国际会计答案
国际会计答案汇总
Answers of Discussion Questions for International AccountingChapter 18. Given the increased globalization of the last few decades, can small domestic business survive? What advantage and disadvantages do they have compared to MNEs?在近十几年全球化加剧的情况下，国内的小企业能生存下去么？与跨国企业相比，它们有什么优势和劣势？全球化就是在全球的范围内利用各种要素增值。
从这些角度看国内的企业已经做了很多全球化工作。
全球化不一定是大企业的任务，中小企业同样可以全球化。
在全球化的战略上，需要确定三个目标：提高效率，管理风险和适应、学习与创新，才能建立全球竞争优势，利用国家差异获得成本优势，利用全球经营获得规模经济，利用多产品和多市场经营获得范围经济。
优势：除部分未改制的国有中小企业来说，一般来讲，中小企业经营机制灵活，活力较强，二是以市场为导向，贴近市场，贴近用户，市场化程度高。
企业经营灵活，调整快，进入市场快。
三是形成了自身的产业比较优势。
四是很多企业都进行了技术改进，更新了制造设备，改进了技术工艺，企业竞争力得到增强。
劣势：低水平重复建设，存在大量“小而全”。
二是多数中小企业生产设备相对陈旧，技术和工艺比较落后。
三是多数中小企业开发设计能力低，缺少自主创新能力，主要靠模仿，跟随在大企业后面亦步亦趋，难以提供自己的特色产品与服务，难以获得主动发展。
四是中小企业产品多属于劳动密集型，技术含量低，附加值不高，在激烈的市场中难以实现资金的较快积累。
五是财力不足，企业发展和提高缺乏资金支持。
六是人才缺乏，尤其缺乏高素质的管理人才和创新人才。
建议：1.发挥现有优势，克服营销竞争力的诸多问题，采取对策，抓住机遇，赢得挑战。
国际会计师考试题目及答案
国际会计师考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. 国际会计准则（IAS）规定，企业在编制财务报表时，应采用哪种计量基础？A. 历史成本B. 公允价值C. 净现值D. 现值答案：A2. 以下哪项不是国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的主要目标？A. 提供决策有用的信息B. 促进国际资本市场的效率C. 确保所有企业使用相同的会计政策D. 促进全球财务报告的一致性答案：C3. 根据国际会计准则第16号（IAS 16），固定资产的折旧方法应如何确定？A. 直线法B. 双倍余额递减法C. 任何合理的方法D. 只有当资产价值下降时答案：C4. 国际会计准则第36号（IAS 36）规定，当资产的可回收金额低于其账面价值时，应如何处理？A. 继续持有资产B. 立即出售资产C. 计提减值准备D. 增加资产账面价值答案：C5. 国际会计准则第18号（IAS 18）规定，收入的确认应基于什么原则？A. 成本加成原则B. 风险和报酬转移原则C. 现金收付实现制D. 权责发生制答案：D6. 根据国际会计准则第1号（IAS 1），财务报表的呈现应遵循什么原则？A. 重要性原则B. 一致性原则C. 可比性原则D. 所有上述原则答案：D7. 国际会计准则第38号（IAS 38）涉及的是什么类型的资产？A. 固定资产B. 无形资产C. 存货D. 投资性房地产答案：B8. 国际会计准则第21号（IAS 21）主要涉及哪种货币的会计处理？A. 企业本位货币B. 外币C. 任何货币D. 法定货币答案：B9. 国际会计准则第32号（IAS 32）规定，金融工具的分类应基于什么？A. 金融工具的类型B. 金融工具的用途C. 企业持有金融工具的意图D. 金融工具的公允价值答案：C10. 国际会计准则第39号（IAS 39）主要涉及的是什么？A. 金融资产和金融负债的分类B. 金融资产和金融负债的计量C. 金融资产和金融负债的披露D. 所有上述内容答案：D二、多项选择题（每题2分，共10分）11. 根据国际会计准则第8号（IAS 8），以下哪些项目应在财务报表中披露？A. 会计政策B. 会计估计的变更C. 会计政策变更的影响D. 所有上述项目答案：D12. 国际会计准则第12号（IAS 12）涉及的税种包括以下哪些？A. 所得税B. 增值税C. 消费税D. 营业税答案：A13. 根据国际会计准则第23号（IAS 23），在进行资本化时，以下哪些成本可以计入资产成本？A. 借款费用B. 管理费用C. 销售费用D. 直接材料和直接人工成本答案：A, D14. 国际会计准则第27号（IAS 27）要求对联营企业的投资采用哪种会计政策？A. 成本法B. 权益法C. 公允价值法D. 历史成本法答案：B15. 国际会计准则第37号（IAS 37）规定，以下哪些情况需要计提预计负债？A. 法律诉讼B. 环境清理义务C. 产品质量保证D. 所有上述情况答案：D三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. 简述国际会计准则第41号（IAS 41）。
国际会计第七版英文版课后答案（第七章）
国际会计第七版英文版课后答案（第七章）预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制Chapter 7Financial Reporting and Changing PricesDiscussion Questions Solutions1.Historical-based financial statements may be misleading during periods of significant inflation.Many resources may have been acquired in periods when the purchasing power of the monetary unit was much higher. These expenses then typically are deducted from revenues that reflect current purchasing power. The resulting income number is unintelligible. Another problem for statement readers is that the value of assets recorded at their historical acquisition cost is typically understated as a result of inflation. Understated asset values produce understated expenses and overstated earnings.Financial trends are also difficult to interpret, as trend statistics generally include monetary units of different purchasing power. A positive trend in sales may be due to price changes, not real increases in sales.2. A price index is a cost ratio, that is, the ratio of a representative “basket” of goods and servicesconsumed by an average family, compared to the price of that same basket in a benchmark (“base”) year. The price index is invaluable in enabling a statement reader to translate sums of money paid in the past to their current purchasing power equivalents.3.This statement is partly true and shows the confusion thatsurrounds inflation accounting. Inaccounting for changing prices, users must distinguish between general price changes and specific price changes. General prices refer to the prices of all goods and services in the economy. The object of accounting for general price level changes is to preserve the general purchasing power of a company’s money capital. Specific price changes refer to changes in the prices of specific commodities. The object of accounting for specific price changes is to preserve a company’s productive capacity or operating capability.4.The congressman is wrong. The object of inflation accounting is to clarify the distinction betweencapital and income, not to minimize corporate taxes. Inflation accounting shows how much money the company can pay in expenses, taxes, and dividends, while keeping enough resources to maintain its capital.5.Although it is generally conceded in principle that price level-adjusted financial statements are moreuseful than conventional accounting statements during periods of significant inflation, it is a judgment call to identify exactly when price level-adjusted statements become more meaningful. Asa rule of thumb, executives in Brazil use an inflation rate greater than 10 % per month. Investors inGermany or Switzerland may believe that 5 % inflation per year is alarming. Unfortunately, no one has yet developed a formal, rigorous, easy-to-apply definition of meaningfulness.How does one determine whether the benefits of price level-adjusted accounting information exceed the costs? While the costs to generate such information can be measured, it is muchharder to quantify the benefits. Financial accounting deals with information produced by business enterprises for use by external decision makers. Consequently, measurement of the benefits of price level-adjusted information must cover all user groups in an economy. Multiple user groups, uneven distributions of benefits (both within and between groups), and favorable economy-wide spillover effects of price level information complicate the task. Adding international dimensions makes the problem even worse.6.The U.S. approach resembles the price-level adjusted current cost model, whereas the U.K.approach embraces the current cost model. While both require disclosure of the impact ofchanging prices on monetary items, the U.S. approach basically uses the general price level index to compute monetary gains and losses, whereas the U.K. employs specific prices changes by way of its gearing adjustment.1.The International Accounting Standards Board sanctions use of the general price level model orthe current cost framework. Whichever method is employed, these inflation adjustments must be expressed in terms of constant purchasing power as of the balance sheet date. Purchasing powergains or losses are to be included in current income. Firms adjusting their accounts for changingprices must disclose, at a minimum: a) the fact that end-of-period purchasing power adjustmentshave been made, b) the asset valuation framework employed in the primary financial statements,c) the type of inflation index or indexes employed and theirlevel at the end of the period as wellas their movements during the period, and d) the net purchasing power gain or loss on netmonetary items held during the period. Given the options that are available, analysts mustunderstand the differences between the approved inflation accounting methods to be able tocompare companies choosing one option over the other and to assure proper interpretation ofinflation adjusted amounts.2.The historical cost-constant dollar model measures the impact of general price level changes on afirm's reported performance and financial position. The current cost model examines the impact of specific price changes on enterprise income and wealth.The two measurement frameworks are similar in that both attempt to clarify the distinction between capital and income. They differ in reporting objectives. Whereas the historical cost/constant dollar model attempts to preserve the general purchasing power of a firm's original money capital, the current cost model attempts to preserve an entity's physical capital or productive capacity.3.Your authors think that restating foreign and domestic accounts to their current cost equivalentsproduces information that is far more helpful to investor decisions than historical cost methods, whether or not adjusted for changes in general price levels. Such information provides a performance measure that signals the maximum amount of resources that enterprises can distribute without reducing their productive capacity. It also facilitates comparisons ofconsolidated data.10. The gearing adjustment is an inflation adjustment that partially offsets the additional charges toincome associated with assets whose values are restated for inflation (e.g., higher depreciation and cost of sales). This adjustment recognizes that borrowers generally gain from inflation because they can repay their debts with currency of reduced purchasing power. Hence, it is unnecessary to recognize the higher replacement cost of inventory and plant and equipment in the income statement so far as they are financed by debt.11. Accounting for foreign inflation differs from accounting for domestic inflation in two major ways.First, foreign rates of inflation often are higher than domestic rates, which increases potential distortions in an entity's reported results from changing prices. Second, as foreign exchange rates and differential national rates of inflation are seldom perfectly negatively correlated, care must be taken to avoid double-dipping when consolidating the results of foreign operations.12.Double-dipping refers to methods that count the effects of foreign inflation twice in reportedearnings. Earnings are reduced once when cost of sales is adjusted upwards for inflation, andagain when inventories are translated to domestic currency using a current exchange rate, whichyields a translation loss. Since the change in the exchange rate itself was caused by inflation, the result is a double charge for inflation.Exercise Solutions1.This exercise is a good way to test students’ understanding of the various approaches toaccounting for changin g prices. Vestel’s earnings numbers are based on the general price levelmodel whereas Infosys is measuring its performance based on a current cost framework. Modello goes a step further and adjusts its current cost statements for changes in the general price level.Some may feel that current cost data, which is based on the notion of replacement costs, is toosubjective a notion to be reliable. Since general price level data are based on general price level indices, the numbers appearing in Vestel’s income statement are much more objective andfacilitates comparisons among companies using a similar methodology. Moreover, Vestel’sstatements do not violate the historical cost doctrine. Others will argue that the value of stockinvestments are based on discounted future cash flows. Accordingly, the current cost framework provided by Infosys is more germane to investor decisions as it measures the amount of earnings that could be distributed as dividends without reducing the firm’s future dividend gen eratingpotential. Moreover, current cost earnings, including the gearing adjustment , reflects how thefirm is impacted by prices that are more germane to the firm, as opposed to the general public.Some will argue that Modello’s income statement combin es the best of both worlds. However,there is merit to the argument that the income statementshould measure the performance of thefirm and that this is best accomplished with the current cost framework. Since individualinvestors are affected by the g eneral price level, they should adjust their share of a firm’s current cost earnings distributions for general inflation.2. a.Income Statement Historical Price Level Historical Cost-Cost Adjustment Constant Dollar Revenue MXP 144,000,000 420/340 MXP 177,882,353 Operating expenses (86,400,000) 420/340 (106,729,412) Depreciation (36,000,000) 420/263 (57,490,494)Operating income MXP 21,600,000 MXP 13,662,447a Monetary gains(losses) - (73,248,759)Net income MXP 53,280,000 MXP(59,586,312)Balance SheetCash MX(P 157,600,000 420/420 MXP 157,600,000Land 180,000,000 420/263 287,452,471Building 720,000,000 420/263 1,149,809,885Acc. Depreciation (36,000,000) 420/263 (57,490,494)Total MXP 1,021,600,000 MXP 1,537,371,862Owners' equity(beg.) MXP1,000,000,000 rolled forward b MXP 1,596,958,174Net income (loss) 21,600,000 (59,586,312)Owner's equity MXP 1,021,600,000 MXP 1,537,371,862(end)a Monetary loss:CashBeginning balance 1,000,000,000 420/263 1,596,958,174 Purchase ofreal estate ( 900,000,000) 420/263 (1,437,262,356)Rental revenues 144,000,000 420/340 177,882,353Operating expenses (86,400,000) 420/340 106,729,412)157,600,000 230,848,759-157,600,000 Monetary loss (73,248,759)b Beginning equity x price level adjustment = adjusted amount= P 1,000,000,000 x 420/263 = P 1,596,958,1742.b.Cost HC/Constant DollarReturn on Assets 21,600,000 (59,586,312)1,021,600,000 1,537,371,862= 2.1% = -3.9%Cost-based profitability ratios tend to provide a distorted (overstated) picture of a company's operating performance during a period of inflation.3.20X7 20X8Cash MJR 2,500 MJR 5,100Current liabilities (1,000) (1,200)LT-Debt (3,000) (4,000)Net monetary liabilities MJR (1,500) MJR (100)Zonolia Enterprise’s net monetary liability position changed by MJR1,400 during the year (MJR100) –(MJR1,500).4.Nominal Restate for ConstantMJR’s Majikstan GPL MJR’sNet monetary liab.'s MJR 1,500 x 32,900/30,000 = MJR1,645 12/31/X7Decrease during year (1,400) = (1,400)Net monetary liab.'s MJR 100 x 32,900/36,000 = MJR 9112/31/X8Monetary (general purchasing power) gain MJR 1545. Historical Current Cost Current Income Statement Cost Adjustment Cost Revenues MXP 144,000,000 - MXP 144,000,000 Operating expenses 86,400,000 - 86,400,000 Depreciation (36,000.000) 1.8 64,800,000 Net Income (loss) MXP 21,600,000 MXP (7,200,000)Balance SheetCash MXP 157,600,000 - P 157,600,000 Land 180,000,000 1.9 342,000,000 Building 720,000,000 1.8 1,296,000,000 Acc. Depreciation (36,000,000) 1.8 (64,800,000) Total MXP1,021,600,000 MXP 1,730,800,000 Owners' Equity Beg. Balance MXP1,000,000,000 MXP 1,000,000,000 OE revaluation a - 738,000,000Net income (loss) 21,600,000 (7,200,000) Total MXP1,021,600,000 MXP 1,730,800,000a Revaluation of land MXP 162,000,000Revaluation of building 576,000,000MXP 738,000,0006. Solution in 000,000's:MJR8,000 X 137.5/100.0 = MJR11,00020X7 20X8Current cost MJR8,000 MJR11,000Acc. depreciation (1,600) (3,300)aNet current cost MJR6,400 MJR7,700a Current cost depreciation = MJR800 X 137.5/100.0 = 1,100per year for 3 years.7. As no new assets were acquired during the year, we must determine to what extent the MJR3,000 increase in the current cost of Zonolia's equipment exceeded the change in the general price level during the year. The appropriate calculation follows: MJR11,000 - [MJR8,000 X 36,000/30,000]= MJR11,000 - MJR9,600= MJR1,400Alternatively, if we follow the FASB’s sug gested methodology, where calculations are expressed in average (20X8) dollars, current cost depreciation would be computed by reference to the average current cost of the related assets. Thus, Current cost, 12/31/X7 MJR8,000,000Current cost, 12/31/X8 11,000,000MJR19,000,000Average current cost MJR19,000,000/2 = MJR9,500,000Current cost depreciation at 10% = MJR950,000Increase in current cost of equipment, net of inflation (000's): Current Restate for Current cost/Cost Inflation Constant Zonos Current cost, net12/31/X7 MJR6,400 X 32,900/30,000 MJR7,019Depreciation (950) (950)Current cost, net12/31/X8 7,700 X 32,900/36,000 7,037MJR 2,250 MJR968The increase in the current cost of equipment, net of inflation is MJR968. The difference between the nominal renge amount (MJR2,250) and constant renges (MJR968) is the inflation component of the equipment's current cost increase.8. Restate-translate method:Constant Translate $ Equivalentsrenges of constantrengesIncrease in currentcost of equip., netof inflation MJR968,000 X 1/4,800 = $202Translate-restate method:CC (MJR) Translate CC ($) Restate CC/ Constant $U.S. GPLCC, net MJR 6,400,000 x 1/4,800 = $1,333 x 292.5/281.5 = $1,38512/31/X7Dep. (950,000) x 1/4,800 = (198) = (198)CC, net 7,700,000 x 1/4,800 = 1,604 x 292.5/303.5 = 1,54612/31/X8MJR 2,250,000 $ 469 $ 3599.20X7 20X8￡m ￡mTrade receivables 242 270-Trade payables (170) (160)Net monetary working capital 72 110Change in monetary working capital = ￡38 (￡110 - ￡72) Nominal Restate for Constant￡British PPI ￡Net monetary W/C 72 X 110/100 = 79.212/31/20X7Increase during year 38 = 38.0Net monetary W/C 110 X 110/120 = 100.812/31/20X8Monetary working capital adjustment = (16.4)aa This amount is added to the current cost adjustments for depreciation and cost of sales because trade receivables exceeded trade payables, thus tying up working capital in an asset that lost purchasing power.Gearing adjustment:[(TL – CA)/(FA + I + MWC)] [CC Dep. Adj. + CC Sales Adj. + MWCA]where TL = total liabilities other than trade payablesCA = current assets other than trade receivables and inventoryFA = fixed assets including investmentsI = inventoryMWC = monetary working capitalCC Dep. Adj. = current cost depreciation adjustmentCC Sales adj. = current cost of sales adjustmentMWCA = monetary working capital adjustment= [(128 – 75)/(479 + 220 + 110] [￡m 216]= [.066 ] [216]= ￡14.3The only number I could readily identify in problem 9 is inventory of 220. The next number I could come close on is fixed assets. Looks like the solution above says 479, the text for 08 indicates 473. I could not see where the 110 (MWC) came from. Neither is it clear where the other 3 items in brackets came from. The solution needs to be clearer before I can check the numbers.This gearing adjustment of ￡14.3 million is subtracted from the current cost of sales and depreciation adjustments. It represents the purchasing power gain from using debt to finance part of the firm's operating assets.a.Nominal Thai Historical Translation U.S.baht inflation c ost/constant rate dollaradjustment baht equivalentInven-tory BHT500,000 x 100/200 = BHT250,000 x .02 = $5,000b.Nominal Translation U.S. U.S. Historicalbaht rate dollar inflation c ost/constantequivalent adjustment dollarsInven-tory BHT500,000 x .02 = 10,000 x 180/198 = $9,090Sorry this seems confusing compared to number 2 where the year end index was in the numerator and either the beginning or average index was in the denominator (e.g. 420/340 or 420/263). It is not clear why we do the opposite here where the Thai price level doubles and we put the 200 in the denominator and 100 in the numerator.c. Most students will prefer the restate-translate method. This approach has merit if general and specific pricelevels move in tandem. If not, neither approach is satisfactory as both are based on a historical cost valuation framework that is generally irrelevant for investment decisions.d. For reasons enumerated in this chapter, we favor restating local currency assets for specific price changesand then translating these current cost equivalents to dollars using the current exchange rate.11. We assume that Doosan Enterprises translates its inventory at the current rate and adjusts its cost ofsales for inflation by simulating what it would have been ona LIFO basis. Two adjustments are necessarybecause local inflation impacts exchange rates used to translate foreign currency inventory balances to dollars.With FIFO inventories, a translation loss is recorded in "as reported" earnings when it is originally translatedto U.S. dollars by a current exchange rate that changed (devalued) during the period. This translation loss isan indirect charge for local inflation. The inflation adjustment (simulated LIFO charge) to increase "as reported" cost of sales to a current cost basis is an additional charge for inflation. Absent some offsettingentry, consolidated results would be charged twice for inflation. To avoid this double charge, the translation loss embodied in reported earnings is deducted from the simulated LIFO charge to arrive at a net U.S. dollarcurrent cost of sales adjustment. Steps in the adjustment process are as follows:1. FIFO inventory subject to simulated LIFO charge KRW10,920,0002. Restate line 1 to January 1 currency units(KRW10,920,000 x 100/120). The result is anapproximation of December 31 LIFO inventory KRW9,100,0003. Difference between FIFO and LIFO inventorybalances (line 1 minus line 2) is the additionallira LIFO expense (current cost adjustment)for the current year. KRW1,820,0004. Translate line 3 to dollars at the January 1exchange rate (KRW1,820,000 ÷ 900). The resultis the additional dollar LIFO expense for thecurrent year $ 2,0225. Calculate the translation loss on FIFO inventory(line 1) that has already been reflected in "asreported" results:a. Translate line 1 at Januaryexchange rate (KRW10,920,000 ÷ KRW900) $ 12,133b. Translate line 1 at December 31exchange rate (L 10,920,000 ÷ KRW1,170) $ 9,333c. The difference is the translationloss in “as reported” results $ (2,800)6. The difference between lines 4 and 5c isthe cost of sales adjustment in dollars:a. Additional dollar LIFO expense fromline 4. $ 2,022b. Less: Inventory translation loss alreadyreflected in "as reported” results (fromline 5c) $ (2,800)c. The difference is the net dollar currentcost of sales adjustment $ (778)Here, the current cost of sales adjustment is negative (i.e., reduces the dollar cost of sales adjustment). This is because the won devalued by more than the differential inflation rate (assuming a U.S. inflation rate close to zero). If the lira devalued by less than the differential inflation rate, the cost of sales adjustment would have been positive.12.1. Cost of fixed assets at 12/31 EUR20,0002. FIFO inventory at 12/31 EUR 8,0003. Total EUR28,0004. Less: Owners' equity at 12/31 EUR 2,0005. Liabilities used to financefixed assets and inventory EUR26,0006. Restate liabilities to beginningof period markka (EUR26,000 X300/390) EUR20,0007. Purchasing power gain EUR 6,0008. Purchasing power gain inpounds (EUR 6,000/EUR 1.5) ￡4,0009. Translation gain on appliedliabilities(EUR 26,000/EUR 1.5 -EUR26,000/EUR1.95) ￡4,00010. Net purchasing power gain ￡ -0-In this case the translation gain on liabilities used to finance nonmonetary assets equals the purchasing power gain because the currency devaluation matched the differential inflation of 30%. Hence, no purchasing power gains would be recognized.Case 7-1 SolutionCase 7.1 Kashmir Enterprises1.a–cHistorical Price Level HistoricalCost Adjustment Cost ConstantIncome Statement RupeesRevenues INR6,000,000 160/144 I NR6,666,667Cost of Sales 2,560,000 160/128 3,200,000Selling & Admin. 1,200,000 160/144 1,333,333Depreciation 160,000 160/128 200,000Interest 240,000 160/160 240,000Monetary gains (losses)a - 741,666Net Income INR1,840,000 INR2,435,000Balance SheetCash INR2,480,000 160/160 I NR2,480,000 Inventory 480,000 160/128 600,000Building 3,200,000 160/128 4,000,000Accu. depreciation (160,000) 160/128 (200,000) Total INR6,000,000 INR6,880,000Accounts payable INR 620,000 160/160 I NR 620,000 Notes payable 2,400,000 160/160 2,400,000 Owners' equity 2,980,000 3,860,000INR 6,000,000 INR6,880,000a Monetary gains/(losses):CashBeg. balance INR 720,000 160/128 INR1,150,000 Down payment (800,000) 160/128 (1,000,000) Sales 6,000,000 160/144 6,666,667Selling & Adm. exp. (1,200,000) 160/144 (1,333,333) Payment on account (2,200,000) 160/144 (2,444,444) Interest (240,000) 160/160 (240,000)INR 2,480,000 INR2,798,890-2,480,000Monetary loss INR (318,890)a Monetary gains and losses:Accounts PayableBeg. balance INR 420,000 160/128 INR525,000 Purchases 2,400,000 160/128 3,000,000Payments on account (2,200,000) 160/144 (2,444,444) INR 620,000 INR1,080,556- 620,000Monetary gain INR 460,556a Monetary gains/(losses):Notes PayablePurchase warehouse INR 2,400,000 160/128 INR 3,000,000 - 2,400,000Monetary gain INR 600,000Net monetary loss: INR(318,890) + INR460,556 + INR600,000 = INR741,666.Current Cost Financial StatementsHistorical Adjustment Current Cost Income Statement Cost F actor EquivalentsRevenues INR6,000,000 - INR 6,000,000Cost of Sales 2,560,000 1.3 3,328,000Selling and adm. 1,200,000 - 1,200,000Depreciation 160,000 1.4 224,000Interest 240,000 - 240,000Net Income INR 1,840,000 INR1,008,000Balance SheetCash INR 2,480,000 - INR 2,480,000Inventory 480,000 1.3 624,000Building 3,200,000 1.4 4,480,000Acc. depreciation 160,000 1.4 224,000Total INR 6,000,000 INR 7,360,000Accounts payable INR 620,000 - INR 620,000Notes payable 2,400,000 - 2,400,000Owners' equity 2,980,000 4,340,000INR 6,000,000 INR 7,360,0002. Your authors favor current cost over historical or historical cost/constant dollar financial statements. Finance theory states that investors are interested in a firm's dividend-generating potential, as the value of their investment depends on future cash flows. A firm's dividend-generating potential, in turn, is directly related to its productive capacity. Unless a firm preserves itsproductive capacity or physical capital(e.g.,plant, equipment, inventories), dividends can’t be sustained over time. Under these circumstances, current cost financial statements give investors information important to their decisions. They show the maximum resources that a firm can distribute to investors without impairing its operating capability.3.Translate-Restate MethodBalance Sheet, Jan. 1Local Currency Trans. Dollar Inflation Historical costRate Equivalents Adjustment Constant $Cash INR 920,000 .025 $23,000 - $23,000Inventory 640,000 .025 16,000 - 16,000 Total INR1,560,000 $39,000 $39,000A/P INR 420,000 .025 $10,500 - $10,500 Owners' equity 1,140,000 .025 28,500 - 28,500 Total INR 1,560,000 $39,000 $ 39,000Income StatementDec. 