5. Steerprop General_总体介绍
欧洲药典ep8.02.6.1无菌检验sterility中英文翻译
2.6.1. STERILITY2.6.1 无菌检查法The test is applied to substances, preparations or articles which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be sterile. However,a satisfactory result only indicates that no contaminating micro-organism has been found in the sample examined in the conditions of the test.本检查方法适用于按照药典要求应当无菌的原料、制剂或其他物质。
但是，如果按照本无菌检查法的结果符合要求，仅表明在该检查条件下未发现微生物污染。
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION微生物污染防范The test for sterility is carried out under aseptic conditions.In order to achieve such conditions, the test environment has to be adapted to the way in which the sterility test is performed. The precautions taken to avoid contamination are such that they do not affect any micro-organisms which are to be revealed in the test. The working conditions in which the tests are performed are monitored regularly by appropriate sampling of the working area and by carrying out appropriate controls.无菌检测试验应在无菌的条件下进行。
Plasmid Premier中文使用说明书
Plasmid Premier 2.02Plasmid Premier是由加拿大的Premier Biosoft公司推出的用于质粒作图的专业软件，主要用于进行质粒作图，质粒特征分析和质粒设计。
其主要界面分为序列编辑窗口（Genetank），质粒作图窗口（Plasmid Design），酶切分析窗口（Restriction Sites）和纹基分析窗口（Motif）。
打开程序就进入以下的序列编辑窗口，可以直接打开Genbank或Vector数据库中已知质粒的序列文件，将序列读入，并将有关于质粒的各种特征，包括编码区，启动子，多克隆位点以及参考文献等信息保存在Header中；也可以直接输入序列进行未知质粒的设计。
在该窗口中显示质粒序列的方式可以有按照正向链，反向链和双链格式显示，并在显示碱基分组上选择3个/组或10个/组，以及用5’ Seq No命令选择在环形质粒中开始编辑的序列5’端位置。
该程序提供的翻译功能是该程序独到的地方，可以实现DNA，RNA和蛋白序列之间的互相翻译，并且提供目前已知的所有密码表来进行翻译，还能够是用户可以对密码表进行编辑，有很高的自由度。
最为重要的是该程序提供了由蛋白向DNA按照IUPAC密码表进行逆向翻译的功能，得到了Translated DNA序列，通过在该序列中寻找序列中简并性低的区段由于进行猜测体探针的设计，这是该程序提供的在质粒作图之外的一个比较有特点的用途。
在序列编辑窗口中可以通过点击按钮进入以下的质粒作图界面在质粒图谱中主要包括质粒的四种特征元素，包括限制性酶切位点，特征序列（纹基，motif），开读框（ORF）和其他质粒特征（feature如编码区）。
其中前三种元素都是直接由程序对序列直接分析获得，也可以由用户再通过analyze 菜单再作进一步分析，而最后一中元素可以由header头信息定义，也可以由用户自由添加。
并切均可获得四种元素的列表。
对于图谱中各种元素，Plasmid Premier提供良好的图象处理支持，可以自由拖拽图中显示的各个元素，改变各个元素的显示，包括各个元素的字体，名称，位置和色彩等，并且通过点击途中的各个元素来获得其在序列上的相应位置，并且可以通过选择按钮选择只显示其中的一种元素，使界面简洁，易于进行编辑处理。
minitab 在质量管理中的英语-培训笔记
1.Pareto图得出关键少数（找出众多问题中的主要问题，优先排钱）2.用因果（鱼骨）图分析主要问题的原因（观点），末端原因应能一眼看出对策（员工未按标准作业执行，不能成为末端原因）3.用散点图（采集数据大于30个）验证因果是否具有相关性4.直方图（采集数据大于30个）显示数据频度分布，拟合的曲线为正态分布曲线分布的均值：衡量数据的准确性标准差：数据的精确性（标准差越小，精确度越好）6倍标准差（包含99.73%的数据）=过程能力（身高差超过6*15.47的可能性很小）5. 单值图，箱线图，时间序列图6.测量系统分析（需增加2张手机拍的图）A．交叉（不破坏）此图只具有参考意义测量值*测量员体现重复性来源标准差(SD) (6 * SD) 异 (%SV) (SV/Toler)合计量具 R&R 0.067596 0.40558 33.56 40.56（两者都小于10%，合格；10%~30%测量关键特性，任意一个大于30%，不合格）重复性 0.032592 0.19555 16.18 19.56再现性 0.059220 0.35532 29.40 35.53（再现性影响更大）测量员 0.028470 0.17082 14.13 17.08测量员*洗衣粉袋 0.051928 0.31157 25.78 31.16部件间 0.189745 1.13847 94.20 113.85合计变异 0.201426 1.20856 100.00 120.86产品过程可区分的类别数 = 3（可区分类别数>10,优秀；大于等于5，不合格；小于5，不及格）（衡量分辨力）综上红色字体，以上测量系统不合格B.嵌套（破坏性）嵌套式与交叉式相比，缺少再现性图过程公差 = 16研究变异 %研究变 %公差来源标准差(SD) (6 * SD) 异 (%SV) (SV/Toler)合计量具 R&R 1.59164 9.5499 42.86 59.69重复性 1.59164 9.5499 42.86 59.69 再现性 0.00000 0.0000 0.00 0.00 部件间 3.35534 20.1321 90.35 125.83 合计变异 3.71371 22.2823 100.00 139.26可区分的类别数 = 2分析同上，测量系统不合格7.测量线性研究偏倚——点线性——计数型测量系统分析评定值的属性一致性分析检验员自身（重复性）评估一致性# 检 # 相检验员验数符数百分比 95 % 置信区间钱 6 3 50.00 (11.81, 88.19)孙 6 4 66.67 (22.28, 95.67)赵 6 6 100.00 (60.70, 100.00)# 相符数: 检验员在多个试验之间，他/她自身标准一致。
5. Steerprop General_总体介绍
Steerprop LTD is the center of azimuth propulsion technology. Steerprop Ltd. produces azimuth propulsors for maritime and offshore industries. Steerprop公司，是以全回转推进器技术为中心，为船舶和海洋工程提供产品。
We provide the customers with outstanding quality and excellent lifetime economy. Steerprop operates on a global basis by providing azimuth main propulsion solutions for the high seas, as well as coastal and inland waters everywhere in the world.Steerprop向顾客提供高品质、寿命长的产品。
以国际化的标准，致力于提供有关远洋全回转推进器相关问题的解决方案。
The mission of Steerprop Ltd. is to equip all eligible vessels with azimuth propulsors and maintain them together with the co‐operation partner networks. According to the company’s vision, Steerprop Ltd. is to become the leading technological expert within the azimuth propulsion industry. Steerprop公司的宗旨，是使所有合适的船只全部装配上全回转推进器并且与他们形成合伙供应商网络。
表型组精密测量术语
表型组精密测量术语表型组精密测量术语是指在研究生物个体表型（即外部可观察的性状或表现）时，使用的精密测量技术和相关术语。
以下是一些常见的表型组精密测量术语：1. 全基因组测序（Whole genome sequencing）：对个体的完整基因组进行测序，包括所有基因和非编码DNA序列的测量。
2. 转录组测序（RNA-Seq）：对个体的基因组中转录的RNA分子进行测序，以了解基因表达的水平和差异。
3. 蛋白质组测序（Proteomics）：对个体中蛋白质的组成、结构和功能进行全面的测量。
4. 代谢组测序（Metabolomics）：对个体中代谢产物（代谢物）的组成和变化进行精密测量，以了解代谢途径和生物化学反应。
5. 表型测量（Phenotyping）：对个体的特定性状进行定量和定性测量，包括外部形态、生理特征、行为特征等。
6. 高通量测量（High-throughput measurement）：使用自动化和高通量技术对大量样本进行快速测量的方法，例如基因芯片、流式细胞术等。
7. 生物图像学（Biological imaging）：使用显微镜、成像仪等设备对个体的形态、结构和功能进行图像化测量。
8. 多样本分析（Multi-sample analysis）：对多个样本进行同时分析和比较，以揭示群体间的差异和关联。
9. 数据挖掘和统计分析（Data mining and statistical analysis）：对测量数据进行处理、分析和解释，寻找关键特征、趋势和关联。
这些术语涵盖了一系列不同的测量技术和分析方法，可以帮助科学家更深入地研究个体表型的多个方面，从而揭示基因型与表型之间的关系和相互作用。
新波特公司 TSP 阶段系列精确线性阶梯说明说明书
WarrantyNewport Corporation warrants its product to be free of defects in material and workman-ship for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of shipment. During the warranty period, Newport will repair or replace (at Newport’s discretion) any component within its product that fails to adhere to published specifications (for standard product) or specifi-cations in the quotation (for custom/special product).For warranty service requiring return of a product to Newport, the item(s) must be re-turned to our Service Center, with all shipping, taxes, or duty charges prepaid unless special arrangements have been approved beforehand by Newport. The location of services performed under warranty will be determined by Newport.If using controller electronics other than Newport’s, the liability of the product rests with the customer if upon performance evaluation of the stage there are no anomalies exhib-ited with Newport’s electronics.Warranty LimitationsThe foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from:ponents and accessories manufactured by companies other than Newport,which causes damage to Newport’s products, nor does Newport’s warranty coverthe cost of the customer’s time and expenses incurred in diagnosing, repairingand handling Newport’s warranty related issues.b.Improper or inadequate maintenance by the buyer not in adherence withNewport’s guidelines.c.Customer-supplied interfacing.d.Operation outside the environmental specifications of the product.e.System malfunctions that are related to or caused by software misuse.f.Improper site preparation and mainenance of unauthorized product modificationor misuse.g.Warranty void if not delivered by an authorized Newport Corp distributor.Newport assumes no liability for customer-supplied material. The obligations ofNewport are limited to repairing or replacing, without charge, equipment whichproves to be defective during the warranty period only. The warranty on partspurchased after the expiration of the original warranty is ninety (90) days. Ourwarranty does not cover damages due to misuse, negligence or accidents, ordamages due to installation, repairs or adjustments not specifically authorizedby Newport Corp.STATEMENT OF CALIBRATIONThis instrument has been inspected and tested in accordance with specifications published by Newport Corp.The accuracy and calibration of this instrument (where applicable) is traceable to the National Institute for Standards and Technology through equipment which is calibrated at planned inter-vals by comparison to the certified standards maintained at Newport Corp.ACCURACY AND REVISIONSThe information in this document has been checked and is believed to be entirely reliable.However, no responsibility is assumed for inaccuracies or inadvertent omissions. Furthermore, Newport Corp. reserves the right to make changes to any product herin to improve reliability, function or design.USE OF THIS MANUALPlease read through this manual carefully before using the equipment provided. It should benoted that if the equipment is used in a manner other than that specified by this manual, per-sonal injury or damage to the equipment may be incurred.SAFETY CONSIDERATIONSHazard Warning LabelsThe hazard warning labels pictured below are affixed to some Newport equipment. In Figure 1 below, is a Pinch Point warning label. This indicates that injury could occur if extremities areplaced between moving components.Figure 1Figure 2Abbildung 2. ElektroshockgefahrFigura 2. Riesgo EléctricoFigue 2. Risque électriqueDisconnect power to motorized equipment under the following circumstances:AchtungDie Stromversorgung motorbetriebener Geräte is in folgenden Situationen zu unterbrechen:· Wenn das Gerät Regen oder übermäßigerFeuchtigkeit ausgesetzt ist,oder wenn Flüssigkeiten in das Gerät geraten sind.· Wenn das Gerät fallengelassen wurde oder das Gehäuse beschädigt ist.· Wenn dasangenommen wird, daß Service - oder Reparaturarbeiten erforderlich sind· Wenn das Gerät gereinigt wird.AdvertenciaDesconecte el equipo motorizado de la alimentación CC bajo las siguientes circunstancias:·Si se expone la unidad alluvia, humedad excesiva o si le cae encim algún líquido.· Si la unidad se ha caído o se ha dañado su alojamiento.· Si se sospecha que requiere mantenimiento o reparción.· Cada vez que se limpie el alojamiento.AttentionDébranchez l'alimentation secteur de l'appareil de pilotage dans les cas suivants:· Si l'équipement a été exposé à la pluie, à une humidité excessive ou à des projections de liquide.· Si l'équipement a subit un dommage durant le transport(chute ou emballage abîmé).· Si vous estimez que l'équipement a besoin d'une réparation.· Chaque fois que vous nettoyez l’équipement.To avoid hazardous situations and to protect the equipment from danger, observe the following recommendations:Do not make any modifications or parts substitutions to the units.Do not touch, directly or with other objects, live circuits inside motorized units.Do not operate the units in an explosive atmosphere.Do not expose the units to excessive moisture (>75% relative humidity).UNPACKING AND INSPECTIONAll Newport products are carefully assembled, tested and inspected before shipment.Upon receiving this product, please check for any obvious signs of physical damagethat might have occurred during shipment. Report any such damage to the shippingagent immediately. Retain the original packaging materials in case reshipmentbecomes necessary.If a Newport product must be returned, the following information is needed for proper shipment back to Newport:a. Unit Model Numberb. Unit Serial Numberc. Reason for return.A Return Material Authorization number (RMA) will be issued, which should be referenced onyour shipping documents. Please fill out the included service form and return it with the unit.Use the proper precautions when shipping the unit. Damage incurred during shipping mayinvalidate your warranty. Please contact our technical support or returns group at 800-222-6440 for more information.SET UPRemoving Shipping Tabs (Figure 3)To prevent damage during shipping, the top plate of the stage has been locked with red anod-ized tabs. Orange warning tags indicate the position of each tab. To remove the tabs, undertake the following steps:e 5mm hex wrench to remove socket head cap screws (M6X1) from each lock tab formetric stages, or 3/16 hex wrench to remove socket head cap screws (1/4-20) fromeach lock tab for english stages.2.Remove the lock tab and warning tag and retain for future relocation.Figure 3Environmental ConsiderationsTemperatureFor optimum performance, the stage should be maintained at a temperature of20o C (68o F +/- 2o F).VibrationThe stage should not be set up within the vicinity of vibration or shock. Outside forces, such as forklifts, compressors and other machinery, can induce unwanted motion in the stages via the floor on which the whole system is resting. Resulting vibrations can lead to measurement errors.Surface Plate FlatnessTo ensure accuracy, the surface plate on which the stage is mounted should be flat to within2.5um (0.0001 inch) over all. Granite is the preferred mounting surface.Fastener KitA fastener kit containing screws, and flat washers, are provided for bolting the stage to a sur-face plate. The kit also contains anti-pinch caps for plugging unused slots.Table 1ScrewM6-1 x 35mm 1/4-20 x 1 3/8inch M6inside diameterWasher MetricEnglishStage InstallationAllow clearance for the 25 pin connector.Bolting the Stage to the Surface Plate1.Clean the surface plate prior to mounting the stage.2.The stage should be attached at all four corners to the surface plate. To allow access tothe counter bores, move the stage alternately to one end-of-travel limit and then to theother. Use fastener kit (A00000xxx) provided. The screws should be torqued to between13-14.7 N-m (115-130 in-lbs).3.After torquing the fasteners, place the supplied anti-pinch caps into the mounting holes.Ensure that the caps do not protrude above the surface of the bottom stage plate. Use of these caps is mandatory to ensure CE compliance.Figure 44.Connect the cable from the stage to the motion contoller using the 25 pin interconnectcable supplied.Initial OperationThe TSP Stage has been adjusted and calibrated at the factory, prior to shipment. Under normal circumstances, no calibrations or adjustments are required after the equipment has been set up.However, it is highly recommended that initial verifications of proper limit switch operation and of proper configuration of the controller are performed.Note: If using a controller other than a Newport controller, the stage may not work properly.Contact Newport technical assistance for modification instructions.Verification of Proper Limit Switch OperationThe cable needs to be connected and the controller under power to perform this test. When the controller is referenced below, refer to the manufacturer’s manual for the controller (and control-ler software, if in use) to find the relevant procedures.1.Disconnect power to the motor via the controller.ing the manual knob, move the stage to the counterclockwise end-of-travel limit.3.Check the status of the limit via the controller.4.If the controller does not indicate arrival at the limit, refer to the Home and LimitSwitches Troubleshooting guide.5.Repeat steps 3 to 5 for the clockwise end-of-travel limit.Verification of Proper Controller ConfigurationBefore using the stage for any application, the controller should be specifically configured and programmed for operation with the TSP stage. Refer to the manufacturer’s manual for the controller to find the relevant procedures. Fine tuning of the controller may also be required. 