自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学教案
自考英语词汇学教案一、教学目标1、让学生了解英语词汇学的基本概念和重要性。
2、帮助学生掌握词汇的构成、词义的演变、词汇的分类等基础知识。
3、培养学生运用词汇学知识来提高英语词汇学习和运用的能力。
二、教学重难点1、重点词汇的构成方式，如派生、合成、转化等。
词义的变化，包括词义的扩大、缩小和转移。
词汇的分类，如基本词汇、一般词汇、外来词汇等。
2、难点理解一些较为抽象的词汇学概念。
灵活运用词汇学知识解决实际的词汇学习问题。
三、教学方法1、讲授法系统地讲解词汇学的理论知识，使学生对词汇学有一个全面的认识。
2、案例分析法通过实际的词汇例子，帮助学生理解词汇学的概念和规律。
3、练习法布置相关的练习题，让学生巩固所学的知识，提高应用能力。
四、教学过程1、导入（约 10 分钟）同学们，我先给大家讲个事儿。
有一次我去超市买东西，看到一个外国友人在挑选水果，他想要买苹果，但是不知道怎么说，就一直在比划。
旁边的售货员也很着急，不明白他到底想要什么。
最后还是我用英语跟他交流，解决了这个问题。
通过这件事，我就发现啊，掌握足够的英语词汇是多么重要。
而咱们这门英语词汇学，就是要帮助大家更好地理解和掌握英语词汇，让咱们在使用英语的时候更加得心应手。
2、知识讲解（约 40 分钟）（1）词汇学的基本概念解释什么是词汇学，以及它在英语学习中的地位和作用。
举例说明词汇学与日常生活、学习和工作的密切关系。
（2）词汇的构成详细讲解派生、合成、转化这三种主要的构词方式。
比如“unhappy”就是在“happy”前面加上“un”这个前缀构成的，意思就变成了“不开心的”；“classroom”是由“class”和“room”两个单词合成的，就是“教室”的意思；“water”这个词既可以作名词“水”，又可以作动词“浇水”，这就是转化。
（3）词义的演变介绍词义扩大、缩小和转移的概念和例子。
像“bird”这个词，原本指的是“幼鸟”，后来词义扩大，泛指“鸟”；“meat”过去指“食物”，现在词义缩小，只指“肉类”；“coach”最初是“马车”的意思，现在转移为“教练”。
2023年10月自学考试00832英语词汇学真题试题
2023年10月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题课程代码:008321.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分注意事项:每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
I . Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(1%X30=30%)1.Chook is a word of _______, which means chicken.A.American EnglishB.British EnglishC.Scottish EnglishD.Australian English2.When dough and bread is used as a slang, it means_____.A.moneyB.headC.drunkD.cooking utensil3.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.According to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning.B.According to grammarians, a word is a free form that can function in a sentence.C.In visual terms, a word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.D. In terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made involuntarily with human vocal equipment.4. Between 1250 and 1500, with Britain having trade relations with the low countries, especially Holland, as many as 2,500 words of _______origin found their way into English.A. FrenchB. DutchC. LatinD.Scandinavian5. Which of the following is the new word resulting from rapid growth of science and technology in the English vocabulary?A. fast foodB. TV dinnerC. moon walkD.stir fry6. The word denaturalization can be broken down into_minimal meaningful units.A. fourB. fiveC. sixD. seven7. In the word internationalists, the root is__.A. inter-B. -nation-C.-tion-D.-s8. The word antecedent can be broken down into________.A. ante-,-ced-, -entB.ante-,-ce-,-dentC. an-,-te-,-ced-,-entD.an-,-te-,-ce-,-dent9. Of the following words, the word“_____” does NOT have a derivational prefix.B. subseaC.contradictD. handcuff10. The formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class is called __.A. affixationB. functional shiftpoundingD. phrase clipping11. The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature. Accordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a_____basis.A. morphemicB. morphologicC. syntacticD.semantic12. Of the following words, the word“_____”is NOT a deverbal noun formed by suffixation.A. decisionB. friendshipC.existenceD. protection13. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins. Such words have_____ motivation.A. onomatopoeicB. morphologicalC.semanticD.etymological14.The_meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.A. grammaticalC. conceptualD. associative15. The word home, whose conceptual meaning is a “dwelling place”, reminds readers of their “family, friends, warmth, safety", etc. This shows the__meaning of a word.A. connotativeB. stylisticC. affectiveD. collocative16. The primary meaning of the word neck is_____.A. that part of the garmentB. the narrowest part of anything: bottle, land or channelC. that part of man or animal joining the head to the bodyD. a narrow part between the head and body or base of any object17. Which of the following pairs of antonyms belongs to contradictory terms?A. hot / warmB. sell/ buyC. husband / wifeD.true / false18. The pair of words flower /rose shows such a sense relation as_____.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. antonymyD. hyponymy19. The word butcher began with the meaning of “one who kills goats”, but now it means “one who kills animals”. This process is called____.A. extensionB. narrowingC.elevationD. degradation20. Which of the following words is an example of narrowing of word-meaning?A. disease (meaning: discomfort → illness)B. journal (meaning: daily paper→periodical)C. knight (meaning: servant→ rank below baronet)D. company (meaning: one who shares bread→ a company)21. From which of the following examples can we see transfer of sensations?A. the lip of a woundB. the hope of a familyC. pitiful and doubtfulD.sweet music22. Which of the following statements is NOT true about lexical context?A. It is one type of extra-linguistic context.B. It may provide clues for inferring word meaning.C. It refers to the words that occur together with the word in question.D. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words.23. What does the word quick mean in the following context?John, one of the group, has just told a joke. Everyone laughs except Adam. Then Adam laughs. One of the students says: I do think Adam's quick.A. Quick in development.B. Quick to hear the joke.C. Slow in learning things.D. Slow to understand the joke.24.What does the word do mean in the phrase do the flowers?A. work outB. brushC.arrangeD.study25.Which of the following is an idiom?A. Till the cows come home.B. Till the sheep come home.C. Till the horses come home.D. Till the pigeons come home.26.Which of the following is NOT a variation of idiom?A. synecdocheB. replacementC.dismemberingD. shortening27. As cool as a cucumber is a_____.A. true IdiomB. complete idiomC.semi-idiomD. regular combination28. Chop and change is an idiom ______in nature .A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial29. Collins COBUILD English Usage is a(n)______.A. unbridged dictionaryB. desk dictionaryC. pocket dictionaryD. specialized dictionary30. Which of the following is NOT usually included in the usage section of a dictionary?A. styleB. usage levelC. definitionD.colouring非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
自考英语词汇学重点及大题4
自考英语词汇学00832重点及大题目录Chapter 1 (1)课文重点 (1)名词解释 (4)简答题 (4)Chapter 2 (5)课文重点 (5)名词解释 (6)简答题 (7)分析题 (7)Chapter 3 (7)课文重点 (7)名词解释 (8)简答题 (9)分析题 (9)Chapter 4 (9)课文重点 (9)名词解释 (12)简答题 (12)分析题 (13)Chapter 5 (13)课文重点 (13)名称解释 (15)简答题 (15)分析题 (16)Chapter 6 (16)课文重点 (16)名词解释 (19)简答题 (20)分析题 (21)Chapter 7 (22)课文重点 (22)名词解释 (23)简答题 (23)分析题 (23)Chapter 8 (24)课文重点 (24)名词解释 (24)简答题 (25)分析题 (25)Chapter 9 (26)课文重点 (26)名词解释 (28)简答题 (28)分析题................................................................................... 29Chapter 10 .. (29)课文重点 (29)名词解释 (30)简答题 (30)部分试卷中的大题 (31)2016-10 (31)2009-04 (32)Chapter 1课文重点1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1 词定义包括以下几点：（1 ）一门语言中最小的自由形式;（2 ）一个声音的统一体（3 ）一个意义单位;（4 ）在一个句子中独立起作用的一个形式。
英语词汇学自考题1
英语词汇学⾃考题1英语词汇学⾃考题-1(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)⼀、Ⅰ.(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.A tricycle has ______ wheels.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four（分数：1.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：词缀“tr-”是表⽰数字的前缀，它表⽰的意思是“三……”。
例如，a triangle指的是三⾓形。
2.The idiom Jack of all trades results from ______.A. additionB. position-shiftingC. dismemberingD. shortening（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：缩短法(shortening)偶尔出现在部分格⾔或者谚语中，这些格⾔或谚语以⼀部分指代整个句⼦所代表的含义。
习语“jack of all trades”的完整形式是“jack of all trades and master of none”。
3.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of ______.A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing（分数：1.00）D.解析：4.______ is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of individuals.A. Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning（分数：1.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：内涵意义(connotative meaning)指的是词的语法意义所包含的暗⽰意思和相关联想。
自考英语词汇学真题
自考英语词汇学真题词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究的是单词的形态、意义、分类以及词汇的演变等问题。
自考英语词汇学真题涉及了英语单词的起源、构词法、词义的变化等内容，下面将对这些内容进行详细论述。
一、英语单词的起源英语单词的起源主要有以下几种形式：1.从其他语言借用，例如汉字对英语的影响；2.发音和拼写的演变，例如单词“knight”在发音上的演变；3.缩写和联合形成的新词，例如“radar”是“radio detecting and ranging”的缩写词。
1.1 从其他语言借用英语是在不同历史时期从多个语言中借用单词的，最初英语受到了拉丁语的影响，后来又从法语、德语、希腊语等语言中借用了大量的单词。
例如，法语对英语的影响主要体现在法语词汇对早期中世纪英语的借用上。
1.2 发音和拼写的演变英语单词的发音和拼写在历史上经历了多次演变，这导致了一些单词的拼写与发音之间存在不一致的情况。
例如，单词“knight”在中古英语时期发音是/knaɪxt/，而在现代英语中发音变为/naɪt/，但拼写却没有相应地改变。
1.3 缩写和联合形成的新词在现代英语中，由于科技和社会的发展，新词不断涌现。
一些新词是通过缩写形式产生的，例如“radar”就是从“radio detecting and ranging”这个词组的缩写而来。
同时，一些新词是由两个或多个单词联合形成的，例如“shampoo”就是由英语和印度语中的单词组合而成。
二、英语单词的构词法构词法研究的是单词是如何通过加缀、转化、派生等方式形成的。
英语单词的构词法主要包括前缀、后缀和派生等。
2.1 前缀前缀是指加在词根前面用来改变词义或词性的一种固定形式。
例如，在单词“unhappy”中，“un-”就是一个前缀，表示否定的意义。
2.2 后缀后缀是指加在词根后面用来改变词义或词性的一种固定形式。
例如，在单词“happiness”中，“-ness”就是一个后缀，表示名词的意义。
全国自考《英语词汇学》真题试题及答案重点
