【红宝书】考研英语—第一套模拟试题

（红宝书 网上附赠）2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题（第一套）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)At the beginning of the century, medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are 1 not just of flesh and blood but also of time. They were able to 2 t hat we all have an internal “body clock” which 3 t he rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the 4 . These forces became known as biorhythms; they create the 5 i n our everyday life.The 6 o f an internal “body clock ”should not be too surprising, 7 t he lives of most living things are dominated by the 24 hour night and day cycle. The most obvious 8 o f this cycle is the 9 w e feel tired and fall asleep at night and become awake and 10 d uring the day. 11 t he 24 hour rhythm is interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects. 12 , international aeroplane travelers often experience “jet lag” when traveling across time 13 . People who are not used to 14 w ork can find that lack of sleep affects their work performance. 15 t he daily rhythm of sleeping and waking, we also have other rhythms which 16 l onger than one day and which influence wide areas of our lives. Most of us would agree that we feel good on 17 d ays and not so good on others. Sometimes we are 18 f ingers and thumbs but on other days we have excellent coordination. There are times when we appear to be accident prone, or when our temper seems to be on a short fuse. Isn’t it also strange 19 i deas seem to flow on some days but at other times are 20 n onexistent? Musicians, painters and writers often talk about “dry spells ”.1. ［A ］built ［B ］shaped ［C ］molded ［D ］grown2. ［A ］demonstrate ［B ］illustrate ［C ］present ［D ］propose3. ［A ］designates ［B ］fluctuates ［C ］calculates ［D ］regulates4. ［A ］second ［B ］latter ［C ］other ［D ］next5. ［A ］“ups and downs ” ［B ］“goods and bads ”［C ］“pros and cons ” ［D ］“highs and lows ”6. ［A ］name ［B ］idea ［C ］expression ［D ］image7. ［A ］unless ［B ］when ［C ］since ［D ］although8. ［A ］nature ［B ］character ［C ］feature ［D ］fact9. ［A ］mode ［B ］way ［C ］form ［D ］fashion10.［A ］watchful ［B ］ready ［C ］alert ［D ］attentive w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m11.［A ］As ［B ］Because ［C ］Though ［D ］If 12.［A ］Of course ［B ］For example ［C ］In consequence ［D ］In particular 13.［A ］zones ［B ］areas ［C ］belts ［D ］sphere 14.［A ］change ［B ］shift ［C ］transfer ［D ］alternate 15.［A ］Instead of ［B ］Rather than ［C ］As well as ［D ］In comparison with 16.［A ］last ［B ］move ［C ］live ［D ］survive 17.［A ］many ［B ］several ［C ］some ［D ］most 18.［A ］all ［B ］partly ［C ］seldom ［D ］often 19.［A ］when ［B ］how ［C ］that ［D ］which 20.［A ］particularly ［B ］specifically ［C ］apparently ［D ］virtually Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative -action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative -action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 non -profitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court -imposed restrictions on affirmative -action. The CEOs’ motive:“Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse” as well, says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promotion admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate legal ways,” says a forum member.w w w.h o n g b a o s h u .c o mOne of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities —which educate three -quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.21. U.S. court restrictions on affirmative -action signifies that .［A ］minorities no longer hold the once favored status［B ］the quality of American colleges has improved［C ］racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice［D ］the minority is on an equal footing with the majority22. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?［A ］Whether affirmative -action should continue to exist.［B ］Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.［C ］Whether racism exists in American college admission.［D ］Whether racial intolerance should be punished.23. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students becausethey .［A ］think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education［B ］want to conserve the fine characteristics of American nation［C ］want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers［D ］think it their duty to help develop education of the country24. The major tactic the forum uses is to .［A ］battle the racial preferences in court［B ］support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism［C ］strive to settle this political debate nationwide［D ］find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions25. If the 10% rule is applied, .［A ］the best white high school students can get into colleges［B ］public universities can get excellent students［C ］students from poor rural families can go to colleges［D ］good minority students can get into public universitiesw w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o mText 2We humans have a remarkable brain -mediated capacity to make sounds and let them act as symbolic representations of other things. Two hundred thousand years ago, the first word was spoken. In the arms of an adoring mother, the babbling “mamam ”of an infant became the spoken representation of safety, warmth, nourishment and, the person who provided all of this, mother. Since then we have been able to sequence, structure, and sort the roughly 40 sounds we are capable of making into thousands of complex languages with millions of unique “words”.Yet while words are our most amazing invention, human communication starts when words have no meaning. It starts by gazing, rocking, stroking, kissing, humming, the sight, sound, smell, and touch of a loved one. It is in these first nonverbal interactions that one human becomes connected to another and communication begins. The infant’s cry means,“I’m hungry or scared or cold or tired.”The responsive caregiver’s actions mean,“It’s safe. Eat now. I bring warmth, comfort and pleasure. You are loved.” To the newborn, the sounds of “I love you” are, at first, meaningless. But over time, by holding, rocking, gazing and gently stroking—as the sounds “I love you” are whispered over and over—the baby learns the meaning in the word. The sound becomes a word. To the lucky infant, love is the responsive, safe, and warm rhythmic touch—the smile, the hum and the adoring gaze.When language does not develop in the context of caring relationships, we lose the beauty and meaning that words can convey. For each newborn, exposure to repetitive spoken language in a relationship provides the stimulus for neural organization that will allow that child to develop complex language capabilities—the capacity to understand and to communicate using “words”. This learning process requires that language be derived from social emotional communication. The face, not the voice, is the major organ of human communication. Words have become our shortcuts.26．