2018年全国硕士研究生统一入学考试
考研真题【2018考研数学(一)真题+答案解析】2018年考研数学一真题及答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷及答案解析一、选择题：1~8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的（1）下列函数中，在0x =处不可导的是（）(A)()sin f x x x =(B)()f x x =(C)()cos f x x =(D)()f x =【答案】（D）【解析】根据导数的定义：（A）sin limlim0,x x x x x x x x→→== 可导；（B）0,x x →→==可导；（C）1cos 12limlim0,x x xx xx→→--==可导；（D）000122lim lim,x x x xx x→→→-==极限不存在，故选D。
（2）过点()()1,0,0,0,1,0，且与曲面22z x y =+相切的平面为（）(A)01z x y z =+-=与(B)022z x y z =+-=与2(C)1x y x y z =+-=与(D)22x y x y z =+-=与2【答案】（B）【解析】()()221,0,0,0,1,0=0z z x y =+过的已知曲面的切平面只有两个，显然与曲面相切，排除C 、D22z x y =+曲面的法向量为(2x,2y,-1),111(1,1,1),,22x y z x y +-=-==对于A选项,的法向量为可得221.z x y x y z z A B =++-=代入和中不相等，排除，故选（3）()()23121!nn n n ∞=+-=+∑（）(A)sin1cos1+(B)2sin1cos1+(C)2sin12cos1+(D)2sin13cos1+【答案】（B）【解析】00023212(1)(1)(1)(21)!(21)!(21)!nn nn n n n n n n n ∞∞∞===++-=-+-+++∑∑∑0012=(1)(1)cos 2sin1(2)!(21)!nn n n l n n ∞∞==-+-=++∑∑故选B.（4）设()(2222222211,,1,1x x xM dx N dx K dx x e ππππππ---++===++⎰⎰⎰则（）(A)M N K >>(B)M K N >>(C)K M N >>(D)K N M>>【答案】（C）【解析】22222222222(1)122=(1).111x x x x M dx dx dx x x x πππππππ---+++==+=+++⎰⎰⎰22222111(0)11xx xxx e x N dx dx Meeπππππ--+++<≠⇒<⇒=<=<⎰⎰2222=11K dx dx M πππππ--+>==⎰⎰（,K M N >>故应选C 。
2018考研数学(三)真题
代入已知条件
f x dx 0, 得
0
1
2 1 1 f 1 1 0 f f x x dx 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 f x 1 1 1 x f f x dx 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 f f x dx 2 2 0 2 2 1 f 1 1 f x dx, 0 2 2 2
1 1 0 （5） 下列矩阵中， 与矩阵 0 1 1 相似的为 0 0 1 1 1 1 (A) 0 1 1 . 0 0 1 1 0 1 (B) 0 1 1 . 0 0 1
【
】
1 1 1 (C) 0 1 0 . 0 0 1
x
lim
0 x
x
2 x
2
0,
f 0 lim
x 0
cos x 1 lim x 0 x
x
2 x
2
1 , 2
f 0 lim
x 0
cos x 1 lim x 0 x
x 2 x
2
lim
1 ，Y 服从参数为 的泊松 2
设总体 X 的概率密度为 f x;
1 e , 其中 0, 为未知参数， X1 , X 2 X n 为来自总体 2
x
X 的简单随机样本，记 的最大似然估计量为 .
（Ι ）求 ； （Ⅱ）求 E 和 D .
