会计学原理 Fundamental Accounting Principles 最经典教程 18版 chapter06 第六章
Fundamental-accounting-principles-会计学原理1234689(汇编)
会计学原理概念整理C hapter 1 Accounting in Business第一章商业会计1. 会计信息使用者User of accounting information1. 外部信息使用者：External users of accounting information are not directly involved in running theExternal information user organization．银行 Banks储蓄贷款机构savings and loans 使用债权人消费合作社 co-opsLenders（creditors）抵押 mortgage金融机构 finance companies通用财务报表股东、董事会general-purpose financial statement shareholders（investors）、board of directors外部审计人员 external (independent) auditors员工employees工会 labor union美国国税局 the internal revenue service（IRS）政府管理机构 Regulators公用事业委员会Utility boards证券管理机构 securities regulators选举人 voters立法者 legislators政府官员 government officials捐赠人 contributors供应商 suppliers2. 内部信息使用者: Internal users of accounting information are those directly involved in managing andInternal information users operating an organizations研发经理 research and development managers使用采购经理 purchasing managers人力资源经理 human resource managers生产经理 production managers管理会计销售经理 distribution managersManagerial accounting 营销经理 marketing managers服务经理 service managers内部控制：Internal controls are procedures designed to protect company property and equipment, ensure Internal controls reliable accounting reports,promote efficiency , and encourage adherence to company policies．2. 会计领域的工作机会Opportunities in accounting1）四大领域财务 financial管理 managerial税收 taxation相关领域 accounting-related（见表 accounting opportunities Page4 ）2）会计工作所占比例私用会计private accountingAccounting jobs by area公共会计public accounting政府、非营利机构及教育机构government，not-for-profit and education（见表accounting jobs by area Page4）3）会计证书CPA certified public accounting注册公共会计师Accounting certificate CMA certificate in management accounting注册管理会计证书CIA certified Internet auditor注册内部审计证书CB certified bookkeeper 注册簿记员CPP certified payroll professional注册薪金专家PFS personal financial specialist个人理财专家4）一些会计岗位的薪酬Salaries for several accounting position （Page 5）3. 会计基本原则Fundamentals of accounting1.概念accounting is guided by principles ，standards，concepts and assumptions。
会计学原理23版 英文版教学书册Wild FAP 23e Ch25 IRM
CHAPTER 25 CAPITAL BUDGETING AND MANAGERIAL DECISIONSSP refers to the Serial ProblemES refers to Excel SimulationsAdditional Information on Related Assignment MaterialConnectAvailable on the instructor’s course-specific website) repeats all numerical Quick Studies, all Exercises and Problems Set A. Connect also provides algorithmic versions for Quick Study, Exercises and Problems. It allows instructors to monitor, promote, and assess student learning. It can be used in practice, homework, or exam mode.Connect InsightThe first and only analytics tool of its kind, Connect Insight is a series of visual data displays that are each framed by an intuitive question and provide at-a-glance information regarding how an instructor’s class is performing. Connect Insight is available through Connect titles.The Serial Problem (SP) for Success Systems continues in this chapter.General LedgerAssignable within Connect, General Ledger (GL) problems offer students the ability to see how transactions post from the general journal all the way through the financial statements. Critical thinking and analysis components are added to each GL problem to ensure understanding of the entire process. GL problems are auto-graded and provide instant feedback to the student.Excel SimulationsAssignable within Connect, Excel Simulations allow students to practice their Excel skills—such as basic formulas and formatting—within the context of accounting. These questions feature animated, narrated Help and Show Me tutorials (when enabled). Excel Simulations are auto-graded and provide instant feedback to the student. Synopsis of Chapter RevisionNEW opener—Simply Gum and entrepreneurial assignment.Added exhibit and discussion of capital budgeting process.Added exhibit and discussion of cash inflows and outflows in capital budgeting.Added lists of strengths and weaknesses, with revised discussion, of payback period.Added list of weaknesses of accounting rate of return method.New art showing timeline of NPV calculation.Added discussion of outsourcing in make or buy decisions.Added discussion of capital rationing.Added financial calculator and Excel steps for many calculations.Revised discussion of relevant costs and benefits.Revised Sustainability section on capital budgeting for solar investments and Simply Gum example.Added two Quick Studies on capital budgeting for solar investments.Added Appendix and end of chapter assignments on product pricing.Chapter OutlineNotes Section 1 Capital BudgetingI.Capital budgeting is a process of analyzing alternative long-terminvestments and deciding which assets to acquired or sellA.An objective of capital budgeting decisions is to earn a satisfactoryrate of return.B.The process begins with department or plant managers submittingproposals for new investment in