The author cites the fact that humans are capable of making 40 sounds primarily in order to .［A ］ contrast it with the number of complex humans have created［B ］ educate the reader［C ］ emphasize the importance of nonverbal communication［D ］ make a transition into the next paragraph27．According to the author, communication begins .［A ］ with nonverbal interactions［B ］ two hundred thousand years ago［C ］ between mother and child［D ］ with wordsw w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m28．According to the author, infants learn the meanings of words through . ［A ］ hearing words repeatedly ［B ］ the association of words and actions ［C ］ their mother’s love ［D ］ a bath of physical sensations 29．The author believes that it is important that spoken language . ［A ］ be learned at an early age ［B ］ not be confused with body language ［C ］ not be confused with written language ［D ］ be learned in the context of a caring relationship 30．The author is convinced that the face is . ［A ］ imbued with a power to communicate beyond our imagination ［B ］ a window through which we can see a person 's thoughts ［C ］ more important than even the voice in human communication ［D ］ a symbolic representation of other things Text 3Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations, which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low -income family structure. If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The unhappily married couple, in most cases, remains together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family are in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. Major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities, the benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, e.g. division of property, alimony, child support, and the social stigma attached to divorce.Martial stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o mpartners -social -economic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form of government subsidized alimony payments, it reduces the institutional costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government -subsidized alimony payments.31. Some criticize the current welfare regulations because .［A ］ those regulations encourage family dissolution［B ］ the low income families are not given enough the family assistance grants［C ］ they expand the set of families eligible for family assistance ［D ］ the guaranteed income measures are increased32. According to this passage, family stability depends on .［A ］ the couples earning ability［B ］ the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage［C ］ how much possessions the couple have before marriage［D ］ a network of social and legal support33. All of the following are mentioned by the author as factors tending to perpetuate amarriage EXCEPT .［A ］ the stigma attached to divorce［B ］ the social class of the partners［C ］ the cost of alimony and child support［D ］ the loss of property upon divorce34. The author argues that .［A ］ the agreement between couples reinforce mortal stability［B ］ expected AFDC income helps to strengthen family stability［C ］ AFDC regulations are to blame for family instability［D ］ public assistance upsets the balance between benefit and cost of marriage35. The tone of the passage can best be described as .［A ］ confident and optimistic［B ］ scientific and detached［C ］ discouraged and alarmed［D ］ polite and sensitivew w w.h o n g b a o s h u .c o mText 4Ever since Al Gore invented it, the Internet has been a paradise for those with a creative attitude to facts. Students, for example, commission and sell essays with such ease there that online “paper mills” devoted to this trade are one of the few dotcom business models still thriving. With a few clicks of a mouse, a student can contract out any academic chore to “research” sites such as Gradersaver. com or the Evil House of Cheating.One market opportunity, however, frequently creates another. The past few months have seen a rapid rise in interest in software designed to catch the cheats. The subscriber base of Turnitin, a leading anti -plagiarism software house based in Oakland, California, has risen by 25% since the beginning of the year. Around 150,000 students in America alone are under its beady electronic eye. And in Britain, the Joint information Systems Committee, the unit responsible for advising the country’s universities on information technology, has tested the firm’s software in the five colleges. If it goes well, every university lecturer in the country will soon be able to inspect his students’ submissions with it.Turnitin’s software chops each paper submitted for scrutiny into small pieces of text. The resulting “digital fingerprint ”is compared, using statistical techniques originally designed to analyze brain waves (John Barrie, the firm’s founder, was previously a biophysicist), to more than a billion documents that have been fingerprinted in a similar fashion. These include the contents of online paper mills, the classics of literature and the firm’s own archive of all submitted term papers, as well as a snapshot of the current contents of the World Wide Web. Whenever a matching pattern is found, the software makes a note. After highlighting instances of replication, or obvious paraphrasing (according to Turnitin, some 30% of submitted papers are “less than original”), the computer running the software returns the interpreted document to the teacher who originally submitted it—leaving him with the final decision on what is and is not permissible.Which teachers and institutions will choose to employ such software? Past research has shown that, perhaps surprisingly, academic dishonesty links with high academic achievement. Nor is public exposure of widespread cheating likely to polish a university’s reputation. Universities with the highest-achieving students and the most faultless reputations may therefore have the most to lose from anti -plagiarism software. Indeed, a curious pattern has emerged among Turnitin’s clients: good universities, such as Duke, Rutgers and Cornell, employ it. Those that like to think of themselves as top -notch, such as Princeton, Yale and Stanford, do not. According to Dr. Barrie, “You apply our technology at Harvard and it would be like a nuclear bomb going off.”36.From paragraph one, we learn that .