专业英语 第八单元 翻译

第八单元石油加工
Unit 8 Petroleum Processing
石油是有机物几千年自然变化生成的，在地下聚集很大的数量，石油被人类发现和使用。

它用来满足人们的需要，石油是成千上万有机物组成的混合物，通过改变精炼和加工的方式生产不同的燃料。

石油化工产品通过化学反应生产纯的化学物质。

Petroleum was produced by thousands of years’ natural change of organic. It gathered into a great amount in underground and it was discovered and used by human beings to satisfy their needs. Petroleum is a mixture of thousands of organic composition. By changing the methods of refining and processing, it was produced into different fuels. Petrochemical products produce pure chemicals by chemical reactions.
现代工业是连续的操作过程。

首先，管式加热器加热原油，通过沸点分离这些物质，和间歇蒸馏得到的物质相似。

但是这种分离方法更好。

使用的程序包括分裂，聚合，加氢裂化，加氢处理，异构化，焦化处理。

很多化学过程被设计用来改变沸点和分子结构。

Modern industry is a continuous operation process. First of all, tubular heaters heat the crude petroleum. Then separate these substances through the boiling point, which are similar to the substances via batch distillation. But this separation method is better. The process of usage includes split, polymerization, hydro cracking, hydro treating, isomerization and coking processing. A lot of chemical processes are designed to change the boiling point and molecular structure.
石油的组成
The composition of petroleum
原油是由几千种不同的化学物质组成，包括气体、液体、固体以及甲烷，沥青，大多数成分是烃类，但也含有氮，硫磺，氧化物。

没有一种成分是在原油中大量存在的。

Petroleum is made up of thousands of different chemical materials, including gas, liquid, solid, methane and asphalt. Most of the ingredients is hydrocarbons, but they also contain nitrogen, sulfur and oxide. There isn’t a component existing in large amounts in the crude petroleum.
正链烷烃：这类物质占了含量比其他的多，许多直馏汽油主要成分是正链烷烃。

他们的抗震性能差。

Alkanet: this kind of material is much more than others. Many straight-run gasoline’s main ingredients is alkanet. Their seismic performance is poor.
异构烷烃：含有支链的烷烃有更好的抗震性能，因此，被人广泛使用。

它们由催化重整，烷基化，异构化制备。

它在原油中含量少。

Isomerization alkanet: it contains a chain of alkanet, which has a better seismic performance. Therefore, it’s widely used. They are made by catalytic reforming, alkylation and isomerization preparation. Its content in crude petroleum is little.
烯烃：原油中不存在烯烃，但是加工过程中可以产生，例如裂化。

这种分子结构不稳定，但它能改变汽油的抗爆性，虽然他的抗爆性能比异构的差，在储罐内容易催化裂化，这是我们所不希望的。

我们可以利用这个反应的附加反应制成其他的石化产品。

例如，乙烯、丙烯、丁烯，裂化汽油后产生大量这类物质。

Olefins: crude petroleum doesn’t exist in olefins, but processing process can produce it, such as cracking. This molecular structure is not stable, but it can change the anti-explosion of gasoline. Though its anti-explosion is not as good as heterogeneous and it’s easy to explode in the tank , this is what we do not want to see. We can make use of the additional reaction of this reaction to produce other petrochemical products. Cracking gas produced a great deal of this kind of material such as ethylene, propylene, and dinitramine.
环状化合物
Cricoids compounds
环烷烃：这类物质与萘类相似，它们有相同的化学式，例如烯烃，但是没有烯烃那么不稳定和易于反应，因为他们分子构造趋于饱和，像烷烃那样不易反应。

低分子量的这类物质是很好的燃料，高分子量的主要用做汽油和润滑油。

Cycloparafin hydrocarbon: It is similar to naphthalene. They have the same patent, for example olefins, but it’s more stable and more difficulty to react than olefins. Due to their molecular structure tends to saturation, just like Alkenes, they are not easy to react. This kind of material with low molecular is a very good fuel while the ones with high molecular are mainly used as gasoline and petroleum.
芳香烃：天然原油中此类物质比较少，他们的效果很好，他们有很高的抗震性、稳定性等等。

许多芳香族化合物通过精炼制备。

例如笨、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯。

Aromatics: This substance is less natural petroleum, their effect very good, they have high extent, stability, etc. Many aromatic compounds is preparation by refining. Such as, stupid, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene.
含量少的物质：人们认为硫磺不是理想物质。

他有很强的气味，他是有毒气体，使用它之前要先除气味。

这种物质有很多缺点。

目前，含氮化合物比含含硫化合物的问题少。

Content less material: people think sulfur is not ideal material. it has a strong smell, it is toxic gases, it must remove smells before used. This matter has many faults. At present, nitrogen compounds cause fewer problems than sulfur compounds,are less objectionable,and are generally ignored.
原油分布很广，每种都要不同的提炼过程，常用方法是蒸馏。

