国际经济学作业答案-第五章
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？6．答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
7．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
8．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
国际经济学课后答案
国际经济学课后答案第一章绪论1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。
2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。
3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。
国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。
4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。
调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。
5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等(2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系(3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业(4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治(5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景第二章比较优势理论1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。
国际经济学英文版上册(第八版)章节练习第五章
精选文档International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5The Standard Trade Model1)The concept "terms of trade" meansA)the amount of exports sold by a country.B)the price conditions bargained for in international markets.C)the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports.D)the quantities of imports received in free trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C2)A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA)the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.C)the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.D)the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.E)the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3)Tastes of individuals are represented byA)the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line.C)the indifference curve.D)the production function.E)None of the above.Answer: C4)If P C /P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA)all countries would be better off.B)the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.C)the terms of trade of food exporters improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries improve.E)None of the above.Answer: B5)If P C /P F were to increase,A)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.B)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.C)the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.D)Both A and C.E)None of the above.Answer: B精选文档6)If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA)have no effect on that country's economic welfare.B)increase the country's economic welfare.C)decrease the country's economic welfare.D)change the terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C7)Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade.B)this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade.C)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade.D)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: A8)Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB)this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE)None of the aboveAnswer: D9)When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA)biased growth.B)unbiased growth.C)immiserizing growth.D)balanced growth.E)imbalanced growth.Answer:D10)Export -biased growth in Country H willA)improve the terms of trade of Country H.B) trigger anti -bias regulations of the WTO.C)worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).D)improve the terms of trade of Country F.E)decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D精选文档11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA)worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B)improve the U.S. terms of trade.C)leave the world terms of trade unaffected.D)worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.E)None of the above.Answer: B12)If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA)increase production of its import competing good.B)increase consumption of its export good.C)increase the quantity of its imports.D) experience an export -biased shift in its production possibility frontier.E)None of the above.Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income - to France. If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biasedtoward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA)the world's relative price for food remains unchanged.B)the world's relative price for food increase.C)the world's relative price for food decrease.D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.E)None of the above.Answer: B14)During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observedA)falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.B)improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.C)no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.D) a decrease in the relative price of food.E)None of the above.Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.B)a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.C)a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.E)None of the above.Answer: A精选文档16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA)positive terms of trade.B)deteriorating terms of trade.C)improving terms of trade.D)immiserizing terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C17)If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA)the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.B)the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.C)the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.D)the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.E)None of the above.Answer: C18) If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B) improve the U.S. terms of trade.C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.E) None of the above.Answer: A19)If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a majorgrowth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan is internationally a large country in thesemarkets, this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's). However,such a bias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme,Japan may become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods. If the result is alessening of specialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfareassociated with gains from trade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs(a possibility) this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relativelylong period of time.20)At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand forGermany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated inthe Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.精选文档21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of all countries.C)improve the terms of trade of the United States.D)cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C22)If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.B)harm Slovenia's real income.C)improve Slovenia's real income.D)improve the real income of its trade partners.E)None of the above.Answer: D25)An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A production subsidyfor the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade forthe country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. This analysis seems tocontradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade.精选文档26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier inthe figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B.Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus , worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.27)Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in thefigure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country ?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade. If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income.。
国际经济学第8版第五章标准贸易模型中文答案
第五章 标准贸易模型1、答：如图，贸易后，两国原先的无差异曲线都移动到了更高的无差异曲线上，两国人民都更幸福，社会福利增加。
2、答：（a ）如左图，假如过度捕鱼引起的鱼产量大幅度减少，则挪威的生产可能性边界发生变化，导致等价值线向下移动，相应的无差异曲线移动到了较低的水平上，导致福利下降。
（b ）如右图，当过度捕鱼引起鱼的产量减少，在市场上鱼的供给减少，导致相对价格上升，上升到一定程度不仅可以弥补鱼的产量损失，甚至会带来福利的上升。
3、答：如图，以粮食和棉布为例，当生产可能性边界是直角时，贸易条件改善增进了本国福利。
生产点位于直角顶点，消费点是等价值线和无差异曲线的切点。
贸易条件的改善使得等价值线的截距增加，即等价值线直角顶点向外偏转(由于没有流动要素，生产点固定)。
经济体达鱼 车 鱼车瑞典 F C本国鱼 车 鱼车挪威 挪威挪威到获得了更高的无差异曲线，从直观上来看，产出并没有发生变化，经济体获益主要是通过相对于进口产品购买力的增加来实现的。
4、答：由于购买产品比例是固定的，所以无差异曲线是直角形状。
贸易条件的改善使该国达到了更高的无差异曲线。
无差异曲线沿着从原点出发的射线移动，其顶点始终在该射线上，射线的斜率为两种产品的比例，贸易条件的改善使无差异曲线远离原点。
5、答：日本贸易条件是制造品价格比去原材料价格的相对价格，贸易条件的变动由相对供给和相对需求的变动决定。
（a ）中东石油供应的紧缺使得原材料的供给减少，这导致了制造品的相对供给增加，RS 曲线向右移动，制造品的相对价格下降，日本的贸易条件恶化。
（b ）韩国扩展了汽车生产能力增加了世界汽车的总供给，使得世界汽车的相对供给增加了，RS 曲线向右移动，世界市场上汽车的相对价格下降了，日本的贸易条件恶化了。
（c ）美国工程师以核反应堆代替石油燃料发电厂，减少了对石油，即原材料的需求，这导致了原材料相对价格的下降，RD 曲线向右移动，制造品的相对需求上升和相对价格上升，日本的贸易条件得以改善。
国际经济学课程学习题集与参考答案
国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界围的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界围实现资源的最佳配置。
国际经济学课后习题答案
第二章古典国际贸易理论1.根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。
在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。
2.在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。
这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。
思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。
3.在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。
4.理论，决不是个强权理论，只要按照比较优势进行贸易，专业化生产，充分有效地利用资源，穷国也可以得到好处，这不仅可以从Sachs 和Warner 对78个发展中国家贸易与经济发展的关系研究中的得到证实，单从中国改革开放的实践就可以得到说明。
5. 下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。
假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。
（1） 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？800 1200（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
国际经济学英文版上册(第八版)章节练习第五章