property, plant, and equipment. Acapital budget committee evaluates the proposals and recommendsfor approval or rejection. Finally, board of directors approvescapital expenditures for the year.C.Such decisions require careful analysis because they are difficultand risky.1.Difficult because of need to make predictions of events thatwill occur well into the future.2.Risky because: Outcome is uncertain, large amounts of moneyare involved, a long-term commitment is required, and thedecision may be difficult or impossible to reverse.II.Methods Not Using Time Value of Money Investments areexpected to produce net cash outflows; Net Cash flows equal cashinflows minus cash outflows. Simple analysis methods do not considerthe time value of money.A.Payback Period1.Payback period is the expected amount of time to recover theinitial investment amount.2.Evaluating Payback Period: managers prefer investments withshorter payback periods.a.Shorter payback period reduces risk of an unprofitableinvestment over the long run.pany’s risk due to potentially inaccurate long-termpredictions of future cash flows is reduced.3.To compute payback period, exclude all non-cash revenue andexpenses from computation. Depreciation is a non-cashexpense, so it is not included.a.When annual cash flows are even in amount:Payback Period = Cost of InvestmentAnnual net cash flowsb.When annual cash flows are unequal, payback period iscomputed using the cumulative total of net cash flows(starting with the negative cash flow resulting from theinitial investment); when cumulative net cash flowchanges from positive to negative, the investment is fullyrecovered. (see Exhibit 25.5)4.Payback period has two strengths: it uses cash flows, notincome and it is easy to use.Chapter OutlineNotes5.Payback period has three major weaknesses: it does not reflectdifferences in the timing of net cash flows within the paybackperiod; it ignores all cash flows occurring after the point offully recovered costs; and it ignores the time value of money.B.Accounting Rate of Return1.The percentage accounting return on annual averageinvestment.2.Called “accounting” return because it is based on net incomeinstead of on cash flows.puted as:after tax net incomeaverage annual investment4.Accrual basis after-tax net income is used.pute the average investment:a.If straight-line deprecation is used then:Annual average = (Beg. Book Value + End. Book value)Investment 2where ending book value = salvage value if there is oneb.If the depreciation method is other than straight linemethod then the general formula is:Annual = sum of individual year’s average book valueAve. Invest number of years of the planned investment6.Accounting Rate of Return = After-tax net incomeAverage investment amount7.Risk of an investment should be considered.a.Investment’s return is satisfactory only when related toreturns from other investments with similar lives and risk.b.Capital investment with least risk and highest return forthe longest time is often identified as best; analysis can bechallenging because different investments often yielddifferent rankings depending on measure used.8.Evaluating Accounting Rate of Return – should never be theonly consideration in capital budgeting decisions. Three majorweaknesses:a.It ignores the time value of moneyb.It focuses on income, not cash flows.c.If income varies from year to year, the project mightappear desirable in some years and not in others.Chapter OutlineNotes III.Methods Using Time Value of Money Net present value andinternal rate of return methods consider time value of money. Present Value (see also Appendix B near end of textbook) Present Value (NPV) analysis applies the time value ofmoney to cash inflows and cash outflows so management canevaluate a project’s benefits and cost at one point in time.2.NPV is computed by discounting the future net cash flowsfrom the investment at the required rate of return, and thensubtract the initial amount invested.a.The required rate of return also called the hurdle rate orthe cost of capital that the company must pay to its long-term creditors and shareholders.b.Each annual net cash flow is multiplied by the relatedpresent value of 1 factor or discount factor. (Obtain fromTable B.1 in Appendix B.)i.Discount factors assume that net cash flows arereceived at the end of each year.ii.R ate of return required by the company and number ofyears until cash flow is received are used to determinediscount factors.c.Initial amount invested includes all costs incurred to getasset in proper location and ready to use. Present Value Decision Rule Present Value = PV of cash flows – Amount Investedb.If the NPV is greater than or equal to $0, then asset isexpected to recover its cost and provide a return at least ashigh as that required; invest.c.If NPV is negative, do not invest4.NPV analysis can be used when comparing several investmentopportunities; if investment opportunities