31Revenues INR 6,000,000 .022 $ 132,000 108/104 $ 137,077 Cost of sales 2,560,000 .022 56,320 108/100 60,825Selling & Adm. 1,200,000 .022 26,400 108/104 27,415 Depreciation 160,000 .022 3,520 108/100 3,802 Interest 240,000 .022 5,280 108/108 5,280Net Income INR 1,840,000 $ 40,480 $ 39,755 Monetary gains (losses)a - - 4,468$44,223a Monetary gains/(losses):CashBeg. Bal INR 920,000 .02 $ 18,400 108/100 $ 19,872Downpayment (800,000) .02 (16,000) 108/100 (17,280) Sales 6,000,000 .02 120,000 108/104 124,615Selling & Adm. (1,200,000) .02 (24,000) 108/104 (24,923)Payments on Acc. (2,200,000) .02 (44,000) 108/104 (45,692) Interest (240,000) .02 (4,800) 108/108 (4,800)INR 2,480,000 $ 49,600 51,792-49,600Monetary loss $ (2,192) Accounts PayableBeg. Bal. INR 420,000 .02 $ 8,400 108/100 $ 9,072Purchases 2,400,000 .02 48,000 108/100 51,840Pmt. on acc. (2,200,000) .02 (44,000) 108/104 45,692INR 620,000 $ 12,400 $ 15,592- 12,400Monetary gain $ 2,820Notes payablePur. W/house Rpe 2,400,000 .02 $ 48,000 108/100 $ 51,840 48,000Monetary gain $ 3,840Netmonetary gain: $(2,192) + $2,820 + $3,840 = $4,468.Balance Sheet Local Trans. Dollar Inflation Historical cost- Dec. 31 Currency Rate Equiv. Adjustment Constant $Cash INR 2,480,000 .02 48,600 108/108 $ 48,600 Inventory 480,000 .02 9,600 108/100 10,368 Building 3,200,000 .02 64,000 108/100 69,120Acc. Dep. 160,000 .02 3,200 108/100 3,456Total INR 6,000,000 $120,000 $ 124,632Acc. payable 620,000 .02 12,400 108/108 $ 12,400Notes payable 2,400,000 .02 48,000 108/108 48,000Trans. adj.b - (9,380) (9,978)Owners' equity c 2,980,000 68,980 74,210Total INR 6,000,000 $120,000 $124,632________________________________________________________________ __b Translation adjustment:Beginning net assets Rpe 1,140,000 (.02 - .025) = $ (5,700) X 108/100 = $(6,156)Increase in net assets Rpe 1,840,000 (.02 - .022) = (3,680) X 108/104 = $(3,822)$(9,380) $(9,978) c Balancing residualRestate - Translate MethodBalance Sheet Local Inflation Historical Cost- Trans. D ollar Jan 1. Currency Adjustment Constant rupee Rate equivalents Cash INR 920,000 128/128 INR 920,000 .025 $ 23,000 Inventory d 640,000 128/128 640,000 .025 16,000Total INR1,560,000 INR1,560,000 $ 39,000Acct. payable INR 420,000 128/128 INR 420,000 .025 $ 10,500Owner's equity 1,140,000 1,140,000 28,500Total INR 1,560,000 INR 1,560,000 $ 39,000d Assumes inventory acquired near year-end.Income StatementYear ended Dec. 31Revenues INR 6,000,000 160/144 INR 6,666,666 .022 $ 146,667Cost of Sales 2,560,000 160/128 3,200,000 .022 70,400 Selling & Adm. 1,200,000 160/144 1,333,333 .022 29,333 Depreciation 160,000 160/128 200,000 .022 4,400Interest 240,000 160/160 240,000 .022 5,280Net Income INR1,840,000 INR1,693,334 $ 37,254 Monetary gains(losses)a- 741,666 .022 16,317INR2,435,000 $ 53,571Balance SheetDec. 31Cash INR 2,480,000 160/160 INR 2,480,000 .02 $ 49,600Inventory 480,000 160/128 600,000 .02 12,000Building 3,200,000 160/128 4,000,000 .02 80,000Acc. deprec. 160,000 160/128 200,000 .02 4,000Total INR 6,000,000 INR 6,880,000 $137,600Acc. payable INR620,000 160/160 INR 620,000 .02 $ 12,400 Notes payable 2,400,000 160/160 2,400,000 .02 48,000Owner's equity 2,980,000 3,860,000 87,770 Translation adj.b - (10,570)Total INR 6,000,000 INR 6,880,000 $137,600________________________________________b Beginning net assets INR1,140,000 (.02 - .025) = $ (5,700)Change in net assets 2,435,000 ).02 - .022) = $(4,870)$(10,570)Both methods are inadequate for American investors because they are based on the historical cost valuation framework. A better reporting procedure is to restate local accounts to their current cost equivalents, then translate these amounts to the reporting currency using the year-end (current) foreign exchange rate. This is illustrated here.Restate (current cost)/Translate (current rate)Cash INR 920,000 - INR 920,000 .025 $ 23,000Inventory 640,000 - 640,000 .025 16,000Total INR 1,560,000 INR1,560,000 $ 39,000Acc. payable INR 420,000 - INR 420,000 .025 $ 10,500Owner's equity 1,140,000 - 1,140,000 28,500。
国际会计(第七版)课后习题答案作者常勋国际会计教师手册(5-7章)(常勋等)
第5章国际会计协调化■教学目的与要求一、教学目的通过本章和第6章的学习，既要求学生能深刻领会国际会计协调化的含义和当前的强劲趋势，也要求学生了解各种国际性政府间机构（如联合国会计和报告国际准则政府间专家工作组、经济合作与发展组织常设会计准则工作组）、区域性国家联盟（如欧洲联盟）、官方机构国际组织（如证券委员会国际组织）以及民间国际组织（特别是会计职业界的国际组织，如国际会计师联合会和国际会计准则委员会以及区域性会计师联合会）对国际会计协调化所作的努力和成果。
本章介绍除国际会计准则委员会（将在第6章介绍）以外的各主要国际组织的作用和成果。
二、学习要求1．深刻理解国际会计协调化的含义。
2．了解推动国际会计协调化的6个主要国际组织的性质。
3．在推动国际会计协调化的其他国际组织中，关注欧洲会计师联合会和亚太会计师联合会。
4．了解有助于国际会计协调化的其他国际组织。
5．理解联合国会计和报告国际准则政府间专家工作组现今的作用只是推动国际会计协调化的权威性国际论坛。
6．着重理解欧洲联盟是推动国际会计协调化最具成效的区域性国家联盟。
7．了解经济合作与发展组织国际投资和跨国企业委员会及其常设会计准则工作组的活动。
8．了解证券交易委员会国际组织（IOSCO）作为官方机构的国际组织在国际协调中的重要作用。
9．着重理解国际会计师联合会的活动及国际审计准则。
■教学要点、重点与难点一、教学要点（一）国际会计协调化的含义较深入的阐明：1．对国际会计协调化（即会计的国际协调化），至今尚无公认的严谨的定义。
综合各家之说（参见教本），可以把国际会计协调化理解为：（1）国际会计协调化是一个限制和缩小会计差异，形成一套可接受的准则（标准）和惯例的过程；（2）其目的在于促进各国（和地区）的会计实务和财务信息的可比性；（3）国际会计协调化的意图在于归纳不同的会计制度，把多样化的实务组合成能产生共同协作结果的有序结构。
2．国际会计协调化的作用在于：（1）有助于进行国际商贸和经济合作活动；（2）促进了外国企业在国际货币市场融资（特别是在国际资本市场发行证券）时需提供的财务报表的可比性；（3）有利于跨国投资，便于跨国公司合并其分布在世界各地的子公司的财务报表。
国际会计答案
国际会计答案12．目前美国的会计准则由（）负责制定。
A国会B证券交易委员会C财务会计准则委员会D注册会计师协会13．美国注册会计师协会的主要作用是（）。
A负责制定会计准则B培养、管理和保护注册会计师C 负责审查和批准财务会计准则委员会的工作计划D负责为财务会计准则委员会提供咨询意见14．在德国，划分流动负债与长期负债的期限是（A一年B四年C两年D六个月15．日本的《商法》以保护（）的利益为指导思想。
A投资者B雇员C债权人D企业管理层16.不要求充分披露的国家有（）。
A美国B法国C英国D德国17.日本“三法体制”是指在会计领域主要有三个法律约束着企业的会计行为，这三个法律是（）。
A《税法B《证券交易法》C《注册会计师法D《商法》18．属于英美会计模式的特征包括（）。
A会计准则可以由会计职业界或以会计职业界为主体的民间机构制定发布B财务报告保护公司和债权人利益，一般不要求充分披露这九个方面二）文化因素对会计模式形成和发展的影响2．英国会计与美国会计有什么异同？美国会计模式和英国会计模式的相同点：第一，两国都有民间机构制定会计准则，两国会计准则委员会制定准则的程序基本相同。
第二，美国和英国都有强大的会计职业界。
美国会计模式和英国会计模式的不同点：第一，英国没有像美国证券交易委员会那样的对公司财务会计准则的制定保持着监督和最终修订权利的政府机构，而是通过《公司法》管理公司事务，会计准则的要求不能违反公司法的要求。
第二，英国公司财务报告的目标除了为投资者和债权人提供决策有用的信息外，还要明确提出“社会经管责任”，在增值表上反映的增值额要在出资者、雇员以及政府之间进行分配，并将一部分重新投入企业，这是美国会计模式所没有的。
3．简述霍斯蒂德的四种国家文化维度及对会计的影响。
（1）个人主义与集体主义这个方面所阐述的基本问题是社会个体之间相互依存程度。
对会计的影响决定了一个国家会计职业界的发达情况。
倾向于个人主义的国家，政府对会计管理干预较少，更注重职业判断。
国际会计考试题及答案英文
国际会计考试题及答案英文International Accounting Exam Questions and AnswersQuestion 1: Define the term "Double Entry Accounting" and explain its significance in the accounting process.Answer 1: Double Entry Accounting is a system of recording financial transactions in which every entry to the debit side of an account must be balanced with an entry of equal value to the credit side of another account. It is significant because it ensures that all financial transactions are accurately recorded and that the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity) remains balanced.Question 2: What is the purpose of the statement of cash flows in a set of financial statements?Answer 2: The statement of cash flows provides information about a company's cash receipts and cash payments during a particular period. It helps investors and creditors to understand the liquidity and solvency of the company, as well as its ability to generate cash and support its operations.Question 3: Explain the difference between "Historical Cost" and "Fair Value" in accounting.Answer 3: Historical Cost is the original purchase price of an asset or the original cost of a liability, while FairValue is the estimated amount for which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled between knowledgeable,willing parties in an arm's length transaction. Historical Cost is used in the preparation of financial statements under the accrual basis of accounting, whereas Fair Value is often used for valuation purposes, particularly in the context of financial instruments.Question 4: What are the main components of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)?Answer 4: The main components of IFRS include the IFRS Standards, the International Accounting Standards (IAS), the Interpretations developed by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC), and theStandards Advisory Council (SAC). These components provide a comprehensive set of rules and guidelines for the preparation and presentation of financial statements.Question 5: Describe the process of preparing a balance sheet.Answer 5: Preparing a balance sheet involves listing all of a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time. Assets are listed on the left side of the balance sheet and are categorized as current (short-term) or non-current (long-term). Liabilities are listed on the right side and are also categorized as current or non-current. Theequity section shows the owner's investment and retained earnings. The balance sheet must always balance, reflectingthe equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity.Question 6: What is the role of an auditor in the financial reporting process?Answer 6: An auditor's role is to provide an independent assessment of a company's financial statements to ensure they are free from material misstatement and are presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework, such as IFRS or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The auditor's report provides assurance to stakeholders that the financial statements are reliable.Question 7: Explain the concept of "Conservatism" infinancial accounting.Answer 7: Conservatism is a principle in financial accounting that suggests that accountants should exercise caution when making estimates and judgments. It involves recognizing potential losses immediately but delaying the recognition of gains until they are realized. This principle helps to avoid overstatement of assets and income, thus providing a more prudent and cautious view of a company's financial position.Question 8: What is the difference between "Revenue Recognition" and "Matching Principle"?Answer 8: Revenue Recognition is the process of recognizing revenue in the accounting records when it is earned or realizable and has been measured reliably. The Matching Principle, on the other hand, is the accounting concept that requires expenses to be recognized in the same period as therevenues they helped to generate. This ensures that the financial statements reflect the actual performance of the company for a given period.Question 9: Describe the purpose of the "Going Concern" assumption in financial accounting.Answer 9: The Going Concern assumption is the basis for preparing financial statements under the accrual basis of accounting. It assumes that the business will continue to operate for the foreseeable future and that it is not in the process of liquidation or bankruptcy. This assumption allows accountants to spread the costs of assets over their useful lives and to recognize revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, rather than when cash is received or paid.Question 10: What is the "Materiality" concept in the context of financial statements?Answer 10: Materiality is a concept in financial accounting that refers to the significance of an item or event inrelation to the financial statements. Information is considered material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basisof the financial statements. The assessment of materiality depends on the size and nature of the item, the nature of the financial statements, and the needs of the users.End of Exam。
《国际会计》模拟卷参考答案
《国际会计》模拟题一一、简答题1、国际会计形成的两个经济背景是什么？跨国公司主要会面临哪些会计问题。
答：对国际会计的形成具有尤为明显作用的经济背景主要有两个方面：一是国际经营活动的发展，其中主要是跨国公司的发展；二是随着全球金融市场一体化的深入，国际资本市场的形成和扩大。
跨国公司主要会面临的会计问题有：（1）跨国公司往往要面对多国家的会计准则；（2）各个分支机构或子公司在使用不同的货币单位记账；（3）各国通货膨胀率不同，财务报告的数据与实际的财务状况和经营成果就会有一定的出入；（4）整个跨国公司的财务报表需要合并，如何是合并报表真实反映综合的财务状况和经营成果；（5）另外跨国公司的国际税务、跨国转移价格和跨国财务报告等也都是跨国经营中与会计有关的新问题。
2、如何理解“真实与公允反映”的概念？答：真实与公允反映的一般要求是，公司财务报告必须符合公司法和公认会计惯例的规定，公司如果这样作了，就被认为是真实与公允的反映了公司的财务状况和经营成果；如果在某些情况下，按照公司法和公认会计惯例的要求编报财务报表不能给予真实与公允的反映时，公司可以不按公司法和公认会计惯例去做，但必须在报表附注中解释原因和产生的影响。
3、公司在国外资本市场上寻求筹资的动机是什么？公司在国外资本市场中寻求筹资机会通常出于以下五个原因：（1）本国市场的局限性（2）降低筹资成本（3）优化公司资本结构（4）增强应付突发风险的能力（5）战略考虑4、跨国公司回应国际财务报表需求的做法主要有哪些？答：面对各国不同的信息使用者，跨国公司有五种做法：（1）不作为，向国外报表使用者提供的报表与向国内的完全一样（2）提供简易的翻译信息（3）提供简易的财务报表（4）在有限的基础上重新编报（5）提供两套财务报表5、简述跨国公司利用国际转移价格的意义及必要性。
答：跨国公司利用国际转移价格的意义和必要性主要概括为一下几个方面：（1）促进分权经营管理，国际转移价格定价系统是跨国公司分权经营管理体制的必不可少的组成部分；（2）确保资源最佳利用，国际转移价格根据不同情况引入不同的竞争机制，在跨国公司内部使有限的资源达到最佳配臵、发挥最大效用；（3）完善公司经营策略，国际转移价格是跨国公司经营策略的一个组成部分，在实施一定的经营策略时应有相应的转移价格策略与之相配合；（4）实现利润最大化，国际转移价格可以帮助利用各国税收差异从中寻求最大利益、降低公司的整体税负。
国际会计第9版课后答案pdf
国际会计第9版课后答案pdf1、某公司为一般纳税人，2019年6月购入商品并取得增值税专用发票，价款100万元，增值税率13％;支付运费取得增值税专用发票，运费不含税价款为30万元，增值税率9％，则该批商品的入账成本为（）。
[单选题] *A.130万元(正确答案)B.7万元C.3万元D.113万元2、下列项目中，不属于非流动负债的是（）[单选题] *A.长期借款B.应付债券C.专项应付款D.预收的货款(正确答案)3、．（年嘉兴三模考）（）就是会计在经济管理中固有的、内在的客观功能。
