《国际市场营销学》第六章习题参考答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案第一章1、国际市场营销学：是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营管理的科学。
2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学、国际贸易学的区别与联系是什么？答：国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系与区别联系：①理论基础相同②经营理念相同③市场边界的扩大区别：①国际市场环境更加复杂②国际市场营销面对更多不确定因素③国际市场营销方案更多样化④国际市场营销的难度更大国际市场营销与国际贸易的联系与区别联系：①国际贸易是国际市场营销的先导。
②企业的国际市场营销是国际贸易的一部分。
区别：①经营主体不同②商品的流通形态不同③经营动力或行为动机不同④评价经济效益的信息来源不同⑤国际市场营销活动的作业流程比国际贸易更加复杂3、企业开展国际市场营销的动因是什么？答：⑴国市场竞争激烈，利润微薄促使企业走向国际市场⑵企业走向国际市场以延长其产品的生命周期⑶国际市场需求潜力大、机会多⑷对低成本的追求⑸对东道国丰富和廉价资源的吸引⑹本国政府的支持和鼓励⑺东道国市场环境和基础设施条件的吸引4、国际市场营销的发展过程是什么？答：⑴国营销阶段⑵出口营销阶段⑶国际市场营销阶段5、国际市场的研究容有哪些？答：研究对象：国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动、国际市场营销规律研究容：国际市场营销环境、国际市场的选择、国际市场的调研、国际市场营销规划与组织、国际市场营销信息系、国际市场营销策略、国际市场竞争战略。
第二章1、国际政治环境：是指东道国直接或间接影响和制约国际市场营销的各种政治因素的集合，其容主要涉及政府与政党体制、政府政策和政治风险。
2、国际法律环境：影响国际企业开展国际市场营销活动的法律主要有国法律国际法律和东道国法律构成了国际法律环境。
3、如何评估国际政治环境？答：⑴专家调查法⑵实地考察法⑶利用驻外专家调查法⑷利用国际咨询机构法⑸政治体制稳定指数（PSSI）法4、采取什么措施以防国际政治风险？答：⑴回避策略⑵保险策略⑶当地化策略⑷建立合资企业策略⑸树立良好的企业形象策略⑹积极参与东道国经济建设策略5、国际商务争端的解决途径有哪些？答：（1）协商：是指在发生商务争端之后，各方当事人约定在自愿互谅互让、相互妥协的基础上，依据相关法律和合同条款的规定，达成各方都能接受的解决方案。
国际市场营销第6章中国市场及消费者分析习题参考答案
国际市场营销第6章中国市场及消费者分析习题参考答案
第6章中国市场及消费者分析习题参考答案
一、选择题
1. ABCD
2. AD
3. ABCD
4. B
5. D
6.AB
7. ACD
8.BCD
9.BCD 10.A
二、是非判断题
1. 错
2. 对
3. 错
4. 错
5. 对
6. 对
7. 错
8. 对
9. 对
10. 对
三、案例分析
1. 地下钱庄洗钱及证券等违法交易流出的钱是资金外逃还是资金外流？为什么？
属于资金外逃，因为这些资金不是去外投资，而是为躲避风险。
2.资金外逃对中国市场消费的影响有哪些？
不利影响：影响国内资本市场稳定性；影响境内经济均衡状况；
冲击经济秩序；制约国内市场消费。
3.针对资金外逃，我们该怎么办？
采取措施：加快资本市场改革，适时、适度放宽外汇交易限制，提高金融市场化程度，出台资本市场保护法。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
《国际市场营销学》第六章习题参考答案
《国际市场营销学》第六章习题参考答案1.解释下列概念：物质自然环境：物质自然环境是国际营销环境的重要因素, 它主要包括自然条件与基础设施。
自然条件：自然环境主要包括地形、气候、土地面积及自然资源等。
基础设施：基础设施主要包括交通运输设施、通讯设备和仓库等，还包括有关商业的基础设施。
环保运动或环境保护主义：环保运动或环境保护主义是指由对保护及改善人类赖以生存的环境十分关注的公民和政府所倡导的一种有组织的运动。
可持续发展战略：可持续发展战略是指社会经济发展必须同自然环境及社会环境相联系，使经济建设与资源环境相协调，使人口增长与社会生产力发展相适应，以保证实现社会良性循环的发展。