1 , 则 P AC A B 2
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）答案及解析参考答案：1-5：CADBD6-10：BCDBA11-15：BBACD16-20：ACBAC21-25：DCADB26-30：DABCA31-35：BCDDB36-40：BAACD41-45：EGABD46. 参考译文：在他出生之前，欧洲正在经历宗教戏剧的衰退，古典悲剧和喜剧催生了新的戏剧形式。
47. 参考译文：任何一个上过文法学校的男孩都知道戏剧是一种文学形式。
文学曾经给希腊和罗马带来荣耀，或许还可以给英格兰带来荣耀。
48.参考译文：但是，专业公司的永久剧场生意蒸蒸日上，怀揣文学野心的大学生也很快投靠到这些剧院，以写剧为生。
49. 参考译文：本土的文学戏剧就此诞生，并与大众剧院结缘，少说也引生了一些了不起的传统。
50.参考译文：要想认识当时戏剧活动的盛况，我们还需意识到大批剧本已然遗失，而且也许没有哪位知名剧作家的作品全然遗留至今。
51. 参考作文：Dear professors,I wonder if there is the possibility for you to come to my graduation at our university’s gymnasium at 7:00 pm next Saturday night.It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. During the experiment, it is your generous help and constant encouragement that contributes to the success of the experiment. As I have been elected as the students’ representative, I will deliver a speech at the ceremony. I do wish you to be there to witness my growth and allow me to express my sincerest gratitude to you in person.I would like you to attend, so please let me know your decision.Yours faithfully,Li Ming 52. 参考作文：As is vividly depicted in the picture, sitting in front of a computer is a university student pondering over which kind of course he should choose: the courses creative, informative and difficult to pass or the easy and less-work-amount ones.The implication underlying this picture is rather thought-provoking: his confusion in fact mirrors hundreds of thousands of students’dilemmas. Nowadays, many students in universities or colleges are not sure of what they want and where they will go in the future. As a result, they easily become anxious and helpless when choices confront them.What should we do? In my opinion, the most important thing is having a goal. It is crucial for us college students to understand what we actually want and what kind of men we want to be. And then follow your heart. If you have the ambition to be an expert in some fields, you will naturally choose the courses that are creative, informative and progressive rather than courses oriented to students who want just to dip into it for fun or credit. Otherwise, if your focus is on honing your work skills or just feeding yourselves early and supporting your family, you can just choose whichever subject you would like to successfully graduate and then hunt for jobs or establish your own career.解析：1.【答案】[C] for【解析】考察介词的用法。
2018年408统考真题及答案(含综合题解析)
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试计算机科学与技术学科联考计算机学科专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题（第1～40小题，每小题2分，共80分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项最符合试题要求）1.若栈S1中保存整数，栈S2中保存运算符，函数F()依次执行下述各步操作：（1）从S1中依次弹出两个操作数a和b；（2）从S2中弹出一个运算符op；（3）执行相应的运算b op a；（4）将运算结果压入S1中。
假定S1中的操作数依次是5,8,3,2（2在栈顶），S2中的运算符依次是*,-,+（+在栈顶）。
调用3次F()后，S1栈顶保存的值是。
A.-15B.15C.-20D.202.现有队列Q与栈S，初始时Q中的元素依次是1,2,3,4,5,6（1在队头），S为空。
若仅允许下列3种操作：①出队并输出出队元素；②出队并将出队元素入栈；③出栈并输出出栈元素，则不能得到的输出序列是。
A.1,2,5,6,4,3B.2,3,4,5,6,1C.3,4,5,6,1,2D.6,5,4,3,2,13.设有一个12×12的对称矩阵M，将其上三角部分的元素m i,j（1≤i≤j≤12）按行优先存入C语言的一维数组N中，元素m6,6在N中的下标是。
A.50B.51C.55D.664.设一棵非空完全二叉树T的所有叶结点均位于同一层，且每个非叶结点都有2个子结点。
若T有k个叶结点，则T的结点总数是。
A.2k-1B.2kC.k2D.2k-15.已知字符集{a,b,c,d,e,f}，若各字符出现的次数分别为6,3,8,2,10,4，则对应字符集中各字符的哈夫曼编码可能是。
A.00,1011,01,1010,11,100B.00,100,110,000,0010,01C.10,1011,11,0011,00,010D.0011,10,11,0010,01,0006.已知二叉排序树如下图所示，元素之间应满足的大小关系是。
A.x1<x2<x5B.x1<x4<x5C.x3<x5<x4D.x4<x3<x57.下列选项中，不是如下有向图的拓扑序列的是。
2018年考研数学三真题及答案解析(完整版)
(C) f x cos x
(D) f x cos x
【答案】（D）
【解析】根据导数的定义：
x sin x
x
lim
lim
x 0,可导；
（A） x0 x
x0 x
x sin x
x
lim
lim
x 0,可导；
（B） x0
x
x0 x
cos lim
x
1
lim
1 2
t 0
t 0
2= lim (1 bt)et 1 lim et 1 lim btet 1 b,
t 0
t
t t 0
t t 0
从而b 1.
综上，a 1,b 1.
(16)(本题满分 10 分)
设平面区域D由曲线y 3 1 x2 与直线y 3x及y轴围成, 计算二重积分 x2dxdy.
2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（三）试题及答案解析
一、选择题:1 8 小题,每小题 4 分,共 32 分.下列每题给出的四个选项中,只有一个选项符合题目要求的.
(1) 下列函数中，在 x 0 处不可导的是（ ）
(A) f x x sin x
(B) f x x sin x
x
x
x 0时，可得f (x) 2xf (x) f (x) 2xf (x) 0.
由公式得：f (x) Ce(2x)dx =Cex2 , f (0) 2 C 2. 故f (x)=2ex2 f (1) 2e.