have same cost andsame risk, the one with highest NPV is preferred.5.When annual net cash flows are equal in amount, NPVcalculation can be simplified.a.Individual annual present value of $1 factors can besummed, and the total multiplied by annual net cash flowto get total present value of net cash flows.b.To simplify the computation, the present value of anannuity of $1 table may be usedc.Calculator with compound interest function or aspreadsheet program can also be used.6.NPV analysis can also be applied when net cash flows areunequal. (Use procedures and decision-rules above.)7.If salvage value is expected at end of useful life, treat as anadditional net cash flow received at end the of asset’s life.Chapter OutlineNotes8.Accelerated depreciation methods do not change basics ofNPV analysis, but can change results; using accelerateddepreciation for tax reporting affects net present value ofasset’s cash flowsa.Accelerated depreciation produces larger depreciationdeductions in early years of asset’s life and smaller ones inlater years; large net cash inflows are produced in earlyyears and smaller ones in later years.b.Early cash flows are more valuable than later ones; assuch, being able to use accelerated depreciation for taxreporting makes investment more desirable.paring positive NPV projects is of limited value forcomparison purposes if initial investment differs substantiallyacross projects.10.W hen a company can’t fund all positive net present valueprojects , they can be compared using the profitability index:a.Profitability Index = Net present value of cash flowsCost of investmentb. A higher profitability index makes the project moredesirable.11.NPVs should be computed using different discount rates; thegreater the risk, the higher the discount rate.12.Capital rationing – hard rationing is imposed by externalforces and soft rationing is internally imposed bymanagement. Profitability index can be used to select the bestof several competing projects.13.Inflation – net cash flows can be adjusted for inflation byusing future value computations.B.Internal Rate of Return1.IRR is a rate used to evaluate acceptability of an investment; itequals the rate that yields a NPV of zero for an investment.2.T otal present value of project’s net cash flows is computedusing the IRR as the discount rate, and subtracting the initialinvestment from total present value to get a zero NPV.3.Two step process in computing IRR (equal cash flows)a.Step 1: Compute the present value factor for the projectby dividing the amount invested by annual net cash flows.b.Step 2: Find discount rate (IRR) yielding the PV factor.i. A present value of an annuity table (Appendix B) canbe used to determine the discount rate that relates tothis present value factor given the life of the project.ii.If the present value factor in the table does not exactlyequal the one computed, Excel and many calculatorsuse built-in functions can be used.Chapter Outline4.When cash flows are unequal, trial and error must be used;select any reasonable discount rate and compute the NPV.a.If amount is positive, recompute NPV using higherNotes discount rate; if amount is negative, recompute NPV usinglower discount rate.b.Continue steps until two consecutive computations resultin NPVs that have different signs (positive and negative);IRR lies between these two discount rates; value can beestimated.c.Spreadsheet software and calculators can also be used tocompute the IRR. (See Appendix 25A)pare IRR with hurdle rate (or minimum acceptable rate ofreturn); if IRR exceeds hurdle rate, invest.6.If evaluating multiple projects, rank by extent to which IRRexceeds hurdle rate.7.IRR is not subject to limitations of NPV when comparingprojects with different amounts invested; IRR is expressed aspercent rather than an absolute dollar value using NPV.parison of Capital Budgeting Methods (see Exhibit 25.12)1.Payback period and accounting rate of return do not considertime value of money; NPV and IRR do.2.Payback period method is simple; sometimes used whenlimited cash to invest and a number of projects to choosefrom. Gives manager an estimate of how soon the initialinvestment can be recovered.3.Accounting rate of return is a percent computed using accrualincome instead of cash flows, and is an average rate for theentire investment period; annual returns are not reflected. Present Value (NPV):a.Considers all estimated cash flows of project; can beapplied to equal and unequal cash flows.b.Can reflect changes in level of risk over life of project.parisons of projects of unequal sizes is more difficult5.Internal Rate of Return (IRR):a.Considers all estimated cash flows of project.b.Readily computed when cash flows are equal, but requirestrial and error estimation when cash flows are unequal.c.Allows comparisons of projects with different investmentamounts.d.Does not reflect changes in risk over life of project.Chapter OutlineNotes