[单选题] * A会计的含义B会计的特点C会计的任务D会计的职能(正确答案)4、．（年浙江省第二次联考）会计人员的职业道德规范不包括（）[单选题] *A操守为重、不做假账(正确答案)B爱岗敬业、诚实守信C、廉洁自律、客观公正D坚持准则、提高技能5、企业出售固定资产应交的增值税，应借记的会计科目是（）。
[单选题] *A.税金及附加B.固定资产清理(正确答案)C.营业外支出D.其他业务成本6、．（年嘉兴二模考）企业对固定资产计提折旧以（）假设为基本前提。
[单选题] *A会计主体B持续经营(正确答案)C会计分期D货币计量7、某企业自创一项专利，并经过有关部门审核注册获得其专利权。
该项专利权的研究开发费为15万元，其中开发阶段符合资本化条件的支出8万元;发生的注册登记费2万元，律师费1万元。
该项专利权的入账价值为（）。
[单选题] *A.15万元B.21万元C.11万元(正确答案)D.18万元8、．（年浙江省高职考）下列项目中，不属于企业会计核算对象的经济活动是（）[单选题] *A购买设备B请购原材料(正确答案)C接受捐赠D利润分配9、企业生产车间使用的固定资产发生的下列支出中，直接计入当期损益的是( )。
[单选题] *A.购入时发生的安装费用B.发生的装修费用C.购入时发生的运杂费D.发生的修理费(正确答案)10、已达到预定可使用状态但未办理竣工决算的固定资产，应根据（）作暂估价值转入固定资产，待竣工决算后再作调整。
国际会计与审计试题及答案
国际会计与审计试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 国际会计准则委员会（IASC）成立于哪一年？A. 1973年B. 1989年C. 1995年D. 2001年答案：A2. 国际财务报告准则（IFRS）由哪个组织制定？A. 国际会计准则委员会（IASC）B. 国际审计与保证准则委员会（IAASB）C. 国际财务报告标准基金会（IFRS Foundation）D. 国际货币基金组织（IMF）答案：C3. 以下哪项不是国际会计准则（IAS）的特点？A. 原则导向B. 国际通用C. 规则导向D. 灵活性答案：C4. 国际审计准则（ISA）主要关注哪方面的审计活动？A. 财务报表的准确性B. 内部控制的有效性C. 审计证据的充分性D. 所有上述选项答案：D5. 以下哪个不是国际会计与审计中的披露要求？A. 财务报表B. 管理层讨论与分析C. 审计师的独立性声明D. 公司员工数量答案：D二、判断题（每题1分，共10分）6. 国际会计准则（IAS）和国际财务报告准则（IFRS）是完全相同的标准。
（）答案：错误7. 国际审计准则（ISA）是针对所有国家审计活动的通用准则。
（）答案：正确8. 国际会计准则委员会（IASC）已更名为国际财务报告标准基金会（IFRS Foundation）。
（）答案：正确9. 国际会计与审计中，披露要求只限于财务报表。
（）答案：错误10. 国际审计准则（ISA）不包括对审计师独立性的要求。
（）答案：错误三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的主要目标。
答案：国际财务报告准则（IFRS）的主要目标是提高财务报告的透明度、可比性、一致性和理解性，以促进全球资本市场的效率和公平性。
12. 描述国际审计准则（ISA）在审计过程中的作用。
答案：国际审计准则（ISA）为审计师在审计过程中提供了一套标准化的指导原则和程序，确保审计活动的质量，增强审计结果的可靠性和公信力。
国际会计课后题答案版
国际会计课后题答案版 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】第1章国际会计的形成与发展一、讨论题为什么说市场国际化，特别是货币市场和资本市场的国际化是会计国际化的主要推动力国际贸易和国际经济技术合作，促使会计成为一种国际商业语言。
特别是国际货币市场和资本市场的兴起向进入市场的贷款人或筹资者提出了应提供在国际间可比且可靠的财务信息的要求（即国际财务报告趋同化的要求），更成为会计国际化的主要推动力。
跨国公司是否在百分之百地推动会计国际化说明你的观点。
不是。
跨国公司对推动会计国际化有其两面性：一方面，基于其跨国经营和国际筹资的需要，他们希望通过会计国际化来缩小和协调国别差异；另一方面，他们又十分重视利用各国现存的会计差异来谋取财务利益。
后者也推动了各国会计模式和重要会计方法的国际比较研究。
（注意：“会计国际化”大体上与“会计的国际协调化”概念一致，而与国际会计研究中的“国别会计”观点对立）会计随商业活动的扩展而传播，你同意这种说法吗从历史发展的进程谈谈你的看法。
同意。
可主要就前殖民帝国的会计向其原殖民地传播、工业革命后西方会计的发展及在世界范围内的广泛传播以及第二次世界大战以后美国会计的影响在一定程度上主宰着世界各地的会计发展等历史事实，加以讨论。
哪些特定会计方法具有国际性质把外币交易和外币报表的折算引入会计领域，是会计国际化带来的独特问题。
它与由此引发的跨国企业合并和国际合并财务报表与外币折算相互关联和制约的问题，以及各国的物价变动影响在国际合并财务报表中如何处理和调整的问题，从20世纪70年代以来，就成为国际会计研究中既需协调一致但又矛盾重重的“三大难题”。
在世纪之交，金融工具（特别是衍生工具）的创新引发的会计处理问题，给传统的会计概念和实务带来了巨大的冲击，成为各国会计准则机构联合攻关、仍未妥善解决的难题。
此外，国际税务会计也是值得关注的课题。
国际会计作业4答案
《国际会计》作业4一、简答题1．简要说明国际税务筹划的主要方法。
国际税务筹划的主要方法具体包括改变居住地、 改变收入的地理来源以及改变筹划实体 的形式。
（1）人的流动。
目前，许多国家在税收上都实行居民管辖权，这种做法在发达国家中 尤为盛行， 对居民纳税人的全球范围所得征税， 而对非居民纳税人仅就其源于本国的所得征 税。
因此，人的转移的主要目的在于通过改变其居民身份，避免成为居民纳税人的方式来避 免一国税收的管辖。
人的流动包括自然人或法人的国际迁移， 一个人在一国中设法改变其居 民身份，避免成为居民等做法。
（2）人的非流动。
人的非流动主要是指财产或所得的最终获得者并不离开他的国家， 也不需要使自己成为真正的移民，而是通过创造中介的形式来转移自己的一部分所得或财 产，以达到回避税收管辖权、减轻税负的目的。
（3）物的转移。
物的转移是指跨国纳税人通过改变所得、资金、货物、劳务来源地的 方式，避免一国的税收管辖权而达到减少税负的目的。
（4）物的非流动。
主要是利用延期纳税的规定或选择国外经营方式进行税务筹划。
（5）流动与非流动相结合。
人与物的流动和非流动主要有以下几种结合的可能：人的 流动与资金的非流动；人的流动与资金的流动；人的非流动与资金的流动；人的非流动与资 金的非流动。
2．简要叙述跨国纳税人如何利用国际避税地进行税务筹划。
利用国际避税地进行税务筹划重点在于通过建立中介，造成法律形式上的所得或财产与原所有人的分离。
中介往往以信箱公司、信托和中间操作来实现。
信箱公司是指仅在所在国（一般在避税地）完成必要的注册登记手续，拥有法律所要求的组织形式，但是经营活动却在别处进行的公司。
避税地又称“避税港”，是指对收入和财产免税或按很低的税率课税的国家或地区。
世界上大致有四种类型的避税港：（1）不征收所得税、资本利得税或财产税、遗产税、赠与税。
如巴哈马、百慕大、开曼群岛、索马里等。
（2）课征税负税率较轻的所得税、财产税等直接税种；如安哥拉、塞浦路斯、以色列、牙买加、中国澳门、新加坡、瑞士等。
国际会计考试题及答案
国际会计考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 根据国际会计准则，下列哪项不属于会计信息质量要求？A. 可靠性B. 相关性C. 及时性D. 可比性答案：C2. 国际会计准则委员会（IASB）发布的准则适用于以下哪个组织？A. 联合国B. 国际货币基金组织(IMF)C. 国际会计准则委员会D. 世界银行答案：C3. 以下哪项不是国际会计准则（IFRS）的主要目标？A. 提供一致的会计信息B. 促进跨国投资C. 强制所有国家采用D. 提高财务报告的透明度答案：C4. 在国际会计准则下，企业应如何确认收入？A. 当收到现金时B. 当商品或服务的风险和报酬转移给买方时C. 当合同签订时D. 当商品或服务交付时答案：B5. 以下哪个不是国际会计准则中关于资产减值的规定？A. 资产的可回收金额低于其账面价值时，应计提减值准备B. 资产减值一旦计提，不得转回C. 资产减值测试应每年进行D. 资产减值测试应仅在发生减值迹象时进行答案：C6. 国际会计准则要求企业在编制财务报表时，应采用哪种货币？A. 美元B. 欧元C. 企业所在国的货币D. 任意一种货币答案：C7. 在国际会计准则下，企业合并时，应采用以下哪种方法进行会计处理？A. 购买法B. 权益结合法C. 混合法D. 以上都不是答案：A8. 国际会计准则中，关于租赁的分类有哪些？A. 经营租赁和融资租赁B. 短期租赁和长期租赁C. 直接租赁和间接租赁D. 有形资产租赁和无形资产租赁答案：A9. 国际会计准则要求企业披露哪些信息？A. 仅财务信息B. 仅非财务信息C. 财务信息和非财务信息D. 仅管理层讨论与分析答案：C10. 国际会计准则下，以下哪项不是企业需要披露的关联方交易？A. 与母公司之间的交易B. 与子公司之间的交易C. 与关联方之间的交易D. 与非关联方之间的交易答案：D二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述国际会计准则（IFRS）的主要特点。
《国际会计》期末考试试卷附答案
《国际会计》期末考试试卷附答案一、名词解释（共4小题，每小题5分，共20分）1、国际会计：2、母公司理论：3、国际双重征税：4、现行成本：二、计算及账务处理题（共2小题，共40分）1. （15分）（假设某中国进口商于2004年12月1日与美国出口商签订一项远期进口设备的购销合约，共计价值US$80000，货款将于60天后支付。
中国公司以人民币为记帐本位币核算经营损益，故同日，中国公司与银行签订了60天后购买US$80000的期汇合同。
有关汇率如下：2004年12月1日，即期汇率：US$1＝￥8.252004年12月1日，60天远期汇率：US$1＝￥8.302004年12月31日，即期汇率：US$1＝￥8.202004年1月31日，即期汇率：US$1＝￥8.35请就上述中国进口商利用期汇合约进行外币约定套期保值进行相应的账务处理。
2.（25分）设2004年12月15日美国购货商向某中国公司购买货物共计价值US$100000，货款将于60天后结算、收讫。
中国香港公司以人民币为记帐本位币核算经营损益，故同日，中国公司与银行签订了60天后出售US$100000的期汇合同。
有关汇率如下：2004年12月15日，即期汇率：US$1＝￥8.352004年12月15日，60天远期汇率：US$1＝￥8.302004年12月31日，即期汇率：US$1＝￥8.202004年2月15日，即期汇率：US$1＝￥8.25请就上述中国出口商利用期汇合约进行外币交易套期保值进行相应的账务处理。
三、简答题（共2小题，每小题20分，共40分）1. 你是如何认识影响国际会计发展的经济因素2. 欧盟进行会计协调有哪些途径，并评价其效用性。
国际会计参考答案：一、名词解释1、国际会计：国际会计是以会计的国际差异和国际惯例为研究对象，以会计的国际比较分析、跨国公司特有的会计计量、报告和控制问题、国际金融市场对会计的需求以及各种国际性组织对世界范围内会计和财务报告所进行的协调等为研究内容，将一般目的的、面向本国的会计在广泛的意义上扩展到国际环境中而形成的一门新兴会计学科2、母公司理论：母公司理论认为，合并会计报表主要为母公司的投资者服务，将合并会计报表视为母公司会计报表的补充，强调母公司或控股公司的股东权益，而忽视少数股东权益3、国际双重征税：国际双重征税是两个或两个以上的主权国家或地区的政府，在同一时期内，对参与或被认为是参与国际经济活动的同一或不同纳税人行使税收管辖权，造成对同一征税对象(国际所得)由两个以上国家或地区政府征税的情况4、现行成本：现行成本，是与已入账的历史成本相对的，一般是指在结账日或编表日反映当时市场价值或公允价值的某种金额二、计算及账务处理题1.解①2001.12.1借：应收账款(应收美元——银行) ￥660000 (￥8.25×80 000)期汇合同递延折价￥4000 [(￥8.30-8.25)×80 000]贷：应付账款(应付人民币——银行) ￥664000 (￥8.30×80000)②2001.12.31借：递延汇兑损益￥4 000贷：应收账款(应收美元——银行) ￥4 000 [(￥8.25－8.20)×80000]③2002.1.31借：应付账款（应付人民币——银行）￥664000贷：银行存款(人民币户) ￥664000④借：银行存款(美元户) ￥668000(￥8.35×80000)贷：应收账款（应收美元——银行）￥656000（￥660000-4000）汇兑损益￥ 12000⑤2002.1.31借：固定资产￥656000汇兑损益￥12000递延汇兑损益￥4000贷：银行存款(美元户)(￥8.35×80000) ￥668000期汇合同递延折价￥40002.①2003年12月15日，确认出口销售：借：应收账款(应收美元——美国购货商)(￥8.35×100000) ￥ 835 000贷：销售收入￥835 000②同日，确认期汇合约：借：应收账款(应收人民币——银行)(￥8.30×100 000) ￥830 000期汇合同递延折价 5 000[(￥8.35-8.30)×100 000]贷：应付账款(应付美元——银行)(￥8.35×100 000) ￥835 000③调整应收外币账款借：汇兑损益￥15 000贷：应收账款(应收美元——美国购货商)[(￥8.35－8.20)×100 000] ￥15 000④同时调整应付外币期汇借：应付账款(应付美元——银行)[(￥8.35－8.20)×100 000] ￥15 000贷：汇兑损益￥15 000⑤摊销期汇合约折价借：折价费用(￥5 000／4) ￥1 250贷：期汇合同递延折价￥1 250⑥记录收汇借：银行存款(美元户)( ￥8.25×100 000)￥825 000贷；应收账款(应收美元——美国购货商)(￥835 000－15 000) ￥820 000汇兑损益￥5 000⑦履行期汇合约借；应付账款(应付美元——银行)(￥835000－15000) ￥820000汇兑损益￥5000贷：银行存款(美元户)(￥8.25× 100 000) ￥825000⑧借：银行存款(港币户) ￥830000贷：应收账款(应收人民币——银行) ￥830000⑨摊销期汇合约（溢）折价余额借：折价费用￥3750贷：期汇合同递延折价(￥5000—1250)￥3750三、简答题1、你是如何认识影响国际会计发展的经济因素答：a、经济体制：在不同的经济体制环境下，政府在经济中的力量和作用越大，在制定会计准则中的角色就越重要；反之，则弱。
国际会计复习题及答案.
国际会计复习题及答案一、单项选择题1、我国会计一词起源于【西周】2、13世纪，会计发展处于世界领先地位的是【意大利】3、会计最初会计只是【生产活动】的附带部分，而后才逐渐地从中分离出来。
4、会计对经济活动进行综合反映，主要是利用【货币量度】5、在会计基本假设中，界定了从事会计工作和提供会计信息空间范围的是【会计主体】6、传统会计计量模式的计量属性是【历史成本】7、国际会计成为一门新的会计学科，大致在【20世纪70年代】8、跨国公司兴起导致的独特的会计问题是【国际财务报表的合并】9、第一次国际会计师大会举行的时间、地点【 1904年圣路易斯】10、会计职业界提供国际性服务的最高层次【一体化的国际性会计师事务所】11、以下哪项不是会计职业国际化的阻力【 D 】A．取得执业资格的学历条件 B．后续教育C．执业资格考试 D．执业资格费用12、2006年2月，我国新出台的会计准则体系推出了【 38 】项新的会计准则13、我国制订会计准则的主要法律依据是【会计法】14、以成文法为主要形式，具有完整性和系统性特征的法系，称为【大陆法系】，代表国家【法国与德国】，属于普通法系的国家有【英国与美国】15、美国会计在发出存货的计价中，应用比较普遍的是【后进先出法】16、增值表创始于、流行于【西欧】17、在德国，划分流动负债与长期负债的期限是【四年】18、会计模式是指【B 】A.一定社会环境中（一国）政府或民间组织制定会计规定B.对一定社会经济环境会计制度的综合化、典型化的描述C.影响会计程序及发展演变的一切因素D.世界范围内的普遍适用的会计原则、程序、和方法19、我国会计监管中立法权力机关三个层次不包括【 C 】A．法律由人民代表大会制定B．管理条例和法规由国务院发布C．地方人大制定相关规定和条例D．对特殊行业或企业的指令和规定由国家各部委制定和发布20、对全球会计首先进行会计分类研究的是【缪勒】，按世界会计模式的“影响地区”进行分类的是【美国会计学会】，将不同国家的财务报告模式进行分层分类的是【诺比斯】，以维护谁的利益作为分类标准的是【阿伦】21、最早系统开发会计原则的国家是【美国】,世界上影响最大的会计模式是【美国】,通过“公认会计原则”，保护证券市场投资人的利益为主的会计模式是【美国会计模式】，美国会计的一个重要特征是遵守【一般公认会计原则】,美国的税法和会计准则的关系是【税法和会计准则分离但有关系】，美国制定会计准则的机构是【财务会计准则委员会FASB】22、英国会计模式的重要特征是强调【真实与公允】, 在英国，公司财务报告的要法律依据是【公司法】23、由政府制定统一会计方案的国家是【法国】24、有的国家税法、税则就是会计规则，会计报告中列示的利润与纳税申报表中申报的利润必须一致，属于这种税收体制的国家如【德国和法国】25、缪勒的会计模式分类不包括【 B 】A.宏观经济模式B.规范经济模式C.独立范畴趋向D.统一会计趋向26、“富有弹性和开放性，是一个调节国别会计差异的过程，随着协调化的进展，国别差异将不断缩小并在某些方面消失，从而推动和促进标准化”是【协调化】27、推动会计协调化最有成效的区域性国家联盟是【欧盟】（2）28、经济合作与发展组织在会计的国际协调化方面发布的重要文件有【关于在跨国公司投资的指南】29、下列属于国际会计协调的政府机构间组织的是【 B 】A．国际会计准则委员会 B．证券委员会国际组织C．欧洲联盟 D．联合国6.证券委员会国际组织是一个【府机构间的组织】30、欧盟1995年采取的新会计政策不包括【 D 】A.强调要加强欧盟对国际会计准则制定过程所承担的义务B.肯定了在国际证券市场上市的欧洲公司可以采用国际会计准则C.宣布采用国际审计准则进行审计D.规范会计披露的具体要求31、联合国国际会计和报告准则政府间专家工作组的宗旨是【 C 】A.制定国际会计准则，并保证其有效地实施B.强制性地在国际间推行国际会计准则，维护国际会计准则的权威性C.促进会计准则在国际间的协调，以便为企业会计报表的使用者提供可比和透明的会计资料D.维护会计专家的利益32、欧盟对计价规则、会计报表格式和披露要求进行规范的是【第4号指令】33、英文缩写IAS的含义是【国际会计准则】,英文缩写IFRS的含义是【国际财务报告准则】IASB是以下哪个组织的简称【国际会计准则理事会】34、国际会计准则委员会成立于【1973年】，最近的一次重组是在【 2001年】，国际会计准则委员会的总部设在【英国伦敦】，是【民间机构】，【国际会计准则委员会】直接制定、出版和提倡使用的国际会计准则，世纪之交，国际会计准则委员会改组后，国际财务报告准则的制定机构是【国际会计准则理事会】，至世纪之交，国际会计准则全面重组时，已经发布了国际会计准则【 41个】，2003年12月，国际会计准则理事会在其《改进国际会计准则》项目的改进后IAS《存货》中，已经取消了的存货计价方法是【后进先出法】35、《编报财务报表的框架》特别提及的会计基本假设包括【权责发生制、持续经营】36、所有者权益是指由所有者享有的剩余权益【资产扣除负债】37、下列财务报表中，反映企业在某一特定日期财务状况的是【资产负债表】38、利润表是反映企业的【一定会计期间经营成果】，净利润是指利润总额减去【所得税费用】后的金额39、下列会计信息质量特征中，未体现可比性要求的有【 C 】A.采用一致的会计政策B.会计的口径一致C.与实现的收入配比D.不得随意变更会计政策40、一般购买力会计模式以为进行一般购买力进行换算均采用【期末货币】41、不变购买力模式下，货币性项目在重编的资产负债表中【金额不变，但会发生购买力损益】42、若物价上升，则将导致【货币性净资产项目的购买力损失】43、物价上升将导致【非货币性项目的持有利得】44、若物价下跌，则将导致【货币性净资产项目的购买力收益】45、体现财务资本保全的会计计量模式是【一般物价水平会计】46、一般物价水平会计重编会计报表不包括【现金流量表】47、在现行成本会计模式下，企业的最终收益是【由经营收益和资产持有利得共同构成】48、一家公司取得其他一家公司的净资产，后者宣布解散的合并方式是【 A．吸收合并】49、两个或两个以上的企业丧失原来的法人地位，解散清算后合并成为一个新的法人实体，这是【创立合并】50、在合并方式中，引起编制合并报表的有【控制合并】51、母子公司关系存在的条件关键要看是否存在控制与被控制的关系，通行的一个数量标准是母公司掌握子公司有表决权的股份是【 50％以上】52、A 公司拥有B公司70%的股份，拥有C 公司35%的股份；属于A公司控制的公司是【 B公司】53、甲公司拥有乙公司90%的股份，拥有丙公司30%的股份，乙公司拥有丙公司50%的股份，甲公司共拥有和控制丙公司的股份是【 75% 】54、公司拥有B公司70%的股份，拥有C 公司35%的股份；B公司拥有C公司30%的股份。
国际会计随堂练习答案
国际会计随堂练习答案1.二战后,美国公司大量在欧洲建厂进行直接投资,这一阶段被称为美国浪潮,它出现在C ;A、19世界初~第一次世界大战B、1914年~1945年C、1945年~20世纪60年代末D、 20世纪60年代末~至今2.研究跨国公司发展史,可以总结为“源于B ,壮大于”;A、英国,美国B、欧洲,美国C、美国,英国D、美国,欧洲3.欧盟在B 就以观察员的身份加入了国际会计准则委员会IASC理事会;A、1978年B、1989年C、1999年D、1998年4.国际会计准则委员会于A 进行改组,为确保国际会计准则的高质量提供了组织和人员上的保证;A、2001年B、1999年C、2000年D、 1998年5. A 是全球会计面临的一个首要问题;A、外币报表折算问题B、物价变动会计问题C、合并报表问题D、国际比较会计问题6.一国资本市场导向能够影响该国财务报告体系,在权益导向的资本市场上,企业为了筹集资金常常竭尽所能包装本企业的财务报表以吸引现有的和潜在的投资者,典型的国家是B ;A、法国B、美国C、日本D、德国7.一国资本市场导向能够影响该国财务报告体系,在债务导向的资本市场上,银行为企业主要的资金来源,典型的国家是C ;A、芬兰B、美国C、日本D、瑞典8.跨国公司兴起导致的独特的会计问题是B ;A、国际物价变动影响的调整B、国际财务报表的合并C、外币报表的折算D、国际税务会计9.信息披露体系主要包括初次披露和年终披露;×10.跨国公司的发展经历了四个阶段,在第二个阶段时1914奶奶~1045年,美国就一跃成为仅次于英国的第二大资本输出国;√11.当跨国公司发展经历到第三阶段时1945年~20世纪60年代末,欧洲和日本经济的腾飞,结束了美国公司一枝独秀的局面;×12.跨国公司发展遇到的特殊会计问题主要是会计环境的国际比较问题、会计职业的国际比较问题以及会计准则的国际比较问题;×13.跨国公司在取得国外分支机构的财务报表后,首先面临如何将国外分支机构财务报表纳入合并报表的问题;√14.欧盟在1990年就以观察员的身份加入了国际会计准则委员会IASC理事会;×15. 2002年3月12日,欧洲议会通过议案,要求欧盟的上市公司包括银行和保险公司最迟于2005年1月1日开始根据国际会计准则编制合并财务报表;√16. G4+1集团2002年1月31日至2002年2月1日伦敦会议顺利召开,表明国际会计准则委员会得到了以英国和美国为首的发达国家的准则制定机构的实质性支持;√17.各主要国家的的重要会计差异主要是会计信息披露上的差异;×18.国际会计中的比较会计部分,其研究内容不仅包括对外报告为主的财务会计,还涉及为跨国公司内部所用的管理会计;×19.跨国公司的存在对会计国际化没有影响,×20.国际会计就是跨国公司与国外子公司之间的会计实务;×21.会计随着商业活动的扩展而传播;√22.资本市场和货币市场国际化是会计国际化的主要推动力;√1.米勒对各国会计的分类标准是A ;A 、企业经营环境的不同 B、各国的经济的相似性C、会计准则的目标D、根据保护谁的利益2.根据米勒的分类方法,荷兰会计模式属于 B;A、宏观经济模式B、微观经济模式C、独立学科模式D、统一会计模式3.下列这些国家中,归属于米勒创建的统一会计经济模式的国家是D ;A、瑞典B、荷兰C、英国D、法国4.属于北欧会计模式特征的是B ;A、强调公司按照“真实公允”的观点提供财务报告B、以公司利益为导向C、服从于集中计划经济D、服从税制需要5.下列不属于宏观经济模式会计特殊的是D ;A、采用与经济政策向适应的会计处理方法B、强调增值表C、重视社会责任会计和人力资源会计D、企业按照是应用情况来确定收益和其他实用概念6.1983年英国学者诺贝斯在前人研究成果基础上,根据 C将不同国家的会计模式分层分类进行研究;A、会计与法律的关系B、企业面临的社会环境C、财务报告与经济环境D、国家间经济联系的程度7.会计受到法律环境的深深影响,下列对成文法系的阐述中不正确的是C ;A、法律是一系列无所不包的、严格的要求B、会计规则包含在国家法律之中C、审计职业趋于发达和自律D、税法对会计影响较大8.根据霍夫斯蒂德Hoftesede对国家文化维度的研究分类,美国会计模式应该具有D ;A、大权利距离B、集体主义C、高度不确定性规避D、个人主义9.不同的法律体系影响着该国的审计,下列属于对普通法律体系国家审计特征描述的是C ;A、审计职业较不发达B、审计目的是确保公司财务报告符合法律要求C、审计人员执行较多的职业判断D、审计行业受国家干预较多10.翻译是对外国公司财务报表进行补充和调整的一种方法,普遍采用这种方法的国家有B ;A、意大利B、德国C、中国D、西班牙11.国际会计就是国外子公司会计的会计问题;×12.“会计准则”与“会计惯例”这两个概念是等同的;×13.根据米勒教授的分类,荷兰是采用宏观经济模式的国家; ×14.根据米勒教授的分类,瑞典是采用宏观经济模式的国家;√15.在米勒教授的会计模式分类中,微观经济模式的会计核心概念是资本保持;√16.在美国会计学会AAA的分类研究中,法国―西班牙---意大利会计模式也被称为“企业定向会计”模式;×17.在美国会计学会AAA的分类研究中,德国―荷兰会计模式也称为“企业定向会计”模式;√18.在美国会计学会AAA的分类研究中,法国―西班牙---意大利会计模式也被称为“税务定向会计”模式; √19.典型的采用宏观经济模式的国家如瑞士,国家的经济政策直接影响会计制度和会计实务;×20.根据米勒教授的分类,微观经济模式下会计是从经济分析中派生出其概念与应用的;√21.根据米勒教授的分类,独立学科模式的特点是会计被看做是一项服务职能,例如英国和美国;√22.国际会计就是跨国公司与国外子公司之间的会计实务;×23.属于同一个会计模式的各国或地区,会计实务体系中仍可能存在非基本性差异;√24.国际会计是国际性交易的会计,不同国家会计原则的比较,以及世界范围内会计准则的协调化;√25.按照诺贝斯教授的分类,荷兰会计与英美会计的接近程度超过了它与法德会计的接近程度;√1.美国早期会计准则制定机构会计程序委员会的英文缩写是A ;A、CAPB、CPAC、APBD、ABP2.目前为止,负责制定美国财务会计和报告准则的民间性组织是C ;A、CAPB、APBC、FASBD、SEC3.下列不属于美国会计处理特征的是B ;A、重视短期偿债能力分析B、税务会计与财务会计一致C、强调充分披露D、提倡编制合并报表4.美国国会于B 通过了萨班斯法案Sarbanes-Oxley Act,对美国各项机制进行全面结构性大调整;A、2002年2月B、2002年7月C、2003年1月D、2002年5月5.下列对日本会计模式特征阐述不正确的是D ;A、以官方为主,结合民间力量制定公认会计准则B、会计惯例基本服从法律要求C、企业高度举债经营D、由州会计委员会监督注册会计师执业6.通过“公认会计原则”,以保护证券市场中投资人的利益为主要目的的会计模式是A ;A、美国会计模式B、英国会计模式C、法国―西班牙---意大利亏会计模式D、西欧会计模式7.强调公司应按照“真实和公允”的观点提供财务报告,主要是为保护投资人和债权人利益的会计模式是A ;A、英国会计模式B、美国会计模式C、苏联会计模式D、北欧会计模式8.美国会计在发出存货的计价中B 运用比较普遍;A、先进先出法B、后进先出法C、个别计价法D、加权平均法9. 1987年,美国发布了FAS95,以现金流量表取代了原先要求编制的C ;A、资产负债表B、损益表C、财务状况变动表D、增值表10.增值表创建于和流行于A ;A、西欧, 西欧B、美国 ,美国C、西欧, 美国D、美国, 西欧11.英国会计模式的重要特征是强调B ;A、财务会计概念框架B、真实与公允C、形式胜于实质D、公认会计原则12.