绿色消费：消费者从关心和维护个人生命安全、身体健康、生态环境、人类社会和永续发展出发，试图以自己强烈的环境意识对市场形成一股巨大的环保压力。
以此引导企业生产和制造符合环境标准的产品，促进环境保护，以实现人类与环境和谐演进的目标。
绿色产品：所谓绿色产品，指对社会或环境的改善有贡献的产品，或减少其对社会和环境所造成的损害，或指对环境及社会生活品质的改善优于竞争者所提供的产品。
绿色营销：绿色营销是指企业以保护环境观念作为其经营哲学思想，以绿色文化为其价值观念，以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点，通过制定及实施绿色营销策略，满足消费者的消费需求，实现企业的经营目标。
2.何谓物质自然环境？它对该国社会的政治、经济及国际营销发生什么样的影响？答：物质自然环境是国际营销环境的重要因素, 它主要包括自然条件与基础设施。
自然环境影响国家的经济与社会发展：地理条件影响一个国家的交通运输与贸易的发展；地理条件影响一个国家社会的发展；自然资源的差异将影响世界经济发展与贸易发展的格局。
自然环境对国际营销的影响：影响产品的适应性；影响分销体系的设立及分销渠道的选择；自然条件影响企业的经营成本。
基础设施从以下几个方面影响国际营销：交通运输、通讯设备、商业基础设施。
国际市场营销习题答案-1-14章(1)
课后习题答案第一章导论一、单选A 2B 3D 4C 5C 6D 7D 8C 9D 10C二、多选题1 ABCDE2 ABCDE 3ABD 4 ABCD 5 ABD三、简答：1．国际市场营销的含义是什么?国际市场营销是指企业根据市场国消费者的消费习惯与需求，将产品和服务提供给国外的消费者的跨越国界的营销行为。
国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
2．国际市场营销的基本理论有哪些?国际市场营销与市场营销一样，是以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础，融合现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以应用于国内的市场营销活动，又广泛运用于国际市场营销之中。
以消费者的需求为中心，经历了一个由生产观念到市场观念，从以生产者为中心到以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心的发展过程。
国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸。
4．如何理解国际市场营销的概念?国际市场营销的本质是企业通过为国际市场上的消费者提供满足其需要的产品和服务从而获得利润的经营活动。
国际市场营销相对于国内市场营销更具有复杂性、风险性、困难性等。
因为国际市场营销是企业在国际市场进行的，由于各国的经济、政治、文化等方面都存在一定的差异，因此市场需求千差万别。
企业在进行国际市场营销活动时，必须充分调研各国的商业政策和市场特点，营销决策应因地制宜，尊重各国的文化特点。
5．市场营销学与国际市场营销学的区别。
国际市场营销与国内市场营销所面临的环境大不相同，因此，从事国际市场营销和从事国内市场营销时也存在较大的区别，具体表现在以下几个方面。
1．国际市场营销面临的环境更复杂。
国内市场营销在本国范围内进行，面临的是一种比较单纯的市场环境结构，它是由企业营销人员比较熟悉的所在国的政治、经济、法律、文化等市场环境构成。
国际市场营销所面临的市场环境则是多层次的复杂结构。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就就是说，企业发展国际营销,一般都有一个渐进得过程。
《国际市场营销学》参考答案
《国际市场营销学》学员作业参考答案第一单元(第1—4章)作业题参考答案一、单项选择题1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．B6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A二、简答题1．答：国际市场营销(International Marketing)简称国际营销，是指在复杂的国际市场环境中，识别和确定国外消费者和用户的需要，并通过提供能满足这些需要的商品和劳务实现企业目标的整体营销活动。