Section 2—Managerial DecisionsEmphasis is on use of quantitative measures to make important short-termdecisions. Costs and other factors relevant to decision must be identified.I.Decisions and InformationA.Decision Making1.Five steps involved in managerial decision making.a.Define the decision taskb.Identify alternative courses of action.c.Collect relevant information and evaluate each alternative.d.Select the preferred course of action.e.Analyze and assess the decision.2.Both managerial and financial accounting information playimportant role in making decisionsa.Accounting system provides primarily financialinformation such as performance reports and budgetanalyses.b.Non-financial information is also relevant, such asenvironmental effects, political sensitivities, and socialresponsibility.B.Relevant Costs and Benefits1.Managers should focus on relevant benefits which exceedrelevant costs.a.Relevant costs are the incremental costs, or differentialcosts which are the additional costs incurred if a companypursues a certain course of action.b.Relevant benefits are the additional or incrementalrevenue generated by selecting a certain course of actionover another. Three types of costs:i.Sunk cost arises from a past decision; cannot beavoided or changed, and not relevant to futuredecisions.ii.Out-of-pocket cost requires future outlay of cash andresults from result of management’s decisions; isrelevant.iii.Opportunity cost is a potential benefit lost by takingspecific action when two or more alternative choicesare available; consideration is important.Chapter OutlineNotes II.Managerial Decision Scenarios consider each decision taskdiscussed below independent from the others.A. Additional Business1.Effect on net income must be considered when decidingwhether to accept or reject an order; reject if loss results.2.Historical costs are not relevant to this decision.3.Incremental or additional costs (also called differential costs)are additional costs incurred if company pursues certaincourse of action; relevant to this decision.4.Minimum acceptable price per unit can be determined bydividing incremental cost by the number of units in the order.5.Incremental costs of additional volume are relevant.6.If additional volume approaches or exceeds existing availablecapacity of factory, incremental costs required to expandcapacity may quickly exceed incremental revenue.7.Accepting order may cause existing sales to decline; thecontribution margin lost from the decline in sales is anopportunity cost and is relevant (if future cash flows overseveral time periods are affected, net present value should becomputed).8.Note – Allocated overhead costs, which are historical costs,should not automatically be considered; only incremental coststo be incurred are relevant.9.Key point: management must not blindly use historical costs,especially allocated to overhead costs. Instead the accountingsystem needs to provide incremental cost information if theadditional business is accepted.B.Make or Buy1.When determining whether to make or buy a component of aproduct, only incremental costs are relevant.2.Only incremental (additional) overhead costs are relevant; anincremental overhead rate should be determined.3.If the incremental costs of making the component exceed thepurchase price paid to buy the component, decision rule wouldbe to buy. Process of buying from an external supplier iscalled outsourcing. Several other factors should beconsidered.a.Product quality.b.Timeliness of delivery (especially in JIT settings).c.Reactions of customers and suppliers.d.Other intangibles (employee morale and workload).e.Must also consider if making the part will requireincremental fixed costs to expand plant capacity.Chapter OutlineNotesC.Scrap or Rework1.Costs already incurred in manufacturing units of product notmeeting quality are sunk costs and are irrelevant in anydecision on whether to sell to substandard units as scrap orrework to meet quality standards.2.Incremental revenues, incremental costs of reworking defects,and opportunity costs (the contribution margin lost if sales ofother units are given up) are all relevant.D.Sell or Process Further1.Partially completed products can be sold as is or they can beprocessed further and then sold as other products.pute incremental revenue from further processing(amount of revenue after further processing less revenue fromselling the products as partially completed)pute incremental cost from further processing.4.Process further and sell if incremental revenue from furtherprocessing exceeds related incremental costs.E.Sales Mix Selection1.When more than one product is sold, some are likely to bemore profitable than others; management should concentratesales efforts on more profitable products.2.If production facilities or other factors are limited, an increasein production and sale of one product usually requiresreduction in production and