202X年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学卷子课程代码0832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the onethat best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Which of the following words does NOT belong to terminology ( )A. Penicillin.B. Algebra.C. Symphony.D. Knife.2. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.〞, there are ________ functional words. ( )A.2B.3C.4D.53. Of the characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is ________. ( )A. all national characterB. productivityC. polysemyD. collocability4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the following EXCEPT ________. ( )A. fast foodB. TV dinnerC. tahiniD. Watergate5. The prehistoric ________ parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language, which English originated from. ( )A. PrussianB. Indo-EuropeanC. CzechD. Russian6. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into the ________ set and the Western set. ( )A. EasternB. AfricanC. AmericanD. Northern7. The plural morpheme “-s〞is realized by /z/ after the following sounds EXCEPT ________. ( )A./z/B./g/C./d/D./b/8. The word “recollection〞comprises ________ morphemes. ( )A.1B.2C.3D.49. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ________. ( )A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked10. “Dis-〞in the word “disloyal〞is a ________ prefix. ( )A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative11. The word “AIDS〞is a(n) ________. ( )A. initialismB. acronymC. derivativeD. compound12. The word “smog〞is created by blending, with the structure of ________. ( )A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail13. So far as stylistic meaning is concerned, “residence〞is ________. ( )A. neutralB. informalC. colloquialD. formal14. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________. ( )A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. connotativeD. collocative15. “Pavement〞in British English and “sidewalk〞in American English have the same ________.( ) A. motivation B. collocationC. senseD. connotation16. A common feature peculiar to all natural languages is ________. ( )A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. monosemyD. polysemy17. In both CCELD and LDCE, the most frequently used meaning of the word “gay〞is ________. ( )A. joyous and lively, merry, happyB. homosexualC. given to social life and pleasureD. bright, brilliant18. All the following words can be used as an antonym to the word “clear〞EXCEPT ________. ( )A. dirtyB. fussyC. guiltyD. ambiguous19. The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT ________. ( )A. influx of borrowingB. analogyC. psychological factorsD. shortening20. A good example of ________ is the word “manuscript〞, which now means “writing by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processor〞, but its original meaning was “handwriting〞only.( )A. degradationB. elevationC. narrowingD. extension21. In the sentence “Never run towards a dangerous animal.〞, the word “dangerous〞is used in the ________ sense of transfer. ( )A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. The sentence “They saw her duck.〞is ambiguous due to ________. ( )A. grammatical contextB. lexical contextC. antonymyD. hyponymy23. The following are types of context EXCEPT ________. ( )A. linguistic contextB. non-linguistic contextC. syntactical contextD. extra-linguistic context24. In the sentence “The village had most of the usual amenities: a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical centre, and a school.〞The meaning of amenity can be inferred from the clue of ________. ( )A. relevant detailsB. word structureC. antonymyD. hyponymy25. The idiom “hustle and bustle〞is a ________ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. ( )A. simileB. repetitionC. reiterationD. personification26. Sentence idioms embrace the following sentence types EXCEPT ________. ( )A. declarative sentenceB. interrogative sentenceC. imperative sentenceD. simple sentence27. “Beyond the pale〞is an idiom ________ in nature. ( )A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial28. The following are the types of dictionary EXCEPT ________. ( )A. monolingual dictionaries and bilingual dictionariesB. linguistic and encyclopedic dictionariesC. specialized dictionariesD. Chinese and English dictionaries29. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980) is a(n) ________ dictionary. ( )A. specializedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Usage notes of the dictionary explain the following aspects EXCEPT ________. ( )A. literal meanings of the wordsB. difficult points of grammar and styleC. important British and American differencesD. slight differences between words of similar meaningsII. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) sources of synonyms; 3) types of motivation; and 4) types of transfer. (10%)A B( ) 31. morphological motivation A. laconic meaning “brief〞or “short〞( ) 32. associated transfer B. the foot of the mountain( ) 33. borrowing C. squeak/hiss( ) 34. etymological motivation D. You should address your remarks to the chair. ( ) 35. notional words E. charm/glamour( ) 36. abstract to concrete F. black market/greenhorn( ) 37. semantic motivation G. occupation/walk of life( ) 38. figurative use H. fire/flame/conflagration( ) 39. regional English I. This teaching assistant is an efficient help. ( ) 40. onomatopoeic motivation J. cloud/yellowIII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or ________ of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment.42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, ________ and borrowing.43. The ________ is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.44. Suffixation generally changes the grammatical function or word ________ of stems of words.45. ________ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.46. Relative synonyms or ________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.47. There are generally ________ major factors that cause changes in meaning.48. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ________ or non-linguistic context.49. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent ________.50. Three good general dictionaries are LDCE, CCELD and ________.IV. Define the following terms. (10%)51. bound root52. prefixation53. pejoration34. homophone55. grammatical contextV. Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)56. What are the types of morphemes57. What is conceptual meaning of a word Give an example to illustrate your point.58. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the changes in word meaning. State your reason with one example.Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.59. What is semantic unity of idioms Explain it with one example.VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)60. Comment on the following 2 groups of words or sentences to illustrate the semantic features and grammatical features of compounds.Group 1: “red meat/hot dog〞Group 2: “He bad-mouthed me. / major generals〞61. Analyze and comment on the following two pairs of sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates:a]Trees surround the water near our summer place.b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.a]I met a writer who is the relation of a politician.b]I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.。
自考英语词汇学
speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也 许就是“语义” 。不像所指，“语义”表示 语言内部的关系。 Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义 的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所 指。
5.3.2 Conceptual meaning and Associative eaning 概念意来自和关联意义
Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 概念意义（也称 为外延意义）是字典给出的意义，并且构成了词义的核心。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 关联想意义 是附加于概念意义之上的第二重意义。 It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.它与概念意义的区别在于 其开放性和不确定性。 It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.概念意义易受文化、经历、 宗教、 地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响， Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 关联想 意义包括 4 种类型：内涵意义、文体意义、感情意义和搭配 意义。
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：Symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and thethree letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words本地词和外来词all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics 明显的特点C h a p t e r 2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis ofsimilarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set： 东部诸语族： Western set ： 西部诸语族： Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语 Armenian 亚美尼亚语 Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语 Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语 ——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉国语 Hindi 印地语 Romany 普吉赛语 Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Czech 捷克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语 Russian 俄语 Norwegian 挪威语 Icelandic 冰岛语 Danish 丹麦语 Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Portuguese 葡萄牙语 Spanish 西班牙语 French 法语 Italian 意大利语 Roumanian 罗马尼亚语 Scottish 苏格兰语 Irish 爱尔兰语 Welsh 威尔士语 Breton 布里多尼语 Scandinavian languages 斯堪的纳维亚语 Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇Highly inflected 高度转折complex endings 复杂的结尾vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇leveled endings水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期现代英语Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
自考英语词汇学第六章-PPT
6、2、3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同形 同音异义词与多义词得区别
❖ Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning、 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most mon、同音异形异 义词就是读音相同但拼写与词义不同得词。
自考英语词汇学第六章
sense relations 语义关系
❖ A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations、一个与其她单词关联得词就是在 语义上与她们相关得, 因而有了语义关系。
6、1 Polysemy 多义关系
❖ When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic、 当一个词最初被创造出来得 时候,一律就是单语义词。
6、1、1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系得研究方法
❖ The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach、 同一词得各种意义之间相互关 联得问题可以从历时方法与共时方法两个角 度来研究。