精选文档International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5The Standard Trade Model1)The concept "terms of trade" meansA)the amount of exports sold by a country.B)the price conditions bargained for in international markets.C)the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports.D)the quantities of imports received in free trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C2)A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA)the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.C)the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.D)the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.E)the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3)Tastes of individuals are represented byA)the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line.C)the indifference curve.D)the production function.E)None of the above.Answer: C4)If P C /P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA)all countries would be better off.B)the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.C)the terms of trade of food exporters improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries improve.E)None of the above.Answer: B5)If P C /P F were to increase,A)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.B)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.C)the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.D)Both A and C.E)None of the above.Answer: B精选文档6)If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA)have no effect on that country's economic welfare.B)increase the country's economic welfare.C)decrease the country's economic welfare.D)change the terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C7)Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade.B)this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade.C)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade.D)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: A8)Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB)this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE)None of the aboveAnswer: D9)When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA)biased growth.B)unbiased growth.C)immiserizing growth.D)balanced growth.E)imbalanced growth.Answer:D10)Export -biased growth in Country H willA)improve the terms of trade of Country H.B) trigger anti -bias regulations of the WTO.C)worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).D)improve the terms of trade of Country F.E)decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D精选文档11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA)worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B)improve the U.S. terms of trade.C)leave the world terms of trade unaffected.D)worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.E)None of the above.Answer: B12)If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA)increase production of its import competing good.B)increase consumption of its export good.C)increase the quantity of its imports.D) experience an export -biased shift in its production possibility frontier.E)None of the above.Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income - to France. If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biasedtoward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA)the world's relative price for food remains unchanged.B)the world's relative price for food increase.C)the world's relative price for food decrease.D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.E)None of the above.Answer: B14)During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observedA)falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.B)improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.C)no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.D) a decrease in the relative price of food.E)None of the above.Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.B)a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.C)a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.E)None of the above.Answer: A精选文档16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA)positive terms of trade.B)deteriorating terms of trade.C)improving terms of trade.D)immiserizing terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C17)If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA)the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.B)the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.C)the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.D)the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.E)None of the above.Answer: C18) If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B) improve the U.S. terms of trade.C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.E) None of the above.Answer: A19)If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a majorgrowth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan is internationally a large country in thesemarkets, this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's). However,such a bias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme,Japan may become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods. If the result is alessening of specialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfareassociated with gains from trade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs(a possibility) this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relativelylong period of time.20)At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand forGermany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated inthe Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.精选文档21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of all countries.C)improve the terms of trade of the United States.D)cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C22)If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.B)harm Slovenia's real income.C)improve Slovenia's real income.D)improve the real income of its trade partners.E)None of the above.Answer: D25)An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A production subsidyfor the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade forthe country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. This analysis seems tocontradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade.精选文档26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier inthe figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B.Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus , worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.27)Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in thefigure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country ?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade. If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income.。
ch05 国际经济学课后答案与习题(萨尔瓦多)
*CHAPTER 5(Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE5.1 Introduction5.2 Types of TariffsCase Study 5-1 Average Tariff on Industrial Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 5-2 Average Tariff on Industrial Products in Some Major Developing Countries 5.3 Effects of a Tariff in a Small Nation5.4 Effect of a Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus5.5 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Small NationCase Study 5-3 The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. ProductsCase Study 5-4 The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products5.6 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Large Nation5.7 The Optimum Tariff and Retaliation5.8 Theory of Tariff StructureCase Study 5-5 Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 5-6 Structure of Tariffs in the United States, EU, and CanadaAppendix: Optimum Tariff and Retaliation with Offer CurvesKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Revenue effect of a tariffsurplustariff ConsumerImportExport tariff Rent or producer surplustariff Protectioncost or deadweight loss of a tariff valoremAdSpecific tariff Terms of trade effect of the tarifftarifftariff OptimumCompoundConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Rate of effective protectionTrade effect of a tariffLecture Guide1. I would cover sections 1-4 in the first lecture. The most difficult part is Section 4 on themeaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus is crucial in measuring the welfare effect of tariffs, I would explain these concepts very carefully.2. I would cover sections 5 and 6 in the second lecture. These are the most difficult sections inthe chapter and also the most important.3. The theory of tariff structure is also difficult and important. I found that the best way toexplain it is by using the simple example in the text on the suit with and without imported inputs. This section is likely to generate a great deal of discussion about the trade relations between developed and developing nations. If you do not plan to cover optional Chapter 8 on growth and development, you could spend a bit more time on this topic here , even though it will come up again in Chapter 6.Answer to Problems1. a. See Figure 1 on the next page.b. Consumption is 70X, production is 50X and imports are 20X.c. The consumption effect is –30X, the production effect is +30X, the trade effectis –60X, and the revenue effect is $30 (see Figure 1).2. a. The consumer surplus is $250 without and $l22.50 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b. Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared with theirrevenues under free trade), $22.50 represents the increase in production costs andanother $22.50 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure 1).c. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 1).3. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 2).4. The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $45 (see Figure 3).5. The optimum tariff is the tariff that maximizes the net benefit resulting from theimprovement in the nation’s terms of trade against the negative effect resulting fromreduction in the volume of trade.X Fig 5.1X Fig 5.2XFig 5.36. a. When a nation imposes an optimum tariff, the trade partner’s welfare declines because ofthe lower volume of trade and the deterioration in its terms of trade.b. The trade partner is likely to retaliate and in the end both nations are likely to lose becauseof the reduction in the volume of trade.7. Even when the trade partner does not retaliate when one nation imposes the optimum tariff,the gains of the tariff-imposing nation are less than the losses of the trade partner, so that theworld as a whole is worse off than under free trade. It is in this sense that free trade maximizesworld welfare.8. a. The nominal tariff is calculated on the market price of the product or service. The rate ofeffective protection, on the other hand, is calculated on the value added in the nation. It isequal to the value of the price of the commodity or service minus the value of the importedinputs used in the production of the commodity or service.b. The nominal tariff is important to consumers because it determines by how much the priceof the imported commodity increases. The rate of effective protection is important fordomestic producers because it determines the actual rate of protection provided by thetariff to domestic processing.9. a. Rates of effective protection in industrial nations are generally much higher than thecorresponding nominal rates and increase with the degree of processing.b. The tariff structure of developed nations is of great concern for developing nationsbecause it discourages manufacturing production in developing nations.10. If a nation reduces the nominal tariff on the importation of the raw materials required toproduce a commodity but does not reduce the tariff on the importation of the finalcommodity produced with the imported raw material, then the effective tariff rates willincrease relative to the nominal tariff rate on the commodity.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. an ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the price of the traded commodity.b. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. the U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff *d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4. The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured by the area: *a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a small nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. non of the above7. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on the elasticity of demand and supply for the import commodity in the nation8. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above9. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves the terms of trade of the trade partner*b. