2014年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】
2014年浙江专升本考试《英语》真题卷参考答案与解析
2014年浙江专升本考试《英语》真题卷参考答案与解析Part I Reading Comprehension (60 marks, 60 minutes)Section A （每小题2分）Format ⅠPassage One1. B【解析】主旨题。
此题解题技巧是：文章以问题开头，往往可从其后紧跟的句子中概括出主旨题的答案。
本文开头的问句有两个，涉及where与who，因此可以排除最大的干扰项C，而更有概括性的选项B为正确答案。
2. B【解析】细节题。
细节题常用的一个出题套路是正确选项不是照抄原文，而是对原文进行同义替换。
本题B选项的leftover food就同义替换了原文第二段中的scraps of food。
3. C【解析】细节题。
此题不难，定位到第三段“She replaced the soft center with spices and nut s”一句，很容易得出正确答案C4. D【解析】词汇语义题。
对词汇量较小的考生来说，代入法是针对这类题目较为实用的解题技巧。
即用四个选项逐项替代原词，看看哪个选项最符合上下文的逻辑。
定位到第三段最后一句，根据常识，用拳头击打炸面圈的中间，很可能中间会被打出一个洞来。
因此，选项D“result（后果）”一词最合题意。
5. B【解析】推断题。
倒数第二段说到，这些“Doughnut Girls（炸面圈女孩）”都在靠近士兵的危险地方工作，这里的“dangerous conditions near the soldiers（靠近士兵危险地方）”玩的是文字游戏，显然指的就是靠近前线战场的地方，因此B为正确选项。
Passage Two6.A【解析】短语语义题。
本文的前两句很容易利用对照关系确定plain是gook look的反义，即长相平凡之意。
而且本文围绕着长相与收入的关系展开，因此，可确定A为正确答案。
7. D【解析】细节题中的数学题。
首先要提醒各位考生，凡是数字题正确答案一般都要经过简单的计算，涉及原文数字的选项则多为陷阱。
2014考研英语真题及答案解析(详细)
2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
2014年浙江大学英语考博真题和参考答案
2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1. 听力听力 Part A 原文：原文： In In my my my opinion, opinion, opinion, technology technology technology has has has become become become too too too advanced. advanced. advanced. I I I am am am 17-years-old, 17-years-old, 17-years-old, and and and I I I can can can still still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for （middle class families ） to have computers. In our society society today, today, today, almost almost almost every every every single single single family family family has has has at at at least least least one one one computer computer computer if if if not not not more, more, more, and and and these these computers computers are are are incredibly incredibly incredibly advanced advanced advanced compared compared compared to to to what what what you'd you'd you'd have have have had had in in your your your home home home a a short short ten ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that that there there there is is going going to to to be be be something something something bigger, bigger, bigger, I I I should should should really really really say say say smaller, smaller, smaller, and and better （out on the market ） in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? humanity? Y ou Y ou can can can do do do everything everything everything you you you want want want from from from a a a computer, computer, computer, work, work, work, play,play,（talk to friends ）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, computer, and and and they they they would would would have have have access access access to to to everything everything everything they they they need! need! need! It It It is is is insane! insane! insane! The The The advances advances advances in in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the ） internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone phone today today today would would would be be be considered considered considered huge, huge, huge, clunky, clunky, clunky, heavy, heavy, heavy, and and and "old". "old". "old". I I I personally personally personally couldn't couldn't couldn't even even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed ）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time time I I I have have have bought bought bought a a a new new new phone phone phone since since since that that that point, point, point, six six six months months months later, later, later, I I I have have have wanted wanted wanted a a a new new new one one because because my my my phone phone phone was was was not not not up up up to to to date. date. date. Can Can Can you you you believe believe believe it, it, it, after after after not not not even even even a a a year year year a a a phone phone phone can can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them. 2. 听力听力 Part B 原文原文括号内为答案括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of （ public health disparities ）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and and spirited spirited spirited discussion. discussion. discussion. As As As many many many of of of you you you may may may know, know, know, reforming reforming reforming and and and improving improving improving our our our health health health care care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care ）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies a n increased an increased and （necessary call for action ） among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care ） because a healthy healthy society society society is is is the the the foundation foundation foundation on on on which which which we we we build build build our our our schools, schools, schools, our our our neighborhoods, neighborhoods, neighborhoods, and and and our our economy. economy. Health Health Health care care care is is not not a a privilege----it privilege----it is is is a a right. right. I I I know know know we we we have have have along along along road road road to to to travel travel travel in in achieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are （finally waking up to this reality ）. Part C1 原文原文 3个选择题个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. H is books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He neve r held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on. 第一个问题第一个问题 问这个人是干什么的问这个人是干什么的 选the writer Part C2 Part C2 原文原文原文 第2篇 3个选择题个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contactwith them. Their values values—this —this can’t be repeated too often—often—are are not necessarily ourvalues. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most importantthings. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat withdecaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, takingno notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist thatthey go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better careof? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in dangerof carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks arebeing taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easilyhurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as itgets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spareparts. But But never never forget that such operations operations are are painful experiences, experiences, however however goodthe results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Isit morally right to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs toexcite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it isdesigned to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so longas they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them atry, on t try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.he principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the highervertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of bothgreat great groups, groups, groups, every every every individual individual