(13) 设A为3阶矩阵, a1, a2, a3是线性无关的向量组,若Aa1 a1 a2, Aa2 a2 a3, Aa3 a1 a3,
2018年考研英语一真题及答案解析
2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering —have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but iteventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for ourjobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start byacknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave asa big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-i nterested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finallyagreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à43. à F à44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extra ordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius totriumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
2018年考研英语二真题与答案
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, aco-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to ___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking aboutlong-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C.regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14.A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype ... tha t it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less –misses an important point: That’s not the o nly thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas –still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world:They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels –especially coal –as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does –or doesn’t d o – to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their serv ices are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them – and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re s elling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body…[ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he arg ues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—— do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if w e got stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship goingThat's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a unique complimentG.skip the small talkSection Ⅲ TranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks“astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his reading material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二真题及标准答案
(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)
一、单项选择题
选择题：1?8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项 符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上.
(总题数：8，分数：32.00)
1. （分数：4.00）
A.a=1/2，b=-1
(1) 求f(x1,x2,x3) = 0 的解
(2) 求f(x1,x2,x3) 的规范型（分数：11.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(
）
解析：
12.曲线 对应点处的曲率为__________。（分数：4.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：
2/3
）
解析：
13.设函数z = z(x，y)由方程l __________。
（分数：4.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：
1/4
）
正确答案：(
)
解析：
19.将长为2m的铁丝分成三段，依次围城圆、正方形与正三角形，三个图形的面积之和是否存 在最小值？若存在，求出最小值。
（分数：10.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2
）
解析：
三、解答题
解答题：15—23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)真题及解析
2018年硕士研究生入学考试数学一 试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上.（1） 下列函数不可导的是：()()()()sin sin cos cosA y x xB y xC y xD y====（2）22过点（1，0，0）与（0，1，0）且与z=x 相切的平面方程为y + ()()()()0与10与222与x+y-z=1与222A zx y z B z x y z C y x D yx c y z =+-==+-===+-=（3）023(1)(2n 1)!nn n ∞=+-=+∑()()()()sin 1cos 12sin 1cos 1sin 1cos 13sin 12cos 1A B C D ++++（4）22222222(1x)1xN= K=(11xM dx dx x e ππππππ---++=++⎰⎰⎰），则M,N,K的大小关系为()()()()A M N K B M K N C K M N D NM K>>>>>>>>（5）下列矩阵中，与矩阵110011001⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭相似的为______. A.111011001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ B.101011001-⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭ C.111010001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ D.101010001-⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭（6）.设A ，B 为n 阶矩阵，记()r X 为矩阵X 的秩，（X Y ） 表示分块矩阵，则A.()()r A AB r A =B.()()r A BA r A =C.()max{(),()}r A B r A r B =D.()()TT r A B r A B =（7）设()f x 为某分部的概率密度函数，(1)(1)f x f x +=-，20()d 0.6f x x =⎰，则{0}p X = .A. 0.2B. 0.3C. 0.4D. 0.6 （8）给定总体2(,)XN μσ，2σ已知，给定样本12,,,n X X X ，对总体均值μ进行检验，令0010:,:H H μμμμ=≠，则A . 若显著性水平0.05α=时拒绝0H ，则0.01α=时也拒绝0H . B. 若显著性水平0.05α=时接受0H ，则0.01α=时拒绝0H . C. 若显著性水平0.05α=时拒绝0H ，则0.01α=时接受0H . D. 若显著性水平0.05α=时接受0H ，则0.01α=时也接受0H .二、填空题：9-14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.（9）1sin 01tan lim ,1tan kxx x e x →-⎛⎫= ⎪+⎝⎭则k =（10）()y f x =的图像过（0,0），且与x y a =相切与（1,2），求1'()xf x dx =⎰（11）(,,),(1,1,0)F x y z xy yz xzk rot F εη=-+=求（12）曲线S 由22210x y z x y z ++=++=与相交而成，求xydS =⎰ （13）二阶矩阵A 有两个不同特征值，12,αα是A 的线性无关的特征向量，21212()(),=A A αααα+=+则（14）A,B 独立，A,C 独立，11,()()(),()24BC P A P B P AC ABC P C φ≠===，则=三、解答题：15—23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.（15）.求不定积分2x e ⎰（16）.一根绳长2m ，截成三段，分别折成圆、三角形、正方形，这三段分别为多长是所得的面积总和最小，并求该最小值。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学考试数学二真题及答案
2
2
（C）当 f (x) 0 时， f (1) 0 （D）当 f (x) 0时， f (1) 0
2
2
【答案】（ D ）
【解析一】有高于一阶导数的信息时，优先考虑“泰勒展开”。从选项中判断，展开点为 x0
1 2
。
将函数
f
( x) 在
x0
1
处展开，有
2
f (x) f (1) f (1)(x 1) f ( ) (x 1)2 ，其中 1 x 。
1
ex ax2 bx1
ex ax2 bx1
x2
elim x0
ex
ax2 bx1 x2
，
x0
因此，
lim
ex
ax2
bx
1
0
lim
x
1 2
x2
ax2
bx
(x2 )
0
x0
x2
x0
x2
lim
x0
(1 2
a)x2
(1 x2
b)x
(x2)
0
1 2
a
0,1
b
0
或用“洛必达”： lim x0
ex
ax2 x2
x b 1, x 0
则 F(1) 1 a, F(0) 1 b, F(1 0) 2, F(0 0) 1,
因为函数连续，所以极限值等于函数值，即1 a 2,1 b 1 a 3,b 2 ，
故选 （D）.
