本科毕业设计外文翻译
最新外文文献翻译格式范例

外文文献翻译格式范例本科毕业设计(外文翻译)外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程(电子信息工程方向)年级班别 2006级(4)班学号 3206003186学生姓名柯思怡指导教师 ______ 田妮莉 _ __2010年6月目录熟悉微软SQL Server (1)1Section A 引言 (1)2Section B 再谈数据库可伸缩性 (4)3Section C 数据库开发的特点 (7)Get Your Arms around Microsoft SQL Server (9)1Section A Introduction to SQL Server 2005 (9)2Section B Database Scalability Revisited (13)3Section C Features for Database Development (17)熟悉微软SQL Server1 Section A 引言SQL Server 2005 是微软SQL生产线上最值得期待的产品。
在经过了上百万个邮件,成百上千的规范说明,以及数十次修订后。
微软承诺SQL Server 2005 是最新的基于Windows数据库应用的数据库开发平台。
这节的内容将指出SQL Server 2005产品的一些的重要特征。
SQL Server 2005几乎覆盖OLTP及OLAP技术的所又内容。
微软公司的这个旗舰数据库产品几乎能覆盖所有的东西。
这个软件在经过五年多的制作后,成为一个与它任何一个前辈产品都完全不同的产品。
本节将介绍整个产品的大部分功能。
当人们去寻求其想要的一些功能和技术时,可以从中提取出重要的和最感新区的内容,包括SQL Server Engine 的一些蜕变的历史,以及各种各样的SQL Server 2005的版本,可伸缩性,有效性,大型数据库的维护以及商业智能等如下:●数据库引擎增强技术。
SQL Server 2005 对数据库引擎进行了许多改进,并引入了新的功能。
本科毕业设计外文翻译需要注意的问题

外文翻译需要注意的问题,
1 外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等
2 作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译;
3 abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语;
4 Key words翻译成“关键词”
5 introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)
6 各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。
7 注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距1.25,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)
8 里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文
9里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格
大家翻译时,可以将太长的句子用两句或多句描述。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
(空一行,字体同正文)5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译(一)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等或et al表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名(版本),出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次.原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
(二)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分:封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文(设计)外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分:外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题,三号字,宋体,顶格,加粗二级标题,四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗三级标题,小四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗2.正文小四号字,宋体。
第三部分:版面要求论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸)版芯要求:左边距:25mm,右边距:25mm,上边距:30mm,下边距:25mm,页眉边距:23mm,页脚边距:18mm字符间距:标准行距:1.25倍页眉页角:页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)

本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译外文原文题目:Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目:高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计(论文)题目:阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名:任有健学院:生命学院班级:06210501指导教师:李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号,Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要:本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法,胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒,与悬浮介质(0n )相比,分别低于(0L n n <)、高于(0H n n >)悬浮介质的折射率。
球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获,捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。
这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。
我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水(0 1.33n =)中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳( 1.2L n ≈)和聚苯乙烯微珠( 1.57H n =)的独特性质。
©2004 美国光学学会光学分类与标引体系编码:(140.7010)捕获、(170.4520)光学限制与操作和(230.6120)空间光调制器。
1 引言光带有动量和角动量。
伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。
过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】

华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文)翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处:Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach,V A, May 1-4,2000,p. 623-634译文成绩:指导教师(导师组长)签名:译文:简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而,大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果,并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中,为特征提取技术描述,将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平,然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此,新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中,这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
本科毕业设计外文文献翻译