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the trade partner’s welfared. all of the above10. If two large countries impose an optimum tariff*a. the welfare of the both nations decreaseb. the welfare of the both nations increasec. the welfare of the larger nation will increase and that of the other nation decreasesd. the welfare of the larger nation will decrease and that of the other nation increases11. If one nation imposes an optimum tariff and the other nation does not retaliate*a. the welfare of the first nation increases and that of the welfare of the second nation fallsb. the welfare of the second nation increases and that of the welfare of the second nation fallsc. the welfare of both nations falld. the welfare of both nations increase12. If one nation imposes an optimum tariff and the other nation does not retaliatea. the welfare of the first nation increases more than the fall in the welfare of the secondnation*b. the welfare of the first nation increases more than the fall in the welfare of the secondnationc. the welfare of the second nation increases less than the fall in the welfare of the firstnationd. the welfare of the first nation increases by the same amount as the fall in the welfare of the second nation13. The nominal tariff is the tariff calculated on thea. price of the input used in the production of the commodity*b. price of the commodity or servicec. value addedd. all of the above14. The effective tariff rate is the tariff calculated on thea. price of the input used in the production of the commodityb. commodity or service*c. value added in the nationd. all of the above15. If the nominal tariff on a commodity is higher than the nominal tariff on the imported input used in the production of the commodity, then the rate of effective protection is*a. higher on the commodity than on the inputb. lower on the commodity than on the imported inputc. equal on the commodity and on the imported inputd. any of the above。
国际经济学的课后答案及选择
第一章绪论(一) 选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，是以〔D.政府〕作为根本的经济单位来划分的。
2.国际经济学研究的对象是〔D 各国之间的经济活动和经济关系〕3.从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，〔C人员〕流动最容易〔二〕问答题1．试述国际经济学和国内经济学的关系。
答案提示：〔1〕联络：国际经济学与国内经济学研究的经济活动是相似的，面临的主要问题也是相似的；〔2〕最主要的区别是国际经济的民族国家性。
第二章古典的国际贸易理论〔一〕选择题本国消费A、B、C、D四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国消费这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30，根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比拟优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比拟优势？〔〔ｃ〕Ａ、Ｄ〕答案：Ｃ〔二〕问答题1．亚当·斯密对国际贸易理论的主要奉献有哪些？答案提示：亚当·斯密的主要奉献是：〔1〕鞭挞了重商主义；〔2〕提出了绝对优势之一概念；〔3〕强调国际分工是使国民财富增加的最重要手段。
2．绝对优势理论和比拟优势理论的区别是什么？答案提示：〔1〕绝对优势理论强调，国与国之间劳动消费率的绝对差异导致的技术程度的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因；〔2〕比拟优势理论强调，劳动消费率的相对差异导致的技术程度的差异是产生国际贸易的主要原因。
第二章问答题2．假设A、B两国的消费技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进展贸易的动机吗？解释原因。
答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比拟优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。
所以，两国没有进展国际贸易的动机。
3．证明即使一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，也未必具有比拟优势。
答案提示：假如ax>bx，那么称A国在X消费上具有绝对优势；假如ax/ay>bx/by，那么称A国在X消费上具有比拟优势。
当 ay=by或者ay<by的时候，由ax>bx可以推出ax/ay>bx/by，但是，当ay>by的时候，ax>bx不能保证。
国际经济学作业及答案
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
第二章古典贸易理论1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y 621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A BX Y 10455答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
国际经济学习题与答案
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础习题（一）选择题1.微观经济学研究的是单个社会的资源配置问题，而国际贸易理论研究的是（）A 一国的资源配置问题B两国范围内的资源配置问题C地区范围内的资源配置问题D世界范围内的资源配置问题2. 一个人在作出选择时，（）A如果边际收益非常大，他或她就不用考虑机会成本B进行最小机会成本的选择C比较该选择活动的边际成本和边际收益D只有当总利益非常大时，他或她才会选择使用其稀缺的资源3.机会成本（）A由自己支付，而与他人无关B对劳务而言是零，因为劳务不会持续太久；对物品而言是正的，因为物品具有长久性C是为了进行某一选择而放弃的评价最高的选择D是为了进行某一选择放弃的所有选择4.如果两个人在商品的生产中具有不同的机会成本，那么他们能够从专业化与交换中（）A都受损B一人受益，一人受损C既不受益，也不受损D都能够受益5. 沿着外凸的生产可能性边界线向下移动时，随着一种物品产量的增加，生产该物品的机会成本将（）A保持不变B增加C减少D无法确定6 .一个国家（），能够在其生产可能性边界线之外的点上进行消费。
A没有任何时候B在充分就业的情况下C同其他国家进行贸易时D所有生产要素全部投入生产的时候7.供给曲线除了表示不同的价格水平所提供的商品数量外，还可以被认为是（）A愿意并有能力支付的曲线B边际收益曲线C供给的最高价格曲线D供给的最低价格曲线8. 在封闭条件下，一国生产技术的改进降低了棉花的生产成本，那么棉花的价格（），棉花的生产数量（）A上升；增加B上升；减少C下降；增加D下降；减少9 .对于两国贸易模型来说，国际均衡价格一定处于两国贸易前的（）A最低相对价格水平之下B最高相对价格水平之上C相对价格水平之间D根据具体情况而定10 .经济学家作出这样的假设：作为一种目标，消费者总是在追求（）A其效用最大化B其收入的最大化C其边际效用的最大化D以上选项均不对（二）简答题1如何理解狭义和广义的国际贸易，国际贸易理论的主要研究对象是什么？2既然国际贸易理论与微观经济学的基本原理存在着一致性，为什么还要区分国际贸易与国内贸易，将国际贸易作为一个独立的问题来研究呢？3用相对价格概念解释经济行为主体是如何摆脱“货币幻觉”的影响的。
国际经济学第九版英文课后答案 第5单元
*CHAPTER 5 (Core Chapter)FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN THEORY OUTLINE5.1 Introduction5.2 Assumptions of the Theory5.2a The Assumptions5.2b Meaning of the Assumptions5.3 Factor Intensity, Factor Abundance, and the Shape of the Production Frontier5.3a Factor Intensity5.3b Factor Abundance5.3c Factor Abundance and the Shape of the Production FrontierCase Study 5-1: Relative Resource Endowments of Various Countries and RegionsCase Study 5-2: Capital-Labor Ratios of Selected Countries5.4 Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory5.4a The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem5.4b General Equilibrium Framework of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory5.4c Illustration of the Heckscher-Ohlin TheoryCase Study 5-3: Patterns of Comparative Advantage of Various Countries and RegionsCase Study 5-3: Factor Intensities and Industries of U.S. Comparative Advantage 5.5 Factor-Price Equalization and Income Distribution5.5a The Factor-Price Equalization Theorem5.5b Relative and Absolute Factor-Price Equalization5.5c Effect of Trade on the Distribution of Income5.5d The Specific-Factors ModelCase Study 5-5: Has International Trade Increased U.S. Wage Inequalities?5.5e Empirical RelevanceCase Study 5-6: Convergence of Real Wages Among Industrial Countries5.6 Empirical Tests of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model5.6a Empirical Results - The Leontief Paradox5.6b Explanations of the Leontief Paradox5.6c Factor-Intensity Reversal and Other Empirical Tests of the H-O ModelCase Study 5-7: Capital and Labor Requirements in U.S. TradeCase Study 5-8: The H-O Model With Skills and LandAppendix: A5.1 The Edgeworth Box Diagram for Nation 1 and Nation 2A5.2 Relative Factor-Price EqualizationA5.3 Absolute Factor-Price EqualizationA5.4 Effect of Trade on the Short-Run Distribution of Income:The Specific-Factors ModelA5.5 Illustration of Factor-Intensity ReversalA5.6 The Elasticity of Substitution and Factor Intensity ReversalA5.7 Empirical Tests of the Factor-Intensity ReversalKey TermsSame technology Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theoryLabor-intensive commodity Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) theoremCapital-intensive commodity Factor endowmentsLabor-capital ratio (L/K) Factor-proportions or factor-endowment theory Capital-labor ratio (K/L) Factor-price equalization (H-O-S) theorem Constant returns to scale Specific-factors modelPerfect competition Input-output tableInternal factor mobility Import substitutesInternational factor mobility Leontief paradoxFactor abundance Human capitalRelative factor prices Factor-intensity reversalDerived demand Elasticity of substitutionLecture Guide1.This is one of the most important chapters in the book. It is also a long chapter andrequiresabout four lectures to adequately cover.2. In the first lecture, I would cover Sections 1-3.3.In the second lecture, I would cover Section4. This, of course, is one of the mostimportantsections in the book. I would proceed slowly and carefully here and I would also assignproblems 1-8 and grade problems 1-3, 5, 6 to make sure that students clearly understand themeaning of the theory (the answer to problems 4 and 7 appears at the end of the book).4.In the third lecture, I would cover section 5 on the factor-price equalization theoremandincome distribution. This is a difficult section. Case Studies 5-3 and 5-4 add a note of realism to the discussion. I would also assign problems 9 and 10.5.In the fourth lecture, I would cover section 6 on empirical tests of the Heckscher-OhlinModel and assign problems 13, and 15.Answer to Problems1. a) See Figure 1.b)The slope of the lines measuring K/L of each commodity in Nation 2 fall if w/rrises inNation 2 as a result of international trade.c)The slope of the lines measuring K/L of each commodity in Nation 1 rise if w/rfalls inNation 1 as a result of international trade.d)Given the results in parts (a) and (b), international trade reduces the difference inthe K/L in the production of each commodity in the two nations as comparedwith the pretrade situation.2. a) See Figure 2.b)The comparative advantage of each nation is determined by differences inproductionconditions only since tastes are identical.c)The two nations consume different amounts of the two commodities in theabsence oftrade but the same amounts with trade because internal prices differ without trade but areidentical with trade.3. See Figure 3.4. See Figure 4 on page 46.5. See Figure 5.6.a) Besides a difference in factor endowments, the production frontier of two nationscoulddiffer also because of a difference in technology.b) A difference in the production frontier of two nations due to a difference in thetechnology is prevented by assumption by the H-O model.c)Another possible cause (besides a difference in production frontiers) of adifference inrelative commodity prices between two nations in the absence of trade is a difference intastes.7. See Figure 6.8.People in developing countries consume very different goods and services than U.S.consumers not because tastes are very different from the tastes of U.S. consumers butbecause incomes are so different (much lower) than in the United States.9.a) If tastes change in favor of commodity Y (the commodity of its comparativedisadvantage) in Figure 5-4 for Nation 1, Px/Py will be lower in Nation 1 because pointA will move up and to the left.b) The effect of the change in tastes examined in part (a) for Nation 1 will cause r/w to risein Nation 1.c) The effect of the changes examined in parts (a) and (b) will be to increase thevolumeof trade. These changes will improve the partner's terms of trade.10.The statement was made by Gottfried Haberler in his Survey of International TradeTheory,Special Papers in International Economics, No.1 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UniversityPress, International Finance Section, July 1961), p. 18.While the statement is true, it does not detract from Samuelson's great contribution inrigorously showing the conditions under which trade would bring about the completeequality in the returns to homogeneous factors among nations.11.Internatioal trade with developing economies, especially newly industrializingeconomies(NIEs), contributed in two ways to increased wage inequalities between skilled andunskilled workers in the United States during the past two decades. Directly, by reducingthe demand for unskilled workers as a result of increased U.S. imports of labor-intensivemanufactures and, indirectly, by speeding up the introduction of labor-saving innovations,which further reduced the U.S. demand for unskilled workers. International trade, however,was only a small cause of