1.Program the controller so that the first move of the stage is a short distance, low velocitymove. The move should be a distance of less than a quarter of full travel at a velocity of less than 2 mm/sec (.01 in/sec).2.Perform the first move. Use a suitable indicator to check that the stage has travelled therequired distance.3.If the stage has not travelled the required distance, refer to the Stage and ControllerTroubleshooting Guide.Attaching to the StageComponents’ Surface FlatnessThe mating surfaces of components being attached to the stage should be flat to within 2.5um (0.0001 inch) overall.Screw SpecificationsUse an M6X1 or 1/4-20 screw, depending on whether the mounting holes are metric or english to attach other components. The length of the screw protruding into the stage should be no more than 12mm (1/2 inch).TorqueComponents being attached to the stage should be torqued in an alternating pattern. The maximum torque should not exceed 11.3 N-m (100 in-lbs).MomentComponents being attached to the stage should not induce a moment of greater than 22.6 N-m (200 in-lbs).Locations of the connector, end-of-travel (CCW) and (CW), circuit board, home sensor, and ball screw.Connector Circuit Board End Limt(CW)BallscrewHome SensorEnd Limit (CCW)TSP 300 ShownMAINTENANCEThe frequency of required cleaning, lubrication and testing is highly user dependent. Refer to Table 2 below to establish a maintenance schedule for your unit.Table 2LubricationWhen applying lubricant, do not use either a harsh applicator which may scratch or damage the stage surfaces, or a fragile applicator, which may generate particles to contaminate the compo-nent. The recommended lubricant is Lamora® D68 Oil.Figure 91.Inspect the bearing rails for signs of damage or corrosion. Consult Newport’s technicalassistance group if damage or corrosion has occured.e the manual knob to move the stage to one end-of-travel limit.3.Clean the exposed bearing rail v-grooves on both upper and lower rails with Isopropylalcohol and a lint free cloth.4.Apply a light film of Lamora® D68 oil to the exposed v-grooves and to the top of the rail(Figure 9).5.Move the stage to the other end-of-travel limit and repeat steps 2 and 3.6.Run the stage from one end-of-travel limit to the other to distribute the lubricant evenlyalong the rails.Ballscrew LubricationThe recommended lubricant for the ball screw is NBU8 EP grease.Figure 10e a 2 mm hex wrench to remove the flat head cap screws from the drivecover. Remove the drive cover.2.Inspect the ballscrew for signs of damage or wear.3.Clean the ballscrew with a lint free cloth, and isopropyl alcohol. Manually move the stageas required to gain access to all of the ballscrew.4.Apply light file of the lubricant to the exposed part of the ballscrew (Figure 10).5.Manually run the stage from one end-of-travel limit to the other to distribute the lubricantevenly along the ballscrew.6.Wipe off any access lubricant with a lent free cloth.7.Replace the drive cover.DIMENSIONS(SEE CHARTS ON NEXT PAGE)Linear EncodersNon-Contact Encoder.1 um ResolutionTTL Quad AB Output (Differential)4 um Signal PeriodHome (Origin) at negative end of travelSTAGE AND CONTROLLER TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDEprovided. The various problems along with the possible causes and corrective actions required are outlined below.This section may help you to troubleshoot common problems with operating the equipment ProblemStage does not functionStage moves a short distance and stops. Controller reports “Following Error” or other motion error. Stage motion un-steady or jerkyStage travels less than specifications Stage does not meet specificationsTighten connector.Check that cables are correctly connectedand wired.Refer to the manufacturer’s manual for thecontrollerRefer to the manufacturer’s manual for thecontrollerCheck for and remove all obstructionsTighten couplingTighten connectorMotor plus/minus leads reversed and/ortachometer plus/minus leads reversedContact Newport for assistanceLower velocity and/or accelerationCheck for and remove all obstructions. Cleanrails according to the procedures outlined inthis manualTighten connectors. Check cabling andreplace or repair as necessaryContact Newport for assistanceRefer to the manufacturer’s manual for thecontrollerCheck for and remove all obstructionsEnsure that all cables are clear of the movingequipmentIf roller creep is suspected, contact Newportfor assistanceRefer to Setup, Environmental consider-ations in this manualRefer to Setup, Environmental consider-ations in this manualRefer to the specifications in this manual andconsult Newport for assistanceContact Newport for assistanceConsult Newport for recalibration or certifica-tionLoose connector at stageStage incorrectly connected to control-lerController incorrectly programmed.Limits not enabled via softwareController not connected to powersourceObstruction to movementLoose motor couplingLoose connectors at stage or controllerIncorrectly wired cablingStage incorrectly tunedLoad too large for motion profile usedObstrucion or foreign object on bearingrailsLoose connections or faulty cablingStage incorrectly tunedController incorrectly programmedObstruction to motionEntangled cablesRoller creepImproper mountingImproper attachmentStage outside of environmental specifi-cationsStage incorrectly tunedImproper handling and/or transportCause Corrective ActionStage makes un-usual noise Controller reports that both end limits are active Object contacting the manual operationknobLoose coversEntangled cablesStage incorrectly tunedLoose connectorFaulty or miswired cablesController incorrectly programmedRemove objectTighten screwsEnsure that all cables are clear of the mov-ing equipmentContact Newport for assistanceTighten all connectorsCheck cabling and rewire or repair as neces-saryRefer to the manufacturer’s manual for thecontrollerProblem Cause Corrective ActionHOME & LIMIT SWITCHES TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDETransmissive Sensor TestingPerform this procedure for the following sensors:•Clockwise•Counterclockwise•Home1.Find a thin strip of flexible material, such as heavy paper or thin cardboard, to use as aflag.2.Disconnect power to the stage.3.Remove the four flathead cap screws from the drive cover. Remove the drive cover.4.Manually position the stage to allow access to the sensor under test.mand the controller to disable motor power. Refer to the manufacturer’s manual forthe controller to find the relevant procedure.6.Reconnect power to the stage.7.Insert the flag between the two upright posts of the sensor. The sensor shouldswitch off when the strip is inserted and illuminate again when the strip is removed.SensorClockwise limitCounterclockwise limitHomePINOUT CONNECTIONSThe circuit board connector interfaces to the motion controller. Refer to the below pinout chart for pinout numbers.Pin No.12345678910111213141516171819202122232425DC Servo Motor + Tachometer Generator+ Tachometer Generator- Tachometer Generator- Tachometer Generator+ Motor Phase+ Motor Phase- Motor Phase- Motor PhaseNo ConnectionNo ConnectionNo ConnectionNo ConnectionHome Switch Signal Shield GroundEncoder Index Pulse I Limit Ground+ Travel Limit- Travel LimitEncoder Channel A Encoder Channel B Encoder Power +5V Encoder GroundEncoder Channel /A Encoder Channel /B Encoder Index Pulse /I。
PCR Primer Design
Molecular Biology Today 2001. 2(2): 27-32.P C R P r i m e r D e s i g nVinay K. Singh and Anil KumarBioinformatics Sub-centre, School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore 452 017 MP, IndiaAbstractTo make PCR a specific, efficient and cost effective tool for researchers and clinicians the most important aspect is oligonucleotide primer design. This review discusses various aspects of primer design. Advice is provided for optimal design and the role of bioinformatic tools is highlighted. The authors discuss theoretical considerations and compare computational and experimental studies.IntroductionBioinformatics is a newly-emerged inter-disciplinary research area spanning a range of specialties that include molecular biology, biophysics, computer science, mathematics and statistics. It makes use of scientific and technological advances in the areas of computer science, informationtechnology and communication technology to solve complex problems in life sciences, particularly problems in biotechnology. Bioinformatics comprises of the development and application of algorithms for the analysis and interpretation of data, for the design and construction of vital databases, and for the design of experiments.Bioinformatics is used interchangeably with the terms biocomputing and computational biology. However, biocomputing is more correctly defined as the systematic development and application of computing systems and computational solution techniques to model biological phenomena. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one such phenomenon. PCR is used for the in vitro生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mamplification of DNA at the logarithmic scale. Various components of the PCR reaction such as Taq DNA polymerase, assay buffer, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, stabilizing agents, and primers make it possible for the DNA template to be amplified sufficiently in vitro to attain detectable quantities. PCR can be used for various purposes such as the amplification of human specific DNA sequences, differentiation of species, sub-species and strains, DNA sequencing, detection of mutations, monitoring cancer therapy, detection of bacterial and viral infections, pre-determination of sex, linkage analysis using single sperm cells, ascertaining recombinant clones and studying molecular evolution. PCR is a sensitive technique and therefore highly susceptible to contamination which may result in false positivity. To make PCR a specific, efficient and cost effective tool for researchers and clinicians the most important component of the PCR is the oligonucleotide primers. Literature searches indicate that insufficient experimental work has been done in the field of bioinformatics especially in the field of nucleic acid sequence analyses. Inadequate experimental data is available (at least in the public domain) for the establishment of primer design strategies. In this review the authors aim to establish various aspects and types of PCR and primer design theory, supported by computational and experimental data.PCR Primer DesignSelective amplification of nucleic acid molecules, that are initially present in minute quantities, provides a powerful tool for analyzing nucleic acids (Saiki et al., 1985; Mullis et al ., 1987). The polymerase chain reaction is an enzymatic reaction, which follows relatively simple, predictable and well understood mathematical principles. However the scientist often relies on intuition to optimise the reaction. To make PCR an efficient and cost effective tool, some components of PCR such as Taq DNA polymerase, assay buffer, deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), stabilizing agents (Sarkar et al ., 1990), DNA Template and oligonucleotide primers must be considered ingreater detail (Linz et al., 1990). Efficacy and sensitivity of PCR largely depend on the efficiency of primers (He et al., 1994). The ability for an oligonucleotide to serve as a primer for PCR is dependent on several factors including: a) the kinetics of association and dissociation ofprimer-template duplexes at the annealing and extension temperatures; b) duplex stability of mismatched nucleotides and their location; and c) the efficiency with which the polymerase can recognize and extend a mismatched duplex. The primers which are unique for the target sequence to be amplified should fulfill certain criteria such as primer length, GC%, annealing and melting temperature, 5' end stability, 3' end specificity etc (Dieffenbach et al., 1993).DNA template quality or purity is not particularly significant for amplification. Provided DNA does not contain any inhibitor of Taq DNA polymerase, it can be isolated by almost any method (Murray and Thompson, 1980; Sambrook et al ., 1989; Kaneko et al., 1989; Mercier et al., 1990; Kawasaki 1990a; Green et al., 1991; Keller et al., 1993; Klebe et al., 1996; Singh and Naik, 2000). Taq DNA polymerase also plays an important role (Drummond and Gelfand, 1989). Taq DNA polymerase from different suppliers may behave differently because of the different formulations, 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o massay conditions and/or unit definitions. Recommended concentration ranges between 1-2.5 Units/50-100 ml reaction (Lawyer et al.,1989) when other parameters are optimal.Most of the reviews on PCR optimization (Erlich et al., 1991; Dieffenbach 1993; Roux 1995) consider different parameters of PCR but generally do not discuss basic concepts of PCR primer design. Because of the requirements for different strategies of PCR, more effective PCR studies would be attainable by considering the basic concepts of PCR primer design.Primer Length: a Hard Core FactorLength of a primer is a critical parameter (Wu et al., 1991). The rule-of-thumb is to use a primer with a minimal length that ensures a denaturation temperature of 55-56°C. This greatly enhances specificity and efficiency. For general studies, primers of typically 17-34 nucleotides in length are the best. Primer >16 nucleotides in length are not generally annealed specifically to non-target DNA sequence (e.g. human DNA in an assay for bacterial infection). For example, a short primer sequence, such as a 12 bp oligonucleotide, binds to 200 specific annealing sites in the human genome. (The genome consists of 3x109 nucleotides: 3 x 109/412=200). In contrast, a 20 mersequence is expected to randomly exist only once every 420 nucleotides and as such, has only a 1 in 400 probability of existing by chance in the human genome. Primers, 18-24 mer are accepted as best in being sequence specific if the annealing temperature of the PCR reactions is set within 5°C of the primer T d (dissociation temperature of the primer/template duplex) (Dieffenbach, 1993).Primers work exceptionally well for the sequence with least intra-strand secondary structure. This is because secondary structure impedes primer annealing and extension. Longer primers (28-35 mer) are required only to discriminate homologous genes within different species or when a perfect complementary sequence to all the template is not expected. They could also be used when extra sequence information e.g. a motif binding site, restriction endonuclease site or GC clamp is attached to 5' end. Such extensions do not generally alter annealing to the sequence specific portion of the primer (Sheffield et al., 1989).Although the following formula is generally used for determining melting temperature (Tm): Tm = 4 (G+C) + 2(A+T)Frier et al. (1986) showed that the nearest-neighbor calculation is better for calculating the melting temperature of longer primers because this also takes account of thermodynamic parameters. Using improved nearest-neighbor thermodynamic values given by John SantaLucia (1995), a good estimate of melting temperature can be obtained for oligonucleotide analysis.