2．答：一、拓宽企业的生存和发展空间，增强企业活力；二、外向型经济发展的需要；三、国外营销环境的吸引力；四、规避国际贸易壁垒的需要；五、利用外国资源、参与国际分工；六、接近市场，使产品更加适销对路；七、实现规模经济的需要。
3．答：企业遇到环境威胁时，一般有三种选择：一是抵抗，即设法限制或扭转不利因素的发展；二是减轻，即努力降低威胁的严重性；三是回避，即主动转移到较有利的其他市场。
4．答：国体；政体；政党制度；政府政策的稳定性；民族主义；行政效率及清廉程度。
5．答：各国关于广告的法律法规很多，归纳起来主要有以下几类：①对广告产品的限制。
②对广告的内容及真实性的限制。
③对于广告媒体的限制。
④对广告对象的限制。
⑤对广告时间的限制。
⑥对于广告税收的规定。
6．答：非关税措施主要有以下形式：进口配额、进口许可证制、政府采购条款、最低限价制、海关程序、各种复杂苛刻的标准与规定等。
7．答：技术环境对营销的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：1．对需求的影响。
2．对产品策略的影响。
3．对交易方式的影响。
4．对营销管理的影响。
5．对竞争战略的影响。
8．答：马斯洛将人们的需求按由低到高的顺序分成5个层次，即生理需求(衣、食、住)、安全需求(人身安全、健康保护)、社会需求(社交活动、归属感、友谊、爱情)、自尊需求(得到社会尊重和承认、自尊心获得满足)和自我实现需求(自我潜能极度发挥、追求理想的实现)。
9．答：1．确认需要、产生购买动机阶段。
国际市场营销学超全作业答案-单选判断多选题超全40道
《国际市场营销学》第一套作业（1-2单元）一、单项选择题1、经济落后，人均收入低的是（）市场。
A.中东B.非洲C.欧盟D.日本正确答案：B2、（）消费者习惯借债购买，超前消费。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A3、垄断控制性强的是（）市场。
A.美国B.日本C.中东D.非洲正确答案：B4、重要的转口市场是（）。
A.美国B.日本C.中东D.欧盟正确答案：C5、绝对利益学说认为，国际贸易产生的原因在于（）的绝对差异。
A.商品质量B.商品价格C.竞争能力D.商品成本正确答案：D6、（）消费者精品王国的“平民消费”。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A7、（）消费者重视售后服务。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：B8、一般来说，国际营销的受挫或失败，最主要在于（）。
A.文化差异B.经济差异C.法律差异D.政治差异正确答案：A9、削减库存和解决生产能力过剩问题应采取的营销导向一般为（）观念。
A.国内市场延伸B.国别营销C.全球营销D.区域营销正确答案：A10、市场安全性强的是（）市场。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A11、国际营销的动机和目的是（）。
A.比较利益B.公司利润C.市场竞争力D.市场占有率正确答案：B12、（）消费者追求个性，要高档。
A.美国B.日本C.欧盟D.香港正确答案：A13、流通渠道比较复杂的是（）市场。
B.日本C.中东D.欧盟正确答案：B14、开展标准化的国际营销活动的营销导向一般是（）观念。
A.国内市场延伸B.国别营销C.全球营销D.区域营销正确答案：C15、国际市场格局最基本和传统的划分是（）。
A.地理性B.经济性C.文化性D.集团性正确答案：A二、多选题16、营销国际市场消费者行为因素是（）。
A.文化B.经济C.社会D.心理正确答案：A,B,C17、国际营销管理过程的战略规划决策包括（）决策。
A.是否进入B.市场范围C.进入方式D.组织模式正确答案：A,B,C,D18、国际营销与国际贸易相同的理论依据是（）。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
国际市场营销学(顾春梅)习题与参考答案(新)
国际市场营销学(顾春梅)习题与参考答案(新) 第一章国际市场营销学导论 1、名词解释1.答:国际营销是指企业向一国以上的市场提供产品或劳务，在满足市场需求的基础上实现更大的经济利益的跨越国界的经济活动。
2.答:多国营销是指企业开始将国外市场作为目标市场，有计划地、系统地运用国际营销手段开拓国外市场。