sale of others.3.The most profitable combination, or sales mix, of productsshould be determined. To identify the best sales mix,management focuses on the contribution margin per unit ofscarce resource. The scarce resource could be the machinesused to make the products.4.Determine the contribution margin of each product, thefacilities required to produce these products and anyconstraints on facilities and markets for the products.5.If demand is unlimited and the products use the same inputsthen the product with the highest contribution margin shouldbe produced.6.If demand is unlimited but the products use different inputsthen determine contribution margin per unit of the constraint(the factor that limits capacity, such as machine timerequired); produce the product with the highest contributionmargin per unit of the constraint.7.If demand is limited then the company should first produce themost profitable product, up to the point of the total demand.The remaining capacity should be used to produce the nextmost profitable product.Chapter OutlineNotesF.Segment Elimination1.If segment, division, or store is performing poorly,management must consider eliminating it.2.It is not sufficient to base the decision on net income (loss) orits contribution to overhead.3.Need to consider avoidable and unavoidable expenses:a.Avoidable (or escapable) expenses are costs or expensesthat would not be incurred if the segment is eliminated.b.Unavoidable (or inescapable) expenses are costs orexpenses that would continue even if the segment iseliminated.4.Decision rule – Segment is candidate for elimination if itsrevenues are less than its avoidable expenses.5.Should also assess impact of elimination on other segments.a.An unprofitable segment might contribute to anothersegment’s revenue and expensesb. A profitable segment might be eliminated if its space,assets and staff can be more profitably used by anothersegment or new segment.G.Keep or Replace Equipment1.Must decide whether the reduction in variable manufacturingcosts over its life is greater than the net purchase price of thenew equipment. purchase price is the cost of the new equipment lessany trade in allowance given or cash receipt for the oldequipment.b.Book value of the old equipment is not used. It is a sunkcost.III.Decision Analysis−Break-Even Time (BET) −A variation of thepayback period method – overcomes the limitation of not using thetime value of moneyA.The future cash flows are restated in terms of their present values;B.The payback period is computed using these present valuesC.Break-even time (BET) is useful measure; managers know whento expect cash flows to yield net positive returns.D.If BET is less than estimated life of investment, positive netpresent value can be expected from investment.E.To compare and rank alternative investment projects, choose theproject with the lowest break-even time.IV.Product Pricing –companies often use cost-plus pricing as a startingpoint in determining selling prices. Many factors determine price.Chapter OutlineNotesA.Target costing – used when competition is high and they havelittle control in setting prices.Target cost = expected selling price – desired profitB.Other Pricing methods – alternatives include approaches based oneither product costs or variable costs. Companies must adjusttheir desired markup percentage upward to ensure that the sellingprice covers all costs.C.Variable cost method – the markup percentage is determined as:Markup % = (Target profit + Fixed OH + Fixed S&A) / Totalvariable costs.D.Selling price = (direct materials + direct labor + OH + sellingcosts + administrative costs) = total cost + markup.Chapter 25 Alternate Demo ProblemA company is planning to buy a new machine at a cost of $200,000. The machine is expected to last for 10 years and have no salvage value at the end of its useful life. Straight-line depreciation will be used. The company expects to save 10,000 hours of direct labor each year because of the new machine, as well as $4,000 each year in other operating costs.Management’s best estimate is that on average the hourly rate for the labor saved will be $5.50. With the exception of the initial purchase, assume all cash flows take place at the end of the year, and a tax rate of 40%.Required:1. Calculate the payback period on the investment in new machinery.2. Calculate the rate of return on the average investment.3. Calculate the net present value of the investment and profitability index:(a) Ignoring income taxes, using a discount rate of 10%.