Unit3练习答案

VI. Key to the TextText AWarm-up Exercise1）has been2）at3）that4）has → have5）on6）which7) in8) highly → high9) in10) have → has11) on12) that13) than14) as15) is → are16) likely17) to18) climate19) at20) Sadly21) transmitted22) matter23) optimistic24) as → than25) have → has26) senseExercisesPart I Understanding the Text1 C2 B3 C4 C5 C6 A7 C8 C Part II Oral English Practice (Omitted )Part III Vocabulary ExercisesSection A1. in the past decades2. There have been great changes in people’s views.3. the relationship between modern life and health4. at the beginning of the 20th century5. poor health6. poor performance7. be reluctant to help others8. sick building syndrome9. the adoption of a healthy lifestyle10. play down others’ value11. ascribe one’s failure to the unqualified teacher12. in a climate of mistrust of each other13. Friendship once damaged is hard to restore.14. It is only a matter of time.15. make sense of the leader’s speech16. improve our sleep quality17. well-trained team18. complain about the poor/low salary19. The Internet has brought us a new dimension to friends making.20. enhance the awareness of the effects of health care products on health●Section B1. inquiry2. foster3. sensitivity4. subtle5. perception6. novelty7. transmit8. adoption9. optimistic10. interpret11. suspicion12. complementary13. fatigue14. contribute15. alternative●Section C1-5 A D D D A 6-10 A A A A B 11-15 D A D A APart IV Cloze Test●Section A1-5 D B B C A 6-10 D C A D B 11-15 C C A C D 16-20 D A C C A●Section B1. key2. access3. communicate4. technologically5. improvements6. transmit7. available8. recommend9. possible10. medicationsPart V Reading ComprehensionPassage 11-5 B A D B CPassage 26-10 D D D A APart VI English-Chinese Translation1. 近年来，对现代化生活和健康之间的关系，公众的观念发生了持续而深刻的变化。

