2020高考英语语法介词及介词短语

专题介词和介词短语以及八大考点

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。通常和名词，动词，形容词连用，介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。

介词的分类

最常见介词一----in, on, at

1．表示时间的at，in，on

at表示片刻的时间(点)，如：at 8 a.m. 常用词组有：at dawn, at noon，at night，at midnight，at the end of，at that time，at Christmas，at New Year等。

in表示一段时间（段），如：in the morning/afternoon/evening，in October，in 1998，in the 21st century, in summer, in the past, in the future等。

on指特定的日子（日），时间：on Monday，on Christmas Eve, on May Day，on a warm morning, on September 12, on that day等。

2.表示方位的at, in，on

at表示“在某一点上” look at sb arrive at. Smile at, point at. At the top of ..... at the beginning of.......

in表示“在…内”，Beijing is in the north of China.in the classroom. In the world. In Fangshan. in your heart, in your letter.

on指“在....上, 与…接壤，在河/江畔”，Korea lies on the east of China. On the third floor. On foot. On your face. Put on your coat.

二．表示“穿过……”的through, over和across

through 指在内部穿过, across则指在表面上的横穿, over指在上方过去，跨越。如：

The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.

三．In the end，at the end of，by the end of

in the end意为“最后”、“终于”；如：In the end they reached a place of safety.

at the end of表示“在…末梢”，“到…尽头”，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体；如：

At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.

They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.

by the end of作“到…末为止”解，只能指时间，如：

By the end of last month he had finished the novel.

三．表示用工具和手段的by, in, with

by表用工具(by train / land / hand / email…)或手段(by reading…)，其后的名词前不带冠词；

with表用工具(with a pencil / our eyes)，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词修饰；

in表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等(in pencil/English/a low voice…)

【考点一】考查with/without复合结构

介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词（分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词）在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。

//例句//

With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.

Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.

//例题//

It was a pity that the great writer died _____ his works unfinished.

A. for

B. with

C. from

D. of

【解析】

考查with复合结构。works 与unfinished之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系，则用现在分词表示主动。

【答案】B

【考点二】考查工具、手段、方式介词

1. by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式

(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不加冠词。

by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。

(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词须用单数形式，前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。

by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。

(3)当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。

travel to New York in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school on my bike等。//注意//

步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel 等。

2. with, by, in三词都可表示“用”

表示行为的工具、手段或方式。

(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。

//例句//

They are digging with a pick/spade.

We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.

(2)by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。

如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。

//注意//

①使用语言、原料、材料时，用in表示，如in English/Japanese；in blue ink等。

②表达“用……方法/式”时，所用介词有：in this/that/the same way，by means of，by this/that means，with this/that method等。