4.
设函数
f
(
x)
在
[0,1]
上二阶可导。且
1
0
f
( x)dx
0 ，则
（）
（A）当 f (x) 0 时， f (1) 0 （B）当 f (x) 0 时， f (1) 0
(完整版)2018考研英语(一)真题答案及解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解本套真题答案由海文机构提供目前仅供参考，标准答案在官方公布后会为您更新Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
it’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things (信任是一个必要条件_____许多重要事情) 此处应该是说，信任对许多重要事情来说是一个必要条件。
B选项for(对...来说)符合语义，故为正确答案;A选项from(来自于)，C选项like(像...)，D选项on(关于)语义不恰当，故排除。
2、【答案】[C] faith【解析】此处考察词义辨析和中心一致性原则。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business (信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition ___ for ___ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在错误的地方往往会带来巨大...)，显然这句话依旧在解释主题词“trust”，只有C选项faith(信任、忠诚)与trust属于近义词复现，故正确答案为[C] faith。
3、【答案】[B] price【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
第一段首句提出主题句：trust is a tricky business(信任是一个奇怪的东西)。
后面进一步对该主题句进行解释说明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任对许多重要事情来说是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友谊等)，这句话在说信任的好处。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)参考答案
【答案来了】2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题参考答案Happy一.完型1.C(for)2.A(faith)3.D(price)4.B(Then)5.D(When)6.B(prod uces)7. C(connect)8.D(to)9. B(mood) 10.A(counterparts) 11. A(Lucky) 12.B(protect) 13.B(between) 14. A(introduced) 15.C(inside) 16. A(discovered) 17. C(fooled) 18. B(willing) 19. A(In contrast) 20.C(unreliable)二.阅读21.D (Middle-class workers)22.C (Issues arising from automation need to be tackled)23.A (creative potential)24.D (preventing the income gap from widening)25.B (possible solutions to it)26.D (social media as a reliable source of news)27.A (sharpen)28.B (verify news by referring to diverse sources)29.C (readers' misinterpretation) 30.A (A Rise in Critical Skillsfor Sharing News Online ) 31.B (It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.) 32.C (necessary adjustments.) 33.D (the valueof data comes from the processing of it)34.D (the monopoly of big data by tech giants.)35.B ( cautious. )36.B (its rigid management.) 37.A (the interference from interest groups.) 38.A (removing its burden of retiree health care.) 39.C (discontent.) 40.D (The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese)41.E(The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands······) 42.G(The history of the EEOB began long······) 43.A(In December of 1869······) 44.B(Completed in 1875, the State Department's······ ) 45.D(Many of the most celebrated national figures······)三.翻译46.到他诞生之时，欧洲正经历宗教戏剧的过时，在古典悲剧和戏剧的刺激下催生了新的戏剧形式。
(完整版)2018考研英语(一)真题答案及解析.doc
2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解本套真题答案由海文机构提供目前仅供参考，标准答案在官方公布后会为您更新Section I Use of English1、【答案】 [B] for【解析】此考察介的用法。
it ’s a necessary condition ____ many worthwhile things 信(任是一个必要条件_____多重要事情) 此是，信任多重要事情来是一个必要条件。
B for( ...来 )符合，故正确答案 ;A from( 来自于 )， C like( 像 ...)， D on(关于 )不恰当，故排除。
2、【答案】 [C] faith【解析】此考察辨析和中心一致性原。
第一段首句提出主句：trust is a tricky business ( 信任是一个奇怪的西 )。
后面一步主句行解明：On the one hand, it ’as necessary condition ___ for ___ manyworthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. (一方面，信任多重要事情来是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友等)，句在信任的好。
On the other hand, putting your ___ in the wrong place often carries a high ____. (另一方面，把...放在的地方往往会来巨大 ...)，然句依旧在解主“trust，”只有 C faith( 信任、忠 )与 trust 属于近复，故正确答案 [C] faith 。