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mTerminal Nucleotides Make a DifferenceBoth the terminals of the primer are of vital importance for a successful amplification. The 3'-end position in the primer affects mispriming. However, for certain reactions, such as amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), this mispriming is required (Newton et al., 1989; Old, 1991; Tan et al., 1994). Runs (3 or more) of C's or G's at the 3' end of the primer should be avoided as G +C rich sequence leads to mispriming. Complementarity at the 3' end of the primer elevatesmispriming as this promotes the formation of a primer dimer artifact and reduces the yield of the desired product (Huang et al., 1992). The stability of the primer is determined by its false priming efficiency; ideally it should have a stable 5' end and an unstable 3' end. If the primer has a stable 3' end, it will bind to a site which is complementary to the sequence rather than the target site and may lead to secondary bands. It is adequate to have G or C in last 3 bases at 5' termini for the efficient binding of the primer to the target site. This GC clamp reduces spurious secondary bands (Sheffield et al., 1989).GC Content, Tm and Ta are InterrelatedGC content, melting temperature and annealing temperature are strictly dependent on one another (Rychlik et al., 1990). GC% is an important characteristic of DNA and provides information about the strength of annealing. A GC of 50-60% is recommended. The value recommended by Dieffenbach (1993) is 45-55%.Secondary StructureAn important factor to consider when designing a primer is the presence of secondary structures. This greatly reduces the number of primer molecules available for bonding in the reaction. The presence of hairpin loops reduces the efficiency by limiting the ability to bind to the target site (Singh et al., 2000). It is well established that under a given set of conditions, the relative stability of a DNA duplex structure depends on its nucleotide sequence (Cantor and Schimmel, 1980). More specifically, the stability of a DNA duplex appears to depend primarily on the identity of the nearest-neighbor nucleotides. The overall stability and the melting behavior of any DNA duplex structure can be predicted from its primary sequence if the relative stability (DG 0) and thetemperature dependent behavior (DH 0, DCp 0) of each DNA's nearest-neighbor interaction is known (Marky and Breslauer, 1982). Tinoco et al., (1971, 1973) and Uhlenbeck et al., (1973) have predicted stability and melting behavior of RNA molecules for which they and others have 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mdetermined the appropriate thermodynamic data. But, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental data is available to support the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of hairpin structures, an important factor to consider when designing a primer. Single stranded nucleic acid sequences may have secondary structures due to the presence of complementary sequences within the primer length e.g. hairpin loops and primer-dimer structures. We have recently shown experimentally that hairpin loops, if present, can greatly reduce the efficiency of the reaction by limiting primer availability and the ability to bind to the target site (Singh et al., 2000). The effect of primer-template mismatches on the PCR has been studied earlier in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) model (Kwok et al., 1990). Studies have also been performed for the characterization of hairpins (Marky et al., 1983, 1985), cruciforms (Marky et al., 1985), bulge and interior loops (Patel et al., 1982 , 1983).Dimers and False Priming Cause Misleading ResultsAnnealing between the 3' end of one primer molecule and the 5' end of another primer molecule and subsequent extension results in a sharp background product known as primer dimer. Its subsequent amplification product can compete with the amplification of the larger target. If the primer binds anywhere else than the target site, the amplification specificity is reduced significantly (Breslauer et al., 1986). This leads to a weak output or a smear. This occurs again when some bases at 3' end of the primer bind to target sequence and achieve favorable chances of extension (Chou et al., 1992). To minimize the possibility of dimers and false priming, PCR is generally performed at hightemperature (>50°C), but primers may be extended non-specifically prior to thermal cycling if the sample is completely mixed at room temperature (RT) (Hung et al., 1990). To prevent this occurring the Hot Start ® protocol is recommended (Erlich et al., 1991). All reagents except one (usually the Taq DNA Polymerase) are mixed at RT. The sample is denatured completely for 3 to 7 min, kept on ice for 2 min and then Taq DNA polymerase is added to start the reaction.Know Your Product Before AmplificationPCR product length is directly proportional to inefficiency of amplification (Wu et al., 1991). Primers should be designed so that only small regions of DNA (150-1000 bp) can be amplified from fixed tissue samples or purified plasmid or genomic DNA. The product is ideal for probe hybridization studies (Schowalter and Sommer, 1989). For reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as described by Kawasaki (1990b), primers should only be designed in exons taking care that both primers should be on different exons of mRNA to avoid spurious product amplified from contaminating DNA in the mRNA preparation, if any. If the desired restriciton 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o menzyme site is not available within the amplified product, it may be incorporated within the primer (Ponce and Michal, 1989; Jung et al., 1990).Mismatch to Improve Sensitivity and SpecificityThere is a good and a bad aspect to mismatches in primers. Single mismatches at or near theterminal 3' nucleotide of a primer are known to affect both oligonucleotide stability and efficiency of polymerase reaction; mismatches in the primer at or near the 3' terminal end affect PCR more dramatically than mismatches at other positions (Petruska et al., 1988). Generally, mismatches at the 3' end terminal nucleotide reduce or inhibit efficiency of amplification (Kwok et al., 1990; Liu et al., 1994) but studies have shown that a mismatch 3-4 bases upstream of the 3' end of a primer used for the ARMS study actually increases specificity. A mismatch may therefore be deliberately created while designing a primer for ARMS PCR (Old, 1991).Nested PCRNested PCR is often successful in reducing unwanted products while dramatically increasingsensitivity (Albert and Fenyo, 1990). It is used when the actual quantity of target DNA is very low or when the target DNA is impure. Nested PCR reduces background amplification thereby enhancing target detection. The technique is especially helpful for amplification of low copy number targets (<100 molecules) and while doing quantitative PCR (Haff, 1994). The process involves one PCR reaction followed by the next PCR extension which amplifies the first PCR product. Two sets of primers are designed. PCR is first carried out using outer primers andsubsequently with inner primers positioned within the product obtained in the first extension. It is also possible to perform a nested PCR reaction in a single sample without dilution between the two PCR reactions (Erlich et al., 1991). When designing primers for nested PCR, care must be taken to eliminate potential primer dimers and cross dimers within and between inner and outer primer sets.Multiplex PCRThis technique involves co-amplification of two or more target sequences within a single sample (Chamberlain et al., 1991; Edwards and Gibbs, 1994). A unique pair of primers for each target is preferred but primers can be designed so that a single primer can amplify different regions with two or more counterparts (Varawalla et al., 1991a; 1991b). When designing primers for multiplex PCR 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o msystems, the basic rule is to have similar annealing temperatures and similar GC% of the primers (Nicodeme and Steyaret, 1997). Product length should also be taken into consideration when designing primers so that they can be effectively separated and studied by electrophoresis.Multiplex PCR may be used for detection of genetic disorders (Old et al., 1990; Shuber et al., 1991). Zhu and Clark (1996) demonstrated that addition of competitive primers may dramatically increase PCR amplification efficiency.Universal PrimersMolecular biologists are well aware of the exponential increase in the DNA sequence databanks with several thousands bases added every day. Many genes of varied importance have beensequenced in several species. However, the scientific community may require information on such genes in other species, which are used as experimental models. Researchers are often forced to re-sequence genes for new species in order to conduct expression level or other PCR related studies of the gene (Kain et al., 1991) Bulat et al. (1992) demonstrated the application of universal primers. Universal primers facilitated the rapid study of novel genes in new models. Rose et al., (1998) demonstrated a new primer design strategy for PCR amplification of unknown targets that are related to multiple-aligned protein sequences. Universal primers are designed in the conservedregion of the sequences (Singh et al., 2000). Universal primers should be designed from amino-acid sequences in the regions of lowest degeneracy using a multiple sequence alignment (Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry, 1985). Universal primers were used for differential display of eukaryotic mRNAs by PCR (Liang and Pardee, 1992). A universal primer set for detection of parasitic genomes was also designed using Dirofilaria immitis as a test sample (Nagano et al., 1996), whereas Venta et al. (1996) designed gene-specific universal primers for the canine genome. These were used for developing a genetic map of dog-based markers. Universal primers may be used for amplification as well as sequencing in one reaction (Berg and Olaisen, 1994)Degenerate PrimersDegeneracy in primer sequence should also be taken into consideration. In fact researchers pursuing the cloning of novel genes often face the problem that only a partial protein sequence is known (Bindon et al., 1998). In these circumstances several procedures can be used, some involveuniversal primers or reverse translation of the protein sequence into a DNA sequence and the design of primers from this sequence. However, due to redundancy in the genetic code, primer design must account for the ambiguous DNA bases and has to be designed in the region of lowest degeneracy (Kwok et al., 1994). Le Guyader et al. (1996) evaluated the effect of degenerate primers in the 生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mdetection of caliciviruses. Mack and Sninsky (1988) demonstrated the selection of conserved regions encoded by amino acids with minimal codon degeneracy in order to reduce mismatch. Degenerate primers based on the amino acid sequence of conserved regions were also used tosearch for members of a gene family (Wilks et al., 1989), homologous genes from different species (Kopin et al., 1990) and related viruses (Mack and Sninsky, 1988; Manos et al., 1989; Shih et al., 1989). A computer program was also developed specifically for degenerate primer design (Chen and Zhu, 1997).Software in Primer DesignMost molecular biological applications are aided by software. The use of software in biological applications has given a new dimension to the field of bioinformatics. Many different programs for the design of primers are now available. Freeware software is available on the internet and many universities have established servers where a user can log on and perform free analyses of proteins and nucleic acid sequences. There are number of simple stand-alone programs as well as complex integrated networked versions of the commercial software available. These software packages may be for complete DNA and protein analysis, secondary structure predictions, primer design, molecular modeling, development of cloning strategies, plasmid drawing or restriction enzyme analyses etc. Companies engaged in biosoftware development include: Alkami Biosystems, Molecular Biology Insights, PREMIER Biosoft International, IntelliGenetics Inc., Hitachi Inc., DNA Star, Advanced American Biotechnology and Imaging.Some scientists have also developed algorithms and computer programs for various purposes of primer design (Rychlik and Rhoades, 1989; Lowe et al., 1990; Lucas et al., 1991; O'Hara and Venezia, 1991; Tamura et al., 1991; Makarova et al., 1992; Osborne, 1992; Plasterer, 1997; Sze et al., 1998).ConclusionBiological science, and in particular biotechnology, is rapidly changing and cannot achieve its objectives without the help of computer technology and information technology tools. PCR primer design concepts are not new. However constant upgrading and updating of the strategies and methods are essential to maintain rapid and efficient progress. Computational strategies in biotechnology are of particular importance. The algorithms relevant to the efficient design of primers should be modified taking into account experimental data.