individual has has has a a a certain certain certain number number number of of of inmate inmate inmate movements movements movements and and and sounds soundsfor expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signalswhenever it sees or hears hears them them them in in a fellow-member fellow-member of of the species. species. The The highly socialspecies of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated codeof such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previousexperience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought aboutby these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression thatthe birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purelyinnate signal signal code code of of an an animal species species differs differs fundamentally fundamentally from from human human language, language,every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, beinga genetically fixed character of the species a genetically fixed character of the species——just as much as any bodilycharacter character——this so-called language is, for every individual animal species,ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was,nevertheless, with something akin to nevertheless, with something akin to naïve naïve naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in surprise that I heard the jackdaws innorthern Russia “talk talk”” exactly the same, familiar “dialect dialect”” as my birds at homein Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and humanlanguages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that theanimal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no waythe conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is provedby the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signalsas soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances theautomatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparentand reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather ．a ．talked b ．chatted c ．muttered d ．whispered He is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute ．a ．speak b ．talk c ．remark d ．address Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies. a. economic b. economical b. economical c. economy d. economics d. economics There are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching. a. sponsors b. contributors b. contributors c. advocates c. advocates d. performers A friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. a. identical b. superficial b. superficial c. critical d. original d. original Nobody Nobody yet yet yet knows knows knows how how how long long long and and and how how how seriously seriously seriously the the the shakiness shakiness shakiness in in in the the the financial financial financial system system system will will will _C_ _C_ down the economy. a. put b. settle b. settle c. drag d. knock d. knock We are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. a. equal b. adequate b. adequate c. considerate d. sympathetic People People were were were surprised surprised surprised to to to find find find that that that Mr. Mr. Mr. Johnson Johnson Johnson had had had the the the ability ability ability to to to ___B__ ___B__ ___B__ everything everything everything he he he was was involved in. a. Prevail b. dominate c. preside c. preside d. instruct You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it in volves. a. force b. trial b. trial c. attempt d. effort The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers. a. straightforward b. partial b. partial c. favorable d. hostile You must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too. a. Equally b. Incidentally c. Inevitably c. Inevitably d. Likewise d. Likewise This __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice. a. examination b. survey b. survey c. inspection d. test As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals a. relieve b. release b. release c. dismiss c. dismiss d. discard He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant. a. wonder b. doubt c. question d. consideration 三.完形填空（20题 20分）分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9） long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are （12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young young person. person. person. Another Another Another (14) (14) (14) in in in aging aging aging may may may be be be changes within changes within the the cells(15). cells(15). cells(15). Some Some Some of of the the protein protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA DNA and and and RNA, RNA, RNA, store store store and and and (19) (19) (19) information information information that that that the the the cells cells cells need.Aging need.Aging need.Aging may may may affect affect affect this this this (20) (20) (20) and and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well. 1.C A A ．would B B ．be used to C ．used to D ． used 2.B A A ．function B ．effect C C ．affect D D ． sign 3.D A A ．lead in B ．give in C C ．run into D ． result in 4.but 5.D A A ．hands B B ．feet C C ．heart D ． organs 6.B A A ．energy B ．protection C ．vigor D ． power 7.A A A ．likely B B ．probable C ．possible D ． alike 8.B A A ．attend to B B ．contribute to C C ．add to D ． devote to 9.fairly 10.A A A ．replaced B ．reborn C ．recovered D ． surrendered 11.C A ．a number B B ．the amount C ．the number D ． a great deal 12.replaced 13.C A ．to B ．for C ．of D ． in 14.A A ．factor B B ．effect C C ．reason D ． element 15.C A ．for themselves B ．of themselves C ．themselves D ．on their own 16.why 17.B A ．increase B ．shrink C C ．lengthen D ． decrease 18.such as 19.D A ．pass away B B ．pass by C C ．pass off D D ． pass on 20.D A ．improvement B ．procession C ．approach D ． process 四阅读（4篇，20分）分）阅读第一篇阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the the child child child must must must physiologically physiologically physiologically be be be capable capable capable of of of producing producing producing and and and experiencing experiencing experiencing particular particular particular emotions emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two two basic basic basic processes processes processes by by by which which which learning learning learning takes takes takes place. place. place. one one one kind kind kind of of of learning learning learning is is is called called called "classical "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward reward or or or punishment, punishment, punishment, it it it is is is through through through classical classical classical conditioning conditioning conditioning that that that a a a child child child learns learns learns to to to associate associate associate his his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce produce rewards rewards rewards in in in his his his environment environment environment and and and learns learns learns not not not to to to do do do things things things that that that produce produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every Every day, day, we we grow grow grow and and and have have have new new new experiences. experiences. experiences. we we we constantly constantly constantly learn learn learn by by by reading, reading, reading, watching watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_. a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion b) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning c) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning d) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 2.if 2.if your your your jokes jokes jokes often often often find find find already already already echo echo echo in in in a a a person, person, person, you you you will will will learn learn learn though though though _B_ _B_ _B_ that that that telling telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) neither of them d) some other sorts of conditioning 3. 