美国文学术语

Transcendentalism has been defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor.

The oversoul as called by Emerson was an all-pervading unitary spiritual power of goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was a part. It existed in nature and in man alike and constituted the chief element of the universe.超灵是一种无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量，是万物之本、万物之所属，它存在于人和自然界内.

Calvinism: The religious doctrines of John Calvin,(a French-born Swiss Protestant theologian), emphasizing the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God‟s grace alone.

Tulip

T: Total hereditary depravity

U: Unconditional election

L: Limited atonement

I: Irresistible grace

P: Perseverance of the saints

Regionalism stresses fidelity to a particular geographical section and a faithful representation of its habits, speech, manners, history, folklore, or beliefs.

Naturalism is a new and harsher realism, appearing at the end of the 19th century.

Inspired by Darwinism, which stressed the animality of man and evolution, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Colorism: t he detailed representation in fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region, such as Thomas Hardy‟s Wessex or Rudyard Kipling‟s India.

Image: a rather vague critical term covering those uses of language in a literary work that evoke sense‐impressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or …concrete‟ objects, scenes, actions, or states, which is distinct from abstract argument or exposition.

Image is defined by Pound as “that which presents an intellectual and emotional c omplex in an instant of time.”