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mReferencesAlbert, J., and Fenyo, E.M. 1990. Simple, sensitive and specific detection of humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reactions with nested primers. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 1560-1564.Berg, E.S. and Olaisen, B. 1994. Hybrid PCR sequencing: sequencing of PCR products using a universal primer. Biotechniques 17: 896-901.Bindon, C., Martindale, J., and Mitchell, C. 1998. Biologically generated primer for PCR: PCR primer for unknown sequence. Nucleic Acid Res. 26(13): 3305-3358.Breslauer, K.J., Ronald, F., Blocker, H., and Marky, L.A.1986. Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83: 3746-3750.Bulat, S.A., Kobaev, O.K., Mironenko, N.V., Ibatullin, F.M., Luchkina, L.A., and Suslov, A.V. 1992. Polymerase chain reaction with universal primers for studying genomes. Genetika 28: 19-28. Chamberlain, J.S., Gibbs, R.A., Ranier, J.E., and Caskey, C.T. 1991. Detection of gene deletions using multiplex polymerase chain reactions, Meth. Molec. Biol. 9: 299-312.Chang, J.G., Lu, J.M., Huang, J., Chen, J.T., Liu, H.J., and Chang, C.P. 1995. Rapid diagnosis of b-thalassaemia by mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) and its application to prenatal diagnosis, Br. J. Haemat. 91: 602-605.Chen, H., and Zhu,G.1997. Computer program for calculating the melting temperature of degenerate oligonucleotides used in PCR or hybridization. Biotechniques 21: 134-140Chou, Q., Russell, M., Birch, D.E., Raymond, J., and Bloch, W. 1992. Prevention of pre-PCRmis-priming and primer dimerization improves low-copy number amplifications. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 1717-1723.Dieffenbach, C.W., Lowe, T.M.J., and Dveksler, G.S. 1993. General concepts for PCR primer design. In: PCR Methods and Applications, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 3: S30-S37.Drummond, R., and Gelfand, D.H. 1989. Isolation, characterization and expression in Escherichia coli of the DNA polymerase gene from Thermus aquaticus. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 6427-6436.Edwards, M.C., and Gibbs, R.A. 1994. Multiplex PCR: Advantages, development and applications. PCR Methods Applic. 3: S65-S75.Engelke, D.R., Hoener, P.A., and Collins, F.S. 1988. Direct sequencing of enzymatically amplified human genomic DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 544-550.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mErlich, H.A., Gefland, D., and Sninsky, J.J. 1991. Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction. Science 252: 1643-1651.Freier, S.M., Kierzek, R., Jaeger, J.A., Sugimoto, N., Caruthers, M.H., Neilson, T., and Turner, D.H. 1986. Improved free-energy parameters for predictions of RNA duplex stability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA. 83: 9373-9377.Green, C.E., Lund, J.K., and Manos, M.M. 1991. PCR amplification from parafin-embedded tissues: Recommendations on fixatives for long term storage and prospective studies. PCR Methods Appl. 1: 46-50.Haff La. 1994. Improved quantitative PCR using nested primers. PCR Methods Appl. 3: 322-327. He, Q., Marjamaki, M., Soini, H., Mertsola, J., and Viljanen, M.K. 1994. Primers are decisive for sensitivity of PCR. Biotechniques. 17: 82-87.Huang, M., Arnheim, N., and Goodman, M.F. 1992. Extension of base mispairs by Taq DNA polymerase: Implications for single nucleotide discrimination in PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 4567-4573.Hung, T., Mak, K. and Fong, K. 1990. A specificity enhancer for PCR, Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 4953-4959.Jung, V., Pestka, S.B., and Pestka, S. 1990. Efficient cloning of PCR generated DNA containing terminal restriction endonuclease sites. Nucleic Acid Res. 18: 6156-6160.Kain, K.C., Orlandi, P.A., and Lanar, D.E. 1991. Universal promoter for gene expression without cloning Expression-PCR. BioTechniques 10: 366-374.Kaneko, S., Feinstone, S.M., and Miller, R.H. 1989. Rapid and sensitive method for the detection of serum hepatitis B virus DNA using the polymerase chain reaction technique. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1930-1933.Kawasaki, E.S. 1990a. Sample preparation from blood, cells and other fluids, In: PCR Protocols, a guide to methods and applications, Innis, M.A., Gefland, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. and White, T.J. (eds), Academic Press Inc., Berkeley CA, pp. 146-152.Kawasaki, E.S. 1990b. Amplification of RNA, In: PCR Protocols, a guide to methods andapplications, Innis, M.A., Gefland, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. and White, T.J. (eds), Academic Press Inc., Berkeley CA, pp. 21-27.Keller, G.H., Cumming, C.U., Huang, D.P., Manak, M.M., Ting, R. 1988. A chemical method for introducing Haptens onto DNA probes. Anal. Biochem. 170: 441-450.Klebe, R.J., Grant G.M., Grant, A.M., Garcia, M.A., Giambernardi, T.A., and Taylor, G.P. 1996. RT-PCR without RNA isolation. Biotechniques 21: 1094-1100.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o mKumar A., and Mishra B.N. 1997. Primer Premier 4. Biotech Software and Internet Journal 3: 31-38.Kwok S., Kellogg D.E., McKinney, E., Spasic, D., Levenson, C., Sninsky, J.J. 1990. Effects of Primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human Immunodeficiency virus type I model studies, Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 999-1005.Kwok, S., Chang, S.Y., Sninsky, J.J., and Wong, A. 1994. A guide to the design and use of Mismatched and Degenerate primers. PCR Methods and Appl. S539-S547.Lawyer, F.C., Stoffel, S., Saiki, R.K., Myambo, K., Drummond, R., and Gelfand, D.H. 1989. Isolation, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli of the DNA polymerase gene from Thermus aquaticus . J. Biol. Chem. 15: 6427-6437.Le Guyader, F., Estes, M.K., Hardy, E., Neill, F.H., Green, J., Brown, D.W., and Atmar, R.L. 1996. Evaluation of a degenerate primer for the PCR detection of human caliciviruses . Arch. Virol. 141: 2225-2235.Liang, P., and Pardee, A. 1992. Differential display of eukaryotic mRNAs by PCR. Science 257: 967-971.Linz, U., Delling, U., and Rubsamem-Waigmann 1990. Systematic studies on parametersinfluencing the performance of the polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 28: 5-13.Liu, Q., Thorland E.C., and Sommer, S.S. 1997. Inhibition of PCR amplification by a point mutation down stream of a primer. Biotechniques 22: 292-298.Lowe, T., Shareifkin, J., Yang, S.Q., and Dieffenbach, C.W. 1990. A computer program for selection of oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 1757-1761.Lucas, K.M., Busch, S.M., and Thompson, J.A. 1991. An improved microcomputer program for finding gene or gene family-specific oligonucleotides suitable as primers for polymerase chain reactions or as probes. CABIOS 7: 525-529.Mack, D.H., and Sninsky, J.J. 1988. A sensitive method for the identification of uncharacterized viruses related to known virus groups: Hepadnavirus model system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 6977-6981.Makarova, K.S., Mazin, A.V., Wolf, Y.I., and Soloviev, V.V. 1992. DIROM: An experimental design interactive system for directed mutagenesis and nucleic acid engineering. CABIOS 8: 425-431.生物秀-专心做生物w w w .b b i o o .c o m。
欧普德福 Mastercyclers产品说明书
Eppendorf Mastercyclers ®—best conditions for PCRAmplifyNew from Eppendorf:Mastercycler nexus X1Mastering PCR is easy—if you have the right equipment.Do not let poor instruments compromise your PCR results. Eppendorf blocks show outstanding homogeneity and accuracy. Fast ramp rates are precisely controlled allowing fast and reproducible PCR runs. Programming is easy and protocols can be password protected. All this supports your constant strive for reproducible and meaningful results.»Eppendorf—designinginstruments that fit the needs of today’s scientist.«Reproducibility > I n PCR, precise and accurate block control is paramount > T he Eppendorf blocks feature SteadySlope ® gradient technology to ensure that ramp rates are identical in both gradient and normal mode.Intuitivity > T he graphic programming is quick, easy and intuitive. > F ind all your protocols in your individual folder and protect them with a password. > P ause function, variable ramp rates and block modes and a lot more is at your disposal.Reliability > S pecially designed lids reduce the evaporation during PCR and help to accommodate a wide variety of PCR consumables. > T he solid handles allow one hand operation of the instrument. No turning knobs are needed to lower the heated lid.4Eppendorf Mastercycler FamilyMastercycler® nexus X1Learn more about the Mastercycler nexus X1 at /mastercycler5Eppendorf Mastercycler Family ArrayPure SilverThe new Mastercycler nexus X1 combines the modern and intuitive software from the Mastercycler nexus with a fast 96well silver block for increased heating and cooling rates. It is fast, easy to use, does not need much space or energy and sends you an email when it is done—what else do you need from a PCR cycler?Combine, Connect, Control>Combine up to 3 units for maximum throughput!>C onnect your Mastercycler nexus to your computer network and get a status email to your desk!>C ontrol all the relevant parameters of your PCR through the intuitive softwareDo you need a fast, intuitive and reliable PCR instrument? The Mastercycler nexus X1 is exactly that. It brings the reliability and ease of use of Mastercycler nexus at the speed of a silver block. Low energy consumption, easy expansion to 3 units and a small footprint make it even more attractive. Product features>Heating rate: 5°C/s>Fast silver block>Small footprint>Intuitive graphic programming>Up to two other units can be connected to a central unit>Email notification>fl exlid concept: automatic height adjustment of the lid allows you to use all types of consumables>2year warranty>Optional selftest functionalityApplications>Fast PCR>Standard PCR>Cycle sequencing6Eppendorf Mastercycler FamilyWhen you need even more flexibilitySpecial applications require special consumables. With its flat block and no wells, the Mastercycler nexus flat offers the optimal foundation for slides and other unconventional consumable formats.If you want to do in situ PCR, your results are normally influenced by the characteristic temperature transfer of the corresponding in situ adapter. The Mastercycler nexus flat can heat and cool your slides directly without the need for an adapter!Product features>Flat block without wells>Intuitive graphic programming >Small footprint>Up to two more units can be connected to the central unit >Email notification >2year warranty>Optional selftest functionality»To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.«Albert EinsteinCertified QualityAll Eppendorf cyclers follow these quality guidelines: >Individual, documented quality control certificates > C alibration accordingly to national and international standards: NIST (USA), DKD/PTB (Germany), UKAS/NPL (UK) >UL/cUL listedMastercycler ®nexus flat>For more information, visit /pcr7Eppendorf Mastercycler Family PCR next to meIn the age of networking, the new Mastercycler nexus is your reliable companion when it comes to the daily routine of PCR. It can accommodate 96well PCR plates, 0.2 mL PCR tubes, 0.2 mL PCR tube strips and 0.5 mL PCR tubes. It is easy to use, does not need much space or energy and sends you an email when it is done.Combine, Connect, Control>Combine up to 3 units for maximum throughput! > C onnect your Mastercycler nexus to your computer network and get a status email to your desk! > C ontrol all the relevant parameters of your PCR through the intuitive softwareIn good company—high quality consumablesEvery researcher doing PCR always wonders about the best instrument, the best master mix, the best polymerase. Also when it comes to choosing the plasticconsumables that build the connection between PCR instruments and your precious sample, the same rationality and prudence should be applied.Different consumables can make a huge difference in the quality and reproducibility of your PCR results. Wall thickness, thermal conductivity of the material, mechanical stability and many other technical characteristics will have a direct impact on your experiment and subsequently the results. Make sure you use the best PCR consumables for your application!