3. if if if a a a child child child is is is bitten bitten bitten or or or startled startled startled several several several times times times by by by a a a dog, dog, dog, he he he may may may learn learn learn to to to associate associate associate furry furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) both of them d) neither of them 4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_. a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day b) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning c) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on d) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_. a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings b) the third kind of learning c) further examples of learning through operant conditioning d) none of the above 阅读第2篇，篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill kill people. people. people. The The The hazards hazards hazards of of of drinking drinking drinking too too too much much much alcohol alcohol alcohol are are are as as as bad bad or or worse worse worse than than than the the the hazards hazards hazards of of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism. But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores stores anywhere anywhere anywhere in in in the the the United United United States. States. States. They They They were were were shut shut shut down down down abilished abilished abilished by by by an an an amendment amendment amendment to to to the the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or or Canadian Canadian Canadian liquor. liquor. Crime Crime and and and drunkenness drunkenness drunkenness were were were both both both supposed supposed supposed to to to decline decline decline as as as a a a rusult rusult rusult of of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. 1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? A a) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism. b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages. c) Without liquor, people would not drink. d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance. 2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___. a) sold openly b) no longer a temptation c) a major factor in the passage of the V olstead Act d) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders 3. During Prohibition, people__B__. a) lived in fear of the law b) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor c) recklessly endangered their comunities d) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them 4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__. a) every American would buy alcohol illegally b) all criminal activities would cease c) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol d) the social threat from drunkerness would decline 5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__. a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition b) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness c) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinking d) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages 第三篇第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you you are are are under under under is is yet yet another. another. another. But But But scientists scientists scientists studying studying studying senescence senescence senescence want want want to to to know: know: know: Why Why Why do do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What What we we we consider consider consider old old old age age age now now now may may may only only only be be be middle-aged middle-aged middle-aged someday someday someday soon. soon. soon. Who Who Who knows knows knows with with with so so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! 1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one ‟s disease and injury B . to run fast C. to recover from disease and injury D. to jump after recovering 2. In order to live longer, ___A___. 。
2014年浙江大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年浙江大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The two friends sat in a corner and______away to each other about the weather.A．talkedB．chattedC．mutteredD．whispered正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
根据句意可知空格处动词应为“闲谈”之意，选项中只有chat可以与away搭配，表示“闲谈”。
talk“谈话”；mutter“咕哝，喃喃自语”；whisper“低声说”，这三项均不能和away搭配使用。
故答案为A。
2．He is going to______the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute.A．speakB．talkC．remarkD．address正确答案：D解析：近义词词义辨析。
talk有“交谈”的意思，通常与介词to／with／about 搭配；speak一般接某种语言，不接说话的内容；remark“评论”，较正式，指某人对他人观点或者言行的评论；address做动词时表示“向……讲话，向……发表演说”的意思，为及物动词，一般用于正式场合。
通常搭配address the meeting on sth．表示“就……议题在大会上发言”。
根据句意，答案为D。
3．Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s______policies.A．economicB．economicalC．economyD．economics正确答案：A解析：形近词辨析。
2010年宁波大学244英语(二外)考研真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】
2010年宁波大学244英语（二外）考研真题及详解（A卷）Part Ⅰ: Vocabulary and Structure (20 po ints)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. On my way to school, I saw people _____ advertisements and sample products.A. conveyingB. creatingC. distributingD. discarding【答案】C【解析】句意：上学的路上，我看见有人发广告和样品。
distribute分发。
convey传递。
create创造。
discard摈弃。
因此，本题正确答案选C。
2. The city government promises to _____ the problem of unemployment in real earnest.A. postponeB. tackleC. composeD. anticipate【答案】B【解析】句意：市政府承诺会认真处理失业问题。
tackle处理。
postpone推延。
compose 构成。
anticipate期待。
因此，本题正确选项为B。
3. During the war there was a severe food shortage. It was not unusual that even the well-to-do families had to _____ meat for days.A. do withoutB. deal withC. do withD. rely on【答案】A【解析】句意：战争期间，食物匮乏。
2014年宁波市十校联考英语试卷简析word资料6页
2014年宁波市十校联考英语试卷简析一、试卷总析2014年宁波市十校联考应该说是一份质量极高的试卷，有适当的难度和恰当的区分度，试卷知识与能力兼顾，总体难度略低于年初的市统考，难度较大的题型主要是单选和写作。
整份试卷紧紧围绕2014高考考试说明，内容与时俱进，词汇量的控制也比较合理，能充分考查学生词汇的掌握程度，结合词汇，又恰如其分地考查了学生对语篇的理解能力和语言运用能力。
同时，难能可贵的是，这份试卷也可以充分考查学生的心理素质，如果掌握了一定的词汇量和阅读技巧，没有仔细耐心的阅读，没有全盘考虑问题，想得到高分也是不容易的。
1.单项选择单选考查的是考生对英语语法、词汇知识和简单表达形式的掌握情况。
这份试卷很好地做到了这一点，命题者兼顾语言知识和语言运用，强调交际，总体难度中偏上（对于我们学校学生来说）。
本份试卷单项的特点有：（1）题1和题20都是情景对话题，说明英语语言的学习将会逐渐渗透到日常交际中；（2）题2、题4、题6、题9、题12、题14、题17和题18均为词汇词组辨析题，占到了单选总数的40%，其中题9 spoil的得分率较低，主要没弄清楚关于“破坏”这几个单词的辨析；题17很多学生选了give up，关键是没掌握give out有耗尽的意思；题18难度稍大，没有掌握though可放于句末这一特点，造成得分率低。
