自考英语词汇学 第九章完整ppt课件
英语词汇学课件 Unit 9
9.2.2 concatenation: a process of semantic change in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. 9.2.3 proliferation Ex P276-3
A man is helping the police with their inquiries. paying guest/boarder, lodger liquidation/ assassination liberation/aggression
(8)Official documents circumlocution: Also periphrasis. In rhetoric, a wordy and indirect way of saying something. e.g. death: negative patient care outcome
9.1 Causes of semantic change
9.1.1 Extra-linguistic factors (1)Social development language, society and culture e.g. snow (Eskimo), camel (Arabic dialects)
obscure, officious, pompous, authoritarian, intimidating doublespeak, buzzword/vogue factors (1) Influx of loan words e.g. beast (Fr.)/animal (Latin)/deer (2) Competition among native words e.g. hound/dog, fowl/bird, chair/stool (3) Shortening of phrases e.g. gas, gold, bulb
英语词汇学(第九讲)
• • • • •
Once bitten, twice shy. More haste, less speed. Out of sight, out of mind. Better late than never. Easier said than done.
• • • • •
2) the simple sentence A stitch in time saves nine. Every dog has his day. The early bird catches the worm. Practice makes perfect.
参考中文：位高权重
• Some might describe Bill Gates as sitting in the cat bird seat.
Crocodile tears
• Pretending to cry in an attempt to manipulate or exploit, phony（假的） tears. • It was often thought that crocodiles shed tears that slid down into their mouths, moistening their food and making it easier for them to swallow. • Hence the tears appear to be an expression of emotion but are in fact a means to make it easier to swallow (possibly the observer).
• • • • •
3) the imperative sentence 祈使句 Grasp the nettle and it won’t sting you. 困难像弹簧，你硬它就软。 4) the compound sentence You may lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him tters is not gold. • He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon. • 与恶人交往，须特别提防。 • Don’t count your chicken before they’re hatched. • 不要过早乐观。
英语词汇学第9章
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词汇学第九讲 (1)PPT教学课件
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9.1 Sense Relations
• Types of sense relations • --Polysemy（一词多义）
--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion
– Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity – Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition – Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)
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• Synchronic approach(共时角度） Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meaning of the same word in a historical period of time, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called as central meaning. The derived meaning, no matter how numerous, are secondary.
英语词汇学_完整版
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 8
Step 3 Method of study The two methods: synchronic and diachronic study. When words are studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, we call it synchronic study. See: the current meaning of the word wife, it means a married woman, in relation to her husband. But from the diachronic point of view, which concerns the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, we know that, wife is from the old English wif, meaning woman, but latter, it has become specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman.
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
词汇学PPT课件
b. Borrowed words
Borrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.
Origin of borrowed words
Danish Latin Italian Arabic Russian
French Greek Spanish Chinese German
4. Meaning and concept
How are words related
to things?
4. Meaning and concept
Word → concept → referent
referent ↗↖
Word → concept
4. Meaning and concept
Features of native words
in structure: mostly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental
concepts dealing with everyday
objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speech
1. Definition of a Word
I love you!
I hate you!
1. Definition of a Word
What is a word?
Major Features of Words
What are the major features of words?
（杨信彰，2009）
1.terminology 术语 2.jargon 行话
英语词汇学 ppt课件
eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
ppt课件
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6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
ppt课件
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6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
英语词汇学教程课件第9章English Lexicology 9上
notation; (3) its word class (‘part of speech’); (4) its etymology (historical origin and derivation); (5) its definition; and (6) examples of its use.
The words in a dictionary are usually arranged alphabetically, although there are exceptions, such as the thesaurus (usually a dictionary of synonyms, which may be arranged by meaning).
To know the pronunciation symbols correctly, you will have to read their explanation in the front part of the dictionary. The noun merchandise may end in /s/ as well as in /z/, and most dictionaries will show that variation.
Etymology
Etymology in the dictionary is a statement of the origin of the headword. It may include not only the earliest known form and the language in which this occurs (e.g. Old French) but also cognate forms in other language.
英语词汇学_完整版
2009
Words meaning and Componential analysis
9
Basic Concepts of Words Discuss: what is word? It is an elusive notion. a. Word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper ( in terms of vision) . Or a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with vocal equipment ( in terms of spoken language) . Or a free form that can function in a sentence( in terms of grammar).
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 5
b. with grammar c. with morphology, which is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Some words can be analyzed into smaller meaningful components, like dislike=dis+-like. These components are called morphemes. They cannot be further analyzed into smaller units. So we can say words consist of morphemes. This is one of the major concerns of lexicology.
学历类《自考》自考专业(英语)《英语词汇学》考试试题及答案解析
学历类《自考》自考专业(英语)《英语词汇学》考试试题及答案解析姓名:_____________ 年级:____________ 学号:______________l A、blamedforB、blamedtoC、blamedonD、blamedat正确答案：C答案解析：此题考查固定词组blamesth.onsb.把...怪到...头上。
3、Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A、lookingupB、lookingthroughC、lookingintoD、lookingon正确答案：C答案解析：A(在书中)查找B仔细查阅，审查，(对某人)视而不见C调查，研究，查问D.观看，旁观，看待4、Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A、pushB、provideC、turnD、set正确答案：D答案解析：setaside：留出，拨出。
是固定搭配。
5、We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A、datedB、datingC、comingD、kept正确答案：B答案解析：本句中含有be+of+n.这个结构。
datingbacktothe16thcentury的逻辑主语是stonefigure。
6、Perseverance is a kind of quality and that is _______ it takes to do anything well.A、whatB、thatC、whichD、why正确答案：A答案解析：what在表语从句中作takes的宾语,构成”Ittakessth.todosth.”的句型。
自考英语词汇学 第九章课件
❖ Semi-idioms – the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.