>96well and 384well PCR plates for high and medium throughput >Divisible plates, PCR tubes and tube strips for lower throughput > S ealing options, racks and other accessories for an optimized workflowPCR ConsumablesMastercycler ®nexusProduct features>Universal block for plates, 0.2 mL and 0.5 mL PCR tubes >Small footprint>Intuitive graphic programming>Up to two other units can be connected to a central unit >Email notification>fl exlid ® concept: automatic height adjustment of the lid allows you to use all types of consumables >2year warranty>Optional selftest functionalityApplications >Standard PCR >Cycle sequencing>In situ PCR with adapterChoose the block format that is best for your PCR8Mastercycler® pro Eppendorf Mastercycler FamilyReproducibility at its bestGetting reproducible results quickly—that is vital for PCR in any application. The Mastercycler pro is unparalleled in its ability to fulfill this requirement. The vapo.protect™ concept reduces evaporation to a minimum. Therefore, concentrations in your PCR master mix remain consistent—minimizing nonspecific binding beyond importance. The high heating and cooling rates of the Mastercycler pro S give you the speed you need. Unsurpassed speed can be achieved with Impulse PCR, a hotstart function that increases heating rates to 8 °C/s.Stop evaporation effectively!The flexible fit of the fluid cushion minimizes evaporation of your reaction considerably. Only 0–3 % of the reaction volume evaporates using the new vapo.protect™technology.Thermocyclers of other suppliers show evaporation of up to 10 % in the center and up to >50 % at the corner positions of the block.Thus, the vapo.protect™ technology leads to improved reproducibility and specificity at the rim and in the corners of the block.9 Eppendorf Mastercycler FamilyUtmost FlexibilityThe Mastercycler pro can be run as a standalone unit. However, the Control Panel can control up to 5 different units, giving you higher throughput. If even higher throughput is needed, up to 30 units of any block format combination can be controlled with one computer. The advanced CycleManager pro software offers a client/server architecture, that enables one to check the status of the PCR from any computer in your local network. All collected data is archived in a database. If you are working in a GLP environment, your documentation needs will be strongly supported by the software.Product Features Mastercycler pro>Ultimate reduction of evaporation>Extremely fast heating and cooling rates>Intuitive graphic programming>Gradient blocks with SteadySlope technology>Up to 5 units can be networked using a Control Panel >Up to 30 units can be networked using a PC software >Display indicates cycler number in a network>2 year warranty>Optional selftest functionalityQuality is timeless1990Microcycler: Eppendorf introduces its fi rst thermal cycler using water to heat and cool.1997Mastercycler gradient: the fi rst gradient thermal cycler on the market.2003Mastercycler ep:Fast heating/cooling rates and ultra quiet operation—in a compact design.2005M astercycler ep realplex : Extremely fast optics for rapid data acquisition.2008Mastercycler pro:New vapo.protect ™technology reduces evaporation.20122013Mastercycler nexus Low noise, lowenergy consumption, email notifi cationMastercycler nexus X1Speed, low energyconsumption, low noise and email notifi cation1993M astercycler 5330:Eppendorf introduces the fi rst Mastercycler based on peltier technology.>to be continued …The Mastercycler gradient was Eppendorf’s fi rst gradient cycler. Today the gradient function remains critical for many PCR labs.The next generation Mastercycler pro is still one of the fastest cyclers around. Its vapo.protect™ concept is the latest in evaporation reduction technology.Eppendorf has now introduced the Mastercycler nexus and Mastercycler nexus X1. Email notifi cation, booking schedule, low noise levels and low energy consumption are only a few of the features ...Technical Specifications Mastercycler®proMastercycler®pro SMastercycler®pro 384Mastercycler®nexus gradientMastercycler®nexusMastercycler®nexus eco***Thermoblock Aluminum Silver Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum AluminumSample Capacity96 × 0.2 ml PCR tubesor 1 × 96well PCR plate 1 × 384wellPCR plate96 × 0.2 mL PCR tubesor 1 × 96well PCR plate or up to 71 x 0.5 mL PCR tubesTemperaturecontrol rangeof the block4–99 °C4–99 °CTemperaturecontrol modeFast, Standard, Safe Fast, Standard, SafeHeating technologyof the blockPeltier elements, Triple Circuit Technology Peltier elements, Triple Circuit Technology Gradient block over 12 columns over 24 columns over 12 columns––Gradient range1–20 °C1–24 °C1–20 °C1–20 °C––Gradienttemperature range30–99 °C30–99 °C––Lid temperaturerange37–110 °C37–110 °CLid descent and clos-ing pressure vapo.protect™ technology withThermal Sample Protectionflexlid® technology withThermal Sample ProtectionBlock homogeneity: 20 °C–72 °C95 °C ≤ ±0.3 °C≤ ±0.4 °C≤ ±0.3 °C≤ ±0.4 °CBlock temperatureaccuracy± 0.2 °C± 0.2 °CHeating rate*ca. 4 °C/s ca. 6 °C/s ca. 4 °C/s ca. 3 °C/sCooling rate*ca. 3 °C/s ca. 4,5 °C/s ca. 3 °C/s ca. 2 °C/sInterfaces Centronics, USB, CAN in, CAN out USB, Ethernet, CAN in, CAN out CAN in, CAN outDimensions(W × D × H)26 × 41.5 × 37 cm25 × 41.2 × 32.1 cmWeight18.5 kg (40.8 lbs)11 kg (24.2 lbs)10.5 kg (23.1 lbs) Power supply230 V, 50–60 Hz230 V, 50–60 HzMax. powerconsumption950 W700 WSound power levels≤ 56 dB(A)< 40 dB[A]* Heating and cooling rates measured at block**Unit can only be operated via a Mastercycler nexus unit (including flat, X1 versions) with control and display panelProduct appearance and/or specifications are subject to change without notice.Mastercycler®nexus gradienteco***Mastercycler®nexus flatMastercycler®nexus flat eco***Mastercycler®nexus GSX1Mastercycler®nexus SX1Mastercycler®nexus GSX1e***Mastercycler®nexus SX1e***Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Silver Silver Silver Silver96 × 0.2 mL PCRtubes or 1 × 96well PCR plateor up to 71 x 0.5mL PCR tubes4 slides or equivalent96 × 0.2 ml PCR tubes or 1 × 96well PCR plate4–99°C4–99°CFast, Standard, Safe Fast, Standard, SafePeltier elements, Triple Circuit Technology Peltier elements, Triple Circuit Technologyover 12 columns––over 12 columns–over 12 columns–1–20 °C––1–20 °C–1–20 °C–30–99 °C––30–99 °C–30–99 °C–37–110 °C37–110 °Cflexlid® technology withThermal Sample Protectionflexlid® technology withThermal Sample Protection≤ ±0.3 °C≤ ±0.4 °C≤ ±0.3 °C≤ ±0.4 °C± 0.2 °C± 0.2 °Cca. 3 °C/s ca. 5 °C/sca. 2 °C/s ca. 3.5 °C/sCAN in, CAN out USB, Ethernet,CAN in, CAN outCAN in, CAN out USB, Ethernet, CAN in, CAN out CAN in, CAN out25 × 41.2 × 32.1 cm25 × 41.2 × 32.1 cm10.5 kg (23.1 lbs)11 kg (24.2 lbs)10.5 kg (23.1 lbs)11.2 kg (24.7 lbs)10.7 kg (23.6 lbs)230 V, 50–60 Hz230 V, 50–60 Hz700 W540 W≤ 40 dB(A)≤ 40 dB(A)G: Gradient blockS: Silver blocke: Eco version, needs to be connected to a Mastercycler nexus with control and display panelFrost & Sullivan European PCR Instrumentation Green Excellence Award 2012»Based on its recent analysis of the PCR instrumentation market, Frost & Sullivan recognizes Eppendorf with the 2012 European Green Excellence Award for its Mastercycler nexus. This ecofriendly instrument off ers exceptional powersaving capability, e.g. by a standby feature and the amount of power consumed overall.«Ordering informationInternational Order no. North America Order no.Mastercycler ® nexus with silver block Mastercycler ® nexus GSX16345 000.010 6345000028Mastercycler ® nexus SX16346 000.013 6346000021Mastercycler ® nexus GSX1e*6347 000.017 6347000025Mastercycler ® nexus SX1e*6348 000.010 6348000029Mastercycler ® nexus with universal block Mastercycler ® nexus gradient 6331 000.0176331000025Mastercycler ® nexus6333 000.0146333000022Mastercycler ® nexus gradient eco* 6334 000.018 6334000026Mastercycler ® nexus eco*6332 000.0106332000029Mastercycler ® nexus with flat block Mastercycler ® nexus flat6335 000.011 6335000020Mastercycler ® nexus flat eco*6330 000.013 6330000021Complete Mastercycler ® pro packages Mastercycler ® pro und Control Panel 6321 000.515950040015Mastercycler ® pro S und Control Panel 6325 000.510950040025Mastercycler ® pro 384 und Control Panel 6324 000.516950040035Individual Mastercycler ® pro modules Control Panel, incl. connection cable 6320 000.007950030050Mastercycler ® pro** 6321 000.019950030010Mastercycler ® pro S**6325 000.013950030020Mastercycler ® pro 384**6324 000.010*********AccessoriesCAN_BUS connection cable, 50 cm 5341 612.006 950014008CAN_BUS connection cable, 150 cm 5341 611.000 950014016Self test dongle6320 071.001950030040Temperature Verification System with 96 well sensor plate 6328 000.006 6328000006Temperature Verification System with 384 well sensor plate6328 000.0146328000014CycleManager pro, incl. installation manual, online help, and connection cable 5349 810.001 950017007CycleManager pro, incl. installation manual, online help5349 820.007950017202* To run a Mastercycler nexus with the suffi x »eco« or »e«, a Mastercycler nexus model without such a suffi x is needed. Up to 2 units with the suffi x »eco« or »e« can be connected to a Mastercycler nexus without such a suffi x. ** A Control Panel or CycleManager pro software (both sold separately) is required for operation. CAN_Bus connection cables are required to link cyclers together as a network.13Eppendorf Mastercycler Family/mastercyclerEppendorf , the Eppendorf logo, Eppendorf Mastercycler , flexlid , SteadySlope and Eppendorf twin.tec are registered trademarks of Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany. vapo.protect™ is a trademark of Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany. All rights reserved, including graphics and images. Copyright © 2012 by Eppendorf AG.Order No.: A533X12020/GB1/20T/1212/FEEL/STEFYour local distributor: /contact Eppendorf AG · 22331 Hamburg · Germany***********************·Ordering informationInternational Order no. North America Order no.0.1 mL Eppendorf PCR TubesPCR Tube Strips 0.1 mL, without caps (10 × 12 pieces)0030 124.8040030124804PCR Tube Strips 0.1 mL + Cap Strips, domed (10 × 12 pieces each) 0030 124.8120030124812PCR Tube Strips 0.1 mL + Cap Strips, flat (10 × 12 pieces each) 0030 124.82000301248200.2 mL Eppendorf PCR Tubes0.2 mL PCR Tubes, thinwalled with hinged lid (1000 tubes) 0030 124.3329510100068tube strip, for 0.2 mL PCR Tubes (10 × 12 pieces) 0030 124.3599510100220.5 mL Eppendorf PCR Tubes0.5 mL PCR Tubes, thinwalled with lid (500 tubes) 0030 124.5370030124537Cap Strips, Racks, Films & Foils Cap Strips, domed (10 × 12 pieces) 0030 124.8390030124839Cap Strips, flat (10 × 12 pieces) 0030 124.8470030124847PCR Rack, 10 pcs.0030 124.5450030124545Heat Sealing Film, 100 pcs. 0030 127.8380030127838Heat Sealing Foil, 100 pcs. 0030 127.8540030127854PCR Film (adhesive), 100 pcs.0030 127.7810030127781PCR Foil (adhesive), 100 pcs. 0030 127.7900030127790twin.tec PCR PlatesEppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 96, skirted, clear 25 pcs.0030 128.648951020401Eppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 96, semiskirted, clear 25 pcs.0030 128.575951020303Eppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 96, unskirted low profile, clear 20 pcs.0030 133.3070030133307Eppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 96, unskirted low profile, clear (divisible) 20 pcs. 0030 133.3580030133358Eppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 96, unskirted (250 μL), clear, 20 pcs.0030 133.3660030133366Eppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 96, unskirted (250 μL), clear (divisible) 20 pcs.0030 133.3740030133374Eppendorf twin.tec ® PCR Plate 384, clear, 25 pcs.0030 128.508951020702Eppendorf twin.tec ® microbiology PCR Plate 96, skirted, clear, 10 pcs.0030 129.3000030129300Eppendorf twin.tec ® microbiology PCR Plate 96, semiskirted, clear, 10 pcs. 0030 129.3260030129326Eppendorf twin.tec ® microbiology PCR Plate 384, clear, 10 pcs.0030 129.3420030129342For order numbers of additional twin.tec PCR Plates, please visit /pcr。
仪器分析英语单词缩写及其解释
Abbreviations and their explanations 缩写与其解释Engineering 工程 / Process 工序（制程）4M&1E Man, Machine, Method, Material, Environment人，机器，方法，物料，环境- 可能导致或造成问题的根本原因AI Automatic Insertion自动插机ASSY Assembly制品装配ATE Automatic Test Equipment自动测试设备BL Baseline参照点BM Benchmark参照点BOM Bill of Material生产产品所用的物料清单C&ED/CAED Cause and Effect Diagram原因和效果图CA Corrective Action解决问题所采取的措施CAD Computer-aided Design电脑辅助设计.用于制图和设计3维物体的软件CCB Change Control Board对文件的要求进行评审，批准，和更改的小组CI Continuous Improvement依照短期和长期改善的重要性来做持续改善COB Chip on Board邦定-线焊芯片到PCB板的装配方法.CT Cycle Time完成任务所须的时间DFM Design for Manufacturability产品的设计对装配的适合性DFMEA Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis设计失效模式与后果分析--在设计阶段预测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措施DFSS Design for Six Sigma六西格玛(6-Sigma)设计 -- 设计阶段预测问题的发生的可能性并且对之采取措施并提高设计对装配的适合性DFT Design for Test产品的设计对测试的适合性DOE Design of Experiment实验设计-- 用于证明某种情况是真实的DPPM Defective Part Per Million根据一百万件所生产的产品来计算不良品的标准DV Design Verification / Design Validation设计确认ECN Engineering Change Notice客户要求的工程更改或内部所发出的工程更改文件ECO Engineering Change Order客户要求的工程更改ESD Electrostatic Discharge静电发放-由两种不导电的物品一起摩擦而产生的静电可以破坏ICs和电子设备FI Final Inspection在生产线上或操作中由生产操作员对产品作最后检F/T Functional Test测试产品的功能是否与所设计的一样查FA First Article / Failure Analysis首件产品或首件样板/ 产品不良分析FCT Functional Test功能测试-检查产品的功能是否与所设计的一样FFF Fit Form Function符合产品的装配，形状和外观及功能要求FFT Final Functional Test包装之前，在生产线上最后的功能测试FMEA Failure Mode and Effect Analysis失效模式与后果分析-- 预测问题的发生可能性并且对之采取措施FPY First Pass Yield首次检查合格率FTY First Test Yield首次测试合格率FW Firmware韧体（软件硬化）-控制产品功能的软件HL Handload在波峰焊接之前，将PTH元件用手贴装到PCB上，和手插机相同I/O Input / Output输入 / 输出iBOM Indented Bill of Material内部发出的BOM（依照客户的BOM）ICT In-circuit Test线路测试-- 用电气和电子测试来检查PCBA短路，开路，少件，多件和错件等等不良IFF Information Feedback Form情报联络书-反馈信息所使用的一种表格IR Infra-red红外线KPIV Key Process Input Variable主要制程输入可变因素-在加工过程中，所有输入的参数/元素，将影响制成品的质量的可变因素KPOV Key Process Output Variable主要制程输出可变因素-在加工过程中，所有输出的结果，所呈现的产品品质特征。