［A ］with Internet, students may find it even more difficult to do research work［B ］Internet has provided the students a rich source of material for paper compiling［C ］Internet has beaten the companies devoting to academic cheating greatly［D ］the invention of Internet has created great opportunity for academic cheatingw w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m37.According to the passage, the great development of Turnitin is due to . ［A ］its superb management［B ］the thriving of academic cheating［C ］its big electronic eye［D ］the test of its software by the Joint Information Systems Committee38.It can be inferred from passage that the most possible cheaters are . ［A ］students in good universities as Duke, Rutgers and Cornell［B ］students in top universities as Princeton, Yale and Stanford ［C ］students who can use the anti -plagiarism software［D ］students who need to compile academic paper39.We can infer from the last sentence of the passage that .［A ］Turnitin’s anti -plagiarism software can be well -accepted by Harvard University［B ］the anti -plagiarism software may create some computer virus which is like nuclear bomb inHarvard University［C ］there must be a lot of academic cheating in Harvard University in Dr. Barrie’s opinion ［D ］Harvard University will adopt the software in a short time40.According to the passage, the author’s attitude towards Turnitin’s anti -plagiarism software may be said to be .［A ］doubtful［B ］indifferent［C ］objective［D ］favorablePart BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Scientific research embraces inquiry into the workings of nature without regard to the motivation of the scientist or the investor in the scientist’s work. Within this conception of research lies all of what is commonly called “basic ”or “fundamental ”research, plus much of what some people choose to call “applied ”(because it is likely to be useful). 41) .42) . Surely that would be an absurdity. Basic research is best thought of as research to create knowledge that expands human opportunities and understanding and informs human choices. It may lead to a new scientific observation that raises new questions. If black holes are found at the centers of galaxies, including our own, what does that tell us about the ultimate fate of our own solar system? Surely that is an important question, but only experts will be able to see how the work might, some day, inform more “practical ”science.w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m43) . If materials can be made that offer no electrical resistance at room temperature, could world demands for energy be greatly reduced in the future? What other applications for electric current that flows without resistance might we imagine? Such basic research may lead to scientific or technological progress, or both.44) . One of them, perhaps a bit more entrepreneurial than her fellows, decides to make a more reliable version of the instrument, manufacture it, and sell it to other scientists in the field. Soon this instrument is in widespread use for analysis, and someone, perhaps an engineer, realizes the instrument can be used in reverse to control a process rather than measure it. Thus an instrument designed for analysis becomes a tool for synthesis.45) .[A] The computers using these tiny chips are faster and provide a more powerful tool for theadvance of other fields of science. In this example, it is very difficult to sort out whether science was driving the technology or technology was driving science: both were happening concurrently.[B] We all know that some basic research is highly abstract and speculative, far from any kind ofpractical application or economic value. But must basic research be useless to qualify as “basic ”?[C] Research might lead to the discovery of a new material, the understanding of a new process, orthe creation of an idea leading to a new kind of instrument.[D] Consider, for example, the electron microscope. It was invented to enable scientists to seevery small things. It is now used in reverse to make very small things, not only in the laboratory but in electronics factories. In this example, science created the need for the instrument. The resulting instrument business enabled more rapid scientific progress.[E] The way scientific research is used to further technological goals may profoundly affectpolicies for allocating funds to science and determining the institutional settings in which scientific research is performed. In fact, the way innovations are brought about in industry, and the role of science in support of innovation and productivity growth, have both substantially changed. Thus, any discussion of technology policy must address research policy as well.[F] Most often, scientific and technological research go hand in hand. A scientist might invent anew kind of scientific instrument to explore a poorly understood area of natural phenomena. Her colleagues build similar instruments in their laboratories.[G] Research is an activity for which the doctorate is often the appropriate training. It is carriedout primarily in laboratories managed for the purpose of conducting scientific research and is funded by agencies or bureaus experienced at research investment and management.w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o mPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is no question that science -fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (46) But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions —a factor that academic critics rarely take into account . Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery of Western writers, most science -fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie -ins.)(47) Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man ” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (48) At his parents’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if the worst came to the worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere ”. During his sophomore year, he sold his first science -fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (49) By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. “I became very cynical very quickly,”he says. First I couldn’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten -thousand -word hole to fill in his next issue. I’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (50)I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as reader—Joyce, Kafka, Mann—so I detached myself from my work. I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?”—meaning something that wasn’t science fiction —and I kept telling them,“When I’m financially secure.”w w w .h o n g b a o s h u .c o m红宝书网址： 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测—最后冲刺3套题11Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to Dr. Henry Ford and apply for a Scholarship in Applied Physics of the University of Colorado in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter ，using “Li Ming ”instead.Part B52. Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to 1) Describe the pictures briefly. 2) Interpret its meaning.3) Support your view with examples.You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)“长臂猿”www.ho ng ba os h u.c o m。