这几题并不是单纯词汇考查，均需要学生充分理解句子语境的前提下才能得出正确答案，命题者把握了单选考查的重点是实词这一特点，也了解到学生的词语辨析能力差这一弱点，而词语辨析也是高三下一阶段复习的一个重点。
2.完形填空完形填空很好地考查了学生整体把握语篇能力、上下文逻辑推理能力、词汇的运用和辨析能力，总体难度不大，考生在掌握一定词汇量基础上注重整体阅读和语篇把握，拿到17-19分也是大概率事件。
其中第20题对考生有一定难度，但如果选用排除法也可以迎刃而解。
3.阅读理解阅读理解由五篇文章构成，题材各异，话题新颖，主要考查学生对篇章的理解能力、细节理解能力、猜词能力、推测能力以及对主旨大意、作者态度的理解等。
宁波大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2014年
宁波大学翻译硕士英语学位MTI考试真题2014年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Ⅰ. Translate the following two passages into English:(总题数：2，分数：75.00)1.如果说“义”代表一种伦理的人生态度，“利”代表一种功利的人生态度，那么，我所说的“情”便代表一种审美的人生态度。
它主张率性而行，适情而止，每个人都保持自己的真性情。
你不是你所信奉的教义，也不是你所占有的物品，你之为你仅在于你的真实“自我”。
生命的意义不在奉献或占有，而在创造，创造就是人的真性情的积极展开，是人在实现其本质力量时所获得的情感上的满足。
创造不同于奉献，奉献只是完成外在的责任，创造却是实现真实的“自我”。
至于创造和占有，其差别更是一目了然，譬如写作，占有注重的是作品所带来的名利地位，创造注重的只是创作本身的快乐。
有真性情的人，与人相处唯求情感的沟通，与物相触独钟情趣的品味。
更为可贵的是，在世人匆忙逐利又为利所逐的时代，他接人待物有一种闲适之情。
我不是指中国士大夫式的闲情逸致，也不是指小农式的知足保守，而是指一种不为利驱、不为物役的淡泊的生活情怀。
仍以写作为例，我想不通，一个人何必要著作等身呢?倘想流芳千古，一首不朽的小诗足矣。
倘无此奢求，则只要活得自在即可，写作也不过是这活得自在的一种方式罢了。
（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：()解析：If to be righteousness is said to be an ethical way of life and to seek interests is an utilitarian one, to keep your temperament, in my opinion, is an aesthetic way of life. It advocates doing everything at will and everyone should maintain his natural temperament. You are neither dependent on the doctrine nor the possession, but on your true self. The meaning of life lies neither in contribution nor possession but creation. To create is to develop actively your true temperament and give you a feeling of satisfaction after your inner power is released. Different from contribution which is made to shoulder responsibility, creation intends to help you fulfill your true self. And creation is distinct from possession. Take writing as an example, to write to possess is to get the fame and status while to write to create is to get the pleasure of writing itself. The person who has natural temperament would like to seek emotional communication when dealing with others, with a focus on the taste of appeal when possession is concerned. More importantly, when others are chasing interests, he can feel leisurely comfortable towards the outer world. I don"t mean the insouciance of those intellectuals and officials in the feudal China or the innate conservatism of the peasant, but a sentiment of being free of material. As for writing again, I do not understand why a writer should be prolific? A short poet is enough for you to be well-known for eternity. If you don"t care about that, you can just take writing as a way of getting leisure. [解析]如果说“义”代表一种伦理的人生态度，“利”代表一种功利的人生态度，那么。
宁波大学244英语二外2014-2020年考研专业课真题试卷
illness. In this more complex view, patterns such as depression and generalized anxiety arise as tendencies in the
human brain-body-environment system. 9 the patterns are established, they are hard to change because
Passage One
what
why
how
that
as
but
although
once
though
if
Have you ever heard of a condition known as “general paresis（麻痹性痴呆）of the insane”? Probably
not. In the 19th century general paresis was one of the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders. Its
and emotion develop or 4 they stick around.
Yet the hope remains
5 , much like with general paresis, we may soon discover the root causes of
these illnesses, and this knowledge may tell us 6 to treat them. An example of this hope can be seen in
宁波大学 2020 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(A 卷)
2014年全国大学考博英语考试答案.《461533046》
英语试卷一【±q461533046】Part I Answer Dialogue Completion1. We will be shown around the city : schools , museums , and some other places , _________ othe r visitors seldom go .A. whatB. whichC. whereD. when2．The famous basketball star . __________ tried to make a comeback , attracted a lot of attention .A. whereB. whenC. whichD. who3．He is only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years .A. isB. areC. have beenD. has been4. Is this the reason __________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explainedB. what he explainedC. how he explainedD. why he explained5. The result of the experiment was very good , __________ we hadn’t expected .A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase . ________ was very reasonable .A. which priceB . the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose7. Caral said the work would be done by October , ________ personally I doubt very much .A. itB . thatC. whenD. which8. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play , __________ , of course , made the others unhappy .A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what9. John said he’d been working in the office for an hour , __________ was true .A. heB. thisC. whichD. who10. He must be from Africa, _________can be seen from his skin.A. thatB. asC. whoD. what11. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _________ leading actor is world famous ?A. itsB. it’sC. whoseD. which12. He was very rude to the customs office , _________ of course made things even worse .A. whoB. whomC. whatD. which13. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town __________ he grew up as a c hild .A. whichB. thatC. whereD. when14. I don’t like _________ you speak to her .A. the wayB. the way in thatD. the way of which15. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _________ in the forest .A. once they growB. they grew onceC. they once grewD. once grew16. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm , ________ many people have got h ome .A. whose timeB. thatC. on whichD. by which17. _________ we know , China will be an __________ powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time .A. That ; advancingB. This ; advancedC. As ; advancedD. It ; advancing18. I shall never forget those years __________ I lived in the country with the farmers , ________ has a great effect on my life .A. that ; whichB. when ; whichC. which ; thatD. when ; who19. The weather turned out to be very good , ________ was more than we could expect .A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it20. In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person __________ she could turn for help .A. thatB. whoC. from whomD. to whom21. He made another wonderful discovery , __________ of great importance to science.A. which I think isC. which I think itD. I think which is25. His son has become a doctor, ________ he wanted to be.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. what26. She said she was busy, _________ was a lie.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. that。
2014年宁波大学外语学院243俄语(二外)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年宁波大学外语学院243俄语（二外）考研真题及详解часть1将下列动词变位，写出单数第一、二人称和复数第三人称形式。