【高考生物】武汉大学细胞生物学
（生物科技行业）武汉大学细胞生物学武汉大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：细胞生物学科目代码：348一、名词解释（每个2.5分，共25分）1.apoptosisbody2.receptormediatedendocytosismina4.nucleasehypersensitivesite5.gapjunction6.Hayflicklimitation7.Kinetochore8.molecularchaperones9.leaderpeptide10.dedifferentiation二、简答题（每个5分，共40分）1.冰冻断裂术将溶酶体膜撕裂出PS、ES、PF和EF四个面，请绘一简图标明。
2.医生对以及已停止跳动的濒危病人采取电击抢救，请说明其心肌细胞是如何同步启搏的。
3.为什么凋亡细胞的核DNA电泳图谱呈梯状分布带，而病理坏死细胞的却呈弥散状连续分布？4.将某动物的体细胞核移植到另一去核的体细胞之中，然后其余实验步骤完全按照动物克隆的方式，请问能否培育出一头克隆动物来？为什么？5.切取病毒感染马铃薯植株的顶芽进行组织培养，这是大量繁育无毒苗的成功技术。
试述其去除病毒的原因。
6.有人认为既然已有放大几十万倍的电镜，可以不用光镜了，请反驳这种观点的错误。
7.出生6个月之内的婴儿可由母乳获得抗病的抗体，试述这些抗体是如何由母亲血液转移到婴儿血液中的。
8.1999年报道，我国科学家成功实现将离体的B型血液改造为O型，请解释其原理。
三、问答题（前两题各10分，最后一题15分，共35分）1.概述Cyclin与CDK在细胞周期调控的工作机制及在各期引起的下游事件。
2.试述在细胞质中合成的线粒体内膜蛋白及叶绿体内囊体膜蛋白是如何运送到位与装配的。
3.综述细胞外被中的糖蛋白在细胞内合成、组装和运输的全过程及其对于细胞的主要生理功能。
武汉大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：细胞生物学科目代码：359一、名词解释（共10小题，每小题2.5分，共25分）1.nucleosome2.contactinhibition3.T elomerase4.exocytosis5.gapjunction6.kinetochore7.heterochromatin8.channelprotein9.dyneinarm10.molecularswitches二、简答题（共8小题，每小题5分，共40分）1.分别以一句话简介1999年和2001年诺贝尔奖项目中有关细胞生物学内容。
ptech 指标-概述说明以及解释
ptech 指标-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分是文章引言的重要组成部分，用于介绍ptech指标的背景和意义。
在本部分中，我们需要明确概述以下几个方面：ptech指标的定义和涵义、ptech指标在哪些领域得到应用以及本文将要讨论的ptech指标的重要性。
概述部分可以按照以下方式进行编写：概述部分：ptech指标（Precision-Recall Tradeoff Metrics）是一种用来衡量分类模型性能的指标体系，它主要关注分类模型在预测准确性和召回率之间的平衡。
在实际的数据分析和机器学习任务中，我们往往面临着一个普遍的问题，即在预测准确性和召回率之间做出权衡。
在某些场景下，我们希望分类模型能够达到很高的预测准确性，但可能会导致部分潜在的正例被漏检；而在另一些场景下，我们则更加关注模型的召回率，以尽可能地找出所有的正例样本，但可能会引入更多的误报。
ptech指标的应用领域广泛，包括自然语言处理、图像识别、推荐系统等。
在自然语言处理领域，如情感分析任务中，我们希望模型能够准确地判断文本的情感倾向，同时避免漏判；在图像识别任务中，我们关注模型对目标物体的识别准确率和召回率；在推荐系统中，我们希望模型能够准确地推荐用户可能感兴趣的物品，同时降低对用户不感兴趣物品的推荐。
本文将讨论ptech指标的重要性，通过研究和分析ptech指标在不同领域的应用案例，我们可以更好地了解ptech指标在分类模型性能评估中的价值。
同时，本文将介绍ptech指标的定义和计算方法，以及如何使用ptech指标进行分类模型的评估和选择。
通过对ptech指标的研究，我们可以更加全面地评估分类模型性能，并在实际应用中做出合理的权衡。
最终，这将有助于提升分类模型在实际任务中的表现，并为相关领域的研究和应用提供有价值的参考依据。
(注：以上内容仅供参考，具体内容可根据需要进行调整和修改。
)1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以描述本文的整体结构和各个部分的内容概述。
process的模型选择手册
Title: Process模型选择手册一、引言在软件开发过程中，选择合适的开发模型对项目的成功至关重要。
不同的项目需要不同的开发模型来适应其特定的需求和要求。
本文将介绍几种常见的软件开发模型，以及它们适用的场景和特点，帮助读者选择合适的模型来进行软件开发。
二、瀑布模型1. 瀑布模型是一种线性的开发模型，将软件开发过程分为需求分析、系统设计、实现、测试和维护五个阶段。
2. 瀑布模型适用于需求相对稳定、技术可行性已经验证的项目。
开发过程中各个阶段相对独立，每个阶段完成后才进入下一个阶段。
3. 瀑布模型的优点是结构清晰，易于管理和跟踪。
但同时也存在无法应对需求变更、进度无法估计准确等缺点。
三、迭代模型1. 迭代模型通过将整个软件开发过程分为多个迭代周期来进行开发，每个迭代周期包括需求分析、设计、实现和测试。
2. 迭代模型适用于需求变化较快或者技术风险较高的项目。
每个迭代周期都可以产生可执行的软件产品，有助于及时发现和解决问题。
3. 迭代模型的优点是能够灵活应对需求变更，能够及时验证技术方案的可行性。
但同时也存在迭代周期过多导致管理复杂、成本和时间控制困难等缺点。
四、增量模型1. 增量模型是一种逐步增加功能的软件开发模型，每个增量都包括完整的软件系统功能。
2. 增量模型适用于时间紧迫、需要快速交付部分功能的项目。
同时也适用于复杂系统的开发，可以通过逐步增加功能降低风险。
3. 增量模型的优点是交付较早的产品、强调模块化开发，有利于风险管控。
但同时也存在需求变更导致重构成本增加、需求管理难度加大等缺点。
五、敏捷模型1. 敏捷模型是一种注重迭代、灵活应对需求变化的软件开发模型。
通过持续集成、自动化测试等实践来提高开发效率和质量。
2. 敏捷模型适用于需求变化频繁、项目复杂度不高的项目。
通过小团队、短周期的开发迭代来快速响应用户需求。
3. 敏捷模型的优点是高度灵活、能够快速适应需求变化，同时也能够提高开发团队的合作效率。
生物制药专业英语
4 Sample Sample must must must be be be treated treated treated with with with some some some organic organic organic solvent, solvent, solvent, previous previous previous to to to or or or simultaneously simultaneously simultaneously with with saponification or extraction process, in order to disrupt the structures where vitamin E can be associated to (membranes, lipoproteins, fat droplets . . . ), to eliminate interferences from big molecules molecules such such such as as as proteins or proteins or carbohydrates, carbohydrates, that that that are are are non-soluble non-soluble non-soluble in in in organic organic organic phases, phases, phases, and and to provide a medium in which analytes can be freely soluble. 样品在皂化或提取的时候，样品在皂化或提取的时候，或在此之前，或在此之前，必须用某些有机溶剂进行处理，必须用某些有机溶剂进行处理，其目的是为了破坏其目的是为了破坏VE 和细胞膜、脂蛋白、脂肪滴等之间的结合；消除蛋白质或碳水化合物等大分子的干扰，这些大分子在有机相中都是不可溶的；以及为被分析物提供能在其中充分溶解的介质。
灭菌无菌工艺验证指导原则sterile, aseptic process validation guideline
Contents1 概述Summary (2)2 制剂湿热灭菌工艺Moist heat sterile process (3)2.1 湿热灭菌工艺的研究Study on moist heat sterile process (3)2.2 湿热灭菌工艺的验证Moist heat sterilization process validation (6)3 制剂无菌生产工艺Preparation aseptic production process (10)3.1 无菌生产工艺的研究Research of aseptic production process (10)3.2 无菌生产工艺的验证Aseptic production process validation (11)4 原料药无菌生产工艺API aseptic production process (16)4.1 无菌原料药生产工艺特点Sterile API production process characteristics (17)4.2 无菌原料药工艺验证sterile API process validation (19)1 概述Summary无菌药品是指法定药品标准中列有无菌检查项目的制剂和原料药，一般包括注射剂、无菌原料药及滴眼剂等。
从严格意义上讲，无菌药品应完全不含有任何活的微生物，但由于目前检验手段的局限性，绝对无菌的概念不能适用于对整批产品的无菌性评价，因此目前所使用的“无菌”概念，是概率意义上的“无菌”。
一批药品的无菌特性只能通过该批药品中活微生物存在的概率低至某个可接受的水平，即无菌保证水平（Sterility Assurance Level, SAL）来表征。
而这种概率意义上的无菌保证取决于合理且经过验证的灭菌工艺过程、良好的无菌保证体系以及生产过程中严格的GMP管理。
Sterile drug means the preparations and API which l egal drug standards list of asepsis check, generally, sterile drug including injection, sterile APIs and eye drops, etc. Strictly,sterile drug shouldn’t have any live microorganisms, but in current situation, it can’t be achieved. So current the sterile use a probability concept: SAL.无菌药品通常的灭菌方式可分为：1）湿热灭菌；2）干热灭菌；3）辐射灭菌；4）气体灭菌；5）除菌过滤。
全过程质量管理名词解释
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SPSS术语中英文对照
【常用软件】SPSS 术语中英文对照第 菜单项(下拉菜单)SPSS的统计分析过程均包含在Analysis菜单中。
我们只学以下两大分析过程: Descriptive Statistics （描述性统计）和Multiple Response （多选项分析）。
Descriptive Statistics （描述性统计）包含的分析功能：1.Frequencies过程：主要用于统计指定变量各变量值的频次（Frequency）、百分比（Percent ）。
2.Descriptives过程：主要用于计算指定变量的均值（Mean）、标准差（Std.Deviation ）o3.Crosstabs过程：主要用于两个或两个以上变量的交叉分类。
Multiple Response （多选项分析）的分析功能：1.Define Set过程：该过程定义一个由多选项组成的多响应变量。
2.Frequencies过程：该过程对定义的多响应变量提供一个频数表。
3.Crosstabs过程：该过程提供所定义的多响应变量与其他变量的交叉分类表。
Absolute deviation,绝对离差Absolute number,绝对数Absolute residuals,绝对残差Acceleration array,加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction,任意方向上的力□速度Acceleration normal,法向力口速度Acceleration space dimension,加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential,切向加速度Acceleration vector,力口速度向量Acceptable hypothesis,可接受假设Accumulation,累积Accuracy,准确度Actual frequency,实际频数Adaptive estimator,自适应估计量Addition,相力口Addition theorem,加法定理Additivity,可加性Adjusted rate,调整率Adjusted value,校正值Admissible error,容许误差Aggregation,聚集性Alternative hypothesis,备择假设Among groups,组间Amounts,总量Analysis of correlation,相关分析Analysis of covariance,协方差分析Analysis of regression,回归分析Analysis of time series,时间序歹列分析Analysis of variance,方差分析Angular transformation,角转换ANOVA (analysis of variance),方差分析ANOVA Models,方差分析模型Arcing,弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation,反正弦变换Area under the curve,曲线面积AREG ,评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA,季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper,算术格纸Arithmetic mean,算术平均数Arrhenius relation,艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit,拟合的评估Associative laws,结合律Asymmetric distribution,非对称分布Asymptotic bias,渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency,渐近效率Asymptotic variance,渐近方差Attributable risk,归因危险度Attribute data,属性资料Attribution,属性Autocorrelation,自相关Autocorrelation of residuals,残差的自相关Average,平均数Average confidence interval length,平均置信区间长度Average growth rate,平均增长率Bar chart,条形图Bar graph,条形图Base period,基期Bayes' theorem , Baye定理Bell-shaped curve,钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution,伯努力分布Best-trim estimator,最好切尾估计量Bias,偏性Binary logistic regression,二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution,二项分布Bisquare,双平方Bivariate Correlate,二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution,双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population,双变量正态总体Biweight interval,双权区间Biweight M-estimator,双权M 估计量Block,区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP 统计软件包Boxplots,箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound,崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation,典型相关Caption,纵标目Case-control study,病例对照研究Categorical variable,分类变量Catenary,悬链线Cauchy distribution,柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship,因果关系Cell,单元Censoring,终检Center of symmetry,对称中心Centering and scaling,中心化和定标Central tendency,集中趋势Central value,中心值CHAID -x2 Automatic Interaction Detector,卡方自动交互检测Chance,机遇Chance error,随机误差Chance variable,随机变量Characteristic equation,特征方程Characteristic root,特征根Characteristic vector,特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit,拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces,切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test,卡方检验仪2检验Choleskey decomposition,乔洛斯基分解Circle chart,圆图Class interval,组距Class mid-value,组中值Class upper limit,组上限Classified variable,分类变量Cluster analysis,聚类分析Cluster sampling,整群抽样Code,代码Coded data,编码数据Coding,编码Coefficient of contingency,歹列联系数Coefficient of determination,决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation,多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation,偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation,积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation,等级相关系数Coefficient of regression,回归系数Coefficient of skewness,偏度系数Coefficient of variation,变异系数Cohort study,队列研究Column,列Column effect,列效应Column factor,列因素Combination pool,合并Combinative table,组合表Common factor,共性因子Common regression coefficient,公共回归系数Common value,共同值Common variance,公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability,可比性Comparison of bathes,扑匕比较Comparison value,比较值Compartment model,分部模型Compassion,伸缩Complement of an event,补事件Complete association,完全正相关Complete dissociation,完全不相关Complete statistics,完备统计量Completely randomized design,完全随机化设计Composite event,联合事件Composite events,复合事件Concavity,凹性Conditional expectation,条件期望Conditional likelihood,条件似然Conditional probability,条件概率Conditionally linear,依条件线性Confidence interval,置信区间Confidence limit,置信限Confidence lower limit,置信下限Confidence upper limit,置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis ,验证性因子分析Confirmatory research,证实性实验研究Confounding factor,混杂因素Conjoint,联合分析Consistency,相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate,相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate,相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression,受约束非线性回归Constraint,约束Contaminated distribution,污染分布Contaminated Gausssian,污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution,污染正态分布Contamination,污染Contamination model,污染模型Contingency table,列联表Contour,边界线Contribution rate,贡献率Control,对照Controlled experiments,对照实验Conventional depth,常规深度Convolution,卷积Corrected factor,校正因子Corrected mean,校正均值Correction coefficient,校正系数Correctness,正确性Correlation coefficient,相关系数Correlation index,相关指数Correspondence,对应Counting,计数Counts,计数/频数Covariance,协方差Covariant,共变Cox Regression, Cox 回归Criteria for fitting,拟合准则Criteria of least squares,最小二乘准则Critical ratio,临界比Critical region,拒绝域Critical value,临界值Cross-over design,交叉设计Cross-section analysis,横断面分析Cross-section survey,横断面调查Crosstabs ,交叉表Cross-tabulation table,复合表Cube root,立方根Cumulative distribution function,分布函数Cumulative probability,累计概率Curvature,曲率/弯曲Curvature,曲率Curve fit ,曲线拟和Curve fitting,曲线拟合Curvilinear regression,曲线回归Curvilinear relation,曲线关系Cut-and-try method,尝试法Cycle,周期Cyclist,周期性D test, D 检验Data acquisition,资料收集Data bank,数据库Data capacity,数据容量Data deficiencies,数据缺乏Data handling,数据处理Data manipulation,数据处理Data processing,数据处理Data reduction,数据缩减Data set,数据集Data sources,数据来源Data transformation,数据变换Data validity,数据有效性Data-in,数据输入Data-out,数据输出Dead time,停滞期Degree of freedom,自由度Degree of precision,精密度Degree of reliability,可靠性程度Degression,递减Density function,密度函数Density of data points,数据点的密度Dependent variable,应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable,因变量Depth,深度Derivative matrix,导数矩阵Derivative-free methods,无导数方法Design,设计Determinacy,确定性Determinant,行列式Determinant,决定因素Deviation,离差Deviation from average,离均差Diagnostic plot,诊断图Dichotomous variable,二分变量Differential equation,微分方程Direct standardization,直接标准化法Discrete variable,离散型变量DISCRIMINANT,判断Discriminant analysis,判别分析Discriminant coefficient,判别系数Discriminant function,判别值Dispersion,散布/分散度Disproportional,不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers,不成比例次级组含量Distribution free,分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape,分布形状Distribution-free method,任意分布法Distributive laws,分配律Disturbance,随机扰动项Dose response curve,剂量反应曲线Double blind method,双盲法Double blind trial,双盲试验Double exponential distribution,双指数分布Double logarithmic,双对数Downward rank,降秩Dual-space plot,对偶空间图DUD,无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method,复极差法/Duncan 新法Effect,实验效应Eigenvalue,特征值Eigenvector,特征向量日lipse,椭圆Empirical distribution,经验分布Empirical probability,经验概率单位Enumeration data,计数资料Equal sun-class number,相等次级组含量Equally likely,等可能Equivariance,同变性Error,误差/错误Error of estimate,估计误差Error type I,第一类错误Error type II,第二类错误Estimand,被估量Estimated error mean squares,估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares,估计误差平方和Euclidean distance,欧式距离Event,事件Event,事件Exceptional data point,异常数据点Expectation plane,期望平面Expectation surface,期望曲面Expected values,期望值Experiment,实验Experimental sampling,试验抽样Experimental unit,试验单位Explanatory variable,说明变量Exploratory data analysis,探索性数据分析Explore Summarize,探索-摘要Exponential curve,指数曲线Exponential growth,指数式增长EXSMOOTH,指数平滑方法Extended fit,扩充拟合Extra parameter,附力口参数Extrapolation,夕卜推法Extreme observation,末端观测值Extremes,极端值/极值F distribution, F 分布F test, F 检验Factor,因素/因子Factor analysis,因子分析Factor Analysis,因子分析Factor score,因子得分Factorial,阶乘Factorial design,析因试验设计False negative,假阴性False negative error,假阴性错误Family of distributions,分布族Family of estimators,估计量族Fanning,扇面Fatality rate,病死率Field investigation,现场调查Field survey,现场调查Finite population,有限总体Finite-sample,有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component,第一主成分First quartile,第一四分位数Fisher information,费雪信息量Fitted value,拟合值Fitting a curve,曲线拟合Fixed base,定基Fluctuation,随机起伏Forecast,预测Four fold table,四格表Fourth,四分点Fraction blow,左侧比率Fractional error,相对误差Frequency,频率Frequency polygon,频数多边图Frontier