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理一、词汇学概述1、语言与词汇的关系：语言是词汇和语法规则的总和，而词汇则是语言中最基本的元素。
2、词汇学的定义：词汇学是研究语言的词汇以及词汇的起源、演变、语义和语用等方面的学科。
3、词汇学的研究对象：主要包括词汇的起源、演变过程、语义变化、文化背景等。
二、英语词汇的历史演变1、英语的起源：英语起源于古代日耳曼语，经过长时间的演变和发展，形成了今天的英语。
2、英语词汇的演变：英语词汇经历了许多变化，包括词义的变化、词形的变化、外来词的引入等。
3、英语词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据其来源、语义、语法等方面进行分类。
三、英语词汇的语义关系1、同义词与反义词：同义词是指具有相同或相似意义的词汇，而反义词则是指具有相反意义的词汇。
2、上下义词与下义词：上下义词是指在一个词汇的语义场中，一个词可以表示另一个词的上层概念或下层概念。
3、词汇的文化意义：词汇的文化意义是指词汇在特定文化背景中所具有的意义。
四、英语词汇的记忆与运用1、记忆策略：记忆策略是指通过一定的方法来提高记忆效率，包括联想记忆、语境记忆等。
2、运用技巧：运用技巧是指在使用词汇时需要注意的事项，包括语用、语法等方面。
3、常见错误分析：常见错误分析是指对学生在使用词汇时容易犯的错误进行分析和纠正。
五、英语词汇的学习方法与技巧1、学习策略：学习策略是指通过一定的方法来提高学习效率，包括制定学习计划、使用学习工具等。
2、学习技巧：学习技巧是指在学习过程中需要注意的事项，包括如何集中注意力、如何提高学习效率等。
3、学习资源：学习资源是指在学习过程中可以使用的各种资源，包括书籍、网站、课程等。
词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的起源、发展、变化和用法。
它涉及对单词的音、形、义、语法特征和语用意义等方面的研究。
词汇学有一些基本概念，包括词、词汇、词素、词义、语境等。
词是语言中最小的、可以独立使用的意义单位，词汇是语言中所有词的总和，词素是构成词的要素，词义是词的含义，语境是指词所处的语言环境。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语词汇学考试真题及答案1
2022年自考专业(英语)英语词汇学考试真题及答案一、单项选择题1、The definition of a word comprises the following points EXCEPT __（）A.sound unityB.minimal free form of a languageC.unit of meaningD.form that cannot function alone in a sentence2、"Dog" is the father of "doglike", "doghood", "dogsleep", etA.This example shows that words of the basic stock have the characteristic of __（）B.stabilityC.polysemyD.productivityE.ollocability3、Which of the following groups consists of both content words and functional words（）A.rise, five, fun, waterB.ten, but, red, ofC.of, is, in, theD.wind, sun, go, bright4、In Middle English vocabulary, we can find words relating to every aspect of human society, e. g. government, law, food, fashion and so on. Which of the following words does NOT belong to them（）A.logB.aconC.JudgeD.Power5、Which of the following statements is NOT true（）A.nglish is more closely related to German than FrenchB.Old English was a slightly inflected languageC.Old English was a language of full endingsD.Middle English was a language of leveled endings6、In the early Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as __（）A.IndustrializationB.lizabethan AgeC.RenaissanceD.Victorian Age7、The word "denaturalization" can be broken down into "de-", "nature", "-al", "-ize", "-anon", each having meaning of its own. These minimal meaningful units are known as __（）A.morphemesB.llomorphsC.rootD.stem8、Which of the following is the root of the word "internationalists"（）A.interB.nationC.-istD.-al9、Which of the following words is an example of free morphemes （）A.TriedB.eetC.WorkerD.nger10、Which of the following statements is NOT true（）A.Prefixation is the formation of new words by addingsuffixes to stemsB.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stemC.Prefixes only modify the meaning of the stemD.Present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes11、Among the following words, __contains a prefix of time and order（）A.x-wifeB.vice-chairmanC.oreheadD.maltreat12、"A green hand" means an "inexperienced person", not a hand that is green in color. In this sense, we can judge that "a green hand" is a __（）A.morphemeB.proverbC.ompoundD.ree phrase13、The following words are onomatopoetically motivated words EXCEPT __（）A.angB.miniskirtD.hiss14、When we say the "mouth" of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. In this sense, the word "mouth" conveys __（）A.onomatopoeic motivationB.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.tymological motivation15、"Black" is a kind of color but its meaning is obviously affected when it occurs in such phrases as "black coffee", "black market", etc.This example demonstrates __（）A.grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual contextB.ffective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to cultureC.stylistic difference is especially true of synonymsD.ollocation can affect the meaning of words16、"The front of the head" is the __meaning of the word "face （）A.erivedB.primaryD.secondary17、Homonyms are generally words different in __（）A.soundB.spellingC.ormD.meaning18、__share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech（）A.SynonymsB.ntonymsC.HomonymsD.Hyponyms19、Word-meaning changes by the following modes EXCEPT __（）A.xtensionB.upgradationC.specializationD.transfer20、The word "meat", which originally meant "food", but now has come to mean "flesh of animals", is an example to illustrate __of meaning（）A.generalizationB.narrowingC.egradationD.levation21、The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance is called __of meaning（）A.xtensionB.narrowingC.transferD.levation22、In __context the meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words（）A.xtra-linguisticB.non-linguisticC.lexicalD.grammatical23、__gives rise to ambiguity in the sentence "I like Mary better than Jean（）A.PolysemyB.HomonymyC.Non-linguistic contextD.Grammatical structure24、What kind of context clue is used in the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird Whistell"（）A.xplanationB.efinitionC.xampleD.Synonymy25、"Diamond cut diamond" is an idiom, which reflects __（）A.the constituents of idioms can‘t be replacedB.the word order can‘t be invertedC.the constituents of an idiom can‘t be deletedD.many idioms are grammatically unanalysable26、"Jack of all trades" is an idiom __in nature（）A.verbalB.nominalC.djectivalD.dverbial27、"Turn on" and "turn off" are antonymous idioms, resulting from __（）A.replacementB.dditionC.shorteningD.position-shifting28、__dictionaries involve the most complete description of words available to us（）A.UnabridgedB.eskC.PocketD.Linguistic29、Collins COBUILD English Usage （1992）is a（n）__dictionary（）A.unabridgedB.ncyclopedicC.ilingualD.specialized30、You can find the real English equivalents to some Chinese items in __（）A.hinese-English Dictionary （Revised Edition）（1995）B.Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English with Chinese TranslationC.New English-Chinese DictionaryD.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with ChineseTranslation二、填空题题1、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fall into content words and functional words by __2、The world has approximately 3000 （some put it 5000）languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families and on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and __3、Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be __4、According to the __which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into prefixation and suffixation5、Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the __of word-meaning6、From the diachronic point of view, __is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word7、The word "picture" originally denoted only "painting", but now has come to include "drawings" and even "photographs". This is an example to illustrate __8、Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical contextand __context9、Idioms each are a semantic __，though each consists of more than one word10、Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into __and encyclopedic dictionaries三、名词解释题1、neologisms2、stem3、reference4、degradation5、true idioms四、简答题1、leorn-ian-Tern-en->learn The above is the development of the word "learn" from Old English through Modern English to Middle English. What can be concluded from the above example from the viewpoint of development of English vocabulary2、What is affixation3、Tell the difference between perfect homonyms and polysemants so far as semantic relatedness is concerned4、Guess the meaning of the underlined word in the following sentence and tell what context clue is used. Indian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth centurywhich followed五、论述题1、Explain full conversion and partial conversion by taking "drinkables" and 查看答案【二、填空题题】1notion2grammar3free4position5core6~10点击下载查看答案【三、名词解释题】1neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.2a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added．3Reference is the relationship between language and the world，In other words on1y when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i. e. an object, aphenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful4Degradation or peroration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. The true idioms of a language share three common features that differentiate them from plain andsimple collocations: (1) They are not compositional, (2) Their words are not substitutable, and (3) They are not modifiable. 【四、简答题】1In modern English, word ending were mostly lost with just a few exceptions .It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English)to the present analytic language.本题考查其次章印欧语系词汇变化的相关内容2Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.本题考查第四章英语构成词缀法的概念的理解3The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings。
全国自考《英语词汇学》真题试题及答案测评
全国202X年10月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学真题课程代码：00832本卷子总分值100分，考试时间150分钟.考生答题考前须知：1.本卷全部真题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在卷子上无效。
卷子空白处和反面均可作草稿纸。
2.第—局部为选择题。
必须对应卷子上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡〞的相应代码涂黑。
3.第二局部为非选择题。
必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。
4.合理安排答题空间。
超出答题地域无效。