（10%）1.доставать【答案】достаю;достаешь;достают2.выпить【答案】выпью;выпьешь;выпьют3.смочь【答案】смогу;сможешь;смогут4.заботиться【答案】забочусь;заботишься;заботятся5.торопиться【答案】тороплюсь;торопишься;торопятся6.одеться【答案】оденусь;оденешься;оденутся7.разрешить【答案】разрешу;разрешишь;разрешат8.разбудить【答案】разбужу;разбудишь;разбудят9.замолчать【答案】замолчу;замолчишь;замолчат10.устать【答案】устану;устанешь;устанутЧасть2选择正确答案（10%）1.Преподавательпришёл,_____поговоритьснаминасчётработы.а.чтоб.потомучтов.чтобы【答案】в【解析】句意：老师过来是为了跟我们讨论工作的事情。
чтобы表目的，为了……。
2.СяоВанунаслучше_____говоритпо-русски.а.всегоб.всехв.чемвсех【答案】б【解析】句意：在我们当中小王的俄语说得最好。
这里考察比较级的用法，лучшевсех比任何人都要好，最好。
3.Наташапозвонила_____научномуруководителюиспросилего,когдаможнокнемувгости.а.егоб.еёв.своему【答案】в【解析】句意：娜塔莎打电话给自己的领导，问她什么时候能拜访领导。
2014年宁波大学考研真题357英语翻译基础
考试科目: 英语翻译基础科目代码：357 适用专业: 英语笔译I. Translate the following two passages into English (75 points):1. 如果说“义”代表一种伦理的人生态度，“利”代表一种功利的人生态度，那么，我所说的“情”便代表一种审美的人生态度。
它主张率性而行，适情而止，每个人都保持自己的真性情。
你不是你所信奉的教义，也不是你所占有的物品，你之为你仅在于你的真实“自我”。
生命的意义不在奉献或占有，而在创造，创造就是人的真性情的积极展开，是人在实现其本质力量时所获得的情感上的满足。
创造不同于奉献，奉献只是完成外在的责任，创造却是实现真实的“自我”。
至于创造和占有，其差别更是一目了然，譬如写作，占有注重的是作品所带来的名利地位，创造注重的只是创作本身的快乐。
有真性情的人，与人相处唯求情感的沟通，与物相触独钟情趣的品味。
更为可贵的是，在世人匆忙逐利又为利所逐的时代，他接人待物有一种闲适之情。
我不是指中国士大夫式的闲情逸致，也不是指小农式的知足保守，而是指一种不为利驱、不为物役的淡泊的生活情怀。
仍以写作为例，我想不通，一个人何必要著作等身呢？倘想流芳千古，一首不朽的小诗足矣。
倘无此奢求，则只要活得自在即可，写作也不过是这活得自在的一种方式罢了。
（40%）2. 在“我”和“我们”之间，是以“他人”作为连接点的。
“我”因“他人”而成为“我”；“我们”因“他人”而成为“我们”。
当“我们”过度地强化、放大“我”，而舍弃“他人”的时候，“我”便处于四面受敌的孤立无援之中。
在我们的传统习性中，“他人”这一概念，更多的情况下，只是一种被供奉的虚设牌位。
我们的成语中曾有“以邻为壑”一词，可以佐证；有“只扫自家门前雪，哪管他人瓦上霜”的谚语，可以证言。
即便在集体主义理想教育最为鼎盛之时，“他人”不仅未能成为国人的自觉意识，“他人”反而意味着告密、背叛、异己、危险、离间等等。
2016年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】
2016年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)American cities are(1)_____other cities around the world.In every country,cities reflect the(2)_____of the culture.Cities contain the very(3)_____aspect of a society:opportunities for education,employment,and entertainment.They also contain the very worst parts of a society: violent crime,racial conflict and poverty.American cities are changing,just(4)_____American society.After World War II,the population of(5)_____large American cities decreased;however the population in many Sun Belt cities___(6)____.Los Angeles and Houston are cities(7)_____ population increased.These population shifts to and from the city(8)_____the changing values of American society.During this time,in the(9)_____1940s and early1950s,city residents became wealthier,more prosperous.They had more children.They needed more(10)_____. They moved out their apartments in the city(11)_____their own homes.They bought houses in the(12)_____,areas near a city where people live.These are areas(13)_____many offices or factories.During the1950s the American"dream"was to have a house on the outskirts.Now things are changing.The children of the people who left the cities in the1950s are now (14)_____.They,(15)_____their parents,want to live in the cities.(16)_____continue to move to cities in the Sun Belt.Cities are(17)_____and the population is increasing in such states as Texas,Florida,and California.Others are moving to more(18)_____cities of the North-east and Midwest,such as Boston,Baltimore and Chicago.Many young professionals,doctors,lawyers, and executives are moving back into the city.They prefer the city(19)_____the suburbs because their jobs are there;they are afraid of the fuel shortage;or they just(20)_____the excitement and opportunities which the city offers.A new class is moving into the cities—a wealthier,more mobile class.1.[A]different from[B]similar to[C]better than[D]worse than2.[A]values[B]worth[C]importance[D]expense3.[A]well[B]good[C]better[D]best4.[A]likely[B]as[D]when5.[A]all[B]most[C]few[D]much6.[A]increased[B]changed[C]decreased[D]lowered7.[A]its[B]which[C]where[D]that8.[A]become[B]reflect[C]gain[D]contain9.[A]late[B]later[C]lately[D]latter10.[A]space[B]spots[C]time[D]food11.[A]buying[B]buy[C]to buy[D]bought12.[A]outskirts[B]downtown[C]districts[D]suburbs13.[A]without[B]with[C]within[D]from14.[A]managers[B]adults[C]parents[D]doctors15.[A]likely[B]like[D]unlike16.[A]Some[B]All[C]Several[D]Lots of17.[A]stretching[B]widening[C]expanding[D]prolonging18.[A]organized[B]famous[C]official[D]established19.[A]than[B]better than[C]rather than[D]to20.[A]win[B]enjoy[C]earn[D]acquire【答案与解析】1.B根据文章第二句的提示，在每个国家，城市都反映着各自国家的文化，此句的句意为，美国的城市和世界上其他的城市一样。
2014年宁波大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(A卷)
2014年宁波大学博士研究生入学考试
英语试卷（A卷）
（考试时间：180分钟）
招生专业：__________ 研究方向：__________
考生姓名：__________ 准考证号：__________
考生注意事项
1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2.答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“准考证号”
等信息。
3.答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
(1) 英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡的第一页上，要求
用2B铅笔将选择的答案涂黑。
如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
(2) 阅读理解部分C节的答案和作文必须用（蓝）黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔在答题
卡的第二页上作答。
字迹要清楚。
4.考试结束后，将答题卡和试卷一并交给监考人员。
宁波大学2014 年攻读博士学位研究生
入学考试试题(答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 考码：专业名称:
第11 页，共11 页。
2014年浙江大学英语考博真题及答案
2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1.听力Part A 原文：In my opinion, technology has become too advanced. I am 17-years-old, and I can still remember a time when I did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. Not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families）to have computers. In our society today, almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and these computers are incredibly advanced compared to what you'd have had in your home a short ten years ago. Over the years, I have seen technology bloom; all I have known my entire lifetime, is that there is going to be something bigger, I should really say smaller, and better （out on the market）in no time. I can't believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. What will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? You can do everything you want from a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! A person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everything they need! It is insane! The advances in communication technology are blowing up all over the place as well. I, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. The picture quality is superb, and not only that but I （have access to the）internet on my PHONE! I can't believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. The first phone I ever had was five years ago, when I was 12 years old. That phone today would be considered huge, clunky, heavy, and "old". I personally couldn't even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed）. It just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. Every time I have bought a new phone since that point, six months later, I have wanted a new one because my phone was not up to date. Can you believe it, after not even a year a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? The manufacturers are putting these things out faster than people can buy them.2. 