根据残余物来区分石蜡基、沥青和混合基。

Crude petroleum's distribution is very wide, each kind need different refining process, commonly used method is distilled.The terms paraffin base,asphalt,and mixed base on are often applied to differentiate crudes on the basis of the residues produced after simple distillation.
纯化合物没有分离提炼过程。

低分子化合物单独加工成石化产品。

Pure compounds are not regularly separate. Low molecular are isolated for processing into petrochemical products.
随着市场变化，石化产品制造中使用材料不断变化。

如何低成本的生产成为一个问题。

在早期，乙炔被广泛应用，但是它难以制造和储存，因此乙炔成为主要天然材料。

乙炔目前被用于液化石油气、石脑油、汽油、柴油、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷。

煤很快将被探索。

As market changes, Use material changes in petrochemical products manufacturing.How to low-cost production became a problem. In the early days, acetylene is widely used, but it is difficult to manufacture and storage, therefore acetylene become major natural materials.Acetylene is used to liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, diesel oil, ethane, propane and butane. Coal will soon be researched.
乙烯的数量很大在世界上，生产条件是精炼，一些机器有很大的生产能力，年产量7×108Kg。

Ethylene have a lot in the world, its production conditions is refining, some machines have
great production ability, the annual output is 7 x 108Kg.
丙烯被生产的很少，大部分丙烯是乙烯裂化产生。

在炼油厂，丙烯主要用于烷基化反应。

Propylene is produced few, most propylene is ethylene cracking produce. In oil refineries, propylene mainly is used for alkylation reaction.
芳烃是煤的一种成分，在1980年，他在煤种含量非常少，含有4%的笨，0.9%的甲苯，0.1%的二甲苯。

苯可以通过环己烷的脱氢，环己烷的取代，甲基环戊烷的芳构化，以及甲基苯的去甲基化制得。

Aromatics are usually thought of as coal-derived. In 1980, it's content is very little, include of 4% benzene, 0.9% toluene,0.1% xylene.Benzene can be made by dehydrogenation of cyclohexane or substituted cyclohexanes,by aromatization of methycyclopentane,and by demethylation of toluene or xylenes.
萘在芳烃化合物中非常少。

但是他们的需求量很大。

Naphthalene is very little in Aromatic hydrocarbons. But they have a big demand.
轻馏分：航空煤油、车用汽油、石脑油，石油溶剂以及喷漆燃料一般都被认为是轻馏分。

所有炼油厂都生产他们。

汽油是最重要的生产产物。

45%的炼油厂是以此为他们的最后加工产品。

Lighter fractions: kerosene, vehicle gasoline, naphtha, petroleum solvents and spray paint fuel are considered to be lighter fractions. All refineries is produce them. Gasoline is the most important production product. 45% of the refinery are trying to their final processing products.
重质油：他们能都转化为润滑油，重油有许多用途，做蜡以及重油裂解成分。

Heavy distillates : they can become lubricating oil, heavy oils for a variety of fuel uses,waxes,and cracking stock.
残留物：包括沥青、残余燃料油，焦炭和凡士林。

这些材料通过原油的精炼制备。

他们用途广泛，但是他们很难提取。

Residue: These including asphalt and residual fuel oil, coke and vaseline. These materials through the crude oil refining preparation. They used widely, but they are hardly extraction.
石油衍生品是石化产品，用来生产化学品和天然气。

衍生品的产量是非常巨大的，大约有
1000家化工厂都以此为他们的原材料。

例如：焦炭、丁二烯、苯乙烯、乙烯、乙二烯、聚乙烯等。

Petroleum-derived is petrochemical products, it used to produce chemicals,and natural gas. Derivatives yields is very large, about 1,000 chemical are derived from petroleum. For example: coke, butadiene styrene, ethylene, propylene, polyethylene oxalic etc.
加工和精炼
Processing and refining
精炼主要有分离过程和转换过程，每个炼油厂的运作都没有严格按照显示，但所有炼油厂都将基本路线说明。

Refining mainly have separation process and conversion process, every refinery operations are not strictly according to the display, but all refineries will explain the basic route.
分离过程：石油精炼操作过程简单。

但化学反应复杂，大多数操作涉及到蒸馏。

原油蒸馏由热交换器、炉、分馏塔、冷凝器、冷却器和助剂组成。

Separation process: petroleum refining process is simple. But chemical reaction is complex, most of the operation is distillation. A crude still consists of heat exchanger, a furnace,a fractionating tower,steam strippers,condensers,coolers,and auxiliaries.
转换过程：70%的原油加工转换受到正碳离子机理和自由基机理的影响。

在催化剂存在下，温度和压力控制着反映类型，例如：裂解、聚合、烷基化、加氢、加氢裂解、异构化、重整和芳构化。

Conversion process: 70% of the crude oil is affected by carbon ions by converting the influence of mechanism and radical mechanism. The presence of catalyst, temperature and pressure is control of Chemical reaction type. such as: cracking reflected type, polymerization, alkylation, hydrogenation, hydrogenation cracking, isomerization and restructuring and fang constitutive digestion.。