目前在美国,制定会计准则的机构是B ;A、美国证券交易委员会SECB、财务会计准则委员会FASBC、会计程序委员会CAPD、会计原则委员会APB13.下列国家中,财务会计与税务会计相分离的是C ;A、法国B、德国C、美国D、瑞典14.美国会计很长时间以来对历史成本计价原则一致持有怀疑态度,因而对改变这一计价原则也最为积极;×15.美国会计模式常以“公认会计原则”一词加以概括,它以保护投资者和潜在投资者的利益为出发点;√16.英国会计模式以“真实和公允”为特征;√17.美国会计准则是由政府授权民间机构制定的; √18.在会计信息的披露方面,美国会计模式主张保护债权人的利益,提倡充分揭示; ×19.英国会计以公认会计原则为特征; ×20.加拿大官方立法承认会计职业团体制定的会计准则的法律地位;√21.日本商法和证券交易法都不要求编制现金流量表,现金流量表不被看做是基本的财务报表;√22.日本属于大陆法系国家,商法、证券交易法和公司法构成日本公司会计的法律环境;×23.美国安然公司等一系列财务欺诈案件暴露了FASB一直以来以“规则基础”Rule-based的准则制定方针的弊端,因为“规则基础”为精心策划的造假者留下了空间;√24.美国SFAS86计算机转件成本的会计处理规定,当某项计算机软件研究和开发达到技术可行性之后的R&D予以资本化;√25.美国公认会计原则对收入和费用采用应计制,而所得税法则主要依据实现制确认收入和费用;√1.联合国作为推动国际会计协调化的政府间国际组织,参与会计准则的协调和制定活动开始于B ;A、20世纪60年代B、20世纪70年代C、20世纪50年代D、20世纪80年代2.国际会计准则理事会于A 正式开始运转,这标志着国际会计准则发展过程中一个新时代的开始;A、2001年4月1日B、2000年6月3日C、2001年5月2日D、2001年2月1日3.国际会计准则理事会IASB在C 任命下负责国际财务报表准则的制定工作;A、国际财务报告解释委员会B、联合国C、受托人委员会D、咨询委员会4.国际会计准则理事会发布的准则称为 C;A、国际会计准则B、国际公认会计准则C、国际财务报告准则D、国际核心会计准则5.国际会计师联合会IFAC的前身是1904年成立的B ;A、国际会计职业协调委员会B、国际会计师大会C、国际会计协调委员会D、注册会计师大会6.以下机构属于国际会计协调的民间机构的是D ;A、欧洲联盟B、联合国C、经济合作与发展组织D、国际会计准则委员会7.国际会计准则委员会的英文缩写是D ;A、IFACB、OECDC、ISARD、IASC8.世纪之交国际会计准则委员会改组后,国际财务报表准则的指定机构是B ;A、国际会计准则委员会B、国际会计准则理事会C、准则咨询委员会D、常设解释委员会9.目前在美国,制定会计准则的机构是B ;A、美国证券交易委员会SECB、财务会计准则委员会FASBC、会计程序委员会CAPD、会计原则委员会APB10.会计职业界提供国际性服务的最高层次是D ;A、国内性质的会计师事务所B、国内性质的会计师事务所为从事国际业务而进行的协作C、建立在“联盟”基础上的会计师事务所D、一体化的国际性会计师事务所11.“四大”会计师事务所的业务扩展与委托人的联系使用的是 A;A、同一名称和同一语言B、同一名称和不同语言C、不同名称和同一语言D、不同名称和不同语言12.第一次国际会计师大会举行的时间地点是A ;A、1904年圣路易斯B、1952年伦敦C、1962年纽约D、1972年悉尼13. 1977年于慕尼黑举行的第十一次国际会计师大会创建的国际会计师联合会IFAC的前身是A ;A、会计职业界国际协调委员会ICCAPB、国际会计准则委员会IASCC、国际审计事务委员会IAPCD、国际会计师大会技术委员会14.下列属于致力于国际会计协调化的政府间地域性国际组织的是A ;A、非洲会计理事会B、欧洲会计师联合会C、美洲会计师联合会D、亚太会计师联合会15.国际会计准则委员会成立于A ;A、20世纪70年代B、20世纪80年代C、20世纪90年代D、21世纪初16.国际会计准则委员会的总部设在C ;A、美国纽约B、法国巴黎C、英国伦敦D、德国柏林17.至世纪之交,国际会计准则全面重组时,已经发布了 B个国际会计准则;A、38B、41C、42D、4518.以下机构属于国际会计协调的民间机构的是A ;A、国际会计师联合会B、经合组织C、欧洲联盟D、联合国19.美国会计准则是由政府授权民间机构制定的;√20.欧共体成立不久,就发起了在成员国内协调会计准则和财务报告的运动,因此按地区而言,会计准则与财务报告的协调最早是在欧共体成员国之间推行的;√21.国际会计准则委员会的前身是国际会计准则理事会,由9个国家的注册会计师协会于1973组建;×22.国际会计准则委员会在成立初期就表明了它的立场,即用国际会计准则取代各国规范财务报告的国内规定和准则;×23. 1989年国际会计准则理事会颁布了编报财务报表的框架简称概念框架,明确指出概念框架并不是准则,它不针对任何一个独立的会计问题进行评价和说明;√24.会计协调化的近期目标是国际会计准则的“标准化”乃至“统一化”;×25.欧盟是推动会计协调化最具成效的区域性国家联盟;√26.非洲会计理事会是一个政府间的协调组织;√27.目前,绝大多数国家会计准则的制定权都是由政府直接掌握的,√28.对于大型化和综合化的国际会计师事务所,一般会遵守分支机构所在国的会计准则和会计惯例来提供各项服务;×1.国际会计准则理事会每一位成员包括主席是由C ;A、解释委员会B、顾问委员会C、基金受托人委员会D、理事会2.国际会计准则理事会成员的任期是C 年,允许连任一届;A、3年B、4年C、5年D、2年3.根据国际财务报告准则的概念框架规定,下列不属于财务报表内容的是A ;A、证券发行公告B、资产负债表C、现金流量表D、其他必要的解释说明4.下列各项中不属于国际会计准则中收益概念的是D ;A、已实现的销售收入B、股票持有利得C、已实现但尚未收款的服务费收入D、未来的商品销售收入5.国际财务报告准则第1号的规定适用于C 或以后采用国际财务报告准则首次编制会计报表的主体;A、2002年1月1日B、2003年1月1日C、2004年1月1日D、2005年1月1日6.根据国际财务报告准则第1号规定,国际财务报告准则首次采用者不包括下列哪种情况B ;A、至今为止从未采用国际财务报告准则编制财务报告B、至今为止按公认会计原则编制财务报表,同时又编制一套遵循国际财务报告准则的财务报表C、至今为止采用非国际财务报告准则编制财务报表D、至今为止只编制过供内部使用或为了主体合并编制的财务报表7.主体首次按照国际财务报告准则编制财务报表的报告日为C ;A、2002年12月31日B、2003年12月31日C、2004年12月31日D、2005年12月31日8. 1989年国际会计准则理事会颁布了编报财务报表的框架简称概念框架,明确指出概念框架并不是准则,它不针对任何一个独立的会计问题进行评价和说明; √9.国际财务报告准则的“美化”和“欧化”势不可挡,这是全球会计准则的一个发展趋势;√10.一般而言,企业编制财务报表最常用的计量基础是公允价值;×11.国际会计准则理事会在概念框架第100段中提到的四种计量原则分别是：历史成本、现行成本、可变现结算价值以及现值法;√12.首次按国际财务报告准则编制的财务报表必须包含国际财务报告准则提供的必要信息和以前期间的可比信息;√13.国际财务报告准则概念框架中资本保全概念只是指财务资本保全; ×14.依据国际财务报告准则,收益表中只包括已实现的收益,不应该包括可实现的收益;×15.对于信息使用者而言,财务报表信息的相关性是随着资产负债表日和资产负债表公布日之间的时间间隔而降低的;√16.国际财务报告解释委员会有11名代表组成,其任务是与各国会计准则委员进行合作,对某些准则进行解释,确保其在应用中的统一;×17.准则顾问委员会有至少30明成员组成,其任务是在国际会计准则理事会的所有工作领域为其提供咨询和建议;√18.国际会计准则委员会基金会和国际会计准则理事会在国际会计准则理事会的组织结构中占据及其重要的位置;√19.国际会计准则理事会的前身为国际会计准则委员会,有9个国家的注册会计师协会于1973年6月29日组建;√1.当企业采用人民币作为记账本位币,下列项目中,不属于该企业外币业务的是A ;A、与外国企业发生的以人民币计价结算的销售业务B、与外国企业发生的以美元计价结算的购销业务C、与中国银行发生的外币借款业务D、与中国银行之间发生的外币兑换业务2.在现行汇率法下,下列项目按照即期汇率折算的资本负债表项目有B ;A、所得税费用B、应收账款C、实收资本D、未分配利润3.目前外币报表折算的目的主要是B ;A、提供特种财务报表,帮助报表使用者理解B、满足控股公司编制合并报表的需要C、为编制集团公司汇总报表的需要D、满足记账本位币核算的需要4.根据现行汇率法,外币报表折算差额应计入C;A、当期损益表B、当期留存收益表C、当期资产负债表的股东权益中D、当期资产或负债中5.根据时态法,外币报表折算差额应计入A;A、当期损益表B、当期留存收益表C、当期资产负债表的股东权益中D、当期资产和负债之间6.在纯碎的历史成本核算模式下,A的折算结果是完全一样的;A、区分货币性和非货币性项目与时态法B、区分货币性和非货币性项目与现行汇率法C、区分流动性和非流动性项目法与区分货币性和非货币性项目法D、时态法和现行汇率法7.在确定国外经营的功能货币是否与报告主体的功能货币相同时,不需要考虑的因素是B ;A、国外经营所从事的活动是否为报告主体的延伸B、与国外东道国货币是否一致C、与报告主体的交易在国外经营活动中所占的比例D、国外经营活动的现金流量是否直接影响报告主体的现金流量,并可随时汇回8.对于尚未结算的外币应收项目,当外币升值时,将会产生A ;A、外汇收益B、外汇损失C、汇兑收益D、汇兑损失9.下列对于外币交易”一项交易观点”的表述不正确的是B .;A、把购销业务及其以后的账款结算视为一项交易B、汇率变动产生的外汇损益将在当期予以确认C、对于购货业务,汇率变动产生的外汇损益调整购货成本D、对于销售业务,汇率变动产生的外汇损益调整销售收入10.下列对于外币交易”一项交易观点”的表述正确的是D ;A、以现金收付确认经济业务是否完成,在会计处理上单独设置汇兑损益项目B、符合会计上的“实现原则”C、会计人员随时关注汇率变动风险D、由于汇率变动,购销业务未最后结算之前,商品的价值是不确定的11.下列对于外币交易“两项交易观点”表述不正确的是 C;A、无论汇兑损益当期确认还是予以递延,都要单独列为汇兑损益项目B、当期确认和予以递延,两者只是确认于损益表上的时间不同C、资产价值将受到购买货币的影响D、其汇兑损益本质上是由于融资方式的不同而引起12.现行汇率法下,子公司财务报表中的所有者权益项目采用A 进行折算;A、历史汇率B、现行汇率C、平均汇率D、加权平均汇率13.下列对于现行汇率法的评价不正确的是 C;A、可以保持子公司原有财务成果和各个项目之间的比例关系B、累计在母公司权益中的折算差额恰好反映了汇率变动的累计影响C、使用现行成本法折算,能很好的达到合并报表的目的D、假设子公司的所有资产和负债项目都承受汇率变动影响,不合理14.下列表述正确的是B ;A、在现行汇率法下,如果企业资产总额大于负债总额,当外币贬值时,会出现折算收益B、在流动与非流动法下,如果流动资产小于流动负债,当外币外币贬值时,会出现折算折算收益C、在货币与非货币法下,如果货币性资产小于货币性负债,当外币贬值时,会出现折算损失D、在时态法下,汇率变动会影响到那些按历史成本计价的资产和负债项目的折算额15.当远期汇率高于即期汇率时,就会形成升水收益; ×16.采用两项交易观对外币交易进行核算时,购货成本取决于交易日的汇率;√17.现行汇率法要求改变外币报表的计量单位,但不改变原有的计量属性;√18.当远期汇率低于即期汇率时,就会形成贴水损失; ×19.外币交易损失属于已实现的汇兑损益,外币报表折算损益属于未实现的汇兑损益;√20.时态法要求改变外币报表的计量单位,但不应改变原有的计量属性;√21.本国企业与外国企业之间的交易一定是外币交易;×22.间接标价法与对应的直接标价法的乘积为1. √23.对外币报表折算损益的任何会计处理方法都不可能尽善尽美;√24.功能货币就是本国货币;×25.外币报表折算就是将以某一外币表示的财务编报折算为另一特定货币表示的财务报表的会计处理; √26.功能货币是企业主体计量其现金流动和经营业绩的统一尺度;√27.如果母公司的功能货币和国外子公司的功能货币不一致,那么在合并财务报表时将需要对国外子公司的财务报表进行折算;√28.一般而言,报告主体的功能货币将会随着主体基础性交易、事项和状况的变化而作出变更;√29.外汇的卖出价大于买入价时,期间差额就是银行经营外币业务的收益;√30.世界外汇市场经历了从“浮动汇率”到“固定汇率”的变动;×31.外币报表折算的流动与非流动法的最大优点就是有利于企业偿债能力的分析;×32.流动与非流动法是从20世界30年代早期被美国广泛接受的一种外币财务报表折算方法;√33.总的来看,世界范围内外币折算的准则在方法上基本趋势是现行汇率法和时态法并用;√34.一般认为,折算损益的处理究竟应该采用哪种方法,应视折算目的和要求,以及企业的组织特点而定;1.一般物价水平会计重编会计报表不包括D ;A、资产负债表B、利润表C、利润分配表D、现金流量表2.在现行成本会计模式下,企业最终收益是由C ;A、经营收益B、资产持有利得C、经营收益和资产持有利得共同构成D、经营收益或者资产持有利得3.体现财务资本保全的会计计量模式是 B;A、现行成本/名义货币B、一般物价水平会计C、现行成本会计D、重置成本会计4.传统实物资本保全的会计计量模式是 A;A、现行成本会计B、历史成本/不变币值会计C、传统财务会计模式D、一般物价水平会计5.传统财务会计计量模式是B ;。
acca国际会计注册师试题
1、在ACCA国际会计准则中，以下哪项原则强调了企业应以实际发生的交易和事项为基础进行会计确认、计量和报告？A. 权责发生制原则B. 谨慎性原则C. 实质重于形式原则D. 一致性原则（答案）A2、在编制财务报表时，下列哪项不属于流动资产？A. 存货B. 预付款项C. 长期股权投资D. 应收账款（答案）C3、ACCA会计准则中，关于收入确认的标准，以下哪项描述是不正确的？A. 收入应与企业日常活动相关B. 收入应导致企业经济利益的增加C. 收入的金额应能够可靠地估计D. 收入应在收到现金时立即确认（答案）D4、在会计估计变更中，下列哪项做法是不符合ACCA会计准则的？A. 当原有估计不再适用时，应及时进行会计估计变更B. 会计估计变更应采用未来适用法进行处理C. 会计估计变更应在财务报表附注中进行披露D. 会计估计变更应追溯调整以前各期财务报表（答案）D5、关于ACCA中的“持续经营”假设，以下哪项描述是正确的？A. 假设企业将在可预见的未来持续经营下去B. 假设企业将在一年内清算C. 假设企业将无限期地经营下去，无破产风险D. 假设企业仅在特定项目期间内经营（答案）A6、在ACCA会计准则下，下列哪项不属于会计政策变更？A. 固定资产折旧方法由直线法改为加速折旧法B. 坏账准备计提比例由5%改为10%C. 首次采用新的会计准则导致的会计政策变更D. 由于市场条件变化，企业调整了产品销售价格（答案）D7、关于“公允价值”在ACCA会计准则中的应用，以下哪项描述是错误的？A. 公允价值是指在公平交易中，熟悉情况的交易双方自愿进行资产交换或债务清偿的金额B. 公允价值计量通常用于金融资产的初始计量C. 公允价值变动应直接计入当期损益D. 所有资产和负债在后续计量时都必须采用公允价值（答案）D8、在ACCA国际会计准则中，关于“关联方交易”的披露要求，以下哪项描述是不正确的？A. 企业应披露与关联方之间的交易性质B. 企业应披露与关联方交易对财务状况和经营成果的影响C. 企业无需披露与关联方之间的正常商品购销交易D. 企业应披露关联方关系的性质（答案）C。
国际会计学课后答案
国际会计学课后答案【篇一：国际会计第七版英文版课后答案(第六章)】foreign currency translationdiscussion questions solutions1. foreign currency translation is the process of restating a foreign account balance from one currency to another. foreign currency conversion is the process of physically exchanging one currency for another.2. in the foreign exchange spot market, currencies bought and sold must be delivered immediately,normally within 2 business days. thus a singaporean tourist buying u.s. dollars at the airportbefore boarding a plane for new york would hand over singapore dollars and immediatelyreceive the equivalent amount in u.s. dollars. the forward market handles agreements toexchange a fixed amount of one currency for another on an agreed date in the future. forexample, a french manufacturer exporting goods invoiced in euros to a japanese importer on 60- day credit terms would buy a forward contract to sell yen for euros 2 months in the future.transactions in the swap market involve the simultaneous purchase (or sale) of one currency inthe spot market and the sale (or purchase) of the same currency in the forward market. thus, acanadian investor wishing to take advantage of higher interest rates on 6-month treasury bills inthe united states would buy u.s. dollars with canadian dollars in the spot market and invest inthe united states. to guard against a fall in the value of the u.s. dollar before maturity (whenthe u.s. dollar proceeds are converted back to canadian dollars), the canadian investor wouldsimultaneously enter into a forward contract to sell u.s. dollars for canadian dollars 6 months inthe future at today s forward exchange rate.3. the question refers to alternative exchange rates that are used to translate foreign financialstatements. the current rate is the exchange rate at the financial statement date. it issometimes called the year-end or closing rate. the historical rate is the exchange rate at the timeof the underlying transaction. the average rate is the average of various exchange rates during afiscal period. since the average ratenormally is used to translate income statement items, it isoften weighted to reflect any seasonal changes in the volume of transactions during the period.translation gains and losses do not occur if exchange rates do not change. however, ifexchange rates change, the use of current and average rates causes translation gains and losses.these do not occur when the historical rate is used because the same (constant) rate is used eachperiod.4. in this example, the mexican affiliate s canadian dollar loan is denominated in canadian dollars.however, because the mexican affiliate’s functional currency is u.s. dollars, the peso equivalentof the canadian dollar borrowing would be remeasured in u.s. dollars prior to consolidation. ifthe mexican affiliate’s functional currency were the peso, the canadian dollar loan would beremeasured in pesos before being translated to u.s. dollars.5. a transaction gain or loss occurs when a foreign currency transaction, e.g., a foreign currencyborrowing, is settled at a different exchange rate than that which prevailed when the transactionwas originally incurred. in this case there is an exchange of one currency for another. atranslation gain or loss, on the other hand, is simply the result of a restatement process. there isno physical exchange of currencies involved.6. it is not possible to combine, add, or subtract accounting measurements expressed in differentcurrencies; thus, it is necessary to translate those accounts that are measured or denominated in aforeign currency into a single reporting currency. foreign currency translation can involverestatement or remeasurement. in restatement, the local (functional) currency is kept as the unitof measure; that is, the translation process multiplies the financial results and relationships in thelocal currency accounts by a constant, the current rate. in contrast, remeasurement translateslocal currency results as if the underlying transactions had taken place in the reporting(functional) currency of the parent company; for example, it changes the unit of measure of aforeign subsidiary from its local (foreign) currency to the u.s. dollar.7. major advantages and limitations of each of the major translation methods follow.current rate methodadvantages:a. retains the initial relationships in the foreign currency statements.b. simple to apply.limitations:a. violates the basic purpose of consolidation, which is to present the results of a parent and its subsidiaries as if they were a single entity.b. inconsistent with historical cost.c. presumes that all local assets and liabilities are subject to exchange risk.d. while stockholders equity adjustments shield an mnc s bottom line from translation gains and losses, such adjustments could distort certain financial ratios and be confusing.current-noncurrent methodadvantages:a. distortions in translated gross margins are reduced as inventories and translated at the current rate.b. reported earnings are shielded from the distorting effects of currency fluctuations as excess translation gains are deferred and used to offset future translation losses.limitations:a. uses balance sheet classification as basis for translation.b. assumes all current assets are exposed to exchange risk regardless of their form.c. assumes long-term debt is sheltered from exchange rate risk.monetary-nonmonetary methodadvantages:a. reflects changes in domestic currency equivalent of long-term debt on a timely basis.limitations:a. assumes that only monetary assets and liabilities are subject to exchange rate risk.b. exchange rate changes distort profit margins as sales transacted at current prices are matched against cost of sales measured at historical prices.c. uses balance sheet classification as basis for translation.d. nonmonetary