第—局部选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(30%)1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the characteristics of the basic word stockA.All national character.B. Productivity.C. Stability.D. Terminology.2.Which of the following statements is NOT trueA.Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency.B.Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion.C.Words may fall into loan-words and notional words by the degree of assimilation.D.Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by origin.3.Which of the following is NOT true about the description of the relationship between sound and meaningA.There is intrinsic relationship between sound and meaning.B.The symbolic connection of a sound and its meaning is almost always arbitrary.C.The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional.D.In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.4.In the Western set,____is the modern language derived from Hellenic.tinB. GreekC. RussianD. Spanish5.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the English vocabularyA.English is more closely related to German than French.B.Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.C.Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.D.In Early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.6.From the historical overview of the English vocabulary, the period of Old English is____.A. from 55B.C. to 410 B. from 450 to 1150C. from 1150 to 1500D. from 1500, then up to now7.Which of the following words does NOT have inflectional affixesA. Happier.B. Worker.C. Harder.D. Taller.8.The word “idea listic〞comprises____morpheme(s).A.1B.2C.3D.49.Which of the following words is NOT a stemA. Nation.B. National.C. International.D. Internationalists.10.The word “sandwich〞now denotes a popular fast food. It originates from John Montague, Fourth Earl of Sandwich in 18th century. This example shows one of the sources of English vocabulary is____.A. compoundB. proper nounsC. back-formationD. conversion11.Which of the following words is the example of blendingA. Motel.B. Sandwich.C. Flu.D.AIDS.12.Which of the following words is NOT a noun compoundA. Moon walk.B. Ten-storey.C. Outbreak.D. Up-bringing.13.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. This is called____.A. onomatopoeic motivationB. morphological motivationC. semantic motivationD. etymological motivation14.a) They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot,b) After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.The above two sentences have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in____meaning.A. connotativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocative15.____meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in questions.A. ConceptualB. StylisticC. AffectiveD. Denotative16.Words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning are____.A.homographsB. homophonesC. perfect homonymsD. hyponyms17.Words “change〞，“alter〞and “vary〞are similar in denotation，but embrace different shades of meaning. They are____.A. absolute synonymsB. complete synonymsC. full synonymsD. relative synonyms18.Words like “red, orange, yellow, green，black，etc.〞make up the____of “colours〞.A. synonymsB.hyponymsC. sense relationsD.semantic field19.V ocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and____.A. pronunciationB.contentC. spellinge20.The meaning of the word “criticize〞has changed from “apprais e〞to “find fault with〞. Such a change is called____.A. elevationB.generalizationC. extensionD.degradation21.The word “meat〞originally meant ‘‘food’，，but now has come to mean “flesh of animals〞. This is an example to illustrate____of meaning.A. generalizationB. narrowingC. degradationD. elevation22.In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the____ in which it occurs.A. structureB. sentenceC. phraseD. clause23.The word “do〞means “brush〞in “do one’s teeth〞，while it means “arrange〞in “do the flowers〞.The above example shows that____affects the meaning of a word.A. lexical contextB. grammatical contextC. non-linguistic contextD. structural context24.Which of the following is NOT one of the major functions of contextA.Elimination of ambiguity.B.Indication of referents.C.Formation of ambiguity.D. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.25.Which of the following is NOT one of the variations of idiomsA. Repetition.B. Dismembering,C. Addition.D. Shortening.26 .“Thr ough thick and thin〞is a(n)____.A. verbal idiom in natureB. nominal idiom in natureC. sentence idiomD. adverbial idiom in nature27.There is a____in the idiom “by hook and by crook〞as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned.A. simileB. reiterationC. repetitionD. rhyme28.Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known____dictionary.A. unabridgedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic29.When we choose a dictionary, we should pay attention to the following aspects EXCEPT____.A. unabridged or abridgedB. British or AmericanC. early or lateD. monolingual or bilingual30.Which of the following is NOT true about a Chines e-English Dictionary (Revised Edition) (CED) (1995)A.The new edition cut off the previous alphabetical order of entries.B.The new edition revised some old entries.C.The new edition has more single character entries and more multi-character entries,D.The dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents.非选择题局部考前须知：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在真题卷上。
自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。
1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。
2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。
例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。
）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。
例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。
- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳复习专供
《英语词汇学》（课程代码: 00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念), nguage.i.th.resul.o.huma.cognitio.n.认识；知识；认识能力.reflectin.th.objectiv.worl.i.th.huma.mind.Sense(语义)nguage.Ever.wor.tha.ha.meanin.ha.sens.( no.ever.wor.ha.reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类,Semanti.motivation(语义理据)refer.t.th.menta.association.suggeste.b.th.conceptua.meanin.o..word.I.ex plain.th.connectio.betwee.th.litera.sens.an.figurativ.sens.o.th.word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymologica.motivation(词源理据.th.meanin.o.man.word.ofte.relat.directl.t.thei.origins.I.othe.word.th.histor .o.th.wor.explai.th.meanin.o.th.word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义),is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1. 多义关系的形成: Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.A.overwhelmin.majorit.o.word.ar.polysemous.Whe..wor.i.firs.coined.i.i.alway e.t.expres. mor.meanings.Th.resul.i.polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachroni.approach(历时角度)an.synchroni.approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiatio.(辐射型.i..semanti.proces.i.whic.th.primar.meanin.stand.a.th.cen te.an.th.secondar.meaning.procee.ou.o.i.i.ever.directio.lik.rays.Th.meaning. ar.independen.o.on.another.Bu.ca.al.b.trace.bac.t.th.centr.meanin..2)Concatenation(连锁型).meanin.‘linkin.together’.i.th.semanti.proces.i.whic.th.meanin.o..wor.move.graduall.awa.fro.it.firs.sens.b.successiv.adj.连续的；继承的；依次的；接替.shifts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in soundand spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)ar.word.identica.onl.i.soun.bu.differen.i.spellin.an.meaning.Homophone.c mon.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1.Chang.i.soun.an.spelling.2.Borrowing.3.Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)They are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation.6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1.Borrowing.(外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）.o.words.(词的引申义和委婉语用法)4.Coincidenc.wit.idiomati.expressions.(与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words) (内涵意义)3)differenc.i.application.应用上（age.differen.collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类: 矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2.Contrar.terms.(p ariso.wit.th.other.)—semanti.relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonym.ar.classifie.o.th.basi.o.semanti.opposition.(adj.v.n.)ther.ar.mor.synonym.tha.antonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can havemore than one antonym.3)Antonym.diffe.i.semanti.inclusion.Pair.o.antonym.ar.see.a.marke.an.unmarke.term.respectively.Contrar.term.ar.gradabl.antonyms.differin.i.degre.o.intensity.s.eac.ha.it.ow.correspondin.opposite.Som.word.ca.hav.tw.differen.type.o.antonym.a.th.sam.time.on.bein.th.negativ.an.th.othe.opposite.3.使用: 解释词义。
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题带答案集锦
