句子的中心元素，谓词常常与之协调。
而宾语则是一句话中动作的承受者，一般紧跟在动词后面。
例如在句子“她读书。
”中，“她”就是主语，“读书”则是谓词，不带宾语。
而在句子“我喜欢她。
”中，“我”是主语，“喜欢”是谓词，而“她”则是宾语。
3. 请解释一下语用学中的言外之意。
在语用学中，言外之意指的是一个话语所传达的超过字面意义的信息。
正常情况下，人们在交流中并不仅仅依赖于字面意义，还会根据上下文和背景信息来理解和表达一些隐含的含义。
这些隐含的含义即为言外之意。
例如当我们说“你今天真漂亮！”时，字面上是赞美对方的外貌，但言外之意可能是表示对对方的喜欢或者某种情感。
4. 请解释一下形态学中的派生和屈折的概念。
在形态学中，派生和屈折是两个形态变化的过程。
派生是指通过加入前缀、后缀等前后缀形式来构建新词或者改变词的词义。
例如将“happy”变为“unhappy”就是通过加上前缀“un-”来构建的。
而屈折则是在单词基本形态的基础上通过变化词尾来表示不同的语法信息，如单复数、时态等。
例如在英语中，将“go”变为过去时“went”就是通过变化词尾来表示时态变化。
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八、 词法和句法在现代汉语中的具体内容有哪些？
九、 举例说明连词在单句中和复句中的用法有何区别。（9分）
07年语言学、文字复试真题完整版
语概（总分35分）:
1、名词解释（15分）：
言语、音位变体、曲折语、语意场、历史比较法
二、 下面是四种词典对“蚕食”、“鲸吞”的解释，以其中任何一词为例说明词义的构成，并评价各
种释义的优劣。（14分）
古代汉语部分
三、 一段古文
1 翻译其中两句（10分）
2 找出古今字、异体字和通假字，并说明区别。
3 总结文中“之”字用法。
4 以“王”字为例说明”如字”和”读破”。
9. 指出下列单位中，哪些是词、字、短语，说明三者之间的关系如何
10. 说说你是如何理解“语法的动态多角度验证”的。
04年复试
现代汉语部分（30分）
一，什么是轻声？轻声对韵母的读音有哪些影响？并举例说明。
二， 什么是词汇？它有几个组成部分？各包括什么？举例说明。
（一说：汉语有几级词汇单位？）
2、画出8个基本元音的舌位图，并在图上标出发音特点。（8分）
3、借词的基本类型，产生的意义和作用。（12分）
现汉（总分35分）:
1、汉语拼音方案包括哪几个方面的内容？（5分）
2、写出词的结构类型：领袖、垂直、妻子、自愿、自信、干事、马匹（10分）
3、实词和虚词的划分标准是什么？实词和虚词再分类的标准是什么？举例说明。（5分）
1、近体诗多押仄韵
2、声训是指为某字注音
3、介词“于”、“乎”用法相同
4、上古疑问代词放在宾语前
5、古汉语中常用副词表谦称
二、译文
三、翻译
1、史记三家注 2、四六源头 3、读破
四、阴阳入声韵区分，古阳声韵和入声韵各含何情况？
五、古代汉语常用几及其倍数表示夸张？
六、诗经韵例活用2
这位领导我也不认识。 这种植物我也不认识。
05年复试
语言学概论部分（30分）
一，名词解释
1，亲属语言 2，屈折语 3，音质音位 4，语法范畴
二，简答
1、口语和书面语的关系
2、语言发展变化的两大特点
3、词汇意义和语法意义的区别。
4、举例说明什么是基本词汇和一般词汇，两者的关系及作用。
七、翻译
1、漫羡无所归心，小子识之
2、右陪山林
3、道之以利
4、匪我愆期
5、心广体胖
6、命运多舛
7、旃裘之君
八、分析下列字的本义和意符
放、所、脱、废、罪
2002年
