路桥工程专业英语赵永平英译汉翻译

11111大学教材：《路桥工程专业英语》主编：永平；副主编：盛可鉴；人民交通出版社，2007年学分：0.5学时：16 学时：2 上课数：8上课容：第一课：Highway Introduction公路概论第二课：Asphait & Mix Asphalt沥青及沥青混合料第三课：The Subgrade Design and Construction Technology路基设计与施工技术第四课：Freeway and it’s Accessory Facilities高速公路及附属设施第五课：Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论第六课：Bridge Introduction桥梁概论第七课：Prestressed Concrete Beam Construction Technology预应力混凝土梁桥施工技术第八课：The Bridge Testing Technology桥梁测试技术上课法：课堂讲解、翻译课后训练：背单词；阅读教材并口译；考核法：笔试与口试结合（待定）第一课：Highway Concept公路概论A.Text The Highway Concept 公路概论B.Reading Material Highway Cross Section and Pavement 道路横断面和铺装层1.A historical note 历史回顾The first road builders of any significance in western Europe were the Romans, to whom the ability to move quickly from one part of the Empire to another was important for military and civil reasons.罗马人是西欧任意义上的第一条道路的建设者，他们具有的从帝国的一个地迅速移动到另一个地的能力对政治军事而言都是非常重要的。

Roman roads are characterized by their linearity and, in popular perception,by their durability.罗马道路以其直线形为特点，普遍的看法说还有他的耐久性A good alignment was sought since this provides the most direct route and since the risk of ambush in hostile territory is reduced.而所寻求的好的路线平面图是能在来自敌潜在的风险降低后提高直达的道路。

It was for this reason that the surface of the road was ofen elevated a meter or more above the local ground level—to provide a clear view of the surrounding country;hence the modern term “highway”.正是由于这样的原因，道路的表面高度都会比实际地面高出一米甚至更多，这样也可以提高一个好的视野去观察边的情况，因而这就是现代词汇“高路”的来源。

The durability of such pavements is less absolute but nevertheless well exceeds anything achieved for many centuries after the fall of the Empire.这种道路的耐久性也不是那么的绝对，但是至少在帝国倒台以后几个世纪的成就也没能超越它。

A typical major Roman road in the UK consisted of several layers of material,increasing in strength from the bottom layers, perhaps of rubble, through intermediate layers of lime-bound concrete to an upper layer of flags or stone slabs grouted in lime. 在英国典型的主要罗马道路是由几层材料组成的，下层可能用瓦砾来提高它的强度，由灰混凝土材料构成的中间层连系着由板或灰混凝土板组成的上层。

The total thickness of such a pavement would be varied according to the ground conditions. 而路面的总厚度将随不同的地面条件而改变In sound ground a thickness approaching one meter might be found; elsewhere this would be increased as necessary.但是在接近原地面的一个路面厚度须达到接近一米的厚度，这在任一个地都是必须要满足的。

During the Dark Ages—and indeed well after that—no serious attempt was made in the UK to either maintain or replace the Roman road network, which consequently deteriorated.在黑暗的中世纪——在这以后也是一样——英国没有采取任措施去尝试保养或者翻新罗马道路，从而罗马道路破坏恶化。

By the end of the Middle Ages there was in practice no road system in the country.而到了中世纪末，整个没有了道路交通系统成为了事实Such routes as existed were unpaved tracks, swampy and impassablefor most of the year and dusty and impassable for the remainde仅存的道路也是未铺装的，这种道路在一年中的大多数时间是泥泞的而无法通行，其余时间也是因尘土飞扬而导致无法通行Diversions around particularly poor lengths of road, private land or difficult topography had resulted in sinuous alignments.但是在短距离道路上绕道可能因私人土地或者复杂地形而使道路更加蜿蜒曲折The general lawlessness combined with these characteristics to discourage all but the most determined travelers.而一般的非法结合以上特点的道路组织了所有行人除了那些最有决心的旅行者们。

The first small change in this state of affairs was bought about by an Act of 1555 which imposed a duty on each parish to maintain its roads and to provide a Surveyor of Highways.在英国，现状的首个改变是1555年的一次行动，这次行动要求每一个教区要对本教区的道路进行保养并且聘用专门的道路检验员As this post was unpaid and under-resourced, and as the technical skills did not exist to match the task in hand, the obvious expectation that the post of Surveyor was unpopular and ineffective is generally correct . 但是由于这个职位是无偿的资源匮乏的，而且手头要做的工作也没有相匹配的技术支持，因而检验员一职不受欢迎和无效的明显期望是正确的。

This lack of resources remained a problem for over a century. 一个多世纪以来，这面资源的缺乏仍然是个问题。

In the latter part of theseventeenth century the first experimental lengths of turnpike road were established on the Great North Road(now the A1 trunk road).在十七世纪后期，第一条试验收费公路在大北路（现在的A1公路）建成Turnpiking is a toll system whereby travelers pay for the use of the road. 收费公路即是一个向道路使用者征收道路使用费用的收费系统In the first part of the next century Parliament produced a series of Acts which enabled the establishment of Turnpike Trusts on main routes throughout the country. 就在下个世纪初期，议会产生的一系列法案就授权托拉斯在全国主要干道上建立收费公路系统In this improved financial climate road building techniques gradually developed through the work of such pioneers as Metcalf, Telford and the eponymous Macadam. 在这种提升的金融环境条件下道路建设技术通过像德福、特福德和与麦克亚当齐名的先驱者的贡献得到缓步发展By about 1830 a system of well –paved roads had evolved of such quality that they imposed little or no constraint on road traffic.而在大约1830年的时候发明了一种用于铺装路面的“井”系统可以对道路交通产生很少的或几乎没有约束Journey times were limited not by the state of the road but by the nature of road vehicles.行车的时间不仅仅受限于的现有道路，还受限于交通工具的性能。