increased wage inequalities in the United States. The most important cause was technological change.12.a) Leontief found that U.S. import substitutes were more K-intensive than U.S.exportseven though the United States was the most K-rich nation. This implied factor-intensityreversal and rejection of the H-O trade model.b)Kravis found that wages in U.S. export industries were higher than in U.S.import-competing industries, reflecting the greater productivity of labor in U.S. exports than in U.S. import substitutes. This was confirmed by Keesing who found that U.S.exportswere more skill intensive than the exports of 9 other industrial nations. By adding human to physical capital, Kenen succeed in eliminating the paradox. Baldwin found that including human capital and excluding natural-resource industries eliminated the paradox.c)The paradox was seemingly resolved by Leamer, Stern and Maskus, andSalvatore andBarazesh by comparing the K/L ratio in U.S. production vs. U.S. consumption, rather than in exports vs. imports when natural-resource-based industries are excluded.d) Factor-intensity reversal seems to be rather rare in the real world.13. a) See Figure 7.b)Factor-intensity reversal could occur if the substitutability of K for L in theproductionof X was much greater than for Y and r/w was lower in Nation 2 than in Nation 1.c)Minhas found factor-intensity reversal to be fairly frequent. However, bycorrecting animportant source of bias in the Minhas study, Leontief showed that factor-intensity reversal was much less frequent. Ball tested another aspect of Minhas' conclusion andconfirmed Leontief's results that factor-intensity reversal was rare in the real world.14. With factor-intensity reversal, a commodity is L-intensive in one nation and K-intensive inthe other. The H-O model would then predict that both nations would export the samecommodity. Since this is impossible, both nations must export the commodity intensive inthe same factor.If this is the K-intensive commodity, the demand for K will increase in both nations. If itis the L-intensive commodity, the demand for K will fall in both nations. Thus, the priceof K will either rise or fall in both nations, and international differences in the price of Kwill decrease, increase or remain unchanged depending on the rate of change in the priceof K in the two nations.15. a) By allowing for different technologies and factor prices across countries, nontradedgoods, transportation costs, and by using better and more disaggregated data.b) Factor endowments broadly defined seem to explain comparative advantage well.c) We retain a qualified factor-endowments H-O model of international trade.App. 2. See Figure 8.App. 4. The effect of the opening of trade on the real income of labor and capital in Nation 2 (the K-abundant nation) if L is mobile between the two industries in Nation 2 but K is not is to increase Py/Px and to cause more L to be used in the production of Y.Wages then fall in terms of Y but rise in terms of X. On the other hand, the return oncapital increases in the production of Y but falls in the production of X.App. 5. See Figure 9.At P1 commodity Y is K-intensive (compare point C to point A).At P2 commodity Y is still K-intensive (compare point D to point B).App. 6. For the X isoquant e = (∆K/L)/(K/L) = (3/3-2/4)/(2/4) = 1∆slope/slope (2-1)/1For the Y isoquant e = (4/2-2.5/3)/(2.5/3) = 1.4(2-1)/1Multiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:a. explaining the basis for comparative advantageb. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*c. both a and bd. neither a nor b2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O modela. the same technology in both nationsb. constant returns to scale*c. complete specializationd. equal tastes in both nations3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if: *a. factor prices are the sameb. tastes are the samec. production functions are the samed. all of the above4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:a. more K is used in the production of Y than Xb. less L is used in the production of Y than X*c. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than Xd. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y5. When w/r falls, L/Ka. falls in the production of both commodities*b. rises in the production of both commoditiesc. can rise or falld. is not affected6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:a. greater absolute amount of Kb. smaller absolute amount of Lc. higher L/K ratio*d. lower r/w7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a difference in:a. technologyb. factor endowmentsc. tastes*d. all of the above8. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:a. technology*b. factor endowmentsc. economies of scaled. tastes9. According to the H-O model, trade reduces international differences in:a. relative but not absolute factor pricesb. absolute but not relative factor prices*c. both relative and absolute factor pricesd. neither relative nor absolute factor prices10. According to the H-O model, international trade will:a. reduce international differences in per capita incomesb. increases international differences in per capita incomes*c. may increase or reduce international differences in per capita incomesd. lead to complete specialization11. The H-O model is a general equilibrium model because it deals with:a. production in both nationsb. consumption in both nationsc. trade between the two nations*d. all of the above12. The H-O model is a simplification of the a truly general equilibrium modelbecause it deals with:a. two nationsb. two commoditiesc. two factors of production*d. all of the above13. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.*a. import substitutes are more K-intensive than exportsb. imports are more K-intensive than exportsc. exports are more L-intensive than importsd. exports are more K-intensive than import substitutes14. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:a. must be rejectedb. must be accepted without reservations*c. can be accepted while awaiting further testingd. explains all international trade15. For factor reversal to occur, two commodities must be produced with: *a. sufficiently different elasticity of substitution of factorsb. the same K/L ratioc. technologically-fixed factor proportionsd. equal elasticity of substitution of factors。
中国大学mooc《国际经济学(首都经济贸易大学) 》满分章节测试答案
title国际经济学(首都经济贸易大学) 中国大学mooc答案100分最新版content第一章比较优势理论比较优势理论1、亚当·斯密认为，国际贸易的基础是（）A:比较优势B:绝对优势C:规模经济D:以上都错答案: 绝对优势2、外凸的生产可能性曲线表明生产过程中的机会成本（）A:递增B:递减C:不变D:先递增后递减答案: 递增3、按照比较优势的原则，劳动丰裕的国家应该进口（）A:资本密集型产品B:劳动密集型产品C:不需要进口D:技术密集型产品答案: 资本密集型产品4、以下哪项不是重商主义倡导的观点（）A:自由贸易B:鼓励出口C:限制进口D:重视金银的积累答案: 自由贸易5、比较优势理论是（）提出的A:亚当·斯密B:大卫·李嘉图C:凯恩斯D:克鲁格曼答案: 大卫·李嘉图6、如果国家A每1单位劳动时间可以生产3单位X或者3单位Y，国家B每1单位劳动时间可以生产1单位X或者3单位Y，那么（）A:国家A在生产X上具有比较劣势B:国家B在生产Y上具有比较劣势C:国家A在生产X上具有比较优势D:国家A在任何产品生产上都不具有比较优势答案: 国家A在生产X上具有比较优势7、李嘉图解释比较优势理论的基础是（）A:劳动价值论B:机会成本理论C:规模报酬递减D:以上都正确答案: 劳动价值论8、两个国家相对产品价格的差异可能是基于（）A:要素禀赋的差异B:技术的差异C:消费者偏好的差异D:以上都正确答案: 以上都正确9、假定机会成本不变，大国和小国进行贸易（）A:大国可能获得全部贸易利益B:小国可能获得全部贸易利益C:大国和小国平分贸易利益D:以上都不正确答案: 小国可能获得全部贸易利益10、如果国家A每1单位劳动时间可以生产3单位X或者3单位Y，国家B每1单位劳动时间可以生产1单位X或者3单位Y，如果国家A拿3单位X交换3单位Y，那么（）A:国家A获利2单位XB:国家B获利6单位YC:国家A获利3单位YD:国家B获利3单位Y答案: 国家B获利6单位Y11、李嘉图解释比较理论的基础是（）A:劳动价值论B:机会成本理论C:规模报酬递减D:以上都正确答案: 劳动价值论12、假定机会成本不变，大国和小国进行贸易：（）A:大国可能获得全部贸易利益B:小国可能获得全部贸易利益C:大国和小国平分贸易利益D:以上都不正确答案: 以上都不正确作业第一章比较优势理论比较优势理论1、请简要阐述重商主义的主要观点。
《国际经济学》课后习题
课后练习题答案详解第一章练习与答案为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y 商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
9* 表1 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A B X Y 6215 12 表2 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y 10 45 5答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。
（表2-2（a ）和表2-2（b ）部分的内容）假设A 、B 两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。
表3 X 、Y 的单位产出所需的劳动投入A B X Y 4 2 8 4答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A 国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。
所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。
证明如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势。
——题出错了A Y X b b /〉，5个X 答案提示：封闭条件下，此国生产可能性边界的斜率是5。
因为X 的国际相对价格为2，所以此国出口X 进口Y 。
出口1,000个单位的X 可以换得2,000个单位的Y 。
贸易三角是CADA ’（见图2-5（a ））。
在图2—2（b ）中，过剩供给曲线两端是否有界限？试解释原因。
答案提示：过剩供给曲线两端是有界限的，因为一国生产能力和消费需求是有界限的。
8*． 仿照图2—4，你能否画出这样一种情形：两条曲线的交点所决定的国际均衡价格与某一国封闭下的相对价格完全相同？如何解释这种结果？答案提示：从大国、小国的角度考虑。
国际经济学第五章作业
2..3.An increase in the terms of trade increases welfare when the PPF is right-angled. The production point is the corner of the PPF. The consumption point is the tangency of the relative price line and the highest indifference curve . An improvement in the terms of trade rotates the relative price line about its intercept with the PPF rectangle , The economy can then reach a higher indifference curve . Intuitively , although there is no supply response , the economy receives more for the export it supplies and pays less for the imports it purchases .3.The difference from the standard diagram is that the indifference curves are right angles rather than smooth curves .Here , a terms of trade increase enables an economy to more to a higher indifference curve , moves the consumption point further out along the ray.5.The terms of trade of japan, a manufactures(M) exporter and a raw materials (R) importer,is the world relative price of manufactures in terms of raw materials (pm/pr). The terms of trade can be determined by the shifts in the world relative supply and demand (manufactures relative to raw materials) curves. Note that in the following answers,world relative supply (RS) and relative demand (RD) are always M relative to R. We consider all countries to be large,such that changes affect the world relative price.A.Oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, whichincreases the world relative supply. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating japan's terms of trade.B.Korea's increased automobile production increases the price of raw materials, which increase the world RS. The relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating japan's terms of trade.C.U.S. Development of a substitute for fossil fuel decreases the demand for raw materials. This increases world RD, and the world relative demand curve shifts out, increasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and improving japan's terms of trade. This occurs even if no fusion reactors are installed in japan since world demand for raw materials falls.D.A harvest failure in Russia decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out. Also Russia's demand for manufactures decreases, which reduces world demand so that the world relative demand curve shifts in. These forces decrease the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorate japan's terms of trade.E.A reduction in Japan's tariff on raw materials will raise its internal relative price of manufactures. This price change will increase Japan's RS and decrease japan's RD, which increases the world RS and decrease the world RD(i.e., world RS shifts out and world RS shifts in). The world relative price of manufactures declines and japan's terms of trade deteriorate.6.The declining price of service relative to manufactured goods shifts the isovalue line clockwise so that relatively fewer services and more manufactured goods are produced in the U.S., thus reducing U.S. welfare..7. a. A’s terms of trade worsen, A’s welfare many increase, less likely, decrease, and B’s welfare increases.b. A’s terms of trade improve, A’s welfare many increases, and B’s welfare decreases.c. B’s terms of trade improve, B’s welfare many increases, and A’s welfare decreases.d. B’s terms of trade worsen, A’s welfare many increase, less likely, decrease, and A’s welfare increases.8.Immiserizing growth occurs when the welfare deteriorating effects of a worsening in an economy’s terms of trade swamp the welfare improving effects of growth. For this to occur, an economy must undergo very biased growth, and the economy must be a large enough actor in the world economy such that its actions spill over to adversely alter the terms of trade to a large degree. This combination of event is unlikely to occur in practice.9.9 India opening should be good for the U.S. if it reduces the relative price of goods that China sends to the U.S. and hence increases the relative price of goods that the U.S. exports. Obviously, any sector in the U.S. hurt by trade with China would be hurt again by India, but on net, the U.S.wins. Note that here we are making different assumptions about what India produces and what is tradable than we are in Question #6. Here we are assuming India exports products the U.S. currently imports and China currently exports.China will lose by having the relative price of its export good driven down by the increased production in India.10. Aid which must be spent on exports increases the demand for those export goods and raises their price relative to other goods. There will be a terms of trade deterioration for the recipient country. This can be viewed as a polar case of the effect of a transfer on the terms of trade. Here, the marginal propensity to consume the export good by the recipient country is 1. The donor benefits from a terms of trade improvement. As with immiserizing growth, it is theoretically possible that a transfer actually worsens the welfare of the recipient.11.When a country subsidizes its exports,the world relative supply and relative demand schedules shift such that the terms of trade for the country worsen.A countervailing import tariff in a second country exacerbates this effect,moving the terms of trade even further against the first country.The first country is internal relative prices.The second country definitely gains form the first country's export subsidy,and may gain further from its own tariff.If the second country retaliated with an export subsidy,then this would offset the initial improvement in the terms of trade;the"retaliatory" export subsidy definitely helps the first country and hurts the second.。
国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章
第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？答案提示：第二章答案1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
国际经济学作业答案-第五章
Chapter 5 The Standard Trade ModelMultiple Choice Questions1. The concept “terms of trade” means(a) the amount of exports sold by a country.(b) the price conditions bargained for in international markets.(c) the price of a country’s exports divided by the price of its imports.(d) the quantities of imports received in free trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than where(a) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.(c) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.(d) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.(e) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3. Tastes of individuals are represented by(a) the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line.(c) the indifference curve.(d) the production function.(e) None of the above.Answer: C4. If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, then(a) all countries would be better off.(b) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.(c) the terms of trade of food exporters improve.(d) the terms of trade of all countries improve.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B5. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.(b) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.(c) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.(d) Both (a) and (c).(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would increase.(b) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would decrease.(c) world relative quantity of cloth supplied would increases.(d) world relative quantity of cloth demanded would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C7. When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we have(a) biased growth.(b) unbiased growth.(c) immiserizing growth.(d) balanced growth.(e) imbalanced growth.Answer: A8. Export-biased growth in Country H will(a) improve the terms of trade of Country H.(b) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO.(c) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).(d) improve the terms of trade of Country F.(e) decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D9. Immiserizing growth is(a) likely to occur if the exporting country is poor.(b) likely to occur if the exporting country is rich.(c) likely to occur when terms of trade change.(d) likely to occur if relative supplies are elastic.(e) None of the above.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持10. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, this must(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: E11. If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and everyproduct than does the United States, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B12. If the U.S. has a higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC) imports as compared to both its MPC forexportables and nontradables, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B13. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend to(a) have no effect on terms of trade.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the United States.(d) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.(e) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C14. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will(a) have no effect on economic welfare.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the economic welfare of the United States.(d) harm the economic welfare of U.S.’ trading partners.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D15. A country will be able to consume a bundle which is not attainable solely from domestic production onlyif(a) the world terms of trade differ from its domestic relative costs.(b) the country specializes in one product.(c) the country avoids international trade.(d) the world terms of trade equal the domestic relative costs.(e) None of the above.Answer: A16. Terms of trade refers to(a) what goods are imported.(b) what goods are exported.(c) the volume of trade.(d) the prices at which trade occurs.(e) None of the above.Answer: D17. If a country’s (net-barter) terms of trade increase (“improve”) we know from this th at economic welfarein this country(a) increases(b) increases, but only relative to that of its trade partners(c) is unchanged(d) decreases(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E18. If points a and b are both on the production possibility frontier of a country, then(a) consumers are indifferent between the two bundles.(b) producers are indifferent between the two bundles.(c) at any point in time, the country could produce both.(d) Both cost the same.(e) The country could produce either of the two bundles.Answer: E19. If the economy is producing at point a on its production possibility frontier, then(a) all of the country’s workers are specialized in one product.(b) all of the county’s capital is used for one product.(c) all of the county’s workers ar e employed.(d) all of its capital is used, but not efficiently.(e) None of the above.Answer: Cword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持20. If at point A on the production possibility frontier, and the community indifference curve cuts throughpoint a from northwest to southeast, then the optimal autarky production bundle is(a) at point A.(b) to the right of point A.(c) to the left of point A.(d) to the northeast of point A.(e) to the southwest of point A.Answer: B21. A bundle indicated by a point to the northeast of the production possibility frontier is(a) unattainable at a point in time.(b) unattainable at a point in time without international trade.(c) unattainable at a point in time without domestic trade.(d) unattainable as a consumption point.(e) None of the above.Answer: B22. If two countries with diminishing returns and different marginal rates of substitution between twoproducts were to engage in trade, then(a) the shapes of their respective production possibility frontiers would change.(b) the marginal rates of substitution of both would become equal.(c) the larger of the two countries would dominate their trade.(d) the country with relatively elastic supplies would export more.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. If a country began exporting product A and importing product B, then, as compared to the autarky (no-trade) situation, the marginal cost of product A will(a) increase.(b) decrease.(c) shift outward.(d) shift inward.(e) None of the above.Answer: A24. If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then itwill(a) increase production of its import competing good.(b) increase consumption of its export good.(c) increase the quantity of its imports.(d) experience an export-biased shift in its production possibility frontier.(e) None of the above.Answer: C25. If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this would(a) have no effect on that country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s economic welfare.(c) decrease the coun try’s economic welfare.(d) change the terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C26. An increase in a country’s net commodity terms of trade will always(a) increase the country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s real income.(c) increas e the country’s quantity of exports.(d) increase the country’s production of its import competing good.(e) None of the above.Answer: E27. After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations—transfers of real income- to France. If themarginal prope nsity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France’s demand was biased toward food (relative to Germany’s demand pattern) then we would expect to find(a) the world’s relative price for food remains unchanged.(b) the world’s relative price for fo od increase.(c) the world’s relative price for food decrease.(d) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. If we add to Question 27 that France exported manufactures, whereas Germany exported food, then thereparations from Germany to France would(a) improve France’s international terms of trade.(b) cause France’ terms of trade to deteriorate.