听力Part B 原文括号内为答案It is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of（public health disparities）. I would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. This has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. I think this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. As many of you may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue that is close to my heart. I believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic health care）to all of our citizens. It is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. Our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care system. Today’s sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities----today’s conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action）among our region’s top health professionals. Public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. We cant’ look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. Health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. We are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care）because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build our schools, our neighborhoods, and our economy. Health care is not a privilege----it is a right. I know we have along road to travel inachieving equality in health status. I know that everyone here knows this. And I am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are（finally waking up to this reality）.Part C1 原文3个选择题There were very few places in the world that Jules Verne, the writer,, did not visit. He went round the world a hundred times or more. Once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. He voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the earth, and chatted with natives in Australia. Jules Verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. He was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. He did make a few visits to Europe and North Africa. And he made one six-week tour of New York State. But that was all. He spent less than one of his seventy-seven years really traveling. Yet he was the world’s most extraordinary tourist. His books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. Jules actually went hunting only once. Then he raised his gun and shot off the guard’s hat! He never held a test tube in his hand. But he was an inspiration to the scientist in the laboratory. Long before radio was invented, he had TV working in his books. His name for it was phono-telephoto. He had helicopters fifty years before the Wright brothers flew their first plane at Kitty Hawk. In fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. In his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on.第一个问题问这个人是干什么的选the writerPart C2 原文第2篇 3个选择题Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. Their values—this can’t be repeated too often—are not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old.Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. And at what point should you stop to treat the old body? Is it morallyright to try to push off death by seeking the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? You can’t ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while there’s life, there’s hope.第三篇Animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. In the higher vertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of both great groups, every individual has a certain number of inmate movements and sounds for expressing feelings. It has also innate ways of reacting to these signals whenever it sees or hears them in a fellow-member of the species. The highly social species of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated code of such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previous experience. The perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought about by these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression that the birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. Of course, this purely innate signal code of an animal species differs fundamentally from human language, every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. Moreover, being a genetically fixed character of the species—just as much as any bodily character—this so-called language is, for every individual animal species, ubiquitous in its distribution. Obvious though this fact may seem, it was, nevertheless, with something akin to naïve surprise that I heard the jackdaws in northern Russia “talk”exactly the same, familiar “dialect”as my birds at home in Altenberg. The superficial similarity between these animal utterances and human languages diminishes further as it becomes gradually clear to the observer that the animal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no way the conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. This is proved by the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these signals as soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. Under these circumstances the automatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparent and reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）The two friends sat in a corner and __B__ away to each other about the weather．a．talked b．chatted c．muttered d．whisperedHe is going to __D__ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．a．speak b．talk c．remark d．addressAlthough not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's ___A___ policies.a. economicb. economicalc. economyd. economicsThere are not many teachers who are strong _C_of traditional methods in English teaching.a. sponsorsb. contributorsc. advocatesd. performersA friendship may be ___B___ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.a. identicalb. superficialc. criticald. originalNobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _C_ down the economy.a. putb. settlec. dragd. knockWe are _D_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.a. equalb. adequatec. considerated. sympatheticPeople were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to ___B__ everything he was involved in.a. Prevailb. dominatec. presided. instructYou can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the __D__ it involves.a. forceb. trialc. attemptd. effortThe manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for __D__ her attitude toward customers.a. straightforwardb. partialc. favorabled. hostileYou must pack plenty of food for the journey. __D__, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.a. Equallyb. Incidentallyc. Inevitablyd. LikewiseThis __B_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.a. examinationb. surveyc. inspectiond. testAs a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals __B__ a substance to absorb harmful chemicalsa. relieveb. releasec. dismissd. discardHe said that very clearly so that nobody was in any___B__ about what was meant.a. wonderb. doubtc. questiond. consideration三.