(b) Including the effect of taxes, using a 10% discount rate.Chapter 25 Alternate Demo Problem: Solution1. First, calculate annual net cash flow:Determine increase in after-tax net income:Labor savings: 10,000 hours @ $5.50 per hour $55,000Other operating savings 4,000Annual cash savings before tax 59,000Less: annual depreciation expense 20,000Increase in net income before tax 39,000Less: Increase in annual income tax @ 40% 15,600Increase in net income after tax $23,400 Then, add back depreciation expense (noncash):Increase in net income after tax $23,400Plus annual depreciation expense 20,000Annual net cash flow $43,400 Payback period equals cost of new machine divided by annual net cash flow or $200,000 / $43,400 = 4.6 years.2. The rate of return on average investment equals the increase in net income aftertax divided by the amount of the average investment.The average investment would be $200,000 / 2, or $100,000.Rate of return on average investment = $23,400 / $100,000 = 23.4%3(a) There is a cash savings of $59,000 each year for 10 years if income taxes are ignored. The present value factor for a 10-year annuity at 10% is 6.1446.Present value of cash savings ($59,000 x 6.1446) $362,531 Present value of investment 200,000 Net present value (positive) $162,531 Profitability Index = Net Present Value = $ 162,531 = .813Cost of Investment $ 200,0003(b) There is a cash savings of only $43,400 each year for 10 years if income taxes are considered.Present value of cash savings ($43,400 x 6.1446) $266,676 Present value of investment 200,000 Net present value (positive) $ 66,676 Profitability Index = Net Present Value = $ 66,676 = .333Cost of Investment $ 200,000。
会计学原理5
现金为王！今年公司现 金变动情况如何？
财务报表：现金流量表
美丽影楼现金流量表
2000年度
经营活动： 2、预付房租费 4、营业收入 5、营业收入 6、购买物料用品 8、预收帐款 9、支付零星杂费 10、营业收入 13、营业收入 14、支付工资 15、支付水电费 投资活动： 16、购买固定资产 融资活动： 1、业主投入资本 现金净增加额 -30000 +10000 +31100 -3000 +15000 +20000 -6000 +22000 -350 +8650 +13600 -10000 -8800
借：其他应收款 17.33 贷：财务费用 17.33 注：例中的利息计算如下：6 000×8％×13天÷360天＝17.33
应计费用调整
费用在本期发生， 但尚未支付现金， 没有入账
我们工作已完成一半 了，等着贵公司付款呢
费用
借方 增加
负债
贷方 增加
应计费用调整
2001年1月1日美丽影楼与海天广告服务公司签定一 项服务合同，由海天公司为其进行广告宣传，为期两 年。美丽影楼到期一次性支付全部广告费10 000元。 问2001年12月31日美丽影楼的调整分录应该如何？
长期借款利息
借： 财务费用 15 000 贷： 银行存款
15 000
借款利息：数月或者数年后支付
权责发生制：按期预提 收付实现制：实际支付时列为费用
6月末的会计分录： 借：财务费用 12 000 贷：银行存款 12000 2005年1－5月的会计分录： 借：财务费用 2 000 贷：预提费用 2 000 2005年6月末的会计分录： 借： 财务费用 2 000 预提费用 10 000 贷： 银行存款 12 000
账户和借贷规则
账户结构
账户的结构应能指明经济业务 所引起经营资金运动某一组成 部分(具体表现为某一会计要素 或账户)的变动方向、变动金额 及其结果。
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账户结构
账户的基本结构分为两部分， 一部分反映增加 一部分反映减少
账户结构的两个方向可以用 不同的符号表示。在借贷记 账法下，用借方和贷方表示 账户的两个方向。
会计学原理
Fundamental Accounting Principles
福州大学《会计学原理》课程组
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第三讲 账户和借贷规则
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本讲主要内容
账户 复式记账原理 借贷规则 日记账和分类账 会计凭证和会计账簿 过账和试算平衡
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引子
闭上眼睛勾画会计师的形象，你看到什么？ 是一个戴着眼镜，眼圈发黑、喜欢数字、呆在一 个远离组织和其他人的密室里守着钱袋的人，还是在 工作团队中有发言权、风度优雅、话语均有数据为旁 证、充满活力的关键人物？
试算平衡表
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会计凭证
会计凭证是指用以记录经济业务、明确经济责任，并 作为记账依据的书面证明 会计凭证分为两大类： 原始凭证（反映经济业务） 记账凭证（记录会计分录的载体）
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原始凭证：样 例
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记账凭证：转账凭证
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记账凭证：收款凭证
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记账凭证：付款凭证
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会计凭证：作用
会计凭证是反映经济业务的原始资料 会计凭证是会计控制与监督的重要依 据 会计凭证是明确经济责任的书面证明
— 对于美丽影楼的会计要素——资产，相应地开设了哪些 账户？
账户的结构与登记方法 — T（丁）字账户 — 会计要素的增减与借贷的方向 — 本期发生额，余额与会计分期
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会计分期
Fundamental Accounting Principles (1)
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01-C3: Ethics
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Ethics – A Key Concept
The goal of accounting is to provide useful information for decisions. For information to be useful, it must be trusted. This demands ethics in accounting. Ethics are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior.
External users of accounting information are NOT directly involved in running the organization. Internal users of accounting information ARE directly involved in managing and operating an organization.
Differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS are decreasing as the FASB and IASB pursue a convergence process aimed to achieve a single set of accounting standards for global use.
Accounting in Business
Chapter 1
PowerPoint Editor: Beth Kane, MBA, CPA
会计学原理约翰·J·怀尔德版上海交通大学
Information useful to help the enterprise achieve its goal, objectives and mission.
Types of Accounting Information
Financial Tax
Managerial
Integrity of Accounting Information
提供商品或服务所有者雇员和供应商顾顾客客债权人人目标和战略投资融资经营短期项目?现金?应收账款?存货长期项目?土地?建筑物?设备?专利?股票和债券短期项目?银行?供应商?员工?政府长期项目?长期债权人?股东采购销售生产管理企业活动概述importanceofaccounting
课程要求--教材与辅助资料
Financial Statements
Internal Users
• • • • • • • •
Board of Directors (董事会) Chief Executive Officer Chief Financial Officer Vice Presidents Business Unit Managers Plant Managers Store Managers Line Supervisors
• Conceptual Chapter Objectives • Analytical Chapter Objectives • Procedural Chapter Objectives
The Accounting Process
Economic Activities
Accounting links decision makers with economic activities and with the results of their decisions.