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共25题)1.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. datedB.datingingD.kept2.To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A. onB.withC.fromD.in3.Happiness doesn ’t alway s _______ money.A.go throughB.go in forC.go withD.go over4.Modern economics ________ the country ’s agricultural policies.A.undergoesB.understandsC.underliesD.undertakes5.Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary ’ , 3rd Edition (1980), is among the best-known British ______ dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual6.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPT ______ .A.EuropeB.the Far EastC.IndiaD.the Near East7.From the viewpoint of word formation, the word “ smog” is a ______.poundB.conversionC.clippingD.blending8.“ Apple, pear, peach, orange, lemon, etc. ” make up the ______ of “ fruit ”.A.synonymsB.homonymsC.superordinate termD.semantic field9.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features ofwords.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in questionD.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.10.Perseverance is a kind of quality and that is _______ it takes to do anything well.A. whatB.thatC.whichD.why11.You should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.e into sighte to termse into play12.A good worker in a key spot could, so _______ as he kept up production, take all the coffee breaks he wanted.A.longB.shortC.muchD.little13.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong14.In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the ______in which it occurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause15.Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A. looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on16.Which of the following is NOT one of the context clues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.17.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987) has some unique features such as definition, extra column and ______.A. pronunciationB.grammar codesage examplesnguage codes18.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.B.confusedC.confirmedD.convinced19.Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A.pushB.provideC.turnD.set20.The word “minister” originally meant“a servant”, but now has changed to“a head ofa ministry ”. This process of meaning change is called ______ .A.extensionB.elevationC.degradationD.specialization21.We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________.A.who nobody has confidenceB.in whom nobody has confidenceC.for whom nobody has confidenceD.who everyone has confidence of22.Which of the following words does NOT have suffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.23.How many monomorphemic words are there in the following words? cats boss work improper triedA.1B.2C.3D.424.Which of the following is NOT one of the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?A.Cultural reason.B.Historical reasonC.Class reasonD.Psychological reason25.When a reader comes across the word “ home” in his reading, the word may remind him of his “ family, friends, warmth, safety, etc. ” In this sense, the word “ home” conveys ______.A.connotative meaningB.stylistic meaningC.affective meaningD.collocative meaning第2卷一.单选题(共25题)1.There is an ambiguity in the sentence “ He is a hard businessman ” due to ______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy2.He ________ his poor judgment ________ Jet Lag.A.blamed ... forB.blamed ... toC.blamed ... onD.blamed ... at3.______ of meaning is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization4.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocateB.adoptC.applyD.adjust5.One can figure out the meaning of “ airmail ” to be “ mail by air ” by its ______.A.onomatopoeic motivationB.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.etymological motivation6.Parents, teachers in schools and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of ________ our potential interests.A.raisingB.risingC.arousingD.arising7.It has been years ________ I returned home.A.afterB.thatC.sinceD.when8.We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefitsB.affectsC.guidesD.effects9.Generally, a dictionary covers the following contents EXCEPT ______.A. spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntactical rules10.Lexical manipulation is one aspect of the rhetorical features of idioms. The following EXCEPT ______ belong to lexical manipulation.A.alliterationB.reiterationC.repetitionD.juxtaposition11.Words that are identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called ______.A.perfect homonymsB.homographsD.homonyms12.Idioms nominal in nature have a(n) ______ as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.A.verbB.adjectiveC.prepositionD.noun13.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg14.—David has made great progress recently. — _______，and _______.A.So he has；so you haveB.So he has；so have youC.So he has；so do youD.So has he；so you have15.The following words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us EXCEPT ______ .A.fireB.hotC.photoscanningD.sister16.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of idioms?A.The part of speech of each element in an idiom is very important.B.The constituents of idioms can eplaced. ’ t be rC.The word order in an idiom can ’ t be changed.D.An idiom functions as one word.17.Among the following words, “ ______ ” contains a negative prefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell18.A mong the following words, “ ______ ” does NOT have inflectional affixes.A. likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s19.Which of the following is partially converted?A. A whiteB.A drunkC.The poorD.Finals20.Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary?A.The rapid development of modern science and technology.B.Social, economic and political changesC.The invasion of foreign countries.D.The influence of other cultures and languages.21.He insured his car ________ he had an accident.A. unlessB.ifC.sinceD.in case22.“Woman” becomes “ Frau” in German, “femme” in French and “f ùnǔ” in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______ .A. soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings23.The differences between synonyms exist in the following areas EXCEPT ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application24.Washing the food down with water as a substitute ________ chewing is not a good habitA.ofB.forC.to25.What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A.illusionB.demonstrationC.illustrationD.reputation第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： B本题解析：本句中含有 be+of+n. 这个结构。
自考英语词汇学试题及答案
自考英语词汇学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "anonymous" is derived from which language?A. LatinB. GreekC. FrenchD. German答案：B. Greek2. Which of the following is an example of a compound word?A. BlackboardB. BreakdownC. ClassroomD. Both A and C答案：D. Both A and C3. The term "morpheme" refers to the smallest meaningful unit in a language. What is its role in vocabulary?A. It forms the basis of all words.B. It is used for grammatical purposes.C. It is a type of prefix or suffix.D. It is a collection of synonyms.答案：A. It forms the basis of all words.4. What is the process called when a word changes its meaningover time?A. Semantic shiftB. SynonymyC. PolysemyD. Homonymy答案：A. Semantic shift5. Which of the following is a false friend in English and Spanish?A. ActualB. CurrentC. ActualmenteD. Fact答案：C. Actualmente6. The word "serendipity" is an example of a ________ word.A. BorrowedB. NeologismC. CognateD. Archaic答案：A. Borrowed7. What is the meaning of the prefix "un-" in the word "unhappy"?A. NotB. OneC. UpD. Out答案：A. Not8. Which of the following words is a back-formation?A. EditB. TypewriteC. InventD. Hostage答案：B. Typewrite9. The term "collocation" refers to the way in which words are often found together in a language. Which of the following is an example of collocation?A. "Strong coffee"B. "Big mouse"C. "Tall mountain"D. "Long sleep"答案：A. "Strong coffee"10. Which of the following is an example of a phrasal verb?A. "To look"B. "To come"C. "To look up"D. "To come up"答案：D. "To come up"二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The root of the word "biology" is ________, which meanslife.答案：bio-12. An idiom is a type of ________ expression that is often metaphorical.答案：fixed13. The word "avocado" is a(n) ________ noun because it ends with an "o" but is not singular.答案：plural14. The process of creating new words by combining existing words is known as ________.答案：compounding15. A word that has more than one meaning is said to exhibit ________.答案：polysemy16. The term "etymology" refers to the ________ of a word, including its origin and historical development.答案：history17. In English, the word "mouse" can be both a noun and a verb, which is an example of ________.答案：conversion18. The phrase "kick the bucket" is an example of a(n)________ idiom.答案：idiomatic19. A word that is spelled but not pronounced is known as a(n) ________ letter.答案：silent20. The word "geography" is derived from the Greek words "geo" meaning earth and "graphia" meaning ________.答案：writing or description三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between a homograph and a homophone.答案：A homograph is a word that is spelled the same as another word but has a different meaning and may have a different pronunciation. For example, "lead" can mean toguide or the metal. A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning and is usually spelled differently. For example, "their," "there," and "they're" are homophones.22. What is the role of context in determining the meaning ofa word?答案：Context plays a crucial role in determining the meaning of a word because it provides clues about thesituation in which the word is used. It helps to disambiguate。
00832自考英语词汇学自考试卷（答案全面）