3.答:全球营销是指企业将全球市场作为整体，从世界范围来筹划企业的营销行为，以求得企业的综合竞争优势，实现全球利益最大化。
4.答:跨国经营是国际营销的高级阶段，它是指企业向国外市场直接输出资本，通过在当地设立子公司或分支机构等形式，在国外直接从事产品的生产经营活动。
2、简答题2.答:国际营销活动的发展经历了出口营销?多国营销?全球营销等阶段。
出口营销、多国营销、全球营销是国际营销在不同发展阶段的活动，它们既有区别，又有联系。
4.答:国际营销与国内营销的基本原理相同，但由于国际营销活动需要跨越国界在一个完全陌生的环境下进行，使国际营销要比国内营销更为复杂和困难。
国际营销与国内营销的差别主要体现在以下几个方面:1)营销环境的差异性。
由于企业的营销活动从国内市场延伸到国外市场，市(场环境发生了很大变化。
(2)营销系统的复杂性。
构成国际营销系统的主要参与者，有的来自本国，有的来自东道国，还有的来自第三国。
而在国内市场上，这些参与者大多来自本国，因此营销系统较为简单。
(3)营销过程的不确定性。
由于环境差异，使各国的消费需求存在显著差异，从而使国际营销人员无法确切地把握国外市场的需求水平、需求构成、需求心理等，难以为之提供合适的产品、制定合理的价格、构建通畅的分销网络，也难以取得理想的促销效果。
1(4)营销管理的困难性。
国际营销管理的任务不仅在于把每一个国家的市场营销活动搞好，还需要对其在各国营销业务进行统一规划、控制与协调，使母公司和分散在世界各地的子公司的营销活动成为一个整体，实现总体利益最大化。
6.答:(1)进入国外市场。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案讲课稿
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国营销。
国营销是指国市场为企业唯一的经营围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国消费者、国供应商、国竞争者。
其公司在国从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
国际市场营销试题及答案
国际市场营销试题及答案国际市场营销试题及答案「篇一」20xx市场营销学试题及答案对于《市场营销学》这门课程的学习，需要掌握好重要知识点，才能轻松面对接下来的考试。
以下是20xx市场营销学试题及答案，欢迎阅读。
第一题解释下属名词(每小题4分)1. 市场营销：是个人和群体通过创造产品和价值,并同他人进行交换已获得所需所欲的一种社会及管理过程。
2.市场细分：指企业通过市场调研，依据一定的标准，把整体市场划分为若干个子市场的市场分类过程。
3. 品牌：是一个或一群生产者、经营者，为了识别其产品，并区别于其他竞争者，所用的一种具有显著特征的标记。
4. 数量折扣：又称批量作价，是企业对大量购买产品的顾客给予的一种减价优惠。
5. 广告狭义广告的定义为：“广告是广告主以付费的方式，通过公共媒介对其商品或劳务进行宣传，借以向消费者有计划地传递信息，影响人们对所广告的商品或劳务的态度，进而诱发其行动而使广告主得到利益的活动第二题单项选择题(每题2分，共20分)1、需求是指人们有能力购买并愿意购买某个(种)具体产品的愿望，也就是说，需求可表示为_____________。
CA、欲望需要B、需要购买力C、欲望购买力D、欲望人数2、“寻求品种的购买行为”就是指消费者购买特定产品时，面对的市场情况为：“品牌差异”_______，而其的“购买介入程度”又_______。
BA、大高B、大低C、小高D、小低3、分别为若干不同的细分市场设计不同的产品或服务，并采用不同的营销组合，就是目标市场营销战略中的_______战略。
BA、无差异B、差异C、集中D、部分差异4、引入期的“快速掠取战略”是指采用_______促销和_______订价。
DA、高低B、低高C、低低D、高高5、顾客主要想通过购买努力在市场上寻找到价格更便宜的产品，属于消费品分类中__B_____品中的异质品。
A、方便B、选购C、耐用D、特殊6、按照订价的“3C模型”原理，企业确定价格时，应该使制定出来的价格与竞争者的价格有相同的___D____。
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1.解释下列概念：