(Shear wall st ructural design ofh igh-lev el fr ameworkWu Jiche ngAbstract : In t his pape r the basic c oncepts of man pow er from th e fra me sh ear w all str uc ture, analy sis of the struct ur al des ign of th e c ont ent of t he fr ame she ar wall, in cludi ng the seism ic wa ll she ar spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码: 10128学 号:题 目:Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名: 学 院:土木工程学院 系 别:建筑工程系 专 业:土木工程专业(建筑工程方向) 班 级:土木08-(5)班 指导教师: (副教授)nratiodesign, and a concretestructure in themost co mmonly usedframe shear wallstructurethedesign of p oints to note.Keywords: concrete; frameshearwall structure;high-risebuildingsThe wall is amodern high-rise buildings is an impo rtant buildingcontent, the size of theframe shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the largersizebut the thicknessmust besmaller geometric featuresshouldbe presented to the plate,the force is close to cylindrical.The wall shear wa ll structure is a flatcomponent. Itsexposure to the force along the plane level of therole ofshear and moment, must also take intoaccountthe vertical pressure.Operate under thecombined action ofbending moments and axial force andshear forcebythe cantilever deep beam under the action of the force levelto loo kinto the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shearwall isdividedinto a whole walland theassociated shear wall in theactual project,a wholewallfor exampl e, such as generalhousingconstruction in the gableor fish bone structure filmwalls and small openingswall.Coupled Shear walls are connected bythecoupling beam shear wall.Butbecause thegeneralcoupling beamstiffness is less thanthe wall stiffnessof the limbs,so. Walllimb aloneis obvious.The central beam of theinflection pointtopay attentionto thewall pressure than the limits of the limb axis. Will forma shortwide beams,widecolumn wall limbshear wall openings toolarge component atbothen ds with just the domain of variable cross-section ro din the internalforcesunder theactionof many Walllimb inflection point Therefore, the calcula tions and construction shouldAccordingtoapproximate the framestructure to consider.The designof shear walls shouldbe based on the characteristics of avariety ofwall itself,and differentmechanical ch aracteristicsand requirements,wall oftheinternalforcedistribution and failuremodes of specific and comprehensive consideration of the design reinforcement and structural measures. Frame shear wall structure design is to consider the structure of the overall analysis for both directionsofthehorizontal and verticaleffects. Obtain theinternal force is required in accordancewiththe bias or partial pull normal section forcecalculation.The wall structure oftheframe shear wall structural design of the content frame high-rise buildings, in the actual projectintheuse of themost seismic walls have sufficient quantitiesto meet thelimitsof the layer displacement, the location isrelatively flexible. Seismic wall for continuous layout,full-length through.Should bedesigned to avoid the wall mutations in limb length and alignment is notupand down the hole. The sametime.The inside of the hole marginscolumnshould not belessthan300mm inordertoguaranteethelengthof the column as the edgeof the component and constraint edgecomponents.Thebi-direc tional lateral force resisting structural form of vertical andhorizontalwallconnected.Each other as the affinityof the shear wall. For one, two seismic frame she ar walls,even beam highratio should notgreaterthan 5 and a height of not less than400mm.Midline columnand beams,wall midline shouldnotbe greater tha nthe columnwidthof1/4,in order toreduce thetorsional effect of the seismicaction onthecolumn.Otherwisecan be taken tostrengthen thestirrupratio inthe column tomake up.If theshear wall shearspan thanthe big two. Eventhe beamcro ss-height ratiogreaterthan 2.5, then the design pressure of thecut shouldnotmakeabig 0.2. However, if the shearwallshear spanratioof less than two couplingbeams span of less than 2.5, then the shear compres sion ratiois notgreater than 0.15. Theother hand,the bottom ofthe frame shear wallstructure to enhance thedesign should notbe less than200mmand notlessthanstorey 1/16,otherpartsshouldnot be less than 160mm and not less thanstorey 1/20. Aroundthe wall of the frame shear wall structure shouldbe set to the beam or dark beamand the side columntoform a border. Horizontal distributionofshear walls can from the shear effect,this design when building higher longeror framestructure reinforcement should be appropriatelyincreased, especially in the sensitiveparts of the beam position or temperature, stiffnesschange is bestappropriately increased, thenconsideration shouldbe givento the wallverticalreinforcement,because it is mainly from the bending effect, andtake in some multi-storeyshearwall structurereinforcedreinforcement rate -likelessconstrained edgeofthecomponent or components reinforcement of theedge component.References: [1 sad Hayashi,He Yaming. On the shortshear wall high-rise buildingdesign [J].Keyuan, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

重金属污染存在于很多工业的废水中,如电镀,采矿,和制革。
2.实验
2.1化学药剂
本实验所使用的药剂均为分析纯,如无特别说明均购买自日本片山化工。铅离子储备液通过溶解Pb(NO3)2配制,使用时稀释到需要的浓度。HEPES缓冲液购买自Sigma–Aldrich。5 mol/L的HCl和NaOH用来调整pH。
附5
华南理工大学
本科毕业设计(论文)翻译
班级2011环境工程一班
姓名陈光耀
学号201130720022
指导教师韦朝海
填表日期
中文译名
(1)巯基改性纤维素对葡萄糖溶液中铅的吸附(2)黄原酸化橘子皮应用于吸附水中的铅离子
外文原文名
(1)Adsorption of Pb(II) from glucose solution on thiol-functionalized cellulosic biomass
2.5分析方法
铅离子的浓度用分光光度计在616 nm波长处用铅与偶氮氯膦-III络合物进行分析。葡萄糖含量采用苯酚—硫酸分光光度法测定。所有的实验均进行三次,已经考虑好误差。