2. 在临床上，病人不愿意实施药物治疗，或者不愿意继续延长药物使用时间，因为他们害怕这样就会把一些非天然的化学成分留在他们体内。

3. 媒体对这些新型危害健康的因素的关注使人们觉得这些疾病比实际情况更常见。

4. 现代研究表明过分关注现代生活对健康影响的病人也更倾向于在症状出现前一月就开始主诉。

与对现代性关注较少的病人相比，这种病人常常患有更多的功能性疾病，更易消费保健品。

这些都是不足为奇的。

5. 新技术的快速引进虽然改善了数百万人的生活质量，但同时也严重影响了人们理解和陈述疾病的方式。

Part VII Chinese- English Translation1. more easily interpreted as signs of disease2. who are most concerned about the effects of modern life on health3. the introduction of new technologies has frequently been accompanied by4. trust once lost is difficult to restore5. to the spread of worries and scaresPart VIII Writing PracticeHow to Improve Psychological Health?As is known to all, psychological health is as important as, if not more important than, physical health for a student dur ing his/her growth. However, it’s quite worrying that nowadays some students are not quite psychologically healthy.Undoubtedly, schools and universities should take great responsibilities for students’psychological health. Relevant courses and activities should be introduced to students so that they would be more aware of the significance of psychological health and find appropriate ways tomaintain and improve it. For example, there should be a psychological counseling hotline or office for students to turn to when they need some psychological help.Of course, no psychological health can be obtained without the efforts from the students themselves. From my perspective, what they can do is trying to stay positive, optimistic and follow the right guidelines of their schools. To be more specific, they can participate in some activities such as voluntary work to cultivate an opening and caring mind. Meanwhile, harmful impacts from the cyber space should definitely be avoided.Text BPart I Understanding the Text1. The study of the defense mechanisms of the body against the attack by foreignmicroorganisms or macromolecules is the science of immunology.2. Pasteur showed that protection against a particular disease could be conferred, either by pastexposure to the disease or by immunization with cultures of the causative organism which had first been rendered harmless.3. Edward Jenner induced protection against smallpox by vaccination of human subjects withmaterial from the lesions of cowpox.4. Phagocytes.5. Non-specific immune response and specific immune response. For the first type, the immuneresponse evoked is not directed solely against one particular organism and it is usually as effective on the first contact with a micro-organism as on any subsequent occasion. For the second type, it is against a particular foreign substance.6. Since each lymphocyte displays a single kind of structurally unique receptor, the repertoire ofantigen receptors in the entire population of lymphocytes is very large and extremely diverse.The size and diversity of this repertoire increase the probability that an individual lymphocyte will encounter an antigen that binds to its receptor, thereby triggering activation and proliferation of the cell. This process is called clonal selection.7. Containing the infection until the lymphocytes can begin to deal with it has long beenconsidered the main function of innate immunity. Because the effector mechanisms of innate immunity, which include antimicrobial peptides, phagocytes, and the alternative complement pathway, are activated immediately after infection and rapidly control the replication of the infecting pathogen.Part II Term Explanation1. antigen: a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of anantibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs.2. antibody: a protein substance produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen,such as a bacterium or a toxin. Antibodies destroy or weaken bacteria and neutralize organic poisons, thus forming the basis of immunity.3. chicken pox: an acute contagious disease, primarily of children, that is caused by thevaricella-zoster virus and characterized by skin eruptions, slight fever, and malaise. Also called varicella.4. effector: a muscle, a gland, or an organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerveimpulse5. protozoan: any of a large group of single-celled, usually microscopic, eukaryotic organisms,such as amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans6. host: the animal or plant on which or in which another organism lives7. culture: the growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a speciallyprepared nutrient medium8. phagocyte: a cell, such as a white blood cell, that engulfs and absorbs waste material, harmfulmicroorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues9. placenta: a membranous vascular organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy,lining the uterine wall and partially enveloping the fetus, to which it is attached by the umbilical cord. Following birth, the placenta is expelled.10. complement: biochemistry A complex system of proteins found in normal blood serum thatcombines with antibodies to destroy pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells. Also called alexin11. pathogen: an agent that causes disease, especially a living microorganism such as a bacteriumor fungus12. proliferation: to grow or multiply by rapidly producing new tissue, parts, cells, or offspring13. serotherapy: treatment of disease by administration of a serum obtained from an immunizedanimalPart III Translation1．mucous membrane2．foreign proteins3．innate or non-specific immune responses4．an infectious disease5．acquired immunity6．B cell antigen receptors7．clonal selection8. the alternative complement pathway9. antimicrobial peptides10. antigen-binding site11. inactivate the causative bacteria12. primitive species13. repertoire of antigen receptors14. triggering activation and proliferation of lymphocytesPart IV Translation＆Summary WritingWith the development of modern immunology, it has been proved that in the higher animals and human there is a complex set of immune system. The immune system is composed of immune organs, immune cells and immune molecules. The thymus is the organ of the T-cell development and differentiation. Spleen and lymph nodes of the body are the peripheral immune organs, and the places for settlement of mature T and B cells, and also for immune response. In medicine, the immunity is a physiological reaction when an organism contacts with the antigenic foreign substances. After antigenic foreign substances get into the organism, they stimulate activation,differentiation and the effect of immune cells, and this process is called immune response. The effects of the immune response are mainly B cell-mediated humoral immunity and T cell-mediated immunity.Non-specific immunity, also known as innate immunity, is a series of defense mechanisms of organisms gradually formed in phylogenetic and evolutionary processes in a long term.Specific immunity, known as adaptive immunity, is produced after the organism is stimulated by antigenic foreign substances in the process of life or is passively acquired after the organism accepts immunoglobulin molecules.VII. Translation of the TextText A现代性担忧，新技术和医疗卫生—基斯·J·皮特里近年来，对现代化生活和健康之间的关系，公众的观念发生了持续而深刻的变化。