半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的 意义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。
❖ 9.3.2 Rhetorical features 修辞特征 ❖ 1. Phonetic manipulation 语音运用 ❖ I. Alliteration 头韵（法） ❖ II. Rhyme 韵脚 ❖ 2. Lexical manipulation 词汇运用 ❖ I. Reiteration 重复（同义的重复） ❖ II. Repetition 重复 ❖ III. Juxtaposition （of antonyms）邻接
❖ Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
individual for a class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.部 分代替整体或整体代替部分
❖ 3.Figure of speech 修辞手法 ❖ I. Simile 明喻 ❖ II .Metaphor 暗语
（反义词）
❖
❖ 3.Figure of speech 修辞手法 ❖ I. Simile 明喻 ❖ II .Metaphor 暗语
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary ——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，byorigin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）–natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction，size，domain，statenumerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – pastelectricity，machine，car，plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4. polysemy –often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability –quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold himback，hold him in，paranoid3. slang ——substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuadercant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）–words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens –words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans –their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky。
自考词汇学9-10
10.3 Three good dictionaries Longman朗文 Longman朗文 :
clear grammar codes, usage notes, language notes revised and updated
Collins 柯林斯：
definition, extra column, usage examples
C-E汉英：
large number of entries, revised, alphabetical order, English equivalents
英语词汇学 English Lexicology
Chapter 9--10 9--10
Chapter 9 English Idioms
Definition: Definition: Expressions not understandable from literal meanings of individual elements Colloquialism, catchphrase, slang, proverb
9.1 Characterisitcs
1) Semantic unity:
no individual identity: meaning, part of speech function as one word illogical relationship of the meaning between each word and idiom 2) Structural stability: unchangeable constituents,word order, grammar.
自考英语词汇学省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件
7.1.4 Degradation词义旳降格
Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 词义旳降格与语义旳升格相反，这是 词从表达表扬或中性旳意义向表达贬义旳意 义旳演变旳过程。
7.2.2 Linguistic Factors语言原因
❖ The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system.语 言系统旳内部原因也能够引起语义旳变化。
❖ The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning. 大量借词旳涌入 也引起了某些词旳意义变化。
Transfer 词义旳转移
❖ Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. 词义旳转移是指原先指称某一事物旳词 后来转而指称另一事物旳演变过程。
7.1.2 Narrowing 词义旳缩小
❖ Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. 词义旳缩 小也称为词义旳专业化，与词义旳扩大相反。 这是意义范围较大旳词向意义较小旳旳方向 演变旳过程 。
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
Unit 1 英语词汇概说
1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。 ---英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins)
《英语词汇学教程》 A Survey of English Lexicology
理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及 词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、 成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识； 2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变 过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现 的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。
英谷物不是干货heartman换心人不是有心人maddoctor精神病科医生不是发疯的医生eleventhhour最后时刻不是十一点blinddate由第三者安排的男女初次会面并非盲目约会或瞎约会personalremark人身攻击不是个人评论sweetwater淡水不是糖水或甜水confidenceman骗子不是信得过的人criminallawyer刑事律师不是犯罪的律师servicestation加油站不是服务站restroom厕所不是休息室dressingroom化妆室不是试衣室或更衣室horsesense常识不是马的感觉capitalidea好主意不是资本主义思想familiartalk庸俗的交谈不是熟悉的谈话blacktea红茶不是黑茶blackart妖术不是黑色艺术blackstranger完全陌生的人不是陌生的黑人whitecoal作动力来源用的水不是白煤whiteman忠实可靠的人不是皮肤白的人yellowbook黄皮书法国政府报告书以黄纸为封不是黄色书籍redtape官僚习气不是红色带子greenhand新手不是绿手bluestocking女学者女才子不是蓝色长统袜chinapolicy对华政策不是中国政策chinesedragon麒麟不是中国龙americanbeauty一种玫瑰名为美国丽人不是美国美女englishdisease软骨病不是英国病indiansummer愉快宁静的晚年不是印度的夏日greekgift害人的礼品不是希腊礼物spanishathlete吹牛的人不是西班牙运动员fren Much Do You Know About the English Vocabulary?
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❖ 9.1.1 Semantic unity 语义的整体性 ❖ Idioms each consist of more than one
word， but each is a semantic unity.习语 有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整 体。
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❖ Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. 尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意 义，但在习语中 他们已失去个体的身份。
❖ In a broad sense， idioms may include colloquialisms， catchphrases， slang expressions， proverbs，etc. 从广义上讲， 习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。
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9.1 Characteristics of idioms 习语的特点
❖ Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
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9.1.2 Structural Stability结构的稳定性
❖ The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在 很大程度上是不可改变的。
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❖ The semantic unity of Idioms is also reflected in the is illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom . 习语的语 义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习 语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。
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❖ True idioms – the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from hose of the individual constituents. 真正的习语—语 义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来 的习语。
❖ Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
❖ Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 很多习语在语法上是不可分 析的 。
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❖ The idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale， with the“true”idioms established at the upper end and regular combinations at the bottom. 习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从 等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规 则的组合处于末端。
英语词汇学
Chapter 9 English Idioms
英语习语
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Idiom 习语
❖ Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. 习语由固定的短语 和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带 有本族的文化和观念。
❖ Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. 他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。 同样，每一成分的词性不再 重要。这条习语通常用 作一个词。
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❖ Semi-idioms – the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit. 半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的意 义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。
❖ First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced首先, 习语的组成部分成分不可 替换。
❖ Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装 或改变。
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❖ Thirdly, the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to， not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加， 甚至一个冠词。