(c) cause both France’ and Germany’s terms of trade to deteriorate.(d) cause both France’ and Germany’s term s of trade to improve.(e) None of the above.Answer: B29. If a country lent money to another, this must(a) lower the terms of trade of the recipient country.(b) lower the terms of trade of both countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the recipient country.(d) improve the terms of trade of the donor country(e) None of the above.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持30. During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observed(a) falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.(b) improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.(c) no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.(d) a decrease in the relative price of food.(e) None of the above.Answer: B31. Immiserizing growth could occur to(a) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.(b) a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.(c) a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.(d) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.(e) None of the above.Answer: A32. A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experience(a) positive terms of trade.(b) deteriorating terms of trade.(c) improving terms of trade.(d) immiserizing terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. In the period preceding the recent Financial Crisis in Asia, the South East Asian countries were receivinglarge inflows of financial capital. Following John Maynard Keynes’ theory, this should have caused(a) a glut in their banking asset situation.(b) an improvement in their terms of trade.(c) deterioration in their terms of trade.(d) a fluctuation upward and then downward in their terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B34. If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many ofits imports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: A35. If Slovenia is a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on many of itsimports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: B36. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on its imports, thismust(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: E37. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports,this must(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: C38. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports,this must(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: D39. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expect unionsrepresenting skilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持40. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expect unionsrepresenting unskilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: B41. If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country’s terms of trade improve, we wouldfind that(a) the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.(b) the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.(c) the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.(d) the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.(e) None of the above.Answer: C42. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, the conventional assumption, following Keynes’ analysis would presume that this would tend to(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: AEssay Questions1. Other things bei ng equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. What would happen ifwe relax the ceteris paribus assumption, and allow for the law of demand to operate internationally?Answer: Let us assume that the terms of trade (or technically the net commodity terms of trade) improve, thus the relative price of a country’s exports increase. This would, logically, lead to ashift away by world consumers to substitute goods. If the demand for a country’s exports iselastic, the quantity decrease would be proportionally larger than the per unit price increase.This term of trade effect would actually lower the country’s real income and economic welfare.2. If a country’s growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that itexperiences a major growth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan isinternationally a large country in these markets, this would tend to hurt its componentsupplier’s terms of trade (and help Japan’s). However, such a bias in economic growth maytend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme, Japan may become an exporterof components and an importer of final goods. If the result is a lessening of specialization andof the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan’s welfare associated with gains fromtrade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs (a possibility) thismay cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relatively longperiod of time.3. It is impossible for economic growth in a small country to lower that country’s economic welfare,regardless of the bias of the growth. Explain.Answer: This is a true statement. The reason economic growth may hurt a country is if the terms of trade effect counters and dominates the growth effect. In the case of the small country there isno terms of trade effect.4. At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improvedGermany’s economic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France’s income elasticity of demand for Germany’s exports was higher than Germany’s income elasticity of demand for its ownexportable, then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improvedGermany’s terms of trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany inmanner unanticipated in the Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.5. An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domesticallya tariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A productionsubsidy for the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade for the country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. Thisanalysis seems to contradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country’s terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower theinternational price of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country’s termsof trade.6. If a country’s net barter terms of trade improve (increase), it is possible that this could decrease the valueof its exports demanded, and hence harm its economic welfare. Discuss this possibility. What alternative measure for “terms of trade” does this suggest?Answer: An “improvement” in the terms of trade occurs when the price of a country’s exports rises by more than the price of its imports. If demand for this country’s exports is inelastic, then thiscould decrease demand for its exports in the world. This is treated under the topics of theMarshal-Lerner conditions for the effects of a depreciation on the balance of payments. Thissuggests that we may wish to use some kind of “income terms of trade,” the would explicitlyconsider both changes in relative tradeables prices, and also quantities of export (the latter notdealt with by the net barter terms of trade).word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. Albania refused to engage in international trade for ideological reasons. To maximize its economicwelfare it would choose to produce at which point in the diagram above? Suppose the P A/P B at point a was equal to 1. Given this information, in which good (A or B) does Albania enjoy a comparativeadvantage?Now that the Cold War is over, Albania is interested in obtaining economic welfare gains from trade.The relevant international relative price is P A/P B = 2. Albania would therefore choose to produce atwhich point (a, b, or c)? Given this additional information, in which good does Albania enjoy acomparative advantage?Answer: Albania would choose to produce at point a. With no reference to world terms of trade, one cannot establish Albania’s comparative advantage.Later, when Albania discovers that the relative price of A equals twice the price of B, it knowsthat it has a comparative advantage in A. Therefore Albania would produce at production pointb.2. Now, suppose that the relative price of A is actually not higher than Albania’s autarkic level of 1, butquite the opposite (e.g. P A/P B = 0.5). Would Albania still be able to gain from trade? If so, where would be its production point? Given the information in this question, where is Albania’s comparativeadvantage?Answer: Yes. As long as the world’s terms of trade differed from thos e of Albania, that country stands to gain from international trade. In this particular case, its point of production with trade wouldbe at point c.3. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in goodB. Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to theoriginal one), this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend toworsen Albania’s terms of trade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus,worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.4. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the ri ghtmost production possibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b,then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania’s t erms of trade. If Albania were a small country,the world’s terms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with noinduced change in income distributions) would always increase its real income.word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持5. Suppose Albania is exporting product B, and experienced economic growth biased in favor of product Bas seen in the Figure above. We are also told that Albania’s new consumption point is at point d. Would you still consider the economic growth, which took place biased in favor of B? If Albania were a large country how would this growth affect its terms of trade?Answer: This is a relatively difficult case. On the one hand, the growth is still technically export biased.However, Albania’s consumption clearly shifted in favor of its import product, A. In this case,the deterioration in the terms of trade would be much more pronounced than before, and maylead to a case of immiserizing growth. However, for this to occur, there must have been amajor shift in the taste patterns (the old community indifference map is not longer applicable).Therefore, when we try to judge the direction and magnitude of the welfare change, we arecomparing the old versus new taste preferences, which raises the classic index numberproblem.。
《国际经济学(第四版)》课后复习与思考参考答案-第5章到第9章
《国际经济学（第四版）》课后复习与思考参考答案-第5章到第9章目录第五章练习与思考参考答案 (1)第六章练习与思考参考答案 (3)第七章练习与思考参考答案 (6)第八章练习与思考参考答案 (13)第九章练习与思考参考答案 (16)第五章练习与思考参考答案1．答：重叠需求理论与要素禀赋理论各有其不同的适用范围。
要素禀赋理论主要解释发生在发达国家与发展中国家之间的产业间贸易，即工业品与初级产品或资本密集型产品与劳动密集型产品之间的贸易；而重叠需求理论则适合于解释发生在发达国家之间的产业内贸易，即制造业内部的一种水平式贸易。
2．答：（1）一国之内，不同收入阶层的消费者偏好不同。
假设在一国之内，不同收入阶层的消费者偏好不同，收入越高的消费者越偏好奢侈品，收入越低的消费者越偏好必需品。
（2）世界不同地方的消费者如果收入水平相同，则其偏好也相同。
3．答：适合。
因为不同的发展中国家在不同的产品生产上有优势，虽然这些产品有可能都是劳动力密集型的产品。
发展中国家虽然从总体上发展水平相近，但是在具体产品上却不一样，发展中国家之间也可能有产业内贸易，并用重叠需求理论来解释。
4.答：需求逆转主要解释产业间贸易，而重叠需求理论则解释产业内贸易。
需求逆转解释要素禀赋理论为什么在有的时候不符合现实情况，强调需求有可能使得贸易方向发生变化；重叠需求理论解释的是产业内贸易发生的原因。