point,界限点Function relationship,泛函关系Gamma distribution,伽玛分布Gauss increment,高斯增量Gaussian distribution,高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment,高斯-牛顿增量General census,全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models),广义线性模型Geometric mean,几何平均数Gini's mean differenc基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit,拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant,行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square,希腊拉丁方Grand mean,总均值Gross errors,重大错误Gross-error sensitivity,大错敏感度Group averages,分组平均Grouped data,分组资料Guessed mean,假定平均数Half-life,半衰期Hampel M-estimators,汉佩尔M 估计量Happenstance,偶然事件Harmonic mean,调和均数Hazard function,风险均数Hazard rate,风险率Heading,标目Heavy-tailed distribution,重尾分布Hessian array,海森立体阵Heterogeneity,不同质Heterogeneity of variance,方差不齐Hierarchical classification,组内分组Hierarchical clustering method,系统聚类法High-leverage point,高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR,多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge,折叶点Histogram,直方图Historical cohort study,历史性队列研究Holes,空洞HOMALS,多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test,齐性检验Huber M-estimators,休伯M 估计量Hyperbola,双曲线Hypothesis testing,假设检验Hypothetical universe,彳假设总体Impossible event,不可能事件Independence,独立性Independent variable,自变量Index,指标/指数Indirect standardization,间接标准化法Individual,个体Inference band,推断带Infinite population,无限总体Infinitely great,无穷大Infinitely small,无穷小Influence curve,影响曲线Information capacity,信息容量Initial condition,初始条件Initial estimate,初始估计值Initial level,最初水平Interaction,交互作用Interaction terms,交互作用项Intercept,截足巨Interpolation,内插法Interquartile range,四分位距Interval estimation,区间估计Intervals of equal probability,等概率区间Intrinsic curvature,固有曲率Invariance,不变性Inverse matrix,逆矩阵Inverse probability,逆概率Inverse sine transformation,反正弦变换Iteration,迭代Jacobian determinant,雅可比行歹列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability,联合概率Joint probability distribution,联合概率分布K means method,逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier,评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier 图Kendall’s rank correlation, Ke等级;相关Kinetic,动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test,柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis,峰度Lack of fit,失拟Ladder of powers,幂阶梯Lag,滞后Large sample,大样本Large sample test,大样本检验Latin square,拉丁方Latin square design,拉丁方设计Leakage,泄漏Least favorable configuration,最不利构形Least favorable distribution,最不利分布Least significant difference,最小显著差法Least square method,最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates,最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit,最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line,最小绝对残差线Legend,图例L-estimator, L 估计量L-estimator of location,位置L 估计量L-estimator of scale,尺度L 估计量Level,水平Life expectance,预期期望寿命Life table,寿命表Life table method,生命表法Light-tailed distribution,轻尾分布Likelihood function,似然函数Likelihood ratio,似然比line graph,线图Linear correlation,直线相关Linear equation,线性方程Linear programming,线性规戈ULinear regression,直线回归Linear Regression,线性回归Linear trend,线性趋势Loading,载荷Location and scale equivariance,位置尺度同变性Location equivariance,位置同变性Location invariance,位置不变性Location scale family,位置尺度族Log rank test,时序检验Logarithmic curve,对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution,对数正态分布Logarithmic scale,对数尺度Logarithmic transformation,对数变换Logic check,逻辑检查Logistic distribution,逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit 转换LOGLINEAR,多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution,对数正态分布Lost function,损失函数Low correlation,低度相关Lower limit,下限Lowest-attained variance,最小可达方差LSD,最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable,潜在变量Main effect,主效应Major heading,主辞标目Marginal density function,边缘密度函数Marginal probability,边缘概率Marginal probability distribution,边缘概率分布Matched data,配对资料Matched distribution,匹配过分布Matching of distribution,分布的匹配Matching of transformation,变换的匹配Mathematical expectation,数学期望Mathematical model,数学模型Maximum L-estimator,极大极小L估计量Maximum likelihood method,最大似然法Mean,均数Mean squares between groups,组间均方Mean squares within group,组内均方Means (Compare means),均值-均值比较Median,中位数Median effective dose,半数效量Median lethal dose,半数致死量Median polish,中位数平滑Median test,中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic,最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation,最小距离估计Minimum effective dose,最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator,最小方差估计量MINITAB,统计软件包Minor heading,宾词标目Missing data,缺失值Model specification,模型的确定Modeling Statistics ,模型统计Models for outliers,离群值模型Modifying the model,模型的修正Modulus of continuity,连续性模Morbidity,发病率Most favorable configuration,最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL),多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression ,多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison,多重比较Multiple correlation ,复相关Multiple covariance,多元协方差Multiple linear regression,多元线性回归Multiple response ,多重选项Multiple solutions,多解Multiplication theorem,乘法定理Multiresponse,多元响应Multi-stage sampling,多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution,多元T 分布Mutual exclusive,互不相容Mutual independence,互相独立Natural boundary,自然边界Natural dead,自然死亡Natural zero,自然零Negative correlation,负相关Negative linear correlation,负线性相关Negatively skewed,负偏Newman-Keuls method, q 检验NK method, q 检验No statistical significance,无统计意义Nominal variable,名义变量Nonconstancy of variability,变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression,非线性相关Nonparametric statistics,非参数统计Nonparametric test,非参数检验Nonparametric tests,非参数检验Normal deviate,正态离差Normal distribution,正态分布Normal equation,正规方程组Normal ranges,正常范围Normal value,正常值Nuisance parameter,多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis,无效假设Numerical variable,数值变量Objective function,目标函数Observation unit,观察单位Observed value,观察值One sided test,单侧检验One-way analysis of variance,单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA ,单因素方差分析Open sequential trial,开放型序贯设计Optrim,优切尾Optrim efficiency,优切尾效率Order statistics,顺序统计量Ordered categories,有序分类Ordinal logistic regression ,序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable,有序变量Orthogonal basis,正交基Orthogonal design,正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions,正交条件ORTHOPLAN,正交设计Outlier cutoffs,离群值截断点Outliers,极端值OVERALS ,多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot,迭代过度Paired design,配对设计Paired sample,配对样本Pairwise slopes,成对斜率Parabola,抛物线Parallel tests,平行试验Parameter,参数Parametric statistics,参数统计Parametric test,参数检验Partial correlation,偏相关Partial regression,偏回归Partial sorting,偏排序Partials residuals,偏残差Pattern,模式Pearson curves,皮尔逊曲线Peeling,退层Percent bar graph,百分条形图Percentage,百分比Percentile,百分位数Percentile curves,百分位曲线Periodicity,周期性Permutation,排歹列P-estimator, P 估计量Pie graph,饼图Pitman estimator,皮特曼估计量Pivot,枢轴量Planar,平坦Planar assumption,平面的假设PLANCARDS,生成试验的计划卡Point estimation,点估计Poisson distribution,泊松分布Polishing,平滑Polled standard deviation,合并标准差Polled variance,合并方差Polygon,多边图Polynomial,多项式Polynomial curve,多项式曲线Population,总体Population attributable risk,人群归因危险度Positive correlation,正相关Positively skewed,正偏Posterior distribution,后验分布Power of a test,检验效能Precision,精密度Predicted value,预测值Preliminary analysis,预备性分析Principal component analysis,主成分分析Prior distribution,先验分布Prior probability,先验概率Probabilistic model,概率模型probability,概率Probability density,概率密度Product moment,乘积矩/协方差Profile trace,截面迹图Proportion,比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling,按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate,成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers,成比例次级组含量Prospective study,前瞻性调查Proximities,亲近性Pseudo F test,近似 F 检验Pseudo model,近似模型Pseudosigma,伪标准差Purposive sampling,有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR 分解Quadratic approximation,二次近似Qualitative classification,属性分类Qualitative method,定性方法Quantile-quantile plot,分位数-分位数图/Q-Q 图Quantitative analysis,定量分析Quartile,四分位数Quick Cluster,快速聚类Radix sort,基数排序Random allocation,随机化分组Random blocks design,随机区组设计Random event,随机事件Randomization,随机化Range,极差/全距Rank correlation,等级相关Rank sum test,秩和检验Rank test,秩检验Ranked data,等级资料Rate,比率Ratio,比例Raw data,原始资料Raw residual,原始残差Rayleigh’s test,雷氏检验Rayleigh’s Z,雷氏Z 值Reciprocal,倒数Reciprocal transformation,倒数变换Recording, i记录Redescending estimators,回降估计量Reducing dimensions,降维Re-expression,重新表达Reference set,标准组Region of acceptance,接受域Regression coefficient,回归系数Regression sum of square,回归平方和Rejection point,拒绝点Relative dispersion,相对离散度Relative number,相对数Reliability,可靠性Reparametrization,重新设置参数Replication,重复Report Summaries,报告摘要Residual sum of square,乘U余平方和Resistance,耐抗性Resistant line,耐抗线Resistant technique,耐抗技术R-estimator of location,位置R 估计量R-estimator of scale,尺度R 估计量Retrospective study,回顾性调查Ridge trace,岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit 分析Rotation,旋转Rounding,舍入Row,行Row effects,行效应Row factor,行因素RXC table, RXC 表Sample,样本Sample regression coefficient,样本回归系数Sample size,样本量Sample standard deviation,样本标准差Sampling error,抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS 统计软件包Scale,尺度/量表Scatter diagram,散点图Schematic plot,示意图/简图Score test,计分检验Screening,筛检SEASON,季节分析Second derivative,二阶导数Second principal component,第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling),结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph,半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper,半对数格纸Sensitivity curve,敏感度曲线Sequential analysis,贯序分析Sequential data set,顺序数据集Sequential design,贯序设计Sequential method,贯序法Sequential test,贯序检验法Serial tests,系列试验Short-cut method,简捷法Sigmoid curve, S 形曲线Sign function,正负号函数Sign test,符号检验Signed rank,符号秩Significance test,显著性检验Significant figure,有效数字Simple cluster sampling,简单整群抽样Simple correlation,简单相关Simple random sampling,简单随机抽样Simple regression,简单回归simple table,简单表Sine estimator,正弦估计量Single-valued estimate,单值估计Singular matrix,奇异矩阵Skewed distribution,偏斜分布Skewness,偏度Slash distribution,斜线分布Slope,斜率Smirnov test,斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation,变异来源Spearman rank correlation,斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor,特殊因子Specific factor variance,特殊因子方差Spectra ,频谱Spherical distribution,球型正态分布Spread,展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlation,假性相关Square root transformation,平方根变换Stabilizing variance,稳定方差Standard deviation,标准差Standard error,标准误Standard error of difference,差别的标准误Standard error of estimate,标准估计误差Standard error of rate,率的标准误Standard normal distribution,标准正态分布Standardization,标准化Starting value,起始值Statistic,统计量Statistical control,统计控制Statistical graph,统计图Statistical inference,统计推断Statistical table,统计表Steepest descent,最速下降法Stem and leaf display,茎叶图Step factor,步长因子Stepwise regression,逐步回归Storage,存Strata,层（复数）Stratified sampling,分层抽样Stratified sampling,分层抽样Strength,强度Stringency,严密性Structural relationship,结构关系Studentized residual,学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers,次级组含量Subdividing,分割Sufficient statistic,充分统计量Sum of products,积和Sum of squares,离差平方和Sum of squares about regression,回归平方和Sum of squares between groups,组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression,偏回归平方和Sure event,必然事件Survey,调查Survival,生存分析Survival rate,生存率Suspended root gram,悬吊根图Symmetry,对称Systematic error,系统误差Systematic sampling,系统抽样Tags,标签Tail area,尾部面积Tail length,尾长Tail weight,尾重Tangent line,切线Target distribution,目标分布Taylor series,泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion,离散趋势Testing of hypotheses,假设检验Theoretical frequency,理论频数Time series,时间序列Tolerance interval,容忍区间Tolerance lower limit,容忍下限Tolerance upper limit,容忍上限Torsion,扰率Total sum of square,总平方和Total variation,总变异Transformation,转换Treatment,处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage,百分比趋势Trial,试验Trial and error method,试错法Tuning constant,细调常数Two sided test,双向检验Two-stage least squares,二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling,二阶段抽样Two-tailed test,双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance,双因素方差分析Two-way table,双向表Type I error, 一类错误/a错误Type II error,二类错误不错误UMVU,方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate,无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression ,无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number,不等次级组含量Ungrouped data,不分组资料Uniform coordinate,均匀坐标Uniform distribution,均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate,方差一致最小无偏估计Unit,单元Unordered categories,无序分类Upper limit,上限Upward rank,升秩Vague concept,模糊概念Validity,有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation),方差元素估计Variability,变异性Variable,变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation,方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution,容积W test, W 检验Weibull distribution,威布尔分布Weight,权数Weighted Chi-square test,加权卡方检验/Cochran 检验Weighted linear regression method,力口权直线回归Weighted mean,加权平均数Weighted mean square,加权平均方差Weighted sum of square,加权平方和Weighting coefficient,权重系数Weighting method,加权法W-estimation, W 估计量W-estimation of location,位置W 估计量Width,宽度Wilcoxon paired test,威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point,野点/狂点Wild value,野值/狂值Winsorized mean,缩尾均值Withdraw,失访Youden’s index,尤登指数Z test, Z 检验Zero correlation,零相关Z-transformation, Z 变换。
ZEISS Primovert 快速高效观察生物细胞说明书