items stated at current market values are translated at historical rates.temporal methodadvantages:a. theoretically valid: compatible with any accounting measurement method.b. has the effect of translating foreign subsidiaries operations as if they were originally transacted in the home currency, which is desirable for foreign operations that are extensions of the parent’s activities. limitation:a. a company increases its earnings volatility by recognizing translation gains and losses currently. in arguing for one translation method over another, your students should eventually realize that, in the present state of the art, there is probably no one translation method that is appropriate for all circumstances in which translations occur and for all purposes thattranslation serves. it is probably more fruitful to have students identify circumstances in which they think one translation method is more appropriate than another.8. the current rate method is appropriate when the foreign entity being consolidated is largely independent of the parent company. conditions which would justify this methodology is when the foreign affiliate tends to generate and expend cash flows in the local currency, sells a product locally so that its selling price is largely insulated from exchange rate changes, incurs expenses locally, finances its self locally and does not have very many transactions with the parentcompany. in contrast, the temporal method seems appropriate in those instances when theforeign affiliate’s operatio ns are integrally related to the parent company. conditions which would justify use of the temporal method are when the foreign affiliate transacts business in the parent currency and remits such cash flows to the parent company, sells a product largely in the parent country and whose selling price is sensitive to exchange rate changes,sources its factor inputs from the parent company, receives most of its financing from the parent and has a large two way flow of transactions with it.9. the history of foreign currency translation in the united states suggests that the development of accounting principles does not depend on theoretical considerations so much as on political, institutional, and economic influences that affect accounting standard setting. it may be morerealistic to recognize that theoretically sound solutions are impossible as long as policyprescriptions are evaluated on practical grounds. without specific choice criteria derived frominvestor decision models, it is fruitless to argue the conceptual merits of competing accountingtreatments. it is far more productive to admit that foreign currency translation choices are simplyarbitrary.readers of consolidated financial statements should know that the foreign currency translationmethod used is one of several alternatives, and this should be disclosed. this approach is moreopen and reduces the chance that readers will draw misleading inferences.10. foreign inflation, in particular, the differential rate of inflation between the country in which a subsidiary is located and the country of its parent determines foreign exchange rates.these rates, in turn, are used to translate foreign currency balances to parent currency.11. in the united kingdom, financial statements of affiliates domiciled in hyperinflationaryenvironments must first be adjusted to current price levels and then translated using the current rate; in the united states, the temporal method would be employed. the second part of this question is designed to get students from abroad to find out what companies in their homecountries are doing and thereby be in a position to share their new found knowledge with their classmates. they need simply get on the internet and read the footnotes of a major multinational company in their home country.12. under fas no. 52, the parent currency is designated as the functional currency for an affiliate, whose operations are considered to be an integral part of the parent company’s operations.accordingly, anything that affects consolidated earnings, including foreign currency translationgains and losses, is relevant to parent company shareholders and is included in reported earnings.in contrast, when a foreign affiliate s operations are independent of the parent s, the localcurrency is designated as its functional currency. since the focus is on the affiliate s localperformance, translation gains and losses that arise solely from consolidation are irrelevant and,therefore, are not included in consolidated income.exercises solutions1. ￥250,000,000 x .008557 = $2,139,250.the difference is due to rounding.。
国际会计第七版英文版课后答案(第一章)
Chapter 1IntroductionDiscussion Questions1.In the domestic case, accounting is an information service that provides financialinformation about a domestic entity to domestic users of that information. Internationalaccounting is distinctive in that the entity being reported on is either a multinationalcompany with operations and transactions that transcend national boundaries or involves an entiiy with reporting obligations to readers who are located outside the reportingentity’s country of domicile.2.Advantage: Some might argue that measurement, disclosure, and external auditing arethree distinct (although related) processes, involving different members of the company.For example, corporate attorneys often are involved in disclosure issues, but seldomintervene in measurement issues. The Board of Directors works with the external auditors but not necessarily with the comptroller s office. Thus, discussion of accountingrequirements and voluntary accounting choices in different jurisdictions is simplified by focusing on the three components of accounting. Disadvantage: measurement, disclosure and auditing are interdependent, and should not be viewed in isolation of one another. A company choosing to disclose as little as possible, for example, may use accountingmeasurement approaches that reduce the information content of financial statements, and select an external auditor who will be relatively lenient in enforcing accountingrequirements. One alternative classification might include accounting (measurement and disclosure), and auditing. A second classification might include financial reporting(annual and interim reporting, regulatory filings) and ad hoc disclosure (press releases,analyst meetings, etc). Any classification is arbitrary, and potentially useful depending on its purpose.3.Factors contributing to the internationalization of the subject of accounting include: thegrowth and spread of multinational operations around the world, the phenomenon ofglobal competition, the increasing number of cross-border mergers and acquisitions thatoccur almost daily, continued advances in information technology, and theinternationalization of the world’s capital markets.4.International trade involves importing and exporting activities. The major accountingissue associated with foreign trade involves accounting for foreign currency transactions.Foreign direct investment, on the other hand, involves conducting operations abroad.This activity exposes accountants to a new set of issues that run the gamut from having to consolidate foreign currency accounts based on diverse measurement rules to issues ofevaluating the performance of foreign subsidiary managers.5.Students will overwhelmingly argue in favor of harmonization. This is probably a goodstarting point for the course. After they are introduced to the chapters leading up toChapter 8, some may no longer feel that harmonization is necessarily the answer to all of their international accounting problems.6.Recent developments such as the growth and spread of multinational operations,Internationalization of the world’s capital markets, increased cross border mergers andacquisitions, the phenomenon of global competition and financial innovation haveincreased reader dependence on foreign financial statements. An understanding ofaccounting differences and their effect on reported measures of profitability, efficiency, solvency and liquidity are critical if proper decisions are to be made. Internationalaccounting issues have become more complex in recent years for several reasons.Financial transactions are becoming more complex, affecting both national andinternational accounting. For example, the use of complex financial instruments anddeveloping accounting standards for these exotic instruments has been problematic.Global financial markets also are becoming more volatile, leading to large changes in asset and balance sheet amounts (such as related to investments) and major sources of income and expense. The related accounting issues are difficult. The growinginternationalization of business also promotes complexity. Foreign currency transactions and translation have been troublesome accounting issues for years, and are becoming more important as cross-border business and finance increase. Also, differences innational accounting principles potentially are more troublesome as business becomes more international. However, as convergence efforts worldwide accelerate, and more and more companies and countries adopt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), complexity arising from differences in national accounting principles will decrease.7.Examples of external reporting issues include:a. Does translation from one set of measurement rules to another change theinformation content of the original message?b. Should accounts of foreign operations be translated to parent currency whenconsolidated statements are prepared?c. Which exchange rates should be employed when translating from one currency toanother?Examples of internal reporting issues include:a. Which exchange rates should be used for budgeting purposes?b. Should foreign managers be evaluated in terms of parent currency or the localcurrency of the country in which the manager operates?c. Which prices should one use when transferring goods or services betweenmembers of the multinational enterprise- cost, market, cost-plus or some othermetric?8.Global capital market activities and transactions reach beyond single political or legaljurisdictions. For example, global capital market transactions include the following: (1) an American tourist buying Australian dollars for travel purposes in the South Pacific; (2)a Japanese insurance company buying German government bonds as an investment; and(3) a Nigerian agricultural development project receiving cash subsidies from theEuropean Union (EU).The international equities market is one global capital market. A second such market covers foreign exchange transactions, that is, when one national currency is exchanged into, traded forward, hedged, swapped, or otherwise converted to another nationalcurrency. This market is estimated at hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars per day. The total world foreign exchange market is the largest market on earth. The international bond market is still another global capital market. The bonds constituting this market areunderwritten by international syndicates of banks and are marketed and traded all over the world. Global capital markets are a vital part of the world economy.9.English should be designated as the formal international accounting language. Technicalaccounting terms ( terms of art) do not travel well internationally. Since technicalaccounting terms often have attributed meanings (for example, generally acceptedaccounting principles are neither generally accepted nor principles ), it is difficult orimpossible to translate these terms into other languages and retain their original meanings.In other disciplines, such considerations have caused the establishment of Latin as the universal language for botanical classifications, Italian as the language for specifying the tempo (and other matters of interpretation) of musical compositions, and English as the language of electronic computing. Since accounting is used worldwide, a singleworldwide language for accounting makes sense.Why should English be the worldwide language for accounting? English already hasbecome the language of world commerce and multinational business. Thus, the universal use of English in accounting would parallel a well-established business practice. Also, the accounting discipline was in many respects developed as an offshoot of Anglo-American economics, which means that the language roots of many accounting terms and concepts are English. Among non-English speaking people, English is the mostcommon second language. The vast majority of the world’s accounting literature iswritten