3.结果和讨论
3.1FTIR分析和改性脱脂棉对铅(II)的吸附机制
图1是脱脂棉、改性脱脂棉在400-4000 cm-1(A)和2540-2560 cm-1(B)范围内的红外光谱图。可以看出,改性后改性脱脂棉的红外光谱图中在1735.71 cm-1处出现了一个新的吸收峰是酯基C=O的拉伸振动峰,可见改性脱脂棉中已经成功引入巯基官能团。同时,在2550.52 cm-1出现的一个新吸收峰代表的是S-H官能团的弱吸收峰,更深一层的证明了巯基已经嫁接到脱脂棉上。图1(b)是2540-2560 cm-1光谱范围的一个放大图像,可以清楚的观察到S-H官能团的弱吸收峰。进一步证明了酯化改性脱脂棉引入巯基是成功的。而从吸附后的曲线可以看到,2550.52cm-1处S-H的吸收峰消失,证明了硫原子和Pb(II)络合物的形成,同时1735.71cm-1处C=O的吸收峰强度看起来有轻微的减弱可能也是和Pb(II)的络合吸附有关。
翻译

学号: 06406322常州大学毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(2010届)外文题目Five-axis milling machine tool__ kinematic chain design and analysis译文题目五轴铣削机床运动链设计与分析外文出处 International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture42 (2002) 505–520学生毛伟学院怀德学院专业班级机制061 校内指导教师朱伟专业技术职务讲师校外指导老师专业技术职务二○一○年三月五轴铣削机床运动链设计与分析E.L.J. BohezDepartment of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, KlongLuang, 12120 Pathumthani, Thailand摘要:五轴数控加工中心目前已成为相当普遍的机床。
大多数机床的运动学分析是建立在直角笛卡儿坐标系基础上的。
本文根据理论上可能的自由度组合对机床的可行性概念设计和实际应用状况进行了分类,定义了一些有用的定量参数,如工作空间的影响因素,机床空间的使用效率,空间定位指数和角度定位指数。
分析比较了每种类型的优缺点,给出了选择和设计机床的相关标准。
简要讨论了基于Steward平台的新型机床,这种机床最近工程中已得到广泛应用。
关键词:五轴联动,机床,运动链,工作空间,数控系统,旋转轴1.导言机床的主要设计规范应遵循下列原则:* 运动学应提供一部分方向和工具的位置足够的灵活性。
* 定位准确和定位速度尽可能高。
* 定位准确性尽可能高的。
* 工具和工件变化快速。
* 保护环境。
* 节省材料。
机床轴的数目通常是指自由度的数目,机器上的幻灯片独立控制的议案。
标准轴建议用右手坐标系统,机床轴线与Z轴一致。
毕业设计外文翻译

AT89C51外文翻译DescriptionThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel A T89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz• Three-Level Program Memory Lock• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters• Six Interrupt Sources• Programmable Serial Channel• Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.VCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 p ins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they arepulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up toFFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Figure 1. Oscillator ConnectionsNote: C1, C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals= 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic ResonatorsFigure 2. External Clock Drive ConfigurationPower-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset.If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.Programming the FlashThe AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that is, contents = FFH)and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low-voltage programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside t he user’s system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional thirdparty Flash or EPROM programmers.The AT89C51 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes are listed in the following table.The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by-byte in either programming mode. To program any non-blank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode. Programming Algorithm: Before programming the A T89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timedand typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, anattempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.Program V erify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verificatio n. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. V erification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.Chip Erase: The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all ―1‖s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programmingProgramming InterfaceEvery code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is selftimed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.All major programming vendors offer worldwide support for the Atmelmicrocontroller series. Please contact your local programming vendor for the appropriate software revision.Flash Programming and V erification Waveforms - High-voltage Mode (VPP = 12V)Flash Programming and V erification Waveforms - Low-voltage Mode (VPP = 5V)Flash Programming and Verification Characteristics TA = 0°C to 70°C, VCC = 5.0 ±10%Absolute Maximum Ratings**NOTICE: Str esses beyond those listed under ―Absolute Maximum Ratings‖ may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.DC CharacteristicsTA = -40°C to 85°C, VCC = 5.0V ±20% (unless otherwise noted)Notes: 1. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, IOL must be externally limited as follows:Maximum IOL per port pin: 10 mAMaximum IOL per 8-bit port: Port 0: 26 mAPorts 1, 2, 3: 15 mAMaximum total IOL for all output pins: 71 mAIf IOL exceeds the test condition, VOL may exceed the related specification. Pins arenot guaranteed to sink current greater than the listed test conditions.2. Minimum VCC for Power-down is 2V.AC CharacteristicsUnder operating conditions, load capacitance for Port 0, ALE/PROG, and PSEN = 100 pF; load capacitance for all other outputs = 80 pF.External Program and Data Memory CharacteristicsExternal Program Memory Read CycleExternal Data Memory Read CycleExternal Data Memory Write CycleExternal Clock Drive WaveformsExternal Clock DriveSerial Port Timing: Shift Register Mode Test Conditions (VCC = 5.0 V ±20%; Load Capacitance = 80 pF)Shift Register Mode Timing WaveformsAC Testing Input/Output Waveforms(1)Note: 1. AC Inputs during testing are driven at VCC - 0.5V for a logic 1 and 0.45V for a logic 0. Timing measurements are made at VIH min. for a logic 1 and VIL max. for a logic 0.Float Waveforms(1)Note: 1. For timing purposes, a port pin is no longer floating when a 100mV change from load voltage occurs. A port pin begins to float when 100mV change from the loaded VOH/VOL level occurs.AT89C51中文原文AT89C51是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压,高性能CMOS8位单片机,片内含4k bytes的可反复擦写的只读程序存储器(PEROM)和128 bytes的随机存取数据存储器(RAM),器件采用A TMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产,兼容标准MCS-51指令系统,片内置通用8位中央处理器(CPU)和Flash存储单元,功能强大AT89C51单片机可为您提供许多高性价比的应用场合,可灵活应用于各种控制领域。
外文翻译格式及规范

嘉兴学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文(设计)外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上,一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。
3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文,译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。
二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸,页面设置:上:2.8;下:2.6;左:3.0;右:2.6;页眉:1.5;页脚:1.75。
段落格式为:1.5倍行距,段前、段后均为0磅。
页脚设置为:插入页码,居中。
具体格式见下页温馨提示:正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分(红字部分)。
嘉兴学院本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目:(指毕业论文题目)学院名称:服装与艺术设计学院专业班级:楷体小四学生姓名:楷体小四一、外文原文见附件(文件名:12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文.文件扩展名)。
二、翻译文章翻译文章题目(黑体小三号,1.5倍行距,居中)作者(用原文,不需翻译,Times New Roman五号,加粗,1.5倍行距,居中)工作单位(用原文,不需翻译,Times New Roman五号,1.5倍行距,居中)摘要:由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高,汽车检测标准越来越高。
现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。
(内容采用宋体五号,1.5倍行距)关键词:汽车产业纺织品,测试,控制,标准,材料的耐用性1 导言(一级标题,黑体五号,1.5倍行距,顶格)缩进两个字符,文本主体内容采用宋体(五号),1.5倍行距参考文献(一级标题,黑体五号, 1.5倍行距,顶格)略(参考文献不需翻译,可省略)资料来源:AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校(另起一页)三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。
华南理工大学 毕业设计 外文翻译

华南理工大学本科毕业设计(论文)翻译班级土木工程三班姓名王剑锋学号 200930132042指导教师骆冠勇填表日期 2013年4月21日中文译名一种用于预测拉森钢板桩弯曲强度的数值模型外文原文名 A numerical model for predicting the bending strength of Larssen steel sheetpiles外文原文版出处Journal of Constructional Steel Research 58 (2002) 1361–1374译文:一种用于预测拉森钢板桩弯曲强度的数值模型R.J. Crawford, M.P. Byfield摘要拉森桩为U形横截面并通过可滑动的接头连接在一起组成码头岸壁,围堰,和其他类型的挡土墙。
由于滑动接头位于桩墙的中心线上,相互连接桩的桩间滑移可能导致桩墙70%的弯曲强度折减。
这种桩间滑移可以通过安装成对的带有卷曲的锁头的桩来部分阻止。
然而,像非卷曲桩一样弯曲强度很难被预测,因为这种联锁桩依然存在桩间滑移。
本文提出了一种用于预测联锁拉森桩弯曲应力以及压应力的数值方法。
通过测试1:6比例大小的铝制拉森桩微缩模型的数据与数值模型计算结果进行比较,结果表明数值模型所预测的应力与实际实验结果接近一致。
同时本数值模型也可用于钢板桩的设计生产,以达到使用最少的材料来达到最大的弯曲强度的目的。
C 2002爱思唯尔股份有限公司保留解释权利关键词:行业规范;组合结构;拉森桩;桩结构;挡土墙;钢结构1.介绍钢板桩被广泛运用于全世界。
工程上经常使用的两种钢板桩是U型拉森钢板桩和Z型钢板桩。
两种类型的钢板桩桩都是利用沿着构件长度方向的锁头连接成有缝的连续墙结构。
根据欧洲标准化委员会引入的欧3标准第五部分,U型钢板桩锁头连接部分的下滑位移的影响不能忽视(见图1 步骤1)。
如果钢板桩单肢的相对滑移严重,则钢板桩的弯曲强度会下降到整体强度的70%,我们将其称为钢板桩模量下降。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文)翻译外文原文名Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash Flow中文译名自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本学院管理学院专业班级会计学3班学生姓名陈洁玉学生学号200930191100指导教师余勍讲师填写日期2015年5月11日外文原文版出处:译文成绩:指导教师(导师组长)签名:译文:自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本摘要代理成本理论是资本结构理论的一个重要分支。
自由现金流代理成本有显着的影响。
在这两个领域相结合的研究,将有助于建立和扩大理论体系。
代理成本理论基础上,本研究首先分类自由现金流以及统计方法的特点。
此外,投资自由现金流代理成本的存在证明了模型。
自由现金流代理成本理论引入限制,分析表明,它会改变代理成本,进而将影响代理成本和资本结构之间的关系,最后,都会影响到最优资本结构点,以保持平衡。
具体地说,自由现金流增加,相应地,债务比例会降低。
关键词:资本结构,现金流,代理成本,非金钱利益1、介绍代理成本理论,金融契约理论,信号模型和新的啄食顺序理论,新的资本结构理论的主要分支。
财务con-道的理论侧重于限制股东的合同行为,解决股东和债权人之间的冲突。
信令模式和新的啄食顺序理论中心解决投资者和管理者之间的冲突。
这两种类型的冲突是在商业组织中的主要冲突。
代理成本理论认为,如何达到平衡这两种类型的冲突,资本结构是如何形成的,这是比前两次在一定程度上更多的理论更全面。
……Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash FlowAbstractAgency cost theory is an important branch of capital structural theory. Free cash flow has significant impact on agency cost. The combination of research on these two fields would help to build and extend the theoretical system. Based on agency cost theory, the present study firstly categorized the characteristics of free cash flow as well as the statistical methodologies. Furthermore, the existence of investing free cash flow in agency cost was proved by a model. Then free cash flow was introduced into agency cost theory as restriction, the analysis shows that it will change agency cost, in turn, will have an impact on the relationship between agency cost and capital structure, finally, will influence the optimal capital structure point to maintain the equilibrium. Concretely, with the increasing free cash flow, correspondingly, debt proportion will decrease.Keywords:Capital Structure,Free Cash Flow,Agency Cost,Non-Pecuniary Benefit1. IntroductionAgency cost theory, financial contract theory, signaling model and new pecking order theory are the main branches of new capital structure theory. Financial con-tract theory focuses on restricting stockholders’ behavior by contract and solving the conflict between stockholders and creditors. Signaling model and new pecking order theory center on solving the conflict between investors and managers. These two types of conflict are the main conflict in business organizations. Agency cost theory considers how equilibrium is reached in both types of conflict and how capital structure is formed, which is more theory is more comprehensive than the previous two to some degree.……。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译智能交通信号灯控制中英文对照