完形填空（20题20分）Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they (1) . Yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. Aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. A number of related causes may (8) aging. Some cells of the body have a （9）long life, but they are not (10) when they die. As a person ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. Other body cells die and are（12）by new cells. In an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young person. Another (14) in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. This is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. This is also the reason why old people (17) in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, （18）DNA and RNA, store and (19) information that the cells need.Aging may affect this (20) and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.1.C A．would B．be used to C．used to D．used2.B A．function B．effect C．affect D．sign3.D A．lead in B．give in C．run into D．result in4.but5.D A．hands B．feet C．heart D．organs6.B A．energy B．protection C．vigor D．power7.A A．likely B．probable C．possible D．alike8.B A．attend to B．contribute to C．add to D．devote to9.fairly10.A A．replaced B．reborn C．recovered D．surrendered11.C A．a number B．the amount C．the number D．a great deal12.replaced13.C A．to B．for C．of D．in14.A A．factor B．effect C．reason D．element15.C A．for themselves B．of themselves C．themselves D．on their own16.why17.B A．increase B．shrink C．lengthen D．decrease18.such as19.D A．pass away B．pass by C．pass off D．pass on20.D A．improvement B．procession C．approach D．process四阅读（4篇，20分）阅读第一篇In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1. the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _B_.a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionb) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningc) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningd) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced2.if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _B_ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) neither of themd) some other sorts of conditioning3. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _A_.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) both of themd) neither of them4. in the third paragraph, the author is _D_.a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayb) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningc) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so ond) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss __C_.a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsb) the third kind of learningc) further examples of learning through operant conditioningd) none of the above阅读第2篇，Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars inthis country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism.But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why?Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol.1. Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the V olstead Act? Aa) There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.b) There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.c) Without liquor, people would not drink.d) People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.2. During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_C___.a) sold openlyb) no longer a temptationc) a major factor in the passage of the Volstead Actd) brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders3. During Prohibition, people__B__.a) lived in fear of the lawb) were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorc) recklessly endangered their comunitiesd) were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them4. When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that__D__.a) every American would buy alcohol illegallyb) all criminal activities would ceasec) patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohold) the social threat from drunkerness would decline5. It can be inferred from the passage that__A__.a) the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibitionb) the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessc) during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingd) laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages第三篇As people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives.Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life.There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world.What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years!1. When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means __A__.A. to improve in health after one‟s disease and injuryB. to run fastC. to recover from disease and injuryD. to jump after recovering2. In order to live longer, ___A___.A. we should postpone the process of agingB. we should try to do some exerciseC. we have to try to be on a dietD. we should keep in high spirits3. Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ___B___A. They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB. If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC. They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD. They want to increase the general ability of our bodies4. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ____A__.A. they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB. they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC. they have come through the battle of life safelyD. they consider their life has been a successful one5. According t o the passage, “spans” means ____B_____.A. a long period of timeB. a length of timeC. a long distance from one place to anotherD. longevity第四篇Any country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health.This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees.As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it.However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so manypatients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others.46. In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that __A__.A. all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB. poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC. health service is highly developed in BritainD. Brit ain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health47. We can infer from the passage that __B__.A. the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB. the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC. an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD. all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service48. The best title for the passage would be __D__.A. A Welfare StateB. Importance of the Health ServiceC. Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD. The Health Service49. The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because __C__.A. their doctors can give them more time leave from workB. those doctors have better medical instrumentsC. they might save some money for the poorD. their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients50. The word “abused” (Par. 4) means __B__.A. destroyedB. used in wrong wayC. ignoredD. wasted五汉译英（25分）2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: It would help me if you could go over last week and give me an idea how much beer you drank each evening. M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening. Q: How much beer did the man drink last week?1．A．About 12 pints.B．About 3 pints.C．About 4 pints.D．About 7 pints.正确答案：A解析：男士说，“I went up to the pub 4 times last week，and drank about 3 pints each evening．”简单计算后可知，男士上周总共喝了12品脱的啤酒。