00832⾃考英语词汇学⾃考试卷（答案全⾯）⾃考综合测验英语词汇学试卷（课程代码 00832 ）⼀、选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers.You are to make the best choice and write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the blank. （1%×30=30%） 1.Which of the following CANNOT be defined as a word? ____A. forB. fortuneC. ibleD. misfortune2.Words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use are____ . A. slangB. argotC. neologismsD. archaisms3. Words like foot or dog can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes, e.g. footage and dogfight. This shows that the basic word stock has the characteristics of_____ . A. productivity B. polysemy C. collocability D. stability4. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came and dominated the British Isles. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ____English.A. oldB. NewC. MiddleD. Modern 5.Which of the following is NOT true?A. English is more closely related to German than French.B. Old English was a highly inflected language.C. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.D. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.6.In the early Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as ____.A. IndustrializationB. Elizabethan AgeC. RenaissanceD. Victorian Age7.Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as ____.A. stemsB. allomorphsC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes 8.Among the following words, ____ does NOT have inflectional affixes. A. liked B. children's C. Happier D. it's9.The basic form of a word which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity is a ____ . A. Morph B. allomorph C. root D. stem 10.The following words have number prefixes EXCEPT ____.A. BilingualB. multi-purposeC. tricycleD. post-election 11.The following words are the results from blending EXCEPT ____ . A. Bicycle B. motel C. smog D. hamburger12.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms is called ____.A. PrefixationB. acronymyC. blendingD. conversion13.The ____of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. A. Reference B. concept C. sense D. motivation 14.Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Collocation can affect the meaning of words.B. Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.C. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.D. The connotative meaning is also known as connotations, which are generallyfound in the dictionary.15.In the phrase "the tongues of fire", the word tongues is ____motivated.A. OnomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically16.Words like dear that means a loved person and deer that means a kind of animal are called ____. A. Synonyms B. homographs C. homophones D. antonyms 17.Which of the following deals with the relationship of semantic opposition? A. Synonymy. B. Antonymy. C. Polysemy. D. Hyponymy.18.Which of the following groups of words shows difference of synonyms in connotation? A. increase-expand B. unlike-dissimilar C. work-toil D. empty-vacant19. The word disease once meant discomfort, but now means illness. This is an example of ____of word-meaning. A. generalization B. degradation C. elevation D. specialization20. The word silly used to mean happy, but now means foolish. This serves as an example of ____of word-meaning. A. Extension B. narrowing C. elevation D. degradation21. The associated transfer of meaning is often due to ____factors, as is shown in such words as angel, martyr and paradise, whose meanings are elevated because of the influence of Christianity. A. Class B. scientific C. historical D. psychological22.Grammatical context refers to the context where the meanings of a word may be influenced by the ____in which it occurs.A. meaning groupB. structureC. conversationD. culture23.That trade union means differently in western countries and in China shows that ____context has some effect on the meaning of words.A. GrammaticalB. lexicalC. linguisticD. extra-linguistic 24. Ambiguity of ten arises due to ___, as is shown in the sentence “He is a hard business”. A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. antonymyD. homonomy25.The idiom Jack of all trades means the same as Jack of all trades and master of none. This example shows idioms may vary by means of ____.A. shorteningB. additionC. replacementD. position-shifting26.The noun phrase pepper and salt in "His hair is pepper and salt" functions as an idiom ____ in nature. A. Nominal B. verbal C. adverbial D. adjectival27. The rhetorical feature of idioms, ____, is used in such idioms as "chop and change", "bag and baggage". A. Rhyme B. alliteration C. reiteration D. juxtaposition28. Dictionaries that are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000 are ____. A. unabridged dictionaries B. desk dictionaries C. pocket dictionaries D. specialized dictionaries29.The definitions in ____are all in full sentences and the definition itself throws light on the grammatical use of the word in question.A. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987)B. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition (1987)C. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980)D. Webster's New World Dictionary, 2rd Collage Edition (1980)30.One can only find the English equivalents for its Chinese items such as 黄梁美梦，吃软不吃硬in ____. A. CCELD B.CEDC.LDCED.NECD 第⼆部分⾮选择题Ⅱ. Complete the following statements with proper words according to the course book. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word on the blank. (1.5%×10=15%)31.A word is a ________ that stands for something else in the world, and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the meaning.32.The introduction of ________into England marked the beginning of Modern English period. 33.The morpheme is the________functioning unit in the composition of words.34.To shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead is called ________. 35.________, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.36.A ________field is a meaning area where words share the same concept.年级班级准考证号姓名37. Extension of meaning is found in many ________terms, as is shown in the word feedback, which originally is a term in computer science, but now is generalized to mean "response".38. The word paper has a number of meanings in the dictionary, but it means differently in "a white pap er" and "today’s paper". This example shows that ________ context affects the meaning of word.39. Many idioms are grammatically _________, as is shown in the idiom "diamond cut diamond", which is grammatically incorrect.40.The main body of a dictionary is its ________ of words.Ⅲ.Define the following terms in the blank space. (3%×5=15%)41.semantic change42.affixation43.concatenation44. context (in a broad sense)45. sentence idiomsⅣ.Answer the following questions in the blank space. Your answers should be clear and short. (5%×4=20%)46.What is the difference between a free root and a bound root?47.Give the acronyms of the following phrases:1) V oice of America ____2) unidentified flying object ____3) teaching English as a foreign language ____4) Victory Day ____5) tuberculosis ____48.How do you understand the statement "true synonymy is non-existent"?49.Explain how context clues are used in the sentence "Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird Whistell".V.Analyze and comment on the following on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%×2=20%)50. Use the following groups of phrases to illustrate the definition and the overlapping feature of collocative meaning.a) pretty girl, pretty flower, handsome boy, handsome carb) pretty woman, handsome woman51. Comment on the following two groups to illustrate the use of antonyms.(a) give and take, high and low(b) More haste, less speed./Easy come, easy go.答案：。
2024年4月广州自考英语词汇学试题
2024年4月广州自考英语词汇学试题一、以下哪个词汇与“lexicology”意义相近？A. lexicographyB. phoneticsC. semanticsD. pragmatics（答案）A二、在英语词汇学中，“morpheme”指的是什么？A. 词素B. 词根C. 词缀D. 词义（答案）A三、下列哪个术语用来描述词汇的变化和发展？A. etymologyB. semanticsC. lexicographyD. lexicostatistics（答案）A四、“Synonymy”是指什么关系？A. 同音关系B. 同义关系C. 反义关系D. 上下义关系（答案）B五、以下哪个词汇描述的是“语言使用者对词汇使用的偏好和选择”？A. lexical fieldB. lexical frequencyC. lexical choiceD. lexical variation（答案）C六、在英语词汇学中，“collocation”指的是什么？A. 词汇的搭配关系B. 词汇的语音特征C. 词汇的语法功能D. 词汇的文化内涵（答案）A七、“Polysemy”是指什么现象？A. 一词多义B. 一义多词C. 同音异义D. 同形异义（答案）A八、以下哪个术语用于描述词汇在特定语境中的具体意义？A. connotationB. denotationC. contextual meaningD. associative meaning（答案）C。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
C h a p t e r1B a s i c C o n c e p t s1.w o r d----d e f i n i t i o n定义P7⏹M i n i m a l f r e e f o r m⏹S o u n d⏹M e a n i n g⏹S y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n1)s o u n d&m e a n i n g----r e l a t i o n s h i p关系⏹A r b i t r a r y,c o n v e n t i o n a l⏹S a m e c o n c e p t;s a m e s o u n d2)s o u n d a n d f o r m:P8R e a s o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e:P8-P9⏹N o e n o u g h l e t t e r s:a l p h a b e t f r o m l a t i n⏹P r o n u n c i a t i o n c h a n g e d m o r e r a p i d l y⏹E a r l y s c r i b e s:c h a n g e s p e l l i n g f o r e a s i e r r e c o g n i t i o n⏹B o r r o w i n g:d i f f e r e n t r u l e s o f p r o n u n c i a t i o n a n d s p e l l i n g2.V o c a b u l a r y1)定义d e f i n i t i o n P10⏹D i f f e r e n t s e n s e s:t o t a l n u m b e r o f w o r d s⏹W o r d s i n a p a r t i c u l a r h i s t o r i c a l p e r i o d2)分类c l a s s i f i c a t i o nD i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a:P10--11⏹B y u s e f r e q u e n c y:b a s i c w o r d s t o c k,n o n b a s i c v o c a b u l a r y⏹B y n o t i o n:c o n t e n t,f u n c t i o n a l⏹B y o r i g i n:n a t i v e,b o r r o w e d3)C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b a s i c w o r d s t o c k⏹A l l n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r全民性：c o m m o n⏹S t a b i l i t y稳定性:r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d⏹P r o d u c t i v i t y多产性:r o o t w o r d s⏹P o l y s e m y多义性:m o r e t h a n o n e m e a n i n g⏹C o l l o c a b i l i t y搭配性:s e t e x p r e s s i o n s,i d i o m s,p r o v e r b s4)C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b o r r o w e d w o r d s/l o a n w o r d s P19⏹D e n i z e n s同化词：a s s i m i l a t e d⏹A l i e n s非同化词：o r i g i n a l p r o n u n c i a t i o n a n d s p e l l i n g⏹T r a n s l a t i o n-l o a n s译借词:f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e p a t t e r n w i t h e x i s t i n g m a t e r i a l⏹S e m a n t i c-l o a n s借义词:b o r r o w m e a n i n g3.