3、【答案】 [B] price【解析】此考察辨析。
第一段首句提出主句：trust is a tricky business( 信任是一个奇怪的西)。
后面一步主句行解明：On the one hand, it’s a necessary condition __ for __ many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. ( 一方面，信任多重要事情来是必要条件，比如照看孩子，友等)，句在信任的好。
2018年考研数学一(试题+答案详解)
（D） y cos x
（2）过点 (1, 0, 0) 与 (0,1, 0) 且与 z x2 y2 相切的平面方程为（ ）
（A） z 0 与 x y z 1 （B） z 0 与 2x 2y z 2
（C） y x 与 x y z 1 （D） y x 与 2x 2y z 2
1 0 1
（B）
0
1
1
0 0 1
1 1 1
（C）
0
1
0
0 0 1
（D） N M K
1 0 1
（D）
0
1
0
0 0 1
（6）设 A ， B 为 n 阶矩阵，记 r( X ) 为矩阵 X 的秩， X Y 表示分块矩阵，则（ ）
（12）曲线 s 由 x2 y2 z2 1________。 s
（13）二阶矩阵 A 有两个不同特征值，1,2 是 A 的线性无关特征向量， A2 (1 2 ) 1 2 ， 则 A ______。
1 2 a
1 a 2
（21）（本题满分 10 分） a 是常数，且矩阵 A 1 3
0
可经过初等变换化为矩阵
B
0
1 1
2 7 a
1 1 1
（I）求 a
（II）求满足 AP B 的可逆矩阵 P
（22）（本题满分 10 分）随机变量 X ,Y 相互独立， P(X 1) y1 ， P(X 1) y2 ，Y 服从 的泊松分
（B）若显著性水平 0.05时接受 H0 ，则 0.01时拒绝 H0
2018年数学三考研真题及解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题解析一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. 1. 下列函数中，在0x =错误!未找到引用源。
处不可导的是（ ）。
A. ()sin()f x x x =B. ()f x x =C. ()cos()f x x =D. ()f x =【答案】D 【解析】 A 可导：()()()()-0000sin sin sin sin 0lim lim 0,0lim lim 0x x x x x x x x x x x xf f x x x x--+++→→→→⋅⋅''====== B 可导：()()-0000sin 0lim lim 0,0lim lim 0x x x x x x f f x x--+++→→→→-⋅⋅''======C 可导：()()22-000011cos -1cos -1220lim lim 0,0lim lim 0x x x x x x x x f f x x x x--+++→→→→--''====== D 不可导：()()()()()-000-11-11220lim lim ,0lim lim -2200x x x x x x f f x x f f --+++→→→→+--''======''≠2 .已知函数()f x 在[]0,1上二阶可导，且()10,=⎰f x dx 则A.当()0'<f x 时，102⎛⎫<⎪⎝⎭f B. 当()0''<f x 时，102⎛⎫< ⎪⎝⎭f C. 当()0'>f x 时，102⎛⎫< ⎪⎝⎭f D. 当()0''>f x 时，102⎛⎫< ⎪⎝⎭f 【答案】D 【解析】A 错误：()()()11000,10111,2,022f x f x dx dx f x x f x ⎛⎫'===-< ⎪⎛⎫=-+-+= ⎝⎝⎭⎪⎭⎰⎰B 错误：()()()100212111111,033243120,20,f x dx dx f x x f f x x ⎛⎫''==⎛⎫=-+-+=-+=-< ⎪⎝⎭=> ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰C 错误：()()()1100111,0220,10,2f x d f x x x f x dx f x ⎛⎫=-⎛⎫'-===> ⎪⎝⎭= ⎪⎝⎭⎰⎰D 正确：方法1：由()0f x ''>可知函数是凸函数，故由凸函数图像性质即可得出102f ⎛⎫< ⎪⎝⎭方法2：21112200011111()()()()()(),22222111111()()()()()()()()()02222221()0,()0.2f x f f x f x x f x dx f f x f x dx f f x dx f x f ξξξξ'''=+-+-'''''=+-+-=+-=''><⎰⎰⎰介于和之间,又故 3.设()(2222222211,,1,1ππππππ---++===++⎰⎰⎰x x xM dx N dx K dx x e 则 A.>>M N K B.>>M K NC.>>K M ND.>>K N M 【答案】C 【解析】222222(1)11-,11,22()1,(0)0,()10,()0;,0()0221-,()01N<M,C22x xx xM dx dx x x K Mf x x e f f x e x f x x f x x x f x e ππππππππππ--=+=+⎡⎤∈≥>⎢⎥⎣⎦'=+-==-⎡⎤⎡⎤''∈<∈->⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦+⎡⎤∈≤≤⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰⎰时，所以令当时，当时，所以时，有，从可有，由比较定理得故选4. 设某产品的成本函数()C Q 可导，其中Q 为产量，若产量为0Q 时平均成本最小，则( ) A. ()00C Q '= B.()()00C Q C Q '= C.()()000C Q Q C Q '= D. ()()000Q C Q C Q '= 【答案】D【解析】根据平均成本()C Q C Q=，根据若产量为0Q 时平均成本最小，则有 ()()()()()()()0000000220Q Q Q QC Q Q C Q C Q Q C Q C C Q Q C Q Q Q ==''--''===⇒=5.下列矩阵中，与矩阵110011001⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭相似的为 A. 111011001-⎛⎫⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ B.101011001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ C. 111010001-⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎝⎭D.101010001-⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭【答案】A【解析】方法一：排除法令110011001Q ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，特征值为1,1,1，()2r E Q -= 选项A ：令111011001A -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，A 