第四章账项调整
FUNDAMENTAL Accounting Principles (Ⅰ)
调整预付费用 1. 预付费用（Adjusting prepaid Expenses）： 预付费用（ ）： 预付费用是一项资产，对获得利益的预先支付。 预付费用是一项资产，对获得利益的预先支付。 也就是说它的支出是用来使许多会计期间受益的。 也就是说它的支出是用来使许多会计期间受益的。 随时间的流逝，资产逐渐被使用， 随时间的流逝，资产逐渐被使用，应使用调整账 户把相关的成本从资产账户转入费用账户。 户把相关的成本从资产账户转入费用账户。 2. 调整分录为：一方面增加（借记）费用，另 调整分录为：一方面增加（借记）费用， 一方面减少（贷记）资产。 一方面减少（贷记）资产。 3. 主要的预付费用为：预付保险费、物料用品 主要的预付费用为：预付保险费、 费和折旧
FUNDAMENTAL Accounting Principles (Ⅰ)
权责发生制和收付实现制 1. 权责发生制（Accrual basis accounting） 权责发生制（ ） 权责发生制原则是以收入确认原则、 权责发生制原则是以收入确认原则、配比原则 和会计期间原则为基础的。 和会计期间原则为基础的。 按照该原则，当收入形成时，无论现金是否收 按照该原则，当收入形成时， 到，确认收入；当发生费用时，无论现金是否 确认收入；当发生费用时， 支付，确认费用。 支付，确认费用。它是以权利的形成和义务的 发生为标准的。 发生为标准的。
1. 会计期间原则（ time period principle ） 会计期间原则（ 该原则假定组织的活动可以被分为几个相等的 期间，如一个月、一季度或一年。 期间，如一个月、一季度或一年。其目的在于 提供给报表使用者及时的信息。 提供给报表使用者及时的信息。 2. 会计期间（accounting period）：报表覆盖 会计期间（ ）：报表覆盖 ）： 的期间称为会计期间。 的期间称为会计期间。
会计学原理原文第18版 第一章
Comparable Information
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
C5
Setting Accounting Principles
Financial Accounting Standards Board is the private group that sets both broad and specific principles. The Securities and Exchange Commission is the government group that establishes reporting requirements for companies that issue stock to the public. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issues International Financial Reporting Standards that identify preferred accounting practices.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007
C2
Users of Accounting Information
External Users Internal Users
•Lenders
•Consumer Groups
•Managers
C3
Accounting Jobs by Area
Public accounting 25%
Private accounting 60%
Fundamental Accounting Principles (9)
C1
8
9-9
Installment Accounts Receivable
Amounts owed by customers from credit sales for which payment is required in periodic amounts over an extended time period. The customer is usually charged interest.
09-C1: Accounts Receivable
2
9-3
Accounts Receivable
A receivable is an amount due from another party.
This graph shows recent dollar amounts of receivables and their percent of total assets for four well-known companies. A company must also maintain a separate account for each customer that tracks how much that customer purchases, has already paid, and by providing purchase options to the customer.
Cash collections are quicker.
6
9-7
Credit Card Sales
On July 15, TechCom has $100 of credit card sales with a 4% fee, and its $96 cash is received immediately on deposit.
[精品]fundamentalaccountingprinciples第18版第二章资料讲解
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Account Number 101 106 126 128 167
201
236 301
Account Name Cash Accounts receivable Supplies Prepaid insurance Equipment
role in double-entry accounting
Analytical Learning Objectives
A1: Analyze the impact of transactions on accounts and financial statements
A2: Compute the debt ratio and describe its use in analyzing financial position
*
*Analyzing and Recording Transactions
Conceptual Learning Objectives
C1: Explain the steps in processing transactions
C2: Describe source documents and their purpose
C1 Analyzing and Recording Process
Exchanges of economic consideration between two parties.
External Transactions occur between the organization and an outside party.
第五章完成会计循环
Four Steps of Closing Entries
1
2
3
4
To close revenue accounts
To close operating expense accounts
To close the Income Summary account
FUNDAMENTAL Accounting Principles (Ⅰ)
2. 编制步骤： 编制步骤： （1）将日常账簿记录各账户调整前的余额过入工作 ） 底稿，编制调整前试算表； 底稿，编制调整前试算表； （2）将调整分录过入工作底稿； ）将调整分录过入工作底稿； （3）编制调整后试算表； ）编制调整后试算表； 财务报表栏； （4）将调整后试算表的数据分别列入 财务报表栏； ） （5）将“Net Income”或“Net Loss”及其余额列入 ） 或 及其余额列入 财务报表栏； 财务报表栏； （6）通过工作底稿准备财务报表。 ）通过工作底稿准备财务报表。
FUNDAMENTAL Accounting Principles (Ⅰ)
三、经营周期（operating cycle）： 经营周期（ ）： 1. 服务企业的经营周期：现有现金—支付员工现 服务企业的经营周期：现有现金 支付员工现 销售服务—顾客为收到的服务进行支付 金—销售服务 顾客为收到的服务进行支付 资 销售服务 顾客为收到的服务进行支付—资 金回笼 2. 商品企业的经营周期：现有现金—购买产品 销 商品企业的经营周期：现有现金 购买产品 购买产品—销 售产品—顾客为收到的产品进行支付 资金回笼 售产品 顾客为收到的产品进行支付—资金回笼 顾客为收到的产品进行支付 3. 资产和负债的流动性标准是一年或一个营业周期。 资产和负债的流动性标准是一年或一个营业周期。
Fundamental Accounting Principles (13)
P1
14
NEED-TO-KNOW
Prepare journal entries to record the following four separate issuances of stock. 1) A corporation issued 80 shares of $5 par value common stock for $700 cash. 2) A corporation issued 40 shares of no-par common stock to its promoters in exchange for their efforts, estimated to be worth $800. The stock has a $1 per share stated value. 3) A corporation issued 40 shares of no-par common stock in exchange for land, estimated to be worth $800. The stock has no stated value. 4) A corporation issued 20 shares of $30 par value preferred stock for $900 cash. General Journal
Record liability for dividend.