英语原文Intelligent Traffic Light Controlby Marco Wiering The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going too fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from drivers going too fast.The urban traffic trends towards the saturation, the rate of increase of the road of big city far lags behind rate of increase of the car.The urban passenger traffic has already become the main part of city traffic day by day and it has used about 80% of the area of road of center district. With the increase of population and industry activity, people's traffic is more and more frequent, which is unavoidable. What means of transportation people adopt produces pressure completely different to city traffic. According to calculating, if it is 1 to adopt the area of road that the public transport needs, bike needs 5-7, car needs 15-25, even to walk is 3 times more than to take public transits. So only by building road can't solve the city traffic problem finally yet. Every large city of the world increases the traffic policy to the first place of the question.For example,according to calculating, when the automobile owning amount of Shanghai reaches 800,000 (outside cars count separately ), if it distributes still as now for example: center district accounts for great proportion, even when several loop-lines and arterial highways have been built up , the traffic cannot be improved more than before and the situation might be even worse. So the traffic policy Shanghai must adopt , or called traffic strategy is that have priority to develop public passenger traffic of city, narrow the scope of using of the bicycle progressively , control the scale of growth of the car traffic in the center district, limit the development of the motorcycle strictly.There are more municipals project under construction in big city. the influence on the traffic is greater.Municipal infrastructure construction is originally a good thing of alleviating the traffic, but in the course of constructing, it unavoidably influence the local traffic. Some road sections are blocked, some change into an one-way lane, thus the vehicle can only take a devious route . The construction makes the road very narrow, forming the bottleneck, which seriously influence the car flow.When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower andlook out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city.When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive too fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes.In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location. If a business goes in and a traffic light needs to go in, the business or businesses will have to pay some money to pay for it to make sure everyone is safe going from and to that business. Also if there is too many accidents in one particular place in a city, a traffic light will go in to safe people from getting a severe accident and ending their life and maybe someone else’s.The reason I picked this part of our community development report was that traffic is a very important part of a city. If not for traffic lights and stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger every time they walked out their doors. People will be driving extremely fast and people will be hit just trying to have fun with their friends. So having traffic lights and stop signs this will prevent all this from happening.Traffic in a city is very much affected by traffic light controllers. When waiting for a traffic light, the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. Hence, reducing waiting times before traffic lights can save our European society billions of Euros annually. To make traffic light controllers more intelligent, we exploit the emergence of novel technologies such as communication networks and sensor networks, as well as the use of more sophisticated algorithms for setting traffic lights. Intelligent traffic light control does not only mean thattraffic lights are set in order to minimize waiting times of road users, but also that road users receive information about how to drive through a city in order to minimize their waiting times. This means that we are