的特征值为1,1,1，()0110012000r E A r -⎡⎤⎢⎥-=-=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ 选项B ：令101011001B -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，B 的特征值为1,1,1，()0010011000r E B r ⎡⎤⎢⎥-=-=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ 选项C ：令111010001C -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，C 的特征值为1,1,1，()0110001000r E C r -⎡⎤⎢⎥-==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦选项B ：令101010001D -⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，D 的特征值为1,1,1，()0010001000r E D r ⎡⎤⎢⎥-==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦若矩阵Q 与J 相似，则矩阵E Q -与E J -相似，从而()()r E Q r E J -=-，故选（A ）方法二：构造法（利用初等矩阵的性质）令110010001P ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦，1110010001P --⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦1110111011011001001P P --⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦ ，所以110111011011001001-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦与相似故选（A ）6.设,A B 为n 阶矩阵，记()r X 为矩阵X 的秩，(,)X Y 表示分块矩阵，则 A.()().r A AB r A = B.()().r A BA r A = C.()max{()()}.r A B r A r B =， D.()().T T r A B r A B = 【答案】（A ）【解析】(,)(,)[(,)]()r E B n r A AB r A E B r A =⇒== 故选（A ）7.设()f x 为某分布的概率密度函数，(1)(1)f x f x +=-，()200.6f x dx =⎰，则{0}P X <=A.0.2 B.0.3 C.0.4 D.0.6 【答案】A【解析】特殊值法：由已知可将()f x 看成随机变量()21,X N σ的概率密度，根据正态分布的对称性，()00.2P X <= 8.已知12,,,n X X X 为来自总体2~(,)X N μσ的简单随即样本，11ni i X X n ==∑，*S S ==A.()~()X t n S μ- B.()~(1)X t n S μ--C.*)~()X t n Sμ-D. *)~(1)X t n Sμ-- 【答案】B 【解析】2,XN n σμ⎛⎫⎪⎝⎭()()()22211,0,1n SX N n χσ--， 又2X S 与相互独立，所以)()1X t n Sμ--，故选项B 正确，而A 错.()()()*22210,1,n S X Nn μχσσ--，2X S *与相互独立 ()n X t n μ-，故选项C ，D 错。
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力(199)真题及答案
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 管理类联考综合能力（199）真题及答案一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分，下列每题给出的A 、C 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
1.学科竞赛设一、二、三等奖，比例1：3：8获奖率30%，已知10人已获一等奖，则参赛人数（ ）A.300B.400C.500D.550E.600 2.为了解某公司员工年龄结构，按男女人数比例进行随机抽样，结果如下： 男员工年龄（岁）23 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 41 女员工年龄（岁） 23 25 27 27 29 31据表中数据统计，该公司男员工的平均年龄与全体员工平均年龄分别是（ ）A.32，30B.32，29.5C.32，27D.30，27E.29.5，27 3.某单位分段收费收网站流量（单位：GB ）费：每日20（含）GB 以内免，20到30（含）每GB 收1元，30到40（含）每GB 3元，40以上每GB 5元，小王本月用45GB 该交费（ ）A.45B.65C.75D.85E.1354.圆O 是△ABC 内切圆△ABC 面积与周长比1:2，则图O 面积（ ）A.πB.2πC.3πD.4πE.5π 5.实数满足， 则（ ）,a b ||2a b -=22a b +=A.30B.22C.15D.13E.106.6张不同卡片两张一组分别装入甲乙丙3个袋中，指定两张要在同一组，不同装法有（ ）种，A.12B.18C.24D.30E.367.四边形A 、B 、C 、D 是平行四边形，是四边的中点是四边中点依次下去，得到四边形序列 设面积为且则（ ）A.16B.20C.24D.28E.308.甲乙比赛围棋，约定先胜2局者胜，已知每局甲胜概率0.6，乙为0.4，若第一局乙胜，则甲赢得比赛概率为（ ）A.0.144B.0.288C.0.36D.0.4E.0.69.圆，若圆在点（1，2）处的切线与轴及点为（0.3）则=（ ）A.-2B.-1C.0D.1E.210.96顾客至少购甲、乙、丙3种商品中一种，经调查同时购甲、乙两种的有8位，同时购甲丙的有12位，同购乙、丙的有6位，同购3种的有2位，则仅购一种的有（ ）A.70位B.72C.74D.76E.8211.函数22()max{,8}f x x x =-+的最小值为（ ） 2222A B C D 1111A B C D 3333A B C D 2222A B C D (123)n n n n A B C D n =、、…n n n n A B C D n S 112S =123S S S +++…=22:()C x y a b +-=C yabA.8B.7C.6D.5E.4 12.某单位为检查3个印前工作，由这3个部门主任和外聘3名人员组成检查组，每组1名外聘，规定本部门主任不能检查本部门，则不同的安排方式有（ ）A.6种B.8种C.12种D.18种E.36种13.从标号1到10中的10张卡片中随抽2张，而它们的标号2种能被5整除的概率（ ）A. B. C. D. E. 14.圆柱体底面半径2，高3，垂直于底面的平面截圆柱体所得截面为矩形，若弦所对圆心角是，则截去部分（较小那部分）体积（ ）A.B. C.332π- D.233π- E.15.羽毛球队4名男运动员3女足动员，从中选出2对参加混双比赛，不同选派方式（ ）A.19B.18C.24D.36E.72二、条件充分性判断：第16~25小题，每小题3分，共30分。