古代汉语部分
一、解释词
1、（什佰）之器而不用
2、强自取（柱）
3、纷披（风什）
4、镂心（鸟迹）之中，织辞（鱼网）之上
[汇编]复试试题（语言学及应用语言学）
2000年
现代汉语
1. 填空
2. 名词解释：基本词汇、存现句、音素和音位、比喻和比拟
3. 句法分析
4. 现代汉语词汇的特点
5. 哪几种把字句不能或不宜变换成主谓宾句式
2001年
1. 汉民族共同语形成的过程
2. /e/代表几个音素，为什么可以用一个/e/代表几个音素
二， 写出三十六字母，并按照发音部位分类（10分）
三， 什么是浑言，什么是别言（即析言）？（10分）
06课教、语言、文字复试笔试题回忆版
语言学概论部分
一、 从下列语言学的分支中任选四种解释（16）
理论语言学 计算语言学 心理语言学 病理语言学 文化语言学 应用语言学……
找出宾语前置的句子，并说明原因是什么。（20分）
语言学概论部分（40分）
一，名词解释
1，组合关系和聚合关系 2，义素分析法 3，历史比较法
二，严式标音（马、谈、见、猫等）指出其中元音是几个音位，为什么？
三，以语言结构各要素和社会联系的不同，说明语言发展的不平衡性。
四，用变换分析法说明ຫໍສະໝຸດ 列两个句子在语义上的差别。 现代汉语部分
四、 写出现代汉语普通话的声母、辅音、单元音韵母、韵母和声调的数量。（5分）
五、 以下面的词语为例，说明汉语离合词的语法特征。
理发 努力 ……
六、 想不起了。
七、 以“冲喜”、“打围”等词为例，说明这一类词的构成。有人分析为动宾结构，有人分析为逆序
2、翻译（10分）
3、简答（在题目中任选一题作答）（10分）
a、什么是词的本意和引申义？如何辨别词的本义。
b、举例说明古汉语中几种常用的被动表示法。
c、古汉语中几种常见的注音方式。
d、“秦泰同头，马鸟同足”说明了汉字发展中的何种现象？
2003年
一、判断正误
现代汉语部分（40分）
一，严式标音（有音变现象）（有轻声）。
二、哪些是单纯词？
三，标明合成词的结构类型。
四，标明短语的语法结构类型。
五，判断复句的关系类型。
六，语法义和词汇义的区别，举例说明。
古代汉语部分（30分）
一， 写出下列简体字的繁体字：尘，惊，书，齐，万， 铸，云，灭，专，寻（10分）
二、解释句法现象
1、为之斗斛而量之
2、英雄无觅孙仲谋处
3、仁以为己任
三、解释（12分）
史记三家注 五经正义 说文四大家
四、标出诗词韵脚，说明所属声调（13分）
五、给下面短文加标点并翻译。
三， 对下列各词的进行比较，说明其用法有何异同。并举例。
1，每—各 ； 2，吗—呢
四， “听说他马上回来”和“命令他马上回来”有何区别，请加以论证。
古代汉语部分（30分）
一， 解释黑体字的义项，如果是活用，说明活用的类型。（5个）（10分）
二， 标点并翻译短文（《孟子》节选），并回答问题：
4、汉语兼语句的结构特征。（5分）
5、写出汉语复句中关联词语的作用。（5分）
6、什么叫语意特征？语意特征与一般语意因素的区别是什么？（5分）
古汉（总分30分）
1、填空：
由于字数实在太多，只能将我所填的答案列举如下：鄙：边邑、段玉裁、意动用法、古今字、偏义、
杜预、xian（问的是“见”字的读音）（10分）
3. 给下列轻声字写出国际音标，并说明轻声引起了哪几种音变 ：棉花、豆腐等10-15个词
4. 同义词辨析：仔细/细心 常常/经常/往往
5. 归并义项：“轻”的多个义项
6. 词性标注，并说明其语法功能
7. 分析歧义句，说明变换分析法与层次分析法的区别：保护了小张的奶奶
8. 歧义分化的实质是什么