in English, and nearly all international accounting conventions and conferences use English as the official language. Multinational corporations generally use English in their accounting and financial operating manuals, as well as for corporatecommunications, without regard to national domiciles. Therefore, the worldwide benefits of adopting English as the universal language of accounting are likely to be greater than for any other language, and the worldwide costs are likely to be less.10.Emerging markets are those whose financial systems are emerging from state dominationthrough a process of liberalization. Developed countries are those with liberalizedfinancial systems. Many people believe that liberalization is highly beneficial to sustained economic growth. Many different classifications of developed versus emerging market countries are used, and often the terms are not defined, although no one correct set of definitions for developed and emerging markets exists.Students should be encouraged to suggest their own criteria as to what constitutes adeveloped as opposed to an emerging market. The emerging market countries are in geographic regions that are generally not highly industrialized. But one cannot generalize here as extensive economic liberalization is taking place in these countries (in some more than in others). For example, entry barriers to foreign businesses, government regulation of banking operations, and credit controls have been eased in many of the countries once classified as “emerging.”11.Privatizations of state-owned corporations have had dramatic effects on global capitalmarkets. Often, the privatized entities are large, well-known companies in which thenational government retains a large ownership interest, and retail (individual, non-institutional) investors often are encouraged to buy shares in newly privatized entities. Asa result, the shareholder base in the market grows dramatically, investors become moreactive market participants, and market capitalization increases.Privatizations also mean that management must now compete in the market place formarket share, external capital and corporate control. In such a world, accounting systems must properly motivate managers to work toward the accomplishment of theorganization’s overall goals in an efficient manner while putting together credibleexternal financial statements that will enable it to secure the necessary capital to financecorporate growth. Many of these external and internal reporting issues are covered in the balance of the chapters in this book.12.Those opposed to outsourcing see it as a threat to domestic jobs and a form ofexploitation by companies engaged in the practice. Some even see it as a moral issue.However, they miss the point of international trade. While outsourcing may reduce jobs in one sector, they reflect differences in comparative advantage, which ultimately makes possible greater employment in other sectors and or lower consumer prices whichincreases real wealth. One need only look at higher education in America. Whereasstenographers in the U.S. may be losing jobs to stenographers in India, more and moreIndian families are sending their children to the U.S. for their higher education,increasing the demand for support services in the higher education sector.A look at Exhibit 1.2 shows that over time, countries with greater exports than importseventually become net importers and vice versa. The importance of internationalaccounting will not diminish. Countries have been trading with each other since antiquity and will continue to do. Even if the volume of trade were to diminish, an unlikely event, the network of trading partners continues to expand globally and with it accounting issues associated with international trade.Exercises1.For steps one and two in which the idea for the Proliant ML150 is spawned in Singaporeand approved in Texas, differences in legal practices regarding rights and compensationschemes for intellectual property development may vary between the U.S. and Singapore as the latter’s legal system has been influenced by the U.K. system. Internat ional taxissues also surface in terms of royalty payment arrangements and their tax consequences in both Singapore and the U.S.For step 4, language communications between Singapore and Taiwan could pose someissues of interpretation. Production in Taiwan raises internal reporting issues such asshould exchange rate fluctuations between the Taiwanese dollar and the U.S. dollar beincorporated into the cost of production or accounted for separately as a non-operatingforeign exchange gain or loss. In evaluating the creditworthiness of the Taiwanesemanufacturer, should the financial statements of the Taiwanese manufacturer betranslated to U.S. GAAP or not. If a ratio analysis is performed, should Taiwaneseliquidity and solvency ratios be interpreted based on U.S. financial norms or Taiwanesenorms?For step 5, should clients in Southeast Asian countries be charged identical prices orshould prices be flexed for differences in exchange rates, transportation arrangements and “facilitating” payments. What legal issues are raised in the case of bribes expected on the part of commercial buyers and how would these payments be treated under the U.S.Foreign Corrupt Practices Act?2. A suggested index might look like the following. The instructor should focus on thestudent’s rationale for his or her rating as some students may have more knowledge ofspecific country developments than others and students will naturally exhibit differentdegrees of risk-aversion.Industrialized CountriesUnited States 1Canada 1Japan 1United Kingdom 1France 1Germany 1Italy 1Australia 2New Zealand 2East AsiaHong Kong 1Indonesia 3South Korea 2Malaysia 2Phillipines 1Singapore 1Taiwan 3Thailand 2Latin AmericaArgentina 2Brazil 2Chile 2Colombia 2Mexico 1Peru 1Venezuela 2Middle East and AfricaEgypt 3Israel 2Morocco 2South Africa 1Turkey 2South AsiaBangladesh 2India 2Nepal 3Pakistan 3Sri Lanka 33.The compounded annual growth rate for merchandise exports from 1985 to 2005 wasapproximately 8.7%. The growth rate for merchandise imports was also 8.7% . The comparable growth rates for exports of services was 9.6% over the same 20 year period.It was 9.2% for imports. The outlook for accounting services to travel internationally are very good. Students interested in accounting careers should take note.4.The purpose of this exercise to get students to check out the wealth of stock relatedinformation available on the web. They will probably choose the five whose countriesare most familiar to them. Their exchanges will probably be located in highlyindustrialized economies and which afford access to relatively deep pools of capital. As one example, Luxembourg has long been popular because of its accommodating listingrequirements. However, students should note that the numbers of foreign companieslisted in markets other than the NYSE have been declining. This suggests that manyissuers question the benefits of such listings, and that the benefits of a foreign listinggenerally are greater in the United States. In particular, the U.S. represents a well-established market with strong investor protection. This is especially important in adown economy, as stringent disclosure requirements help to minimize perceivedinformation risk which, in turn, reduces price volatility.5.This exercise will require that students combine certain geographic categories ofmerchandise exports to achieve some comparability with Henekin’s disclosures. It would be interesting to poll students’ ex ante predictions of the correlations and have themponder reasons for any differences they find.Geographic Region Merchandise Exports Geographic Sales for HeinekenAfrica and Middle East 7.9% 12.6%Asia 29.2% 9.1%Europe 41% 65.5%Americas 17.6% 12.7%While correlations between percentage geographic distributions of merchandise exportsand beer sales are closer for Africa and the Middle East and for the Americas, there arebig differences in beer sales and merchandise export patterns for Asia and Europe.Obviously one cannot generalize microeconomic behavior from macroeconomic data.However, some students will be inclined to hypothesize similar patterns given thepopularity of beer consumption around the world. It will be fun brainstorming reasonsfor the observed differences. Might observed differences be due to national differencesin consumer tastes, import restrictions and perhaps the success of national advertisingcampaigns? More important, this exercise should reinforce the notion of environmentaldifferences as explanatory variables.6.The geographic spread of Heineken’s revenue streams suggest that the co mpany isexposed to foreign exchange rate risk. This complicates the process of forecasting thecompany’s future earnings and resultant cash flows. Moreover, the numbers beingreported are the results of a consolidation process. The cardinal rule to remember here is that when exchange rates change, data in parent currency may change even though local currency amounts may not. For managerial accountants, the conduct of foreignoperations raises numerous issues of financial control. For example, which currencyshould be used to evaluate foreign subsidiary performance, the parent currency or thelocal currency? In preparing operating budgets, which exchange rate combination should be used to translate original budgets and subsequently track performance? Whenplanning capital expenditures, how do you factor inflation, foreign exchange rate risk and sovereign risk into measures of future project cash flows, cost of capital estimates andplanned investment outlays? Should capital budgeting decisions be made from theproject’s perspective or a company perspective? Again, this exercise is designed to raise questions that will be addressed in subsequent chapters.7.Issues triggered by Exhibit 1-5 include :a. What criteria are used to determine when a foreign affiliate is to be consolidatedwith that of the parent company? While majority ownership is one criterion forconsolidation, do other criteria exist internationally and why?b. When consolidating the accounts of a foreign affiliate with that of the parentshould accountants first restate the accounting measurement rules of the foreignaffiliate to the reporting requirements of the parent company or should thereporting requirements of the affiliate’s country of domicile prevail? Whichmethod produces the more meaningful information for statement readers?c. When consolidating the accounts of a foreign affiliate should the accountanttranslate the currency of the affiliate to the reporting currency of the parentcompany? If so, which exchange rates should be employed for each balancesheet account? For each income statement account?d. If fluctuating exchange rates produce foreign currency gains and losses duringthe consolidation process, how should these gains and losses be accounted for?8.The ROE ratios for Electrolux based on IFRS and U.S. GAAP was derived as follows:IFRS U.S. GAAPROE 1,763/25,888 + 23,636 1,518/25,057 + 23,5672 2= 1,763/24,762 =1,518/24,3129.For this exercise, we consider information provided by three stock exchanges: TheLondon Stock Exchange, the Deutsche Boerse and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. TheLondon Stock Exchange Web site () provides highly useful information. However, under the U.K. regulatory structure, the Financial Services Authority, not the LSE, is responsible for the admission of securities to official listing and continuing obligations of listed companies.The Deutsche Boerse ()has a 117-page document covering insider trading and required ad hoc disclosure, but nothing in any detail concerning periodic financial disclosures. There is a bar chart that claimed to show the relative transparency of the various Deutsche Boerse exchanges. Without even the most basic frame ofreference, it s hard to describe such a chart as anything but opaque.It might be well to advise students not to investigate financial disclosure requirements for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (www.tse.or.jp). The TSE does not have independentfinancial disclosure requirements. Rather, companies must conform with therequirements of Japan’s Securities and Exchange Law and regulations. The TSE provides this brief summary: Under the Securities and Exchange Law, the registrants are required to file annual and semi-annual reports with the Ministry of Finance, with copies to the stock exchanges where the securities are listed. The financial statements to be included in security registration statements