【考研】2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版
2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3.4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic c ontainer. The tester would ask, “What’s in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them.Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] attention [D] interest3. [A] benefit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] Instead [D] Again5. [A]Until [B] Unless [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B] produces [C] applies [D] maintains7. [A] consult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]to9. [A] context [B] mood [C] period [D] circle10.[A] counterparts [B] substitutes [C] colleagues [D]supporters11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky [C] Odd [D] Ironic12.[A] monitor [B] protect [C] surprise [D] delight13.[A] between [B] within [C] toward [D] over14.[A] transferred [B] added [C] introduced [D] entrusted15.[A] out [B] back [C] around [D] inside16.[A] discovered [B] proved [C] insisted [D] .remembered17.[A] betrayed [B]wronged [C] fooled [D] mocked18.[A] forced [B] willing [C] hesitant [D] entitled19.[A] In contrast [B] As a result [C] On the whole [D] For instance20.[A] inflexible [B] incapable [C] unreliable [D] unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the surv ey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills –and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpreta tion[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in thiscase and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoida future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Text 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo theydepend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved---Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A]. its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[C] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A]. the interference from interest groups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[C] .the shrinking demand for postal service.[D] .the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D]. attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] .The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] .The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] .The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] .The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the architectural heritage of the United States. Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B.Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the country.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.41. à Cà42. à 43. à F à 44 à 45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actorswas threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul’s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.(48)but the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：Write an email to all international experts on campus inviting them to attend the graduation ceremony. In your email you should include time, place and other relevant information about the ceremony.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSEWER SHEETDo not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] for【解析】此处考察介词的用法。
2018年考研数学一真题及解析
Z 0 或者 2 X 2Y Z 2 。
因此选择（B）
3、 (1)n
2n 3
（
n0
(2n 1)!
