《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类心理与健康)【圣才出品】

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《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(教育文化类远程学习)【圣才出品】

Passage15远程学习Anytime,anyplace.Why the huge upsurge of interest in remote learning?The Internet revolution is part of the answer The Web now provides a formerly missing ingredient in distance education—quick and easy communication between students and instructors,and among classmates.In addition,demand for distance courses has burgeoned thanks to the evolution of the information based economy.“To stay employable,workers need to keep on learning,”says Kay Kohl,executive director of the University Continuing Education Association,an organization of more than400schools.This trend has given rise to an older pool of graduate students:Today,more than half are over age30,and nearly one quarter are over41. Distance education often is a great fit to these working adults,many of whom find it difficult to skip a child’s ballet lesson or fight rush-hour traffic to get to a university campus for class.“I had always wanted a master’s degree.But it’s hard to suspend a career and a family for it,especially when the closest school of public health is four hours away,”says Jerry Parks,assistant health director for A1bemarle Regional Health Services in eastern North Carolina.As it turns out,he didn’t have to move or commute to get his degree.After three years of coursework via teleconferencing and the Internet,Parks is finishing up a master’s from the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina.As more people turn to distance education,a debate has flared over whether itcan be a good substitute for face-to-face instruction.Thomas Russell,author of a 1999report titled The No Significant Difference Phenomenon,which reviews more than350studies of distance learning programs,argues that the two modes of instruction are equivalent as far as student learning is concerned.R.Behrend,for one,believes that distance education is the superior choice.Behrend,45,obtained a doctoral degree in clinical psychology last spring from Walden University,a respected virtual institution.She says the discussions between student and professor,and among peers,were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on-campus master’s programs she previously attended.“We needed to cite references for everything we said in E-mail postings,”explains Behrend.“It wasn’t like the usual chatting in the classroom”.But critics say that many of the studies cited in Russell’s book are poorly designed,and they vehemently（strongly）disagree with his point of view.“I don’t think you can get any education over the Internet,”says Dale Noble,a historian of technology at York University in Toronto.“Education requires a relationship between people because it’s a process of identity formation,validation, encouragement,emulation,and inspiration.This only happens face to face.”Even advocates acknowledge that distance education isn’t for everyone—that it takes independence,self-discipline,and a lot of motivation to succeed.Further, the quality of distance-degree programs is uneven.“A majority of universities have entered the distance-learning market rapidly and are not well prepared.”Thus, it’s important to consider an array of factors before choosing a school:accreditation,program history,cost,academic field,residency,and technology.1.When did distance education begin?A.Unknown.B.After the Internet existed.C.After the Internet came into being.D.When universities started.2.The huge upsurge of interest in remote learning is caused by the following factors except for______.A.Internet revolutionB.the evolution of information economyC.the increasing populationD.the demand for distance courses3.What is meant by“suspend”（Line1,Para.2）?A.Stop.B.Hang up.C.Suspect.D.Leave.4.Which statement disagrees with what Ms.Behrend says?A.The remote education is the best choice.B.The discussion in distance education is not as strict as on the campus.C.The discussion in distance education is not like that in the classroom.D.She got a doctoral,degree from distance education.5.What is the best title?A.Continuing Educationrmation-based EconomyC.Remote LearningD.An Interesting Debate【答案与解析】1.A文中没有提供具体时间。

医学考博英语阅读理解讲义

考博阅读概况考博院校难度：第一类：北大、社科院、党校课程两大方向：1)Reading 2) Questions阅读文章选材1) 医学科普类文章2) 社科类文章看懂文章熟记大纲内词汇，同时对大纲规定外词汇有所了解；克服长难句能抓住文章重点和主题做题准确定位问题答案，熟悉各种题型，能对选项进行正确筛选复习计划1、词汇要有基本的六级词汇量，再增加2000左右医学科普类词汇，包括常见疾病名称、常见器官名称、常见医疗器械名称、生物科技新进展等方面的词汇大体需要8000多个单词，重点复习高中以上的近4000个单词，主要是动词和形容词。