ZEISS PrimovertExamine and Evaluate Living Cells – Fast and EfficientlyProduct Information Version 2.0Examine Living Cells – Quickly and EfficientlyNow you can study the morphography of living cells and evaluate their development with this compact inverted microscope from ZEISS. Primovert is perfectly suited to your cell culture laboratory. It enables fast, efficient investigations of both unstained cells in phase contrast and GFP-labeled cells in fluorescence contrast. It fits straight into your laminar flow cabinet to work directly in a sterile environment.And it brings you a welcome degree of flexibility, too, with its integrated camera and the Labscope imaging app for iPad: observe your cells from outside the sterile working space and evaluate them with colleagues.U2OS cells, GFP-actin stained, 20× objective› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details ›ServiceAnimationSimpler. More Intelligent. More Integrated.A Complete Solution for Your Cell Culture LaboratoryEverything about Primovert is designed to facilitate your daily work. Use the switch on the stand to shift effortlessly from phase contrast to fluorescence contrast, evaluating both unstained and GFP-labeled cells. Take your choice of mounting frames to work with various receptacles such as petri dishes and well plates. And when you’re using culture flasks, simply remove the condenser to increase the working distance. This compact inverse microscope fits neatly into your laminar flow cabinet so you can work directly in a sterile environment.The Well-Connected Cell Culture LabPrimovert HDcam is designed for ultimate flexibility: an integrated camera that saves you the hassle of mounting the adapter and camera, or adjusting the settings. Use your iPad and free Labscope imaging app to discuss your images with your team. Primovert HDcam lets you capture microscope images, record videos, create notes and reports, and edit images. Save the files on your Windows network or do some "joined-up" thinking with colleagues via wireless devices. If you prefer, visualize the images on your monitor, projector or laptop.As Rapid as Your Work Flow: Switch It On and Start Evaluating – All Day, Every Day Your Primovert is always ready to go. Just use the convenient benchtop switch to turn the microscope on and off. Thanks to the integrated LED fluorescence, you start working right away – without warming up or cooling down. When idle, it shuts itself off automatically after 15 minutes – another energy-saving feature. another energy-saving feature. Primovert is easy to use, easy on running costs – and easy on you, too, with an ergotube that lets you find a comfortable working posture and stay relaxed, hour after hour. Adjust the viewing angle to your individual needs and use the microscope in a standing position or seated.› In Brief› The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › ServiceExpand Your PossibilitiesUnleash the functionality of the Labscope imaging app to convert your Primovert into an integrated HD camera with a wireless-enabled imaging system. Whether in the lab or classroom, Labscope makes it easier than ever before to capture images and records videos of your microscope samples. Create notes and reports, edit images and save the files on your Windows network. Or just as easily, share them with colleagues – whenever and wherever you want. The intuitive user interface gets you to work immediately and minimizes the learning curve.Connect one or several iPads simultaneously with Primovert HDcam. With Labscope, the free iPad imaging app from ZEISS, you can share your live images with several users at once.If necessary, you can charge your iPad directly on the stand.Use Primovert HDcam with Your iPad› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › ServiceWith Primovert HDcam and its integrated five-megapixel camera, you can capture images andrecord videos directly on the stand. You can alsodirectly adjust recording conditions such ascontrast and brightness directly. You can evencontrol the microscope from a different location,using the remote.Expand Your PossibilitiesUse Primovert HDcam without an iPadTake advantage of numerous interfaces on Primovert HDcam. The free ZEN lite imaging software provides a flexible means of transferring files to your PC or laptop. Transfer images to a monitor directly in thelaminar flow cabinet. Or save your data to an SD card on the stand.› In Brief› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceLED illumination gives you the benefit of long life and stable color temperature. Use LED fluorescence to avoid warming up, cooling down and adjustment of the lamp. Work with constant brightness.Primovert has a universal phase slider for all objectives. You can use Ph1 for 10×, 20× and 40× magnification, and avoid having to adjust the phase position when you change the magnification.When working with culture flasks, you can increase the working distance by removing the condenser.Expand Your PossibilitiesPrimovert with its adjustable ergotube lets you work in comfort, whether standing or in a seated position.You can use various mounting frames and stage adjustment for flasks and multi-well plates. For many petri dishes, you can also expand the stage.Use the free ZEN lite microscope software to control ZEISS microscope cameras, capture images or view your CZI files.› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › ServiceTailored Precisely to Your Applications› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceTailored Precisely to Your Applications› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceZEISS Primovert at WorkU2OS cellsMagnification 40×, phase contrastU2OS cells, GFP labeledMagnification 20×, fluorescence contrast Formation of conidia in powdery mildew on sage at 40× m agni-fication, courtesy of the Julius Kühn Institute, Braunschweig, GermanyHeLa cellsMagnification 20×, phase contrast Micrasterias radiataMagnification 40×, phase contrastHeLa cellsMagnification 40×, phase contrast› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › Service1234Your Flexible Choice of Components1 Microscopes • Primovert • Primovert photo • Primovert ergo • Primovert iLED • Primovert HDcam2 Recommended objectives • Plan-ACHROMAT 4×/0,10 HF • Plan-ACHROMAT 4×/0,10 Ph0• Plan-ACHROMAT 10×/0,25 Ph1• LD Plan-ACHROMAT 20×/0,30 Ph1• LD Plan-ACHROMAT 40×/0,50 Ph1• LD Plan-ACHROMAT 20×/0,30 Ph2• LD Plan-ACHROMAT 40×/0,50 Ph23 Condensers• LD condenser 0.3 (working distance: 72 mm)• LD condenser 0.4 (working distance: 55 mm)4 Illumination Transmitted light:• HAL 30 W (halogen)• LED Reflected light:• 470 nm fluorescence LED • 38HE filter set5 CamerasRecommended cameras:• Axiocam ICc 5• Axiocam ICc 1• Axiocam ERc 5s6 Software • ZEN lite• Labscope imaging app for iPad› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › ServiceSystem Overview of ZEISS Primovert› In Brief› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceSpecifications› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › ServiceSpecifications› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceSpecifications› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceSpecifications› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceSpecifications› The Advantages› The Applications› The System› Technology and Details› ServiceBecause the ZEISS microscope system is one of your most important tools, we make sure it is always ready to perform. What’s more, we’ll see to it that you are employing all the options that get the best from your microscope. You can choose from a range of service products, each delivered by highly qualified ZEISS specialists who will support you long beyond the purchase of your system. Our aim is to enable you to experience those special moments that inspire your work.Repair. Maintain. Optimize.Attain maximum uptime with your microscope. A ZEISS Protect Service Agreement lets you budget for operating costs, all the while reducing costly downtime and achieving the best results through the improved performance of your system. Choose from service agreements designed to give you a range of options and control levels. We’ll work with you to select the service program that addresses your system needs and usage requirements, in line with your organization’s standard practices.Our service on-demand also brings you distinct advantages. ZEISS service staff will analyze issues at hand and resolve them – whether using remote maintenance software or working on site. Enhance Your Microscope System.Your ZEISS microscope system is designed for a variety of updates: open interfaces allow you to maintain a high technological level at all times. As a result you’ll work more efficiently now, while extending the productive lifetime of your microscope as new update possibilities come on stream.Profit from the optimized performance of your microscope system with services from ZEISS – now and for years to come.Count on Service in the True Sense of the Word>> /microservice› In Brief › The Advantages › The Applications › The System› Technology and Details › ServiceE N _41_011_039 | C Z 12-2014 | D e s i g n , s c o p e o f d e l i v e r y a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o g r e s s s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e w i t h o u t n o t i c e . | © C a r l Z e i s s M i c r o s c o p y G m b HCarl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH 07745 Jena, Germany ********************/primovert。
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Steerprop LTD is the center of azimuth propulsion technology. Steerprop Ltd. produces azimuth propulsors for maritime and offshore industries. Steerprop公司，是以全回转推进器技术为中心，为船舶和海洋工程提供产品。
We provide the customers with outstanding quality and excellent lifetime economy. Steerprop operates on a global basis by providing azimuth main propulsion solutions for the high seas, as well as coastal and inland waters everywhere in the world.Steerprop向顾客提供高品质、寿命长的产品。
以国际化的标准，致力于提供有关远洋全回转推进器相关问题的解决方案。
The mission of Steerprop Ltd. is to equip all eligible vessels with azimuth propulsors and maintain them together with the co‐operation partner networks. According to the company’s vision, Steerprop Ltd. is to become the leading technological expert within the azimuth propulsion industry. Steerprop公司的宗旨，是使所有合适的船只全部装配上全回转推进器并且与他们形成合伙供应商网络。
从公司的角度看来，Steerprop公司，将要成为全回转推进器项目技术的领导者。
Steerprop 全回转推进器的特点可靠性A great deal of effort has been put into Steerprop propulsors in order to ensure that they are the most dependable azimuth propulsors available. Reliability has an immense impact on the total lifecycle economy. The construction is kept as simple and fail-proof as possible.Steerprop公司为全回转推进器提供尽可能多的服务以保证他们的可靠性。
可靠性对于设备的耐用期限有很大的影响。
尽可能的简单且无故障的保存。
Flexibility has always been the basic philosophy behind the Steerprop propulsors. As a company, Steerprop Ltd. is able to provide owners and operators with exactly the products they require.灵活的操控模式一直是Steerprop公司全回转推进器的基础哲学。
作为一家公司，Steerprop公司有能力为船东精确地提供他们所需要的产品。
The vessel can turn around easily by using 360 all degrees propellers. They also benefit convenient control and the safety of navigation.采用360度全回转舵桨，船舶掉头灵活、原地回转、倒车快，操控方便，航行安全。
Propulsor efficiency and performance have an influence on both vessel performance (such as speed and bollard pull) and fuel consumption. Vessel performance and fuel consumption, in turn, have an impact on the total lifecycle economy.全回转的效率和性能对船的性能（例如速度和系柱拉力）以及耗油率都有影响。
船的性能以及耗油率，相应地，也会对总耐用期限产生影响。
360 all degrees azimuth proplusion is a kind of Z-drive configuration, which is energy-saving, of low noise and efficient device. With counter rotating propellers , the sailing speed can be raised , also the propulsion efficiency , meanwhile, owners could take advantage of the reducing fuel.360度全回转推进装置，是一种高效、节能、降噪、新颖的Z型船舶推进装置。
采用对转式推进器，可提高航速，提高推进效率，可节省燃料。
The propulsor with small stern vibration and average slipstream enables the vessel to sail in shallow waterways by using smaller diameter propellers. It also improve vacuole function .If using larger diameter propellers ,the propulsion efficiency would reduce.本推进器尾部振动减小，尾流流畅均匀，无横向推力，可用较小直径螺旋桨，适用航行于螺旋桨直接受到限制的浅水航道，并能改善空泡性能，克服螺旋桨直径较大和空泡影响推进效率的缺点。
• Power range 800...3500 kW; suited to the individual application and the rules of the selected classification society功率范围800-3500千瓦，适用于独立设备和指定船级社的规定• Open, ducted开放式的，导管式的• Z-drive or limited availability L-drive configurationsZ型传动方式或有限利用的L型传动方式• Diesel engine or electric motor prime mover柴油机或电动机作为原动机• Electric or hydraulic actuation of azimuth电动或液压驱动全回转• All major class society certificates available具有所有船级社的证书• Several mounting options: through hull from above, in two parts, or from below.多种安装方式：自上贯穿船体外壳，分两部分，或者从底下安装• Power range 4000...7000 kW; suited to the individual applications and the rules of the selected classification society功率范围4000-7000千瓦，适用于独立设备和指定船级社的规定• Open, ducted开放式的，导管式的• Z-drive configurationZ型传动方式• Electric motor prime mover电动机作为原动机• Electric actuation of azimuth电动驱动全回转• All major class society certificates available具有所有船级社的证书• Several mounting options: through hull from above, in two parts, or from below.多种安装方式：自上贯穿船体外壳，分两部分，或者从底下安装• Power range 800...4000 kW; suited to the individual application and the rules of the selected classification society功率范围800-4000千瓦，适用于独立设备和指定船级社的规定• Z-drive configurationZ型传动方式• Electric motor prime mover or direct diesel engine for low powers电动机作为原动机或低功率采用直流柴油机马达• Electric or hydraulic actuation of azimuth电动或液压驱动全回转• All major class society certificates available具有所有船级社的证书• Mounting options: in two parts or from below.安装方式：分两部分或者从底下安装• For ice going and arctic applications为扫冰和寒带地区使用的设备• Power range 800...16,000 kW; suited to the individual application and the rules of the selected classification society功率范围800-16,000千瓦，适用于独立设备和指定船级社的规定• Open pushing, ducted pushing, open pulling propellers, or CR Propellers开放式推动，管道式推动，开放推动式螺旋桨或者CR螺旋桨• Electric motor prime mover电动机作为原动机• Z-drive configurationZ型传动装置• For vessels that operate mostly in free-running conditions and also higher speeds.为那些大部分在自由且高速环境下运行的船只• Steerprop ECO propulsors with Contra-Rotating Propellers (CRP) offer the ideal solution, improving the fuel economy.Steerprop ECO 推进器和倒转推进器提供理想的解决方法，促进燃油的节省• The power capacity in this product category ranges from 5 to 20 MW这款产品类别范围内，功率范围为5-20兆瓦• The Steerprop ECO has a dual-end configuration which, combined with the sophisticated hydrodynamic design of the underwater parts, provides the highest efficiency in the propulsor industr y.Steerprop ECO有一个两端的配置，包括水下部分的精密的水动力设计，为推进器提供最高的推进效率The ability to control both the thrust and slipstream by a full 360 degrees makes the azimuth propulsor a powerful tool for ice management operations.控制推力和360度尾流的能力使得全回转推进器成为破冰的一个强大的工具。