领会T h e p o i s i t i o n a n d i m p o r t a n c e o f b a s i c w o r d s t o c k a n d n a t i v e w o r d sB a s i c w o r d s t o c k:p11⏹F o u n d a t i o n,c o m m o n c o r e,t h o u g h s m a l l p e r c e n t a g eN a t i v e w o r d s:p17⏹W o r d s o f A n g l o-S a x o n o r i g i n,m a i n s t r e a m o f b a s i c w o r d s t o c k,c o r e⏹N e u t r a l i n s t y l e,f r e q u e n t i n u s eC h a p t e r2D e v e l o p m e n t⏹1.印欧语系的谱系关系⏹分支：⏹E a s t e r n s e t:B a l t o-S l a v i c,I n d o-I r a n i a n,A r m e n i a n a n d A l b a n i a n,⏹W e s t e r n s e t:C e l t i c,I t a l i c,H e l l e n i c,G e r m a n i c各分支的主要现代语言⏹东部⏹B a l t o-S a l v i c:P r u s s i a n,L i t h u a n i a n,P o l i s h,C z e c h,B u l g a r i a n,S l o v e n i a n,R u s s i a n⏹I n d o-I r a n i a n:P e r s i a n,B e n g a l i,H i n d i,R o m a n y⏹A r m e n i a n,A l b a n i a n西部⏹H e l l e n i c:G r e e k⏹C e l t i c:S c o t t i s h,I r i s h,W e l s h,B r e t o n⏹I t a l i c:P o r t u g u e s e,S p a n i s h,F r e n c h,I t a l i a n,R o u m a n i a n----L a t i n⏹G e r m a n i c:N o r w e g i a n,I c e l a n d i c,D a n i s h,S w e d i s h;G e r m a n,D u t c h,F l e m i s h,E n g l i s h2.H i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w⏹三个历史阶段及词汇特点O l d E n g l i s h(450--1150):p26⏹50000-60000,h i g h i n f l e c t e d,c o m p l e x e n d i n g s,v o w e l c h a n g e sM i d d l e E n g l i s h(1150--1500):p28⏹F r e n c h w o r d s,f e w e r e n d i n g sM o d e r n E n g l i s h(1500---):p29⏹B o r r o w,n e w w o r d s,n o e n d i n g s3.G r o w t h o f p r e s e n t-d a y E n g l i s h当代英语词汇发展状况:⏹F a s t e r,n e w w o r d s发展原因：t h r e e m a i n s o u r c e s⏹S c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y;s o c i a l,e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e s;i n f l u e n c e o f o t h e r c u l t u r e a n d l a n g u a g e s 发展方式：m o d e⏹C r e a t i o n,s e m a n t i c c h a n g e,b o r r o w i n g4.领会:三种词汇发展方式的地位和作用⏹C r e a t i o n:f o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s,m o s t i m p o r t a n t⏹S e m a n t i c c h a n g e:o l d f o r m w i t h n e w m e a n i n g,n e w u s a g e s⏹B o r r o w i n g:v i t a l r o l eC h a p t e r3W o r d F o r m a t i o n1.M o r p h e m e词素⏹D e f i n i t i o n:⏹M i n i m a l/s m a l l e s t m e a n i n g f u l u n i t i n a w o r d2.A l l o m o r p h s词素变体⏹M o r p h e m e---a b s t r a c t形位⏹M o r p h s----d i s c r e t e形素⏹A l l o m o r p h s:t h e a l t e r n a t i v e m o r p h s o f t h e s a m e m o r p h e m e2.T y p e s o f M o r p h e m e sF r e e m o r p h e m e s：⏹i n d e p e n d e n t/f r e e g r a m m a t i c a l u n i t s,c o m p l e t e m e a n i n g sB o u n d m o r p h e m e s:⏹n o t s e p a r a t e w o r d s,b o u n d t oB o u n d m o r p h e m e1)B o u n d r o o t:f u n d a m e n t a l m e a n i n g2)A f f i x e s:a t t a c h,m o d i f y⏹I n f l e c t i o n a l a f f i x e s:a t t a c h e d t o t h e e n d o f w o r d sG r a m m a t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s⏹D e r i v a t i o n a l a f f i x e s:T o c r e a t e n e w w o r d sD e r i v a t i o n a l a f f i x e s⏹P r e f i x e s:b e f o r e t h e w o r d,m o d i f y/c h a n g e t h e m e a n i n g⏹S u f f i x e s：a f t e r t h e w o r dc h a n g e t h e w o rd c l a s sR o o t a n d S t e m⏹R o o t：c a n n o t b e f u r t h e r a n a l y s e d⏹S t e m:t h e f o r m t o w h i c h a n y a f f i x e s c a n b e a d d e dC h a p t e r4W o r d-f o r m a t i o n ▪4.1A f f i x a t i o n词缀法▪D e f i n i t i o n▪T h e f o r m a t i o n o f w o r d b y a d d i n g a f f i x e s t o s t e m s▪P r e f i x a t i o n:…..a d d i n g p r e f i x e s t o…▪S u f f i x a t i o n:…..a d d i n g s u f f i x e s t o…▪F e a t u r e:▪P r e f i x:b e f o r e t h e w o r d,m o d i f y t h e m e a n i n g▪S u f f i x:a f t e r t h e w o r d,c h a n g e w o r d c l a s s4.2C o m p o u n d i n g复合法▪F o r m a t i o n o f w o r d s b y j o i n i n g t w o o r m o r e s t e m sC h a r a c t e r i s t i c s(d i f f e r e n c e f r o m f r e e p h r a s e):▪P h o n e t i c~:f i r s t e l e m e n t s t r e s s▪S e m a n t i c~:u n i t y,a s o n e w o r d▪G r a m m a t i c a l~:s i n g l e g r a m m a t i c a l r o l eF o r m a t i o n o f c o m p o u n d s(运用)▪N o u n c o m p o u n d s:n./v.+n./v.a./a d v.+n./v./a d v.(v-i n g当n./a d j.看)▪A d j e c t i v e c o m p o u n d s:n./a.+a.(i n g/e d)▪n u m./a d v.+n./v-i n g/v-e d▪V e r b c o m p o u n d s:c o n v e r s i o n,b a c k f o r m a t i o n4.3C o n v e r s i o n转类法：▪F o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y c o n v e r t i n g w o r d c l a s s/p a r t o f s p e e c h▪(f u n c t i o n a l s h i f t/z e r o-d e r i v a t i o n)P h r a s a l v e r b s t o n o u n s:▪K e e p o r i g i n a l o r d e r▪I n v e r t t h e v e r b a n d p a r t i c l e:p+va d j.t o n o u n.▪F u l l c o n v e r s i o n：c o m p l e t e l y c o n v e r t e d;a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f n o u nc o m m o n ad j.;p a r t i c i p le s▪P a r t i a l c o n v e r s i o n:p a r t i a l l y c o n v e r t e dn o t a l l q u a l i t i e s,w i t h d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e s;a g r o u p o f t h e k i n d,s i n g l e p e r s o n领会：专类后的语义特色▪S e m a n t i c f e a t u r e/c h a r a c t e r i s t i c:▪S e m a n t i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l w o r d c l a s s i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s4.4b l e n d i n g拼缀法▪F o r m a t i o n o f w o r d s b y c o m b i n i n g p a r t o f t w o w o r d sP a t t e r n s/t y p e s:▪H e a d+t a i l/h e a d/w o r d▪W o r d+t a i l▪运用：辨认理解4.5C l i p p i n g截短法D e f i n i t i o n:▪F o r m a t i o n o f a n e w w o r d b y c u t t i n g a p a r t o f f/s h o r t e n i n g a l o n g e r w o r d P a t t e r n s/T y p e s:▪F r o n t,b a c k,f r o n t a n d b a c k,p h r a s e4.6A c r o n y m首字母拼音法:▪F o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y j o i n i n g t o i n i t i a l l e t t e r s o f n a m e s▪T y p e s:缩略词，拼音词I n i t i a l i s m s:a r e p r o n o u n c e d l e t t e r b y l e t t e rf u l l w o r d s/c o n s t i t u e n t s▪A c r o n y m s:a r e p r o n u n c e d a s a n o r m a l w o r d▪运用：辨认4.7B a c k-f o r m a t i o nD e f i n i t i o n:▪F o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y r e m o v i n g t h e s u p p o s e d s u f f i x e sP a t t e r n:▪D r o p t h e e n d i n g s:n./a.-----v.▪A b s t r a c t/h u m a n/c o m p o u n d n o u n s,a d j e t i v e sS t y l e:i n f o r m a l4.8w o r d s f r o m p r o p e r n o u n sT y p e s:▪N a m e s o f p e o p l e,p l a c e s,b o o k s,t r a d e n a m e s领会：▪S t y l e:v i v i d,i m p r e s s i v e,t h o u g h t-p r o v o k i n g小结：本章结构串讲：构词法▪定义模式：i t’s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y d o i n g…(d o i n g是主要动词，可替换为a d d,c u t,j o i n/c o m b i n e,c h a n g e)▪分类：1)词的自身长度变化(变形)：加减法加：a f f i x a t i o n，减：c l i p p i n g,b a c k-f o r m a t i o n2)词间组合：整体组合：c o m p o u n d;部分组合：b l e n d i n g;字母组合：a c r o n y m y3)词的自身变化:变性:c o n v e r s i o n;变态/变位:w o r d s f r o m p r o p e r n a m e s(普通化/特殊变为普通)C h a p t e r5W o r d M e a n i n g5.1M e a n i n g s o f m e a n i n gR e f e r e n c e所指▪R e l a t i o n s h i p,i n d i c a t e s w h i c h t h i n g s i n t h e w o r l d▪A r b i t r a r y,c o n v e n t i o n a lC o c e p t:▪B e y o n d l a n g u a g e,h u m a n c o g n i t i o n,o b j e c t i v e w o r l d i n h u m a n m i n d▪S a m e c o n c e p t----d i f f e r e n t w o r d sS e n s e:▪R e l a t i o n s h i p i n s i d e l a n g u a g e▪I t s p l a c e i n a s y s t e m o f s e m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n s ▪E x p r e s s i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t d i a l e c t s5.2M o t i v a t i o n理据▪O n o m a t o p o e t i c m o t i v a t i o n:s o u n d s s u g g e s t m e a n i n g s,i m i t a t i n g n a t u r a l s o u n d s o r n o i s e s▪M o r p h o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n:T h e m e a n i n g s a r e t h e s u m t o t a l o f t h e m o r p h e m e sS e m a n t i c m o t i v a t i o n ▪M e n t a l a s s o c i a t i o n s f r o m t h e c o n c e p t u a l m e a n i n g▪L i t e r a l s e n s e----f i g u r a t i v e s e n s eE t y m o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n▪T h e m e a n i n g s o f t e n r e l a t e t o t h e o r i g i n.