2、如何背单词1小时40个单词左右艾宾浩斯记忆曲线（如右）单词背诵保证3-5天内复习一次，7天左右复习第二次，后一次复习时间间隔倍增，经过7次记熟单词研究历年真题做题步骤：1）先做模拟2）学习该篇文章，查询每一个不认识的单词，同时看懂每句话，并能翻译3）分析文章结构4）题目分析5）选项分析精读、泛读能力的训练1) 医疗期刊2) 西方大网站的健康栏目和频道New York Times The Economist泛读训练目标1) 练速度2) 练猜测、练跳跃3) 了解文章背景，西方背景泛读资料1) 卫生类职称英语资料2) 医学英语类教材3) 英语世界等小杂志方法总结：一、快速多次背单词二、精读历年真题三、精读训练四、定量定范围做泛读第二章考博阅读理解专项练习2002年人民大学真题Passage 24 (2002中国人民大学)Real policemen, both Britain and the United States hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV—if they ever get home in time. There are similarities, of course, but the cops don't think much of them.The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he has to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting to scantily clad ladies or in dramatic confrontations with desperate criminal. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty—or not—of stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal; as soon as he's arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks—where failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the police—little effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence. Much of this has to be given by people who don't want to get involved in a court case. So as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing hiswitnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first as members of a police force they always have to behave with absolute legality, secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness—as he sees it—of citizens, social workers, doctors, law makers, and judges, who, instead of stamping out crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine tenths of their work is reaching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.16．It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law ________ .A．so that he can catch criminals in the streetsB．because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerousC．so that he can justify his arrests in courtD．because he has to know nearly as much about law as aprofessional lawyer17．The everyday life of a policeman or detective is ________ .A．exciting and glamorousB．full of dangerC．devoted mostly to routine mattersD．wasted on unimportant matters18．When murders and terrorist attacks occur the police ________ .A．prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself awayB．spend a lot of effort on trying to track down their manC．try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputationD．usually fail to produce results19．The real detective lives in “an unpleasant moral twilight” because ________ .A．he is an expensive public servantB．he must always behave with absolute legalityC．he is obliged to break the law in order to preserve itD．he feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world 20．Detectives are rather cynical because ________ .A．nine tenths of their work involves arresting peopleB．hardly anyone tells them the truthC．society does not punish criminals severely enoughD．too many criminals escape from jail1、扫描题干，提炼关键词1) 找共性词2) 重点关注问原因的题3) 重点关注与作者有关的题2、通读全文，抓住中心通读是以抓住文章主旨和结构为目的的一种快速阅读方式。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类诸多媒体大战)【圣才出品】

Passage15诸多媒体大战The most important step in developing an effective campaign,and the step which must come before all others,is to define the objectives of the campaign with the greatest possible clarity.Does the company wish to attract new investors?Does it seek to acquire a company abroad?Is a new product to be introduced?Are new government regulations threatening the company’s profit-ability?Only after the fundamental needs of a corporation have been established can the basic objective for a corporate program be isolated,without such a clearly defined objective the campaign will have little effect.Note that we have spoken of“an objective,”not a set of objectives.One cannot create a favorable climate among the financial community,emphasize one’s concern for the environment,seek to attract new employees by the creation of a progressive image,give direct support to sales staff,and emphasize social responsibility,all in a single campaign.A scattering of diverse messages will simply confuse the reader and in the end he will absorb nothing.After the prime reason for investment in the campaign has been decided upon, the second step is to collect all the information that one wishes to convey to the selected audiences.Since there is only one objective for the campaign,one assumes that the audience has already been clearly identified during the selection of the objective.The third step involves the selection of the best possible media to be used inthe campaign.It is alarming how many advertising experts first create the campaign and then select the media.The print media are quite distinct from such media as radio and television in their advertising capabilities.Even within the print media there are critical differences in style and approach which must be noted by anyone designing an advertisement for printing in a newspaper as opposed to a magazine.Magazine advertising in turn is not one unified field,for there are many different audiences.The fourth and last step is to find a suitable creative approach.If the objective is to develop a receptive climate among the financial community,for example,it would be a mistake to work with too much illustration and too few detailed data, too many clever words and too few facts and figures.In a campaign aimed at fixing in the consciousness of the general public an image of the company is progressive and innovative to emphasize dramatic illustrations and not to take the chance of boring the audience with facts.1.According to the author,the most important step in developing an effective campaign is______.A.to create a good environmentB.to select the best possible mediaC.to define the objectivesD.to collect some information2.“print media”（Para.4）in the passage probably refers to______.A.newspaper and magazineB.radio and televisionC.newspaper and radioD.magazine and television3.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A.one objective will confuse the selected audienceB.one objective will make the selected audience know what to doC.a set of objectives will help to attract new employeesD.a set of objectives will help the selected audience know more about the campaign4.What does the author imply by saying“too much illustration and too few detailed data”（Para.5）?A.emphasize the details without illustrationB.illustrate too few detailed dataC.explain nothing about the objectivesD.explain too much with no figures and facts5.This passage tells us______.A.how to develop an effective campaignB.how to establish the objectivesC.how to find a suitable creative approachD.how to create a progressive image【答案与解析】1.C从文中第一段首句“The most important step in developing an effectivecampaign…is to define the objectives of the campaign”可知，确定目标最重要。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类工作和快乐)【圣才出品】