June 5 Cash Common Stock, $10 par value Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value, Common
Issued 30,000 shares of common stock.
360,000 300,000 60,000
会计学原理 Fundamentals of Accounting
财政部颁发了新《企业会计准则》，并要求 自07年1月1日起在上市公司范围内施行，并
鼓励其他企业执行。新准则的出台标志着与
国际会计准则趋同的中国会计准则体系正式
建立，这在我国会计发展史上将成为新的里 程碑。
• 补充：我国会计法规体系可以从法律来源 上划分为三个层次：一是由全国人民代表 大会统一制定的会计法律如《会计法》； 二是由国务院或财政部制定的会计行政法 规如《企业会计准则》 ；三是由企业根据 《企业会计准则》的规定制定的会计核算 办法。
• 《企业会计制度》由国家财政部和地方财 政部统一制定的.
•
• 补充： 新准则大量借鉴了国际会计准 则的内容体系，包括公允价值的充分应用、 所得税会计、外币折算、职业判断的运用 等方面。
• 包括基本准则、38个具体准则
• 基本准则包括会计假设、会计信息质量要 求、会计要素、会计计量、财务会计报告
（2）国外
返回
• 五、会计对象
– 会计的对象是指会计核算和监督的内容。
• 只有能够以货币计量的经济活动才能纳入会计核算和监督的范 围。
• 能够以货币计量的经济活动通常被称为价值运动或资金运动。
– 因此，会计的对象可以高度概括为特定对象的资金运 动。
第二节 会计核算的基本前提
• 一、会计核算的基本前提： • 1、会计主体 • 2、持续经营 • 3、会计分期 • 4、货币计量
币计量。
三、会计的职能
• 1、反映职能
• 会计反映职能主要是 从价值量方面对会计 主体已经发生或已经 完成的各项经济活动 进行确认、计量、记 录和报告。它是会计 最基本的工作。
• 2、监督职能
• 会计监督职能主要是 利用会计资料和信息 对经济活动进行控制 和指导。监督的核心 是干预经济活动，使 之遵守国家有关法律 法规的规定。包括事 前监督、事中监督和 事后监督。
Lecture 3
For YG Soft, 2008
By B. Liu, School of Business, BNU
22
A. 销售业务的内容
（ 一 ） 主营营业收入取得及销项增值税 的核算 （二）其他业务收入取得的核算 （三）营业税金及附加的核算 （四）销售费用的核算
For YG Soft, 2008
By B. Liu, School of Business, BNU
6
A、生产业务的内容 、
材料发出的核算 工资及提取福利费的核算 预提费用与待摊费用的核算 计提固定资产折旧的核算 制造费用的核算 完工产品成本的计算与核算
For YG Soft, 2008
By B. Liu, School of Business, BNU
7
B、生产业务核算需要设置的账户 、
生产成本 应付工资与应付福利费 待摊费用与预提费用 累计折旧 制造费用 管理费用 产成品
15
（1）账户对应关系
累计折旧
制造费用
管理费用
For YG Soft, 2008
By B. Liu, School of Business, BNU
贷：累计折旧
For YG Soft, 2008
By B. Liu, School of Business, BNU
30
（二）利润分配需要设置的账户 1 、利润分配及其二级账户 2 、盈余公积 3、 应付利润与应付股利 、
For YG Soft, 2008
By B. Liu, School of Business, BNU
31
Thank you !
TO BE CONTINUED…
For YG Soft, 2008
Fundamental_Accounting_Principles_Chap013
TRANSFER
Each unit of ownership is called a share of
stock. A stock certificate
Chapter 13
ACCOUNTING FOR CORPORATIONS
PowerPoint Authors: Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPA Charles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMA Jon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIA Cynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Stockholders Board of Directors
President
Stockholders usually meet once a year
Overall responsibility for managing the company
Secretary
Vice President Vice President Vice President
Disadvantages ▪ Governmental regulation ▪ Corporate taxation
13 - 4
C 1 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
Stockholders
Board of Directors
President, Vice-President, and Other Officers
dividend will be paid on March 19 to stockholders of record on February 19.