领会：理据与约定俗成F o r m–m e a n i n g:▪C o n v e n t i o n a l,a r b i t r a r y,n o l o g i c a l c o n n e c t i o n▪N o n-m o t i v a t e d▪C a n b e e x p l a i n e d t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t:4t y p e s5.3 Types of meaning ▪G r a m m t i c a l~G r a m m t i c a l c o n c e p t o r r e l a t i o n s h i pA c t u a l c o n t e x t▪L e x i c a l~:d e f i n i t i o n▪R e l a t i o n s h i p:e x a m p l e:s a m e o r d if f e r e n t w o r d sf u n c t i o n a l w o r d s,c o n t e n t w o r d sConceptual~▪C o r e m e a n i n g i n d i c t i o n a r y,c o r eA s s o c i a t i v e~:▪S e c o n d a r y m e a n i n gA s s o c i a t i v e m e a n i n g▪C o n n o t a t i v e m e a n i n g:o v e r t o n e s,a s s o c i a t i o n su n s t a b l e,v a r y i n g c o n s i d e r a b l y▪S t y l i s t i c m e a n i n g:d i f fe r e n t c o n t e x t sf o r m a l,i n f o r m a l,l i t e r a r y,a r c h a i c,n e u r a lAffective meaning▪I n d i c a t e t h e s p e a k e r’s a t t i t u d e▪E m o t i v e c o n t e n t:i n t e r j e c t i o n s▪A p p r e c i a t i v e~:p o s i t i v e o v e r o n eP e j o r a t i v e~:n e g a t i v e c o n n o t a t i o nC o l l o c a t i v e m e a n i n g:▪T h e a s s o c i a t i o n s a w o r d g e t s i n c o l l o c a t i o nChapter 6 Sense Relations前言：Polysemy多义, homonymy(同形同音)异义, synonymy同义, antonymy反义, hyponymy上下义(词形分析：nym: name-----nymy)定义模式：it can be defined as the sense relation in which words have…meaning.6.1 Polysemy1）Definition:the words with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meanings.2）Two approches:diachronic ~历时: growth and developmentprimary meaning----derived meaningsynchronic ~共时: coexistencecentral meaning----sencondary meaning(secondary ----sometimes dominant. P97)3）Two ProcessesRadiation辐射: center, every direction like rays;independent; back to central meaning. e.g: neck (多个意思同时并存) Concatenation连锁: move away from first sense by shifts;no connection with original meaning; Later meaning is related to preceding one.eg. : treacle, candidate （剩下一个意思）6.2 homonymy1)Definition: words have different meanings but identical sounds or spelling2)Types:Perfect homonyms: identical sounds and spellingHomographs: identical spellingHomophones: identical sound---most common3) origins: changes in sound and spelling; Borrowing; Shortening4) difference between homonyms and polysemantsetmology 词源: different/ same source；semantic relatedness语义相关性: no connection; connected to central meaning；dictionary: separate entries; one headword；5) Rhetoric features：create puns for disired effec--- humour, sarcasm, ridiculeEg. See—sea; pray---prey p1036.3 Synonymy1)Definition. words have similar/ same essential meaning (same part of speech)2)Types:Absolute synonyms---complete ~:identical in all aspects; specialized vocablularyRelative synonyms---near ~same denotation but different shades or degree3) SourcesBorrowing; Dialects & regional English; Figurative & euphemistic useCoincidence with idiomatic expressions4) DiscriminationDenotation: range & intensityConnotation: stylistic & emotive colouring; (archaic and poetic terms)Application: collocation, sentence pattern6.4 Antonymy1.Definition: words have opposite meanings2.Types:1) contradictory terms矛盾: oppositeness of meaningmutually exclusive: no possibility 非此即彼; non-gradable2) Contrary terms 对立：a scale between two extremesgradable: comparison3) Relative terms 关系: relational opposites, interdependentreverse termsDifference with contradictory terms: absolute/ relational opposition3. characteristics：On the basis of semantic opposition;A polysemant can have more than one antonymDiffer in semantic inclusion: unmarkedGradable antonyms each has its own opposite.: (negative, opposite)4. useTo define the meaning; To express economicallyTo for antithesis; To serve stylistic purpose6.5 HyponymyDefintion: relationship of semantic inclusionspecific word---general wordsuperordinate terms; subordinate terms (Hyponyms)Use : coherence : vivid, exact, concrete小结：A word----- polysemyApproches: diachornic----synchronicprocesses: concatenation ---- radiationMany words------- meaning, (sound, spelling)Homonymy 异义: definition,types, origins, useSynonymy 同义: definition, types, differenceAntonymy: definition, types, feature, useHyponymy: definition, use6.6 Semantic FieldDefiniton: word store is composed around a number of meaning areasFunction: words in each field define one another.Chapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningV ocabulary: most unstable in form and contentcontent: more unstable: e.g.: rival, jump, vulgar, censure, fond, pregnant7.1 T ypes:定义模式：it is a process by which the meaning of a word is V-ed1) extension: generalization------widening of the meaningspecialized---generalized; broaderPolysemic words, technical terms, proper use2) narrowing: specialization-----narrowed or specializedproper noun, shortend phrases, material noun3) elevation : rise from humble beginning to important positionlow/ humble----agreeable/pleasant4) degradation: pejorationfall into ill reputation/ derogatory sense from good orgin/non-affective wordsneural ----pejorative5) transfer: changed to mean something elseassociated transfer; abstract ----concrete; subjective----objective; sensations transfer7.2 Causes of Changes1) Extra-linguistic factors:Historical reason: tradition and continuity; increased scientific knowledge and discovery Class reason: attitude of classesPsychological reason: psychological motive; religious influence2) Linguistic factors: shortend phrase; borrowings; competition of native words; analogyChapter 8 Meaning & ContextMeaning lives in context; context defines meaning8.1. T ypes:1) Extra-linguistic context: non-linguistic situation, cultural background2) Linguistic context: lexical ~: neighbouring words, collocationgrammatical ~: sentence structure8.2 Role of context1) Elimination of ambiguity: polysemy, homonymy-- inadequate context2) Indication of referents: words to refer to people, time, place3) Provision of clues for inferring meaning:词与句:definition, explanation, exmple, details;词与词: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy;词素: word structureC h a p t e r9E n g l i s h I d i o m s:⏹E x p r e s s i o n s n o t u n d e r s t a n d a b l e f r o m l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s⏹C o l l o q u i a l i s m,c a t c h p h r a s e,s l a n g,p r o v e r b9.1C h a r a c t e r i s i t c s1)S e m a n t i c u n i t y:⏹n o i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y:m e a n i n g,p a r t o f s p e e c h⏹f u n c t i o n a s o n e w o r d⏹i l l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e m e a n i n g b e t w e e n e a c h w o r d a n d i d i o m2)S t r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y:u n c h a n g e a b l e⏹c o n s t i t u e n t s,w o r d o r d e r,g r a m m a r.3)I d i o m a t i c i t y i s g r a d a b l ea s c a l e:c o n s t i t u e n t m e a n i n g---i d i o m m e a n i n g⏹T r u e i d i o m s:c a n n o t d e d u c e⏹S e m i-i d i o m s:r e l a t e d i n a w a y⏹R e g u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n s:r e g u l a r c o l l o c a t i o n sf i x i t y-----i d i o m a t i c i t y9.2C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f i d i o m s⏹C r i t e r i o n:g r a m m a t i c a l f u n c t i o n1)n o m i n a l~:n./a.+(p r e p./c o n j.)+n.2)a d j e c t i v e~:a./p r e p./a d v.+c o n j./p r e p.+n.3)v e r b a l~:p h r a s a l v e r b s:v.+p r e p./p a r t i c l ev e r b p h r a s e s:v.+n./a./a d v./c o n j.+n./a./v./p r e p p h r a s e4):a d v e r b i a l~:n./p r e p.+n.+(c o n j.)+a./n.5):s e n t e n c e~:p r o v e r b,s a y i n g小结:各类习语必含相应词性为关键词\引导词9.3U s e o f i d i o m s1)s t y l i s t i c f e a t u r e:⏹i n f o r m a l--c o l l o q u i a l i s m,s l a n g⏹f o r m a l--l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n2)r h e t o r i c a l f e a t u r e:⏹p h o n e t i c:a l l i t e r a t i o n,r h y m e⏹l e x i c a l:r e i t e r a t i o n同义重复,r e p e t i t i o n完全重复,j u x t a p o s i t i o n反义邻接⏹f i g u r e s o f s p e e c h:s i m i l e明喻,m e t a p h o r暗喻,m e t o n y m y换喻,s y n e c d o c h e借代,p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n拟人,e u p h e m i s m委婉语3)v a r i a t i o n s⏹S t r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y i s n o t a b s o l u t eg r a m m a r;c o n s t i t u e n t s⏹C h a n g e s:词:r e p l a c e m e n t,a d d i t i o n/d e l e t i o n结构:p o s i t i o n-s h i f t i n g移位,s h o r t e n i n g缩略,d i s m e m b e r i n g肢解C h a p t e r10E n g l i s hD i c t i o n a r y1)T y p e s:⏹m o n o l i n g u a l/b i l i n g u a l~:⏹l i n g u i s t i c语文&e n c y c l o p e d i c~百科:d e f i n e w o r d s,e x p l a i n u s a g e s;e n c y c l o p e d i c i nf o r m a t i o n–h e a d w o r d;⏹u n a b r i d g e d~大型(>20万),d e s k~案头(5-15万),p o c k e t~袖珍(<5万)⏹s p e c i a l i z e d~专用:p a r t i c u l a r a r e a o f k n o w l e d g e10.2U s e o f d i c t i o n a r y1)c h o i c e⏹语种m o n o-,b i-:l i n g u i s t i c l e v e lb e g i n n e r,i n t e r m e d i a t e&a d v a nc ed le a n e r⏹范围g e n e r a l/s p e c i a l i z e d:e n c y c l o p e d i c,d e t a i l e d---t e a c h e r/r e s e a r c h e r⏹标准B r i./A m r.:g r a m m a r;e n c y c l o p e d i c⏹时间e a l y/l a t e:m o d e r n l i t e r a t u r e,p a s t m a t e r i a l2)C o n t e n t o f d i c t i o n a r y⏹s p e l l i n g,p r o n u n c i a t i o n,d e f i n i t i o n,u s a g e,g r a m m a r,⏹n o t e s,e t y m o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n,s u p p l e m e n t a r y m a t t e r10.3T h r e e g o o d d i c t i o n a r i e s⏹L o n g m a n朗文:c l e a r g r a m m a r c ode s,u s a g e n o t e s,l a n g u a g e n o t e sr e v i s e d a n d u p d a t e d⏹C o l l i n s柯林斯：d e f i n i t i o n,e x t r a c o l u m n,u s a g e e x a m p l e s⏹C-E汉英：l a r g e n u m b e r o f e n t r i e s,r e v i s e d,a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r,E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s。