Passage2工作和快乐Whether work should be placed among the causes of happiness or among the causes of unhappiness may perhaps be regarded as a doubtful question.There is certainly much work which is exceedingly weary and an excess of work is always very painful.I think,however,that,provided work is not excessive in amount,even the dullest work is to most people less painful than idleness.There are in work all grades,from mere relief of tedium up to the profoundest delights,according to the nature of the work and the abilities of the worker.Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting,but even such work has certain great advantages.To begin with,it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do.Most people,when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice,are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing.And whatever they decide on,they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been pleasanter.To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization,and at present very few people have reached this level.Moreover the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome.Except for people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day,provided the orders are not too unpleasant.Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from toil.At times they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa,or by flying round the world,but the number of such sensations is limited,especially after youth is past.Accordingly themore intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor,while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of which earth-shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.Work therefore is desirable,first and foremost,as a preventive of boredom,for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary though uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days.With this advantage of work another is associated, namely that it makes holidays much more delicious when they come.Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigor,he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition.In most work success is measured by income,and while our capitalistic society continues,this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply.The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can acquire.However dull the work may be,it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation,whether in the world at large or only in one’s own circle.1.What is the author’s opinion about work?A.Work is very tiresome,especially when too excessive.B.Work is a cause of the greatest delight of life.C.Work can at least give relief from boredom.D.Work can keep people busy as if they were poor.2.Who is the happiest person according to the author?A.A man who works moderatelyB.A man who works to the extremeC.A man who has nothing to doD.A man who has many choices3.In the author’s opinion,what is the last product of civilization?A.To work to some extentB.To make life free from workC.To make wise use of leisureD.To keep oneself busy with trifles4.As put by the author,most of the work that most people have to do is______.A.not interesting but very rewardingB.exceeding dull and always painfulC.delightful but time consumingD.not worth doing and bearable at all5.“weary”probably refers to______.A.boredB.interestingC.dullD.idle【答案与解析】1.C从第一段“even the dullest work is…less painful than idleness”可知，工作至少可以减轻人的无聊感,故选C项。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类人类学)【圣才出品】

Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》-Unit3~5【圣才出品】

Unit 3 科技创新类Passage 1 电脑技术America’s most relentless exa miner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-min essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers—with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more than a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of regarded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and content. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frederic McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. On the other hand,E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: in pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two readers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrell Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plus subject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsma, professor of English education at Teachers College of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore” and the computer just mig ht think you’re Dickens.1. E-Rater is described as ______.A. the substitute for the GMATB. America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system2. Until “this month”, the GMAT test takers had to ______.A. type their compositions straight into a computerB. have their writing graded by two human assessorsC. finish two essays with a pen and paper in 30 minutesD. take pretrial tests on a six-point scale3. In Paragraph 2 the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to ______.A. understand student essaysB. reporting scoresC. recognizing a wrong bubbleD. judging a person’s creativity4. Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would ______.A. get a top gradeB. get an averageC. be in advantageD. be in disadvantage5. When computers are used to grade essays, all of the following is true EXCEPT ______.A. nobody is rendered special kindnessB. human readers are still neededC. the grading time is generally shortenedD. more people would get lower scores6. It can be inferred that Professor Schaafsma agrees with ______.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kaplan course designers7. To cite one of the Kaplan’s tips in the closin g sentence is to show that ______.A. transitional phrases should not be neglectedB. “therefore” is often neglected as one of the useful expressionsC. E-reader may favor the widely accepted style of writingD. Dickens is one of the greatest writers in the world【答案与解析】1.D The Educational Testing Service被喻为the most relentless (无情的)examiner。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类滥用动物做实验)【圣才出品】