coping with a complex multi-agent system, where communication and coordination play essential roles. Our research has led to a novel system in which traffic light controllers and the behaviour of car drivers are optimized using machine-learning methods.Our idea of setting a traffic light is as follows. Suppose there are a number of cars with their destination address standing before a crossing. All cars communicate to the traffic light their specific place in the queue and their destination address. Now the traffic light has to decide which option (ie, which lanes are to be put on green) is optimal to minimize the long-term average waiting time until all cars have arrived at their destination address. The learning traffic light controllers solve this problem by estimating how long it would take for a car to arrive at its destination address (for which the car may need to pass many different traffic lights) when currently the light would be put on green, and how long it would take if the light would be put on red. The difference between the waiting time for red and the waiting time for green is the gain for the car. Now the traffic light controllers set the lights in such a way to maximize the average gain of all cars standing before the crossing. To estimate the waiting times, we use 'reinforcement learning' which keeps track of the waiting times of individual cars and uses a smart way to compute the long term average waiting times using dynamic programming algorithms. One nice feature is that the system is very fair; it never lets one car wait for a very long time, since then its gain of setting its own light to green becomes very large, and the optimal decision of the traffic light will set his light to green. Furthermore, since we estimate waiting times before traffic lights until the destination of the road user has been reached, the road user can use this information to choose to which next traffic light to go, thereby improving its driving behaviour through a city. Note that we solve the traffic light control problem by using a distributed multi-agent system, where cooperation and coordination are done by communication, learning, and voting mechanisms. To allow for green waves during extremely busy situations, we combine our algorithm with a special bucket algorithm which propagates gains from one traffic light to the next one, inducing stronger voting on the next traffic controller option.We have implemented the 'Green Light District', a traffic simulator in Java in which infrastructures can be edited easily by using the mouse, and different levels of road usage can be simulated. A large number of fixed and learning traffic light controllers have already been tested in the simulator and the resulting average waiting times of cars have been plotted and compared. The results indicate that the learning controllers can reduce average waiting timeswith at least 10% in semi-busy traffic situations, and even much more when high congestion of the traffic occurs.We are currently studying the behaviour of the learning traffic light controllers on many different infrastructures in our simulator. We are also planning to cooperate with other institutes and companies in the Netherlands to apply our system to real world traffic situations. For this, modern technologies such as communicating networks can be brought to use on a very large scale, making the necessary communication between road users and traffic lights possible.中文翻译:智能交通信号灯控制马克·威宁我所选择的社区项目主题是交通灯。
燃气输配毕业设计的外文翻译

某某学校毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译(本科学生用)题目:为了未来的发展,液化天然气工艺处理过程中应该注意的问题学生姓名:学号:学部(系):城市建设工程学部专业年级:级建筑环境与设备工程班指导教师:年月日equipment are also needed to ensure that economies of scale are not lost in the non-LNG facilities. Given the limited supply of gas resources capable of supporting these large trains, future projects will need to find ways to maintain some cost advantages at smaller capacities. One way to do this is to improve the project execution by selecting a process that gives the maximum flexibility for utilizing compressors, heat exchangers, and drivers with multiple competing vendors. Another desirable feature is using refrigerant as a utility to allow for facilitated expansion if there is a possibility that several resources can be staged for expansion trains.PROCESS COMPARISONLNG process selection has often been highly influenced by the specific power consumption, i.e., refrigerant compression power divided by the train capacity. This is certainly an important parameter, since refrigerant compressors are the largest single cost and energy consumption components in an LNG train. Conventional wisdom would be that lower specific power consumption would result in lower refrigerant compression costs and additional LNG production from a fixed feed gas rate. In actuality it is a more