and annual reports must comply with a wide range of formats and contents relating to disclosures prescribed in the regulations. The regulations require both the consolidated financial statements and non-consolidated financialstatements of the registrant. The financial statements prepared under the Securities and Exchange Law and relevant regulations are in major areas equivalent to those prevailing internationally.This summary obviously raises many more questions than it answers. The TSE alsoprovides a flow chart showing which documents are required to be filed, and their filing deadlines, but nothing concerning the required contents of these documents.For an illustrative example, consider the Deutsche Boerse and the London StockExchange. Note that Web sites change continuously. Therefore, the responses shown below are indicative only.Ratings (obviously) will be subjective. Students should be evaluated on the thoroughness and thoughtfulness of their evaluations10.If we divide the total foreign company listings for each region by the total listings for thatregion as one measure of foreign listings, we would obtain the following results: The Americas: 1,174/3,758 = 31.2%Asia-Pacific: 274/2,375 = 11.53%Europe-Africa-Middle-East 1,188/10,383 = 11.4%Student answers to the second part of the question will vary depending on which region of the world they expect to experience the most rapid growth in the years ahead.11.In addition to eliciting a variety of investment strategies, this question should drive homethe connection between accounting information and international investing. Theaccounting issues that will influence country investment allocations will be the extent oftransparency of a company’s accounts, the degree to which its accounting standards areoriented toward investor decisions and the quality of the audit functions in each country. Case 1-1E-Centives, Inc.e-centives, Inc. — Raising Capital in Switzerland1. Possible factors (from Exhibit 1.7) relevant in e-centives decision to raise capital and list on the Swiss Exchange s New Market:•Ease of raising capital (point 3). The Swiss Exchange s New Market has simple listing requirements designed to appeal to small companies. The contrast with the complex,detailed listing and reporting requirements in the United States is striking.•Availability of capital (point 4). Switzerland has a large, well-developed capital market.•Reputation of the exchange (point 5). The Swiss Exchange is well known for providing a high quality, efficient trading environment.•Corporate profile and brand identity (point 6). A listing on the New Market would dovetail with the company s possible expansion into Switzerland by giving it a higherprofile in the Swiss market. While e-centives is interested in expanding into Switzerland, it also is considering Germany and the United Kingdom, which have much largerconsumer markets. Therefore, this is not an overwhelming point in Switzerland s favor.•Regulatory environment (point 7). It is highly likely that e-centives chose Switzerland because its regulatory environment is unlike that of the United States.•Availability of investors (point 9). e-centives might be interested in possible investment from large Swiss pension funds, but it s not likely that such funds would invest in aspeculative, start-up enterprise.2. a. Possible reasons why e-centives chose not to raise public equity in the United States:•One possible reason would be to avoid the complex and expensive process of registering securities with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and keeping up with theCommission’s periodic reporting requirements.•e-centives probably would not satisfy the listing requirements of a U.S. stock exchange (such as Nasdaq or a regional stock exchange).•Management might think that raising money in Switzerland rather than the U.S. might give them an appearance of quality, cleverness, and exclusivity that would not bepossible with a U.S. listing. (Your authors believe that such reasoning is far-fetched, but it s not unknown.)b. Possible drawbacks to not raising capital in the U.S. public markets.•Lack of access to the largest pool of investment capital in the world.•Lack of following by U.S. investment analysts, and lack of access to individual U.S.investors.•Trading volume on the Swiss Exchange New Market is much smaller than on the U.S.exchanges.•Listing in Switzerland does little to establish the reputation or raise the profile of e-centives in the United States.•The degree to which (mostly European) investors in the New Market would be interested in a struggling U.S. start-up certainly can be questioned.3. Advantages and disadvantages to e-centives of using U.S. GAAP.Advantages: U.S. accounting standards are highly credible and well known, which is important to a new company seeking investment capital, and would be much more familiar to the company’s management, outside auditors, and investors domiciled in the U.S. than any other set of standards. Use of U.S. GAAP would eliminate some suspicions of the company trying to put something over on investors by using some other set of GAAP, and U.S. GAAP is accepted explicitly by the Swiss Exchange.Disadvantages: U.S. accounting standards are not particularly well known to investors participating on the Swiss Exchange, who would be expected to know Swiss GAAP, GAAP of other major European markets, and possibly IAS (International Accounting Standards). Compliance with U.S. GAAP is more complex and expensive than compliance with other standards (such as IAS), and the company might see some cost savings by avoiding U.S. GAAP if it isn’t required to use them.4. Should the Swiss Exchange require e-centives to prepare its financial statements using Swiss accounting standards?This is a debatable point. One would expect that investors on the Swiss Exchange would be more familiar with Swiss accounting standards than with any other, and that requiring Swiss accounting standards would make financial disclosures more easily understood toth em than any others. This wouldn’t be true, however, for non-Swiss investors participating on the exchange, and ignores the fact that IAS increasingly are becoming a common language for financial accounting disclosures. Accepting IAS almost certainly would increase the pool of investors that would be able readily to understand disclosures by listed companies, and this would give the exchange a powerful reason to accept IAS in addition to (if not instead of) Swiss accounting standards.5. What are listing and financial reporting requirements of the Swiss Exchange s New Market? Does e-centives appear to fit the profile of the typical New Market company?From the case: The New Market is designed to meet the financing needs of rapidly growing companies Listing requirements are simple. For example, companies must have an operating track record of 12 months [note: not necessarily a profitable operating track record], [and] the initial public listing must involve a capital increase. All of these conditions apply well to e-centives, and on that basis the company does appear to fit the profile of the typical New Market company. The uniqueness of e-centives is in its decision to skip the U.S. capital markets.Case 1-2Infosys Technologies LimitedThis case is designed to get students into reading non-domestic financial statements. Many students will be surprised at the information content of Infosys’ financial statements as the company does not fit the typical stereotype of sub-par financial reporting in emerging markets. Indeed the company illustrates how competitive the world of business has become and the success that accrues to firms that base their futures on innovative thinking and adaptability. Students unused to seeing the report form of balance sheet will find it at odds with the classified balance sheet format that they were taught in class. Other things they will note include but are not limited to: use of a fiscal as opposed to a calendar year, the fact that the financial statements。
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国际会计作业：国际会计准则理事会内涵与背景国际会计准则理事会是制定及批准国际财务报告准则的一个独立私营机构。
国际会计准则理事会在国际财务报告准则基金会的监督下运作。
国际会计准则理事会于2001年成立，取代了先前的国际会计准则委员会。
国际会计准则理事会（，简称）。
的前身是国际会计准则委员会（，简称），在2000年进行全面重组并于2001年初改为国际会计准则理事会。
是由来自澳大利亚、加拿大、法国、德国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、英国和爱尔兰以及美国的会计职业团体于1973年发起成立的。
从1983年起，作为国际会计师联合会（，简称“”）成员的所有会计职业团体均已成为的成员。
中国于1998年5月正式加入和国际会计师联合会。
的目标是，制定和发布国际会计准则，促进国际会计的协调。
重组前，国际会计准则制定工作由国际会计准则委员会理事会（）承担。
理事会由13个国家的会计职业团体的代表以及不超过4个在财务报告方面利益相关的其他组织的代表组成。
除理事会外，还成立了咨询团（）、顾问委员会（）和常设解释委员会（）三个机构。
咨询团定期开会，与理事会讨论国际会计准则项目中的技术问题、的工作计划及战略，在制定国际会计准则的应循程序（）以及推动承认国际会计准则方面发挥重要作用。
顾问委员会的作用是提高国际会计准则的可信度，推动国际会计准则广泛承认。
常设解释委员会定期考虑因缺少权威指南而出现分歧或不可接受的处理方法的议题，起草解释公告（建议稿），公开征求意见后报经理事会批准。
重组是1997年提出来的，为此专门成立了“战略工作组”（）。
1998底，战略工作组提出了重组方案，具体体现在《重塑未来》这一研究报告中。
该方案建议，新设基金会、理事会和制定委员会三个层次，基金会任免理事会成员和制定委员会成员，理事会负责审议和投票表决，制定委员会负责研究起草准则。
这个方案与原结构的差别在于，会计准则制定工作由专职成员负责，而不是像以前那样由指导委员会这样的兼职人员负责；技术性讨论落在制定委员会这个层次上，理事会更象一个表决机构。
因为研究制定和表决通过由两个机构分别负责，因此有人称之为“两院制”。
上述方案受到美国等几个英语国家的反对。
1999年11月，战略工作组向理事会递交了题为《关于重塑未来的建议》的最终报告。
根据这一方案，除了设立类似于基金会的管理委员会（）外，不再分设理事会和制定委员会，而是合二为一，称为国际会计准则理事会，即，这个理事会由专职人士组成，对会计准则有最后的决定权。
因为研究制定和表决通过由一个机构负责，因此被称为“一院制”。
目标一、本着公众利益，制定一套高质量的、可理解的并且可实施的全球性会计准则，这套准则要求在财务报表和其他财务报告中提供高质量的、透明的且可比的信息，以帮助世界资本市场的参与者和其他使用者进行经济决策；二、促进这些准则的使用和严格实施；三、促成各国会计准则与国际财务报告准则趋同于高质量的解决方案。
组织结构国际会计准则理事会主要结构特征为：国际会计准则委员会基金会是一个独立的机构，它包括两大主体：管理委员会和国际会计准则理事会，此外还包括准则咨询委员会和国际财务报告解释委员会。
国际会计准则理事会成员由管理委员会任命，管理委员会负责审察和集资，而会计准则的制订则由国际会计准则理事会负责。
在推动国际会计协调方面发挥的作用跨国兼并和收购，企业估值是一种会计计量，从各国不同的功能。
例如，在P电子/电气估值倍数。
国际资本市场提高外部融资是指在国外的财务报告必须越来越多国际旅行。
全球竞争竞争标杆需要国际上的比较报告问题时，业务超越国界：外国帐户合并会计外币波动会计和价格变化国际计划和控制绩效评价海外业务财务风险管理国际税收和转让定价。
：国际证监会组织内涵国际证监会组织（ , 简称）是证券监管领域最重要的国际组织，成立于1983年。
其前身为成立于1974年的证监会美洲协会。
总部设在西班牙马德里，现有193个会员机构，其中包括110个正式会员( )，11个联系会员( )和72个附属会员( )。
根据章程，同一辖区()下只能有一个监管机构成为正式会员，其它监管机构可成为联系会员（无选举权和被选举权），而交易所、金融机构等可成为附属会员。
作为专业性国际组织，强调非政治原则，所有国际会议上不悬挂国旗、不奏国歌。
目标一、维护证券市场的公正、有效和合理发展；二、会员相互交流经验、交换信息，促进内部市场的发展；三、设立国际标准，建立对国际证券与期货交易的有效监督；四、遵守有关准则，有效打击违规行为，相互提供协助，确保市场的完善与发展。
组织结构主席委员会由正式会员与联系会员机构的主席组成。
执委会是实际决策核心,技术委员会和新兴市场委员会向执委会报告。
按照所属地区，会员机构分属非洲/中东地区委员会、亚太地区委员会、欧洲地区委员会和美洲地区委员会。
还设有秘书处和咨询委员会。
: 欧盟委员会内涵欧盟委员会（）简称欧委会，是欧盟的常设执行机构，也是欧盟唯一有权起草法令的机构。
背景委员会是中国大陆的叫法，台湾地区称为欧盟执委会。
欧盟委员会源于《1951年巴黎条约》成立的欧洲煤钢共同体的四个重要机构之一的高级公署并由莫内出任第一届主席。
随着1958年罗马条约的签订，出现了另外两个机构：欧洲经济共同体委员会和欧洲原子能共同体委员会，此两机构是仿效欧洲煤钢共同体但超国家特质却大为减少，此时欧洲煤钢共同体的高级公署被执委会所取代。
1967年这三个机构通过(“设立欧洲共同体单一理事会暨单一执委会条约”简称《合并条约》)合并组成了欧洲共同体，并将其三机构最知执行机构合并成单一的执委会。
欧共体执委会是欧盟执委会的直接前身。
第一任执委会的主席是比利时的吉恩‧瑞伊()，执委会共有14名执委，任期是1967.07~1970.07。
1970.07之后执委会的执委人数减少至九位。
直到1995年，历任主席根据《马斯特里赫特条约》欧盟委员会任期为5年，设主席1人、副主席2人。
该委员会由20人组成，法国、德国、英国、意大利、西班牙各2人，其他欧盟成员国各1人。
自2003年2月《尼斯条约》开始生效后，欧盟各成员国都选派一名委员，因此目前欧盟委员会有27个委员。
组织结构欧盟委员会设有27个委员，其中一名担任欧盟委员会主席领导整个委员会，非主席的那些委员也根据其职责领域被称为欧盟某某（比如外交）事务专员。
基本上，欧盟委员会每五年在欧洲议会选举结束的六个月内换届。
欧盟委员会主席由欧盟理事会和成员国政府首脑一起决定，并需要得到欧洲议会的赞成。
主席被任命后需要和各成员国政府商榷，确定委员会的成员，而主席的这一共同决定委员会成员的权利始于1999年。
各成员国都选派一名候选人，随后刚刚完成换届选举的欧洲议会对候选人进行调查并就此发表声明，不过欧洲议会只能对整个委员会的组成表示反对。
随后欧盟委员会将得到成员国的任命。
自2003年2月《尼斯条约》开始生效后，欧盟各成员国都选派一名委员。
委员会的成员之间互相平等，共同制定政策。
欧盟委员会和欧洲议会一样，每届任期五年。
委员会的每个成员都拥有一个由6到9名政治官员组成的工作团队。
2007年签署的里斯本条约当中，决定精简欧盟委员会组织，原先27人（一国一名代表）将自2015年起改为包括主席、副主席在内共18人。
主要作用盟委员会的任务在《欧洲联盟条约》221条及以下得到规定。
欧盟委员会是整个欧共体行政体系的发动机：其具有主动权，可以建议法律文件，并为欧洲议会和欧盟理事会准备这些法律文件。
在法律提案还没有获得决议的情况下，欧盟委员会可以随时撤回其法律提案。
作为欧盟执行机构，其负责欧盟各项法律文件（指令、条例、决定）的具体贯彻执行，以及预算和项目的执行。
作为欧共体在国际舞台的代表，进行特别是商贸和合作方面的国际条约的谈判。
：国际会计师联合会内涵与背景国际会计师联合会 ( ) 于１９７７年１０月１４日在德国慕尼黑成立，其前身是于１９７２年在澳大利亚的悉尼召开的第１０届国际会计师大会上成立的国际会计职业协调委员会。
国际自动控制联合会（英文缩写）成立于1957 年，是一个以国家组织为其成员的国际性学术组织。
1956 年9 月，德国工程师协会( ()) 和德国电气工程师协会( ())在德国举办了一次重要的控制会议。
出席会议的有来自瑞士、美国等19 个国家的代表。
美国科学家应邀在这次会议上致开幕词。
当他到达后，从大会秘书处获悉，仅在1956 年里，欧洲国家就举办8 次类似的会议。
他认为在同一年中仅在欧洲就举办8 次这样的会议是得不偿失的，这将使愿意参加此类会议的工程师和科学家们无论在经济上还是时间上都难以承受。
为此在大会的第二天，即9 月26 日，就向提议应该有一个国际性的机构来负责组织定期地举办控制方面的国际会议，这样不仅有利于控制领域的学者和工程师们更好地进行学术交流，而且也可大大地减少他们为保持对本领域的了解所必须参加的会议的次数。
目标联合会的宗旨是以统一的标准发展和提高世界范围的会计专业，促进国际范围内的会计协调。
其任务是决定国际会计师大会的主办国；保持与参加国际会计师大会的各国的联系；促进国际的地区机构的发展和信息的交流；参考和吸收各国提出的意见，扩大国际会计职业协调委员会的业务，并为改进业务提供咨询。
中国注册会计师协会１９９７年５月８日正式成为国际会计师联合会成员。
: 联合国贸易和发展会议内涵与背景联合国贸易和发展会议（简称贸发会议，英文是，英文简称是）成立于1964年，是联合国大会常设机构之一，是审议有关国家贸易与经济发展问题的国际经济组织，是联合国系统内唯一综合处理发展和贸易、资金、技术、投资和可持续发展领域相关问题的政府间机构，总部设在瑞士日内瓦，目前有成员国188个，现任秘书长为鲁本斯· 里库佩罗（巴西人）。
联合国贸易和发展会议，简称贸发会议，是联合国大会常设机构之一是审议有关国家贸易与经济发展问题的国际经济组织（以下简称贸发会议）。
贸发会议每4年举行一届大会，大会是贸发会议的最高权力机构。
截至2008年，贸发会议已先后在日内瓦、新德里、圣地亚哥、内罗毕、马尼拉、贝尔格莱德、日内瓦、卡塔赫纳（哥伦比亚）、米德兰（南非）、曼谷、巴西圣保罗和加纳阿克拉举行过12届大会。
中国于1972年参加贸发会议，目前是贸发会议、贸发理事会以及所属各主要委员会的成员。
第二次世界大战以后，众多发展中国家继政治上获得独立后努力发展民族经济，但由于旧国际经济秩序的严惩阻碍，发展中国家经济遭受极大损害：初级产品出口停滞，贸易条件恶习化，国际收支逆差不断扩大。
20世纪60年代初，发展中国家对于自己在世界贸易中的地位深表关注。
他们呼吁召开一次全面的大会探讨发展中国家在世界贸易中所面临的处境，并要求通过采取国际联合行动来解决发展中国家所面临的问题。