Passage20滥用动物做实验The National Institutes of Health(NIH)last week suspended a portion of its funding for animal research at Columbia University in New York City after an announced site inspection by the agency turned up serious animal-care deficiencies.This is the first such suspension ordered since the agency’s new animal-welfare accreditation rules went into effect Dec.31.The suspension involves only research conducted at the university’s health sciences division—which includes the medical school—and is limited to studies using vertebrates,including dogs and sheep,above the level of rodents.Columbia hopes that its immediate steps to overcome the stated deficiencies will permit reinstatement of curtailed research funds within six weeks,according to university spokesman Mae Rudolph.Though the university did not disclose how many research studies are affected,it said that at least75percent of the animals used in health sciences research are rodents.The deficiencies,cited as reasons for the suspension in a Jan.27letter to Columbia by NIH Director James B.Wyngaarden,were no surprise to university officials.“Last year,recognizing that there were deficiencies,the health sciences division began a major,longrange program of improvements”,the university noted in a statement issued earlier this week.The unannounced site visit,Dommet says,was triggered by two things:letters to NIH officials,including its director,complaining about the care and abuse oflaboratory animals;and the university’s own report on its animal-care program—a report required(under the new NIH animal-welfare rules)of all research institutions receiving funds from the public Health Service,NIH’s parent agency.1.The best title of this passage would be______.A.New Animal-welfare RulesB.Animal-care Deficiencies at Columbia UniversityC.NIH Conducted an Unannounced Site InspectionD.NIH Limited Animal Studies at Columbia University2.According to the passage,how many research studies are affected by the suspension?A.At least75%conducted at the health sciences division.B.About25%conducted at the health sciences division.C.All that were conducted at the health sciences division.D.All except those conducted in the medical school.3.According to the new NIH animal-welfare rules,research institutions receiving funds from the public Health Service should give reports______.A.on their animal-care programsB.on required research fundsC.on NIH’s workD.on the progress of their researchers4.All the following are false EXCEPT______.A.only the university’s health sciences division knows what the suspensionwould affect.B.Columbia would begin to overcome the deficiencies in no more than6weeks.C.Columbia had no idea of the deficiencies when the suspension was announced.D.director of NIH learned of the abuse of laboratory animals before the site visit.【答案与解析】1.D句意为：本文最佳标题是什么。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类人体器官移植)【圣才出品】

Passage16人体器官移植In most countries,the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined,as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery.The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation.It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives,but,because organ removal must take place immediately after death,it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time.It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation.An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime.Such laws have been passed in Denmark,France,Sweden,Italy,and pulsory postmortem examination,a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting,is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not public concern and debate.There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion,provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission.This,of course,requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal:the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed.It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative efforts of the potential donor.Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical consideration concerning the diagnosis of death,and,particularly,how far resuscitation should be continued.Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breath.Artificial respiration and massage of the heart,the standard methods of resuscitation,are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead.Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.1.According to the author,which of the following is NOT true?A.Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantation.B.The traditional way of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal does not prove to be always feasible.C.It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.D.In some countries there are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.2.Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?A.People should be encouraged to donate their organs after death.an removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam.an removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human society.an removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his lifetime.3.The underlined word“impair”at the end of Paragraph2call best be replaced by______.A.neglectB.weakene together withD.be superior to4.It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when______.A.artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious resultB.a person’s heartbeat and breath has totally stoppedC.standard methods of resuscitation have failedD.the brain is certainly dead5.Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A.Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.B.Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.C.The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.D.The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation.【答案与解析】1.C A符合原文第一段第一句“In most countries，the law on organ transplantationis poorly defined，as legislation has not yet been created to cope with thisadvance in surgery”；B符合原文第一段第三句“It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives，but，because organ removal must take place immediately after death，it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time”；D符合原文第一段倒数第二句“Such laws have been passed in Denmark，France，Sweden，Italy，and Israel”；而C原文并没有提及，故选C。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类恐惧症)【圣才出品】