complicated picture. Figure 1 plots the specific power consumptions for a variety of liquefaction processes against the number of cycles employed based on consistent conditions.Figure 2 - ExxonMobil DMR-BAHX Process Schematic It would utilize BAHX exchangers to provide:• Multiple manufacturers for cost and schedule benefits,• Economic scale up over a wide range of throughputs,• Ease of modularizationThe BAHX exchangers would be protected from operational and design problems associated with multi-phase maldistribution by effecting refrigerant separation at each pressure level of the warm refrigerant and feeding only liquids to the BAHX cores while bypassing the vapor back to the compression system.It would utilize gas-turbine-driven centrifugal compressors large enough to capture the economy of scale available but small enough to ensure that multiple compressor vendors are capability of supplying the sizes needed.The results of our LNG process research applying these principles to a potential LNG development are shown in Figure 3. By using BAHXs and a dual mixed refrigerant process to match the best fit of compressors and drivers available from multiple vendors, the resulting process will have a lower specific power requirement, and could have a lower capital cost than traditional technologies. The DMR process with brazed aluminum heat exchangers shows a unit cost advantage across a broad range of plant capacities and optimizes the trade-offs of efficiency versus cost for a wide size range (3-6 MTPA) ofplants.EFFICIENT EXPANSIONLNG plants have long benefited for profitable expansion trains, typically provided from the same large resource. While the number of discovered large fields available for multi-train development is shrinking, there is still the potential for economical expansion from nearby smaller resources. In many cases these other fields cannot be aggregated into one large project for a variety of reasons: difficulty aligning several commercial interests, waiting on reduced development costs for more difficult resources, or near-field discoveries identified after the LNG project is underway. For all of these reasons it is desirable to have an easily expandable LNGplant.Treating refrigerant as a utility is a way to maximize the expandability and reliability of a multtrain facility. In this configuration all of the refrigerants that serve the same process function are combined into a single header and delivered as required to the LNG liquefaction sections. The refrigerant as a utility concept can be done with any liquefaction process, but is most suited for dual mixed refrigerants where the refrigerant return pressures can be higher resulting in smaller piping for distribution of refrigerant across the LNG plant. Figure 4 shows one such configurationTreating refrigerant as a utility has several benefits:• The trains do not necessarily need to be the same size, leading to customizableexpansion to match commercial needs.• All the refrigerants can be re-tuned to match changes in feed gas composition tomachinery limits as new gas supplies are brought on-line.• Any spare capacity identified by testing after start-up can be designed for and utilized during expansion.• A mixture of gas turbine, steam turbine, and motor drivers can be used giving more flexibility to the driver selection and energy utilization.• In the event of driver failures, the liquefaction train may be able to turn-down instead of shut-down.• During planned driver maintenance the other drivers can be run at their maximum rates and potentially take advantage of seasonal swings.• A driver and hence refrigerant supply can be easily spared across the whole plant, increasing plant availability.• Various cold streams, such as LNG-loading vapors, can be effectively integrated into the process scheme to allow the impact of flow fluctuations in these streams to be evenlyspread across all trains for operational stability.With these advantages, a refrigerant as a utility concept could be beneficial to provide大的成本和最大的能源消耗体。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文学生姓名:院(系):油气资源学院专业班级:物探0502指导教师:完成日期:年月日地震驱动评价与发展:以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码:1099——1108出版日期:NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位:PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术,在玻利维亚冲积盆地,我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟,联井及地震叠前同时反演,岩石性质及地震属性解释,A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴,光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止,在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部,部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现,目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争,如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来,我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上,该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开(图1),圈闭类型是上盘背斜,它存在于连续冲断层上,Aguja有两个主要结构:Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)