5．答：会有一定影响，但是基本结论不会变。
当一个国家收入分配越是平均的时候，本国有代表性的需求所占份额越大，当所有国家的收入分配都非常平均的时候，重叠需求的份额会减少。
但是，一个国家的收入分配不可能会完全平均的，所以重叠需求理论的基本结论不会变。
6．答：产品周期理论是一个动态理论，产品周期理论从技术变化的角度，探讨了比较优势的动态演变；而要素禀赋理论是静态的。
两个理论都强调生产方面的优势，即从供给角度讨论问题。
7．答：创新国如果研究的是相同产业中的更新品种，则创新国和其他发达国家之间会出现产业内贸易，因为此时其他发达国家生产的是此产业产品的旧品种。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第5章 标准贸易模型)【圣才出品】
第5章标准贸易模型一、概念题1．偏向型增长（biased growth）答：偏向型增长是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一方向上扩张的幅度的一种经济增长方式。
经济发生偏向型增长的原因有：某个生产部门技术的进步；某种生产要素供给的增加或国家利用资源效率的提高等等。
在其他条件不变时，偏向型增长的直接影响是导致偏向扩张的产品的世界相对供给增加。
例如，图5-1（a）说明了偏向于X产品的经济增长，图5-1（b）说明了偏向于Y产品的经济增长。
图5-1 偏向型增长2．内部价格（internal price）答：内部价格是“外部价格”的对称，是指在国际贸易中相对于国际市场价格的产品的国内市场价格。
在各国的贸易活动中，政府经常借助于各种关税或补贴等政策措施来实现有利于本国经济的目标。
这些贸易政策会导致同种产品在国内市场和国际市场上具有不同的价格，其中产品在国内市场上的价格称为“内部价格”，而相对于国内市场价格的国际市场价格称为“外部价格”。
3．出口偏向型增长（export-biased growth）答：出口偏向型增长是指一国的经济增长主要源于出口产品生产能力提高的增长方式，表现在生产可能性边界上就是使生产可能性边界扩张偏向于出口产品。
一国的经济增长意味着该国生产能力的提高，从而使该国能够生产更多的产品。
对于不同产品而言，其生产能力的提高幅度可能是不相同的。
如果一国出口产品生产能力的提高幅度超过了其他类产品，那么这种经济增长方式就是出口偏向型增长。
4．等价值线（iso value lines）答：等价值线是描述市场产出价值的曲线，同一条等价值线的产出价值相等且不变。
例如，如图5-2所示，有两种产品A和B，价格分别是A P和B P，产量是A Q和B Q，那么等价值线是由等式A A B B+=所确定的。
V越大，等价值线的位置离原点越远，对应的产P Q P Q V出价值就越高。
图5-2 等价值线5．出口补贴（export subsidy）答：出口补贴是指国家为了降低出口商品的价格，提高其在国际市场上的竞争能力，对出口商品给予的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。
克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案
克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案一、国际经济学的主要问题1.国际经济学的主要问题（1）国际经济学研究国家之间经济和金融的相互依存性。
（2）国际经济学也分析一国与世界其他国家间商品劳务和资金的流向，分析直接约束这个流向的政策，以及这些政策对国家的福利所产生的效应。
2.国际经济学特别关注的问题（1）国际贸易理论国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得。
（2）国际贸易政策国际贸易政策考察贸易限制的原因和效果。
（3）外汇市场外汇市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架。
（4）国际收支国际收支测度一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。
（5）开放经济宏观经济学开放经济宏观经济学研究在出现不均衡（赤字或盈余）时国际收支的调节机制。
更重要的是，它分析一国经济内外部之间的关系，以及在不同国际货币制度下，一国经济与世界其他国家经济的互相依存性和相互关系。
3.国际经济学的微观与宏观划分（1）国际经济学的微观经济部分国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观经济部分，因为它们把单个国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。
（2）国际经济学的宏观经济部分国际收支涉及总收入和总支出，影响国家收入水平和价格总指数的调整政策及其他经济政策，因而它们是国际经济学的宏观经济部分。
这些内容常被称为开放经济宏观经济学或国际金融。
4.国际经济关系与地区经济关系的差异国际经济关系不同于地区间的经济关系（例如，同一国家内不同地区间的经济关系），国家经常对商品、劳务和生产要素在国际间的流动施加某些限制，而一般不限制其在国内各地区间的流动。
此外，国际间的流动也因语言、风俗习惯和法律的不同而受到某些限制；国际间商品、劳务及资源的流动亦增加了外汇收入及支出，从而引起外汇价格的变动。
二、国际经济理论和政策的目的国际经济理论经常假设两国、两商品、两要素的世界模型，并进一步假设初始时没有贸易限制，存在充分的国内要素流动而无国际流动，所有商品和要素市场处于完全竞争状态，无运输成本。
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Chapter 5 The Standard Trade ModelMultiple Choice Questions1. The concept “terms of trade” means(a) the amount of exports sold by a country.(b) the price conditions bargained for in international markets.(c) the price of a country’s exports divided by the price of its imports.(d) the quantities of imports received in free trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than where(a) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.(c) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.(d) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.(e) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3. Tastes of individuals are represented by(a) the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line.(c) the indifference curve.(d) the production function.(e) None of the above.Answer: C4. If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, then(a) all countries would be better off.(b) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.(c) the terms of trade of food exporters improve.(d) the terms of trade of all countries improve.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B50 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition5. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.(b) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.(c) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.(d) Both (a) and (c).(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would increase.(b) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would decrease.(c) world relative quantity of cloth supplied would increases.(d) world relative quantity of cloth demanded would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C7. When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we have(a) biased growth.(b) unbiased growth.(c) immiserizing growth.(d) balanced growth.(e) imbalanced growth.Answer: A8. Export-biased growth in Country H will(a) improve the terms of trade of Country H.(b) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO.(c) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).(d) improve the terms of trade of Country F.(e) decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D9. Immiserizing growth is(a) likely to occur if the exporting country is poor.(b) likely to occur if the exporting country is rich.(c) likely to occur when terms of trade change.(d) likely to occur if relative supplies are elastic.(e) None of the above.Answer: EChapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 51 10. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, this must(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: E11. If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and everyproduct than does the United States, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B12. If the U.S. has a higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC) imports as compared to both itsMPC for exportables and nontradables, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B13. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend to(a) have no effect on terms of trade.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the United States.(d) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.(e) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C14. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will(a) have no effect on economic welfare.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the economic welfare of the United States.(d) harm the economic welfare of U.S.’ trading partners.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D52 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition15. A country will be able to consume a bundle which is not attainable solely from domestic productiononly if(a) the world terms of trade differ from its domestic relative costs.(b) the country specializes in one product.(c) the country avoids international trade.(d) the world terms of trade equal the domestic relative costs.(e) None of the above.Answer: A16. Terms of trade refers to(a) what goods are imported.(b) what goods are exported.(c) the volume of trade.(d) the prices at which trade occurs.(e) None of the above.Answer: D17. If a country’s (net-barter) terms of trade increase (“improve”) we know from this th at economicwelfare in this country(a) increases(b) increases, but only relative to that of its trade partners(c) is unchanged(d) decreases(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E18. If points a and b are both on the production possibility frontier of a country, then(a) consumers are indifferent between the two bundles.(b) producers are indifferent between the two bundles.(c) at any point in time, the country could produce both.(d) Both cost the same.(e) The country could produce either of the two bundles.Answer: E19. If the economy is producing at point a on its production possibility frontier, then(a) all of the country’s workers are specialized in one product.(b) all of the county’s capital is used for one product.(c) all of the county’s workers ar e employed.(d) all of its capital is used, but not efficiently.(e) None of the above.Answer: CChapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 53 20. If at point A on the production possibility frontier, and the community indifference curve cutsthrough point a from northwest to southeast, then the optimal autarky production bundle is(a) at point A.(b) to the right of point A.(c) to the left of point A.(d) to the northeast of point A.(e) to the southwest of point A.Answer: B21. A bundle indicated by a point to the northeast of the production possibility frontier is(a) unattainable at a point in time.(b) unattainable at a point in time without international trade.(c) unattainable at a point in time without domestic trade.(d) unattainable as a consumption point.(e) None of the above.Answer: B22. If two countries with diminishing returns and different marginal rates of substitution between twoproducts were to engage in trade, then(a) the shapes of their respective production possibility frontiers would change.(b) the marginal rates of substitution of both would become equal.(c) the larger of the two countries would dominate their trade.(d) the country with relatively elastic supplies would export more.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. If a country began exporting product A and importing product B, then, as compared to the autarky(no-trade) situation, the marginal cost of product A will(a) increase.(b) decrease.(c) shift outward.(d) shift inward.(e) None of the above.Answer: A24. If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country,then it will(a) increase production of its import competing good.(b) increase consumption of its export good.(c) increase the quantity of its imports.(d) experience an export-biased shift in its production possibility frontier.(e) None of the above.Answer: C54 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition25. If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this would(a) have no effect on that country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s economic welfare.(c) decrease the coun try’s economic welfare.(d) change the terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C26. An increase in a country’s net commodity terms of trade will always(a) increase the country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s real income.(c) increas e the country’s quantity of exports.(d) increase the country’s production of its import competing good.(e) None of the above.Answer: E27. After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations—transfers of real income- to France. Ifthe marginal prope nsity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France’s demand was biased toward food (relative to Germany’s demand pattern) then we would expect to find(a) the world’s relative price for food remains unchanged.(b) the world’s relative price for fo od increase.(c) the world’s relative price for food decrease.(d) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. If we add to Question 27 that France exported manufactures, whereas Germany exported food, thenthe reparations from Germany to France would(a) improve France’s international terms of trade.(b) cause France’ terms of trade to deteriorate.(c) cause both France’ and Germany’s terms of trade to deteriorate.(d) cause both France’ and Germany’s term s of trade to improve.(e) None of the above.Answer: B29. If a country lent money to another, this must(a) lower the terms of trade of the recipient country.(b) lower the terms of trade of both countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the recipient country.