）
（A） sin1 cos1 （C） 3sin1 cos1
【答案】：（B）
（B） 2 sin1 cos1 （D） 3sin1 2 cos1
【分析】 (1)n
2n 3
(1)n 2n 1 2
（C） f (x) cos | x |
（D） f (x) cos | x |
【答案】：（D） 【分析】因为
对选项（A）， lim f (x) f (0) lim | x | sin | x | lim | x | 2 lim x 2 lim x 0 f (0)
x0
x
x0
x
x0 x
x x0
1 x ex
dx
，因为 ex
1
x
1 x
，所以
ex
1 ，故
N
M
对于 K
2
(1
cos x )dx ，因为1
cos x 1 ，故 K M
2
因此 K M N
因此选择（C）
1 1 0
5、下列矩阵中，与矩阵
0 0
1 0
1 1
相似的为（
）
2
长理资料群：五，八，6 8，8，六，7，7，五
1 1 1
2x( X x) 2 y(Y y) (Z z) 0 ，因为平面过点 (1, 0, 0) 与 (0,1, 0) ，故法向量与向量
{1, 1, 0} 垂直，因此有 2x 2 y 0 ，即 y x …………………………………………①
将 y x 带入 z x2 y2 中，有 z 2x2 …………………………………………………②
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2018年全国硕士研究生统一入学考试
动物免疫学科目考试大纲
一、考查目标
动物免疫学是动物医学、动物科学、水产养殖等专业的主要基础课程，修学本课程，要求考生比较全面而系统地理解和掌握动物免疫学所包涵的专有名词、理论体系及免疫学实验技术，能够运用所学的概念、基础理论及免疫学实验技术，分析和解决一些理论问题和养殖实际问题。
二、考试形式和试卷结构
1、试卷满分及考试时间
本试卷满分150分，考试时间为180分钟。
2、答题方式
答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
3、试卷题型结构
名词解释，10小题，30分
单项选择题，5小题，15分
填空题，20分
判断题，5小题，15分
问答题，5小题，70分
三、考查范围
（一）绪论
1、免疫、免疫学及动物免疫学的概念
2、免疫的基本特性和基本功能
3、免疫学发展简史的主要特点
4、动物免疫学的应用价值
（二）免疫系统
1、免疫系统的概念及构成
2、动物的主要免疫器官及主要功能
3、动物的主要免疫细胞及其特点
4、动物的主要免疫分子及其特点
（三）抗原
1、抗原的概念及其构成条件
2、抗原表位的概念、大小及数目
3、T细胞表位和B细胞表位的差异及载体效应
4、抗原交叉性及发生原因
5、抗原的分类及一些重要抗原
（四）抗体
1、免疫球蛋白和抗体的概念
2、抗体的分子结构
3、免疫球蛋白的种类及主要特性
4、免疫球蛋白抗原性及其多样性
5、免疫球蛋白超家族成员
6、抗体产生的克隆选择学说
7、抗体的多样性形成机制
8、、多克隆抗体、单克隆抗体及基因工程抗体的概念及其差异
（五）细胞因子
1、细胞因子的概念、种类和来源
2、细胞因子的共同特性
3、细胞因子的主要生物学作用
4、细胞因子的受体
5、细胞因子的调节和相互作用
6、细胞因子的应用
（六）主要组织相容性复合体
1、主要组织相容性复合体的概念
2、MHC I类分子和II类分子结构
3、MHC 分子与抗原肽相互作用的特点
4、T细胞受体与MHC 分子与抗原肽之间相互作用的特点
5、MHC的多态性与抗原递呈的遗传特异性
（七）先天性免疫
1、参与先天性免疫的细胞
2、正常组织和体液中的抗微生物成分
3、炎症反应的免疫作用
（八）免疫应答
1、免疫应答的概念及基本过程
2、外源性抗原与内源性抗原递呈的特点
3、T细胞对抗原识别的特点
4、T细胞活化、增值和分化的特点
5、效应T细胞的生物学作用
6、B细胞对抗原识别的特点
7、B细胞活化、增值和分化的特点
8、体液免疫反应的一般规律
（九）黏膜免疫反应
1、黏膜免疫系统的构成
2、黏膜免疫应答的一般机制
3、分泌型IgA的特性、产生和主要功能
4、黏膜疫苗的特点
（十）变态反应
1、过敏反应发生机制及其相关疾病
2、细胞毒型变态反应发生机制及其相关疾病
3、免疫复合物型变态反应发生机制及其相关疾病
4、迟发型变态反应发生机制及其相关疾病
（十一）免疫应答的调节
1、抗原的调节作用
2、相关免疫细胞的调节作用
3、某些细胞因子、抗体的调节作用
4、某些遗传基因的调节作用
5、神经内分泌系统对免疫系统调节作用
（十二）抗感染免疫
1、抗病毒感染免疫的特点
2、抗细菌感染免疫的特点
3、抗真菌感染免疫的特点
4、抗寄生虫感染免疫的特点
（十三）免疫防治
1、动物机体获得特异性免疫力的方式
2、动物常用疫苗的种类和特点
3、疫苗的使用方式及免疫程序
4、免疫失败的常见原因及应对
（十四）免疫学技术
1、免疫学技术的种类
2、免疫血清学技术的主要类型及一般特点
3、细胞免疫技术的种类和用途
4、免疫制备技术的类型和用途
5、凝集试验的原理及特点
6、沉淀试验的原理及特点
7、标记抗体技术的种类及其主要特点。