故答案为A。
听力原文：W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep tonight?M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done. W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s necessary; just remember to stay calm. Q: What did the doctor suggest the woman do?2．A．Take a holiday from work.B．Worry less about work.C．Take some sleeping pills.D．Work harder to forget all her troubles.正确答案：B解析：医生建议说“Don’t worry so much about things of work”，即建议病人少想工作。
2014年大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)A类(研究生)决赛真题试卷(题后含答
2014年大学生英语竞赛（NECCS）A类（研究生）决赛真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comperhension 2. V ocabulary and Structure 4. Reading Comperhension 5. Cloze 6. Translation 7. IQ Test 8. Writing 9. Error CorrectionPart I Listening ComperhensionSection A听力原文：W: How do you feel about the future of the Jaragua lizard, the world’s smallest lizard?M: I feel optimistic because local people have formed conservation organisations in the Caribbean. And we find it in the park Isla Beata. The park’s remoteness and ruggedness give it further protection.W: Well, good luck in the future with your environmental campaigns.1．What does the man say about the park Isla Beata?A．It’s convenient to get to.B．It’s famous for the world’s smallest lizard.C．It’s provides natural protection for the Jaragua lizard.D．It’s situated in the center of the city.正确答案：C解析：对话中女士问男士对于世界上最小的蜥蜴Jaragua lizard的未来有何感想，男士回答说自己感到相当乐观，因为当地人在加勒比海形成了自然保护组织，接着指出“And wefind it in the park Isla Beata．”，因此正确答案为C项。
2012年宁波大学244英语(二外)考研真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】
2012年宁波大学244英语（二外）考研真题及详解（A卷）Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1*20=20 points)Directions:There are twenty incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark the answer on the Answer Sheet.1. He greatly resented the publication of this book, which he saw as an embarrassing invasion of his _____.A. privacyB. moralityC. dignityD. secrecy【答案】A【解析】句意：他极不愿意接受出版这本书，因为这违反了他的隐私。
privacy隐私。
morality 道德。
dignity尊严。
secrecy秘密色彩。
因此，本题的正确答案为A。
2. These were stubborn men, not easily _____ to change their mind.A. tiltedB. convertedC. persuadedD. suppressed【答案】C【解析】句意：他们都是非常固执的人，想要劝说他们改变想法很困难。
persuade说服，劝说。
tilt攻击。
convert转换。
suppress镇压。
因此，本题的正确答案为C。
3. The police set a _____ to catch the thieves.A. planB. deviceC. trapD. trick【答案】C【解析】句意：警察为了抓住小偷，设了一个陷阱。
2014年博士英语试卷 完整原题版
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。
2014年宁波大学考博试题2603随机过程
1轾 1 si n( a + b )+ si n( a - b ) si n a si nb = - 轾 cos a + b )- cos( a - b) 犏 臌 ( 2臌 2犏 1轾 si n a + b )- si n( a - b) 臌( 2犏 cosa cosb = 1轾 cos a + b )+ cos( a - b) 臌 ( 2犏
（2）输出电压Y ( t)的功率谱。（5分） （3）Y ( t)的自相关函数 R Y (t,t +
t)及输出信号平均功率。（5分）
第 3 页 共 3 页
q- j
2
一、概念题（第 1 题 2 分，第 2-8 题每题 4 分，共 30 分）
1． 假设两个相互独立的随机变量 X 、Y 服从正态分布 N (m 1,s 1 )和 N (m 2 ,s 2 )，则随机变量
2 2
Z = 2X + Y 服从_________分布，并且其均值和方差分别为_________和_________。
1 ,i = 1,2,3,4 。 4
p{X 0 = i} =
试求
（1）画出状态转移图并写出一步转移概率矩阵 P ；（5分） （2） p{X
0
= 2,X 1 = 3,X 2 = 4} 。（5分）
第 2 页 共 3 页
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
宁波大学 2014 年攻读博士学位研究生 入 学 考 试 试 题(A 卷) (答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 适用专业: 随机过程 通信与信息系统、信号与信息处理、移动计算与人机 交互 科目代码： 2603
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2014年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）
Section I Use of English
Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) The fitness movement that began in the late1960s and early1970s centered around aerobic lions of individuals became(1)_____in a variety of aerobic activities and(2)_____thousands of health spas(3)_____around the country to capitalize on this(4)_____interest in fitness particularly aerobic dancing for females.A number of fitness spas existed(5)_____to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities.However their(6)_____was not on aerobics,but(7)_____on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass,(8)_____,and endurance in their primarily male(9)_____.These fitness spas did not seem to benefit(10)_____from the aerobic fitness movement to better health since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs (11)_____few if(12)_____health benefits.In recent years however weight training has again become increasingly(13)_____for males and for females.Many(14)_____ programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.
(15)_____,most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance not for health-related reasons,but(16)_____
because such fitness components have been related to(17)_____in athletics.
(18)_____,in recent years evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health(19)_____as well.The American College of Sports Medicine now(20)_____ that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.
1.[A]imposed
[B]engaged
[C]confined
[D]illustrated
2.[A]affluently
[B]eligibly
[C]gorgeously
[D]literally
3.[A]enhanced
[B]manifested
[C]developed
[D]established
4.[A]emerging
[B]hovering
[C]intriguing
[D]mingling
5.[A]prior
[B]entitled
[C]liable
[D]subjected
6.[A]action
[B]focus
[C]cement
[D]snap
7.[A]or
[B]or else
[C]and
[D]rather
8.[A]strength
[B]nutrition
[C]tolerance
[D]ambition
9.[A]practitioners
[B]enthusiasts
[C]referees
[D]recipients
10.[A]financially
[B]particularly
[C]legitimately
[D]excessively
11.[A]presented
[B]offered
[C]indicated
[D]demonstrated
12.[A]something
[B]some
[C]anything
[D]any
13.[A]popular
[B]vigorous
[C]intelligible
[D]formidable
14.[A]current
[B]primitive
[C]uneven
[D]incredible
15.[A]practically
[B]Eventually
[C]Essentially
[D]Historically
16.[A]because
[B]if only
[C]primarily
[D]now that
17.[A]performance
[B]harassment
[C]identification
[D]portrayal
18.[A]Moreover
[B]Therefore
[C]However
[D]Anyway
19.[A]advantages
[B]benefits
[C]interests
[D]profits
20.[A]recommends
[B]reassures
[C]speculates
[D]mediates
【答案与解析】
1.B固定短语be engaged in，表示“参与；从事于；忙于”的意思。
impose强制实行。
confine控制，局限。
illustrate阐明。
2.D句意为，确实有成千上万家健康俱乐部。
literally确实地；照字面地；不夸张地。
affluently富裕地；流畅地。
eligibly适当地；合宜地。
gorgeously华美地；辉煌地。
3.C句意为，全国有成千上万家健康俱乐部发展起来。
develop发展。
enhance提高。
manifest证明，显示。
establish表示“建立”，但是此句中应该用其被动语态。
4.A句意为，在这个新兴的健身热潮中获利。
emerging新兴的；出现的。
hovering悬停；
盘旋。
intriguing有趣的；迷人的。
mingling混合的。
5.A句意为，在有氧操潮流兴起前就已经存在一定数量的健身俱乐部了。
prior to在……
之前。
entitled有资格的。
liable to易于。
subjected to遭受，承受。
6.B句意为，他们的重点不在有氧健身方面。
focus焦点，中心。
action行动。
cement
水泥；巩固。
snap猛咬。
7.D固定用法not...but rather...表示“不是……，而是……”。
8.A句意为，用来发展人的肌肉力量和耐力。
strength力量。
nutrition营养。
tolerance
忍耐。
ambition志向。
9.B句意为，主要吸引男性健身者。
enthusiast爱好者。
practitioner从业者，执业医生。
referee裁判。
recipient接受者。
10.A句意为，这些俱乐部在健身潮流中并没有获得很好的经济收益。
financially财政上，
金融上。
particularly特别地，独特地。
legitimately合理地；正当地。
excessively 过分地；极度。
11.B句意为，医学观点认为，这种身体锻炼不会给健康带来多少益处。
offer提供。
present
提出；介绍。
indicate表明；指出。
demonstrate证明；展示。
12.D空格处后面为名词短语health benefits，提示空格处需填入形容词。
if any表示“如
果有……的话”。