(d) improve the terms of trade of the donor country(e) None of the above.Answer: EChapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 55 30. During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food. From this information, we would expect to have observed(a) falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.(b) improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.(c) no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.(d) a decrease in the relative price of food.(e) None of the above.Answer: B31. Immiserizing growth could occur to(a) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.(b) a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.(c) a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.(d) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.(e) None of the above.Answer: A32. A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experience(a) positive terms of trade.(b) deteriorating terms of trade.(c) improving terms of trade.(d) immiserizing terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. In the period preceding the recent Financial Crisis in Asia, the South East Asian countries werereceiving large inflows of financial capital. Following John Maynard Keynes’ theory, this should have caused(a) a glut in their banking asset situation.(b) an improvement in their terms of trade.(c) deterioration in their terms of trade.(d) a fluctuation upward and then downward in their terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B34. If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs onmany of its imports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: A56 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition35. If Slovenia is a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on many of itsimports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: B36. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on its imports,this must(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: E37. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for itsexports, this must(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: C38. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for itsexports, this must(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: D39. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expectunions representing skilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: EChapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 57 40. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expectunions representing unskilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: B41. If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country’s terms of trade improve, wewould find that(a) the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.(b) the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.(c) the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.(d) the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.(e) None of the above.Answer: C42. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, the conventional assumption, following Keynes’ analysis would presume that this wouldtend to(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: AEssay Questions1. Other things bei ng equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. What wouldhappen if we relax the ceteris paribus assumption, and allow for the law of demand to operateinternationally?Answer: Let us assume that the terms of trade (or technically the net commodity terms of trade) improve, thus the relative price of a country’s exports increase. This would, logically, leadto a shift away by world consumers to substitute goods. If the demand for a country’sexports is elastic, the quantity decrease would be proportionally larger than the per unitprice increase. This term of trade effect would actually lower the country’s real incomeand economic welfare.58 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition2. If a country’s growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that itexperiences a major growth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan isinternationally a large country in these markets, this would tend to hurt its componentsupplier’s terms of trade (and help Japan’s). However, such a bias in economic growthmay tend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme, Japan may become anexporter of components and an importer of final goods. If the result is a lessening ofspecialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan’s welfareassociated with gains from trade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparativeadvantage occurs (a possibility) this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harmoverpowers static gains for a relatively long period of time.3. It is impossible for economic growth in a small country to lower that country’s economic welfare,regardless of the bias of the growth. Explain.Answer: This is a true statement. The reason economic growth may hurt a country is if the terms of trade effect counters and dominates the growth effect. In the case of the small countrythere is no terms of trade effect.4. At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transferto France in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improvedGermany’s economic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France’s income elasticity of demand for Germany’s exports was higher than Germany’s income elasticity of demand for itsown exportable, then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may haveimproved Germany’s terms of trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helpingGermany in manner unanticipated in the Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.5. An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff.Domestically a tariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms oftrade. A production subsidy for the export product will lower the local price of the export good,lowering the domestic terms of trade for the country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. This analysis seems to contradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country’s terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in factlower the international price of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting acountry’s terms of trade.6. If a country’s net barter terms of trade improve (increase), it is possible that this could decrease thevalue of its exports demanded, and hence harm its economic welfare. Discuss this possibility. What alternative measure for “terms of trade” does this suggest?Answer: An “improvement” in the terms of trade occurs when the price of a country’s exports rises by more than the price of its imports. If demand for this country’s exports is inelastic, thenthis could decrease demand for its exports in the world. This is treated under the topics ofthe Marshal-Lerner conditions for the effects of a depreciation on the balance of payments.This suggests that we may wish to use some kind of “income terms of trade,” the wouldexplicitly consider both changes in relative tradeables prices, and also quantities of export(the latter not dealt with by the net barter terms of trade).Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 59 Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. Albania refused to engage in international trade for ideological reasons. To maximize its economicwelfare it would choose to produce at which point in the diagram above? Suppose the P A/P B at pointa was equal to 1. Given this information, in which good (A or B) does Albania enjoy a comparativeadvantage?Now that the Cold War is over, Albania is interested in obtaining economic welfare gains from trade.The relevant international relative price is P A/P B = 2. Albania would therefore choose to produce at which point (a, b, or c)? Given this additional information, in which good does Albania enjoy acomparative advantage?Answer: Albania would choose to produce at point a. With no reference to world terms of trade, one cannot establish Albania’s comparative advantage.Later, when Albania discovers that the relative price of A equals twice the price of B, itknows that it has a comparative advantage in A. Therefore Albania would produce atproduction point b.2. Now, suppose that the relative price of A is actually not higher than Albania’s autarkic level of 1,but quite the opposite (e.g. P A/P B = 0.5). Would Albania still be able to gain from trade? If so, where would be its production point? Given the information in this question, where is Albania’scomparative advantage?Answer: Yes. As long as the world’s terms of trade differed from those of Albania, that country stands to gain from international trade. In this particular case, its point of production withtrade would be at point c.60 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition3. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to internationalcompetition, Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost productionpossibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country withrespect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B. Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as comparedto the original one), this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus wouldtend to worsen Albania’s terms of trade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceterisparibus, worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.4. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to internationalcompetition, Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the rightm ost productionpossibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country withrespect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b,then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania’s terms of trade. If Albania were asmall country, the world’s terms of trade would not change at all. In such a case,economic growth (with no induced change in income distributions) would always increaseits real income.Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model 61 5. Suppose Albania is exporting product B, and experienced economic growth biased in favor ofproduct B as seen in the Figure above. We are also told that Albania’s new consumption point is at point d. Would you still consider the economic growth, which took place biased in favor of B? If Albania were a large country how would this growth affect its terms of trade?Answer: This is a relatively difficult case. On the one hand, the growth is still technically export biased. However, Albania’s consumption clearly shifted in favor of its import prod uct, A.In this case, the deterioration in the terms of trade would be much more pronounced thanbefore, and may lead to a case of immiserizing growth. However, for this to occur, theremust have been a major shift in the taste patterns (the old community indifference map isnot longer applicable). Therefore, when we try to judge the direction and magnitude of thewelfare change, we are comparing the old versus new taste preferences, which raises theclassic index number problem.。