编号:毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)院(系):桂林电子科技大学专业:电子信息工程学生姓名: xx学号: xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位:桂林电子科技大学姓名: xxxx职称: xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。
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本科毕业设计外文翻译外文译文题目(中文):低碳中厚板以及热轧带钢生产过程概述学院:专业:学号:学生姓名:指导教师:日期:Processing of low carbon steel plate and hot strip—an overviewB K PANIGRAHIR&D Centre for Iron and Steel, Steel Authority of India Ltd., Ranchi834 002, India低碳中厚板以及热轧带钢生产过程概述B K PANIGRAHIR&D Centre for Iron and Steel, Steel Authority of India Ltd.,Ranchi 834 002, India摘要:均热温度、压下规程、终轧温度以及卷取温度在低碳中厚板和热轧带钢的生产过程中起着重要的作用。
这些因素控制了各种物理和冶金的过程的动力学,即奥氏体化、再结晶以及沉淀的过程。
最终转变后的微观组织取决于这几个过程以及它们之间的相互作用。
考虑到原料成本的增加,人们开发了新的生产技术如再结晶控轧、温轧可用来生产中厚板以及较薄的热轧带钢,它们都有很好的延伸性。
除此之外,混合电脑建模技术可以用来生产具有特定性能的带钢产品。
虽然以前就有人对低碳微合金钢进行过探讨,但本文所讨论的是新的技术。
关键词:微合金钢;热力学过程;温轧;工艺参数建模1.引言中厚板和热轧带钢在国家钢铁产品中占很大比例。
其屈服应力在250到300 Mpa间可以满足不同的需求。
这些产品在生产时适量地加入了多种微合金元素以获得需要的屈服强度和韧性。
热轧中厚板和带钢过程就是重新加热半成品,也就是厚板坯,通过轧机连续减小材料的厚度,将终轧温度控制在一定值再加上在运出棍道上急速水冷。
通过这些步骤,使单一的合金钢可以具有良好的化学组成以及优秀的屈服应力和抗冲击能力。
因为加入合金成分的成本的增加这种轧制方式现在比以前任何时候都适合。
这种控制可以运用到多种现代中厚板和带钢轧机上使其获得更高的机械和微结构强度。
受到后续工序成本的增加,温轧和铁素体轧制工艺的发展有了重大的突破,直接的影响是在对高可纺性和表面平整度要求较低的市场领域取代了冷轧和退火产品。
计算机模拟和过程模型使钢铁在没有真实生产具有的性能完全可见。
本文旨在列出各种处理的顺序,就是均热终轧温度,卷曲温度,压下规程和他们带来的影响相较于包括微合金刚在内的低碳钢的机械性能以及自动控制热轧生产线的发展。
微合金刚是高力学结构钢,它拥有的屈服应力最低为350 Mpa,加入了很少量的铌、钒或者钛。
它们是可焊的,在总量比、韧性、柔软性以及焊接能力上都具有很好的强化。
它们的强化受不同的机制影响,就是固溶强化、细化晶粒、沉淀强化、位错强化以及基粒强化。
2.均热温度的作用均热温度十分重要是由于它会影响产品的产量和质量。
液态钢背浇注成钢锭或者厚板。
如果钢锭的均热温度和在均热炉中持续的时间使铸锭中心处在熔化状态就会影响半成品的产量和质量。
当均热温度低于(~ 1280°C)并且在均热炉中长期放置将会促进铸锭的完全凝固为接下来的轧制做准备以提高产品的产量与质量。
均热温度的另外一个重要作用在于均一半成品中的化学成分。
这个是通过重新加热到预先设定的温度来完成的。
低碳钢的在重新加热的各个不同阶段发生的变化的示意图见图1。
这些是(a) 单碳体的增加、 (b) 渗碳体的扩散 (c) 铁素体转化为奥氏体 (d) 奥氏体晶粒长大以及(e) 沉淀物的分解。
加热低碳钢到Ac1点的过程中一部分碳被释放出来。
在Ac1点奥氏体开始形核。
理论上存在2种不同的形核位置:铁素体和铁素体晶界和铁素体与渗碳体的接触表面(Speich et al 1969)。
奥氏体在铁素体与渗碳体的表面的形核是靠本身的碳和猛的热力学动力推动的(Lenel and Honeycombe 1984)。
微合金元素的沉淀不能抑制奥氏体形核(Hirsch and Parker 1981)。
当奥氏体晶核与渗碳体万千融合以形成奥氏体时,它将会迅速吞并周围的渗碳体晶粒。
如果t是90%的半径为r的渗碳体分解的时间,那么t = 10 r2/Dc (Hillert et al 1971),其中Dc是碳在奥氏体中的扩散系数。
给定r = 1 µm, Dc = 2.5*10–7 cm2/s (大约 0 1% C) 在1000°C (Smith 1953), t = 1/4 s。
但是,众所周知碳很容易被溶解在其中的溶质元素Mn, Mo, Cr等取代从而使渗碳体变成(Fe, Mn, Cr, Mo)3C而不是Fe3C (Thomson and Bhadeshia 1994; Thomson and Miller 1998)。
渗碳体中的替换元素的高稳定能量使其溶解性降低(Speich et al 1981)。
因此,渗碳体转换成奥氏体的能力减小的现象便显而易见。
图1 再加热温度对微的结构影响图2 析出物的分解动力学类似的,其他沉淀物的分解尤其是AlN, VC, VN, Nb(CN), TiN也取决于温度与时间(图2)(Easterling 1992).当调整重新加热温度的时候这些因素都需要被考虑进去。
未溶解的沉淀物,尤其是溶解温度> 1250°C以及~ 1150°C的Nb(CN),通过连接奥氏体晶界抑制奥氏体晶粒长大(Cuddy 1985)。
影响最大的是TiN (表3)。
不同碳和铌含量水平的钢中Nb(CN) 的分解温度在表1中给出(Lamberigts and Greday 1974)。
数据显示在1150°C以上的低碳钢中未溶解的沉淀物是不能够连接奥氏体晶界的。
表1 奥氏体中铌的分解温度3压下规程的影响压下规程是厚板变成中厚板和带钢的一系列压缩次序。
压下规程由于影响再结晶与沉淀动力学通过一个大的宽展影响产品最终的特性。
之前奥氏体的热应力(流动应力)知识推算出了厚板的压下规程公式,用它来调整轧机的压下螺丝以获得一个精确地尺寸,从而避免轧制失误。
当奥氏体变形时,它的位错密度增加。
动态静态回复伴随着奥氏体中的二次晶粒长大而发生(McQueen and Jonas 1973)。
微合金元素由于阻碍了位错的运动从而提高了奥氏体(图4)的热应力(Zidek et al 1969; Tamura et al 1988)。
大量关于铁原子尺寸的不同最大化的使热应力增加(表 2) (McQueen and Jonas 1973)从而导致局部扭曲。
数据同时显示当压下温度较低时会引起热应力的显著增加。
间隙碳在900°C时由于它的高扩散率,其对热应力的影响不大。
之后分解的沉淀物由于与位错的交互作用,同样增加热应力。
如图4所示铌,碳氮化合物在一个含0 06% C, 1 25% Mn, 0 32% Si, 0 075% Nb, 0 024% Ti,0 035% Al的钢中(Siciliano and Jonas 2000)。
图4 微合金元素和析出物对奥氏体热应力的影响在计算奥氏体的热应力的文献中有许多公式清楚给出了计算不同轧制温度时奥氏体应力方式。
下面给出了两个著名的公式用来分别计算中厚板(McTegart and Gattins 1976)和带钢(Siciliano and Jonas 2000)在不同应变水平时的状态。
表2 尺寸系数对奥氏体热应力的影响3012/1000n p A k A r A A In T ε⎛⎫=+++ ⎪⎝⎭ (1)其中,kp 是奥氏体的热应力,r 是压缩比(0.1—0.4),n 是工件硬化系数(~ 0.2),ε是轧制时的真实应变率(2–20 s –1),T 是轧制温度(°K)。
A0, A1, A2以及A3的值见表3(McQueen and Jonas 1973)。
另外一个用来计算C –Mn 和微合金热轧带钢平均流动应力的公式是()()220.210.13285129681120{exp 0.126 1.750.5940.7680.510.137 4.217}1d ss dMFS C C C C T Nb Mn Ti X K X εεσ=⎛⎫⎛⎫+--++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭+++-+ (2)其中T 是轧制温度(°K ),ε是真应变,ε 是真应变率()1s -,d X 为动态再结晶软化系数,ss σ是静态应力。
K 是一个吧流动应力转换成为平均流动应力的参数=1.14. 表3 平均屈服应力系数钢 A0 A1 A2 A3 低碳钢 0.49 516.6 21.3-357.2 低合金钢 -1.78 564.6 19.9-368.5 不锈钢 1.40 745.3 22.2 -485.53.1回复过程回复过程,发生在奥氏体在一定的温度范围变形的时候,与其围观结构的变化有很重要的联系。
在中厚板和带钢的生产中,动态回复、静态回复和静态再结晶是重要的恢复过程(McTegart and Gattins 1976)。
在热力学上,当金属变形后,它处在一个高能级并且不稳定的状态。
如果可能的话,它会它会尽量通过一系列恢复过程来降低点缺陷的密度来降低自身的自由能从而回到平衡状态。
即动态回复、静态回复和静态再结晶如图5所示(Hensel and Lehnert 1973)。
假设位错的消失是回复与再结晶的驱动力,那么静态再结晶的驱动力则来自再结晶晶界迁移所带来的单位体积储存能的降低(Hansen et al 1980)。
这里给出了公式22R ub F ρ∆= (3)图 5 回复过程示意图其中µ是切变模量=7*104 MPa, b 是伯格斯矢量=2.5*10–10还有r 是变形区域位错密度的改变和再结晶晶界的迁移~2*1014对于每种材料都有静态回复的停止温度(Borato et al 1988)如公式()()()88746466456647322308903631357nr t C C Nb Nb V V Ti A Si ︒=++-+-++- (4)图6 低碳钢和ELC 钢的轧制规程示意图图7 铌微合金钢再结晶(a )和析出(b )的动力如果变形温度高于tnr 将会得到由静态再结晶产生的等轴晶奥氏体结构。
(图6)。
低于tnr 再结晶将会变得迟缓。
合金元素和沉淀物通过牵制效应和链接作用分别影响奥氏体晶界从而阻碍静态再结晶(Meyer et al 1971)。
当条件有利于应变诱导沉淀的时候将会最大程度的阻碍再结晶(图7)(LeBon and Rofes Vernis 1976; Ouchi and Sampei 1976)。
对于铌化钢,引起最大程度的诱导沉淀的温度是~ 900°C(图7)。