物质自然环境：物质自然环境是国际营销环境的重要因素, 它主要包括自然条件与基础设施。
自然条件：自然环境主要包括地形、气候、土地面积及自然资源等。
基础设施：基础设施主要包括交通运输设施、通讯设备和仓库等，还包括有关商业的基础设施。
环保运动或环境保护主义：环保运动或环境保护主义是指由对保护及改善人类赖以生存的环境十分关注的公民和政府所倡导的一种有组织的运动。
可持续发展战略：可持续发展战略是指社会经济发展必须同自然环境及社会环境相联系，使经济建设与资源环境相协调，使人口增长与社会生产力发展相适应，以保证实现社会良性循环的发展。
绿色消费：消费者从关心和维护个人生命安全、身体健康、生态环境、人类社会和永续发展出发，试图以自己强烈的环境意识对市场形成一股巨大的环保压力。
以此引导企业生产和制造符合环境标准的产品，促进环境保护，以实现人类与环境和谐演进的目标。
绿色产品：所谓绿色产品，指对社会或环境的改善有贡献的产品，或减少其对社会和环境所造成的损害，或指对环境及社会生活品质的改善优于竞争者所提供的产品。
绿色营销：绿色营销是指企业以保护环境观念作为其经营哲学思想，以绿色文化为其价值观念，以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点，通过制定及实施绿色营销策略，满足消费者的消费需求，实现企业的经营目标。
2.何谓物质自然环境？它对该国社会的政治、经济及国际营销发生什么样的影响？
答：物质自然环境是国际营销环境的重要因素, 它主要包括自然条件与基础设施。
自然环境影响国家的经济与社会发展：地理条件影响一个国家的交通运输与贸易的发展；地理条件影响一个国家社会的发展；自然资源的差异将影响世界经济发展与贸易发展的格局。
自然环境对国际营销的影响：影响产品的适应性；影响分销体系的设立及分销渠道的选择；自然条件影响企业的经营成本。
基础设施从以下几个方面影响国际营销：交通运输、通讯设备、商业基础设施。
3.为什么自然环境保护必须进行国际性的合作？
答：自然环境恶化主要表现在：臭氧层空洞、全球变暖、空气污染、森林砍伐、土地退化、水源污染严重、资源短缺。
总之，自然环境的恶化是全球性的，因而，应当从全球的视角，协调各国的关系，共同采取环保对策。
4.什么叫环保运动？它对企业国际营销有何影响？
答：环保运动或环境保护主义是指由对保护及改善人类赖以生存的环境十分关注的公民和政府所倡导的一种有组织的运动。
环保运动对企业营销的要求：环保主义者并不反对营销活动及人们的消费，而是希望营销活动和消费能循生态方面的原则；环保主义者要求生产者和消费者在决策时要考虑环境成本。
环保运动对企业营销既造成威胁又带来了机遇：一方面对造成污染的企业形成威胁；另一方面对研制控制环境污染设备的企业则提供了发展的机会，使企业能开拓新的营销天地。
5.什么是可持续发展战略？其提出的社会背景如何？
答：可持续发展战略是指社会经济发展必须同自然环境及社会环境相联系，使经济建设与资源环境相协调，使人口增长与社会生产力发展相适应，以保证实现社会良性循环的发展。
人类自实行工业化以来，社会经济迅猛发展，在为社会创造巨大财富，给广大消费者提供物质福利及给企业带来巨额利润的同时，却严重地浪费了自然资源，破坏了自然生态平衡，造成了严重的环境污染及恶劣的社会环境，要使人类社会能够良性循环地发展，必须实施保护自然环境，治理环境污染及实施改变恶劣社会环境的可持续发展战略。
6.绿色营销与可持续发展战略有何关系？
答：实现可持续发展实质上是要协调好经济、社会与资源三者的关系。
协调好这三者之间的关系，需要通过政府行为、公众行为与企业参与行为共同作用。
可持续发展战略的实施，从宏观方面，要求政府制定及实施可持续发展战略，要求国际间的合作。
从微观方面，要求各企业营销活动有利于环境的良性循环发展，也就是要求企业开展绿色营销。
7.什么是绿色营销？它同传统营销有何差异？
答：绿色营销是指企业以保护环境观念作为其经营哲学思想，以绿色文化为其价值观念，以消费者的绿色消费为中心和出发点，通过制定及实施绿色营销策略，满足消费者的消费需求，实现企业的经营目标。
绿色营销特点：绿色标准和标志表现出了世界的无差别性；绿色营销以绿色观念为主导；绿色营销以绿色产品为依托。
课后案例答案提示
讨论题，从上述案例中分析自然环境对企业营销的影响。
答：自然环境对国际营销的影响：影响产品的适应性、影响分销体系的设立及分销渠道的选择、自然条件影响企业的经营成本。
结合案例和理论作案即可。