Passage17恐惧症Phobia is intense and persistent fear of a specific object,situation,or activity. Because of this intense and persistent fear,the phobic person often leads a constricted life.The anxiety is typically out of proportion to the real situation,and the victim is fully aware that the fear is irrational.Phobic anxiety is distinguishable from other forms of anxiety only in that it occurs specifically in relation to a certain object or situation.This anxiety is characterized by physiological symptoms such as a rapid,pounding heartbeat, stomach disorders,nausea,diarrhea,frequent urination,choking feelings,flushing of the face,perspiration,tremulousness,and faintness.Some phobic people are able to confront their fears.More commonly,however,they avoid the situation or object that causes the fear—an avoidance that impairs the sufferer’s freedom.Psychiatrists recognize three major types of phobias.Simple phobias are fears of specific objects or situations such as animals,closed spaces,and heights.The second type,agoraphobia,is fear of open,public places and situations(such as public vehicles and crowded shopping centers)from which escape is difficult; agoraphobics tend increasingly to avoid more situations until eventually they become housebound.Social phobias,the third type,are fears of appearing stupid or shameful in social situations.The simple phobias,especially the fear of animals, may begin in childhood and persist into adulthood.Agoraphobia characteristically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood,and social phobia is also associatedwith adolescence.Although agoraphobia is more often seen in treatment than the other types of phobia,it is not believed to be as common as simple phobia.Taken together,the phobias are believed to afflict5to10persons in100.Agoraphobia and simple phobia are more commonly diagnosed in women than in men;the distribution for social phobia is not known.Agoraphobias,social phobias,and animal phobias tend to run in families.Behavioral techniques have proved successful in treating phobias,especially simple and social phobias.One technique,systematic desensitization,involves gradually confronting the phobic person situations or objects that are increasingly close to the feared ones.Exposure therapy,another behavioral method,has recently been shown more effective.In this technique,phobic are repeatedly exposed to the feared situation or object so that they can see that no harm befalls them;the fear gradually fades.Anti-anxiety drugs have also been used as palliatives. Anti-depressant drugs have also proved successful in treating some phobias.1.According to the passage,a phobic person has fear______.A.because he thinks life is terribleB.when he thinks he will lead a constricted lifeC.even if he knows that his fear is unnecessaryD.when he imagines that his safety is threatened by others2.All the following symptoms may be experienced by a phobic except______.A.sweatingB.tremblingC.paralysisD.feeling like vomiting3.When faced with the object or situation they are afraid of,most phobic______.A.try to escape from the object or situationB.try to pick up courage and face the object or situationC.go to their doctors so as to gain freedomD.know that their fears are the same with other forms of anxiety4.People suffering from agoraphobia may be afraid of______.A.staying with dogs and catsB.taking the bus in rush hoursC.standing on top of a high buildingD.staying alone at home5.Systematic desensitization and exposure therapy are similar ways of treating phobias______.A.because both involve gradual exposure of phobic to fear stimuliB.because both are behavioral methodsC.because both use anti-anxiety drugsD.because both merely bring about a temporary solution【答案与解析】1.C题干部分说患惧恐症的人感到恐惧，在下面四个选项中选出与之相关的正确内容。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(其他类学习规律)【圣才出品】

Passage12学习规律By far the most common difficulty in study is simple failure to get down to regular concentrated work.This difficulty is much greater for those who do not work to a plan and have no regular routine of study.Many students muddle along a bit of this subject or that,as the mood takes them,or letting their set work pile up until the last possible moment.Few students work to a set time-table.They say that if they did construct a time-table for themselves they would not keep to it,or would have to alter it constantly,since they can never predict from one day to the next what their activities will be.No doubt some temperaments take much more kindly to a regular routine than others.There are many who shy away from the self-regimentation of a weekly time-table,and dislike being tied down to a definite program of work.Many able students claim that they work in cycle.When they become interested in a topic, they work on it intensively for three or four days at a time.On other days they avoid work completely.It has to be confessed that we do not fully understand the complexities of the motivation to work.Most people over25years of age have become conditioned to a work routine,and the majority of really productive workers set aside regular hours for the more important aspects of their work.The “tough-minded”school of workers is usually very contemptuous of the idea that good work can only be done spontaneously under the influence of inspiration.Themost energetic of authors,Anthony Trollops wrote:“There are those...who think that the man who works with imagination should allow himself to wait till inspiration moves him.When I have heard such doctrine preached,I have hardly been able to repress my scorn”.1.The most widespread problem in applying oneself to study is that of______.A.the failure to keep to a routine of methodic and intensive workB.changing from one subject to anotherC.allowing the set work to accumulateD.applying yourself to a subject only when you feel inclined2.According to the author,there are many who______.A.do not like being forced to study seven days a weekB.are too timid to accustom themselves to studyC.refuse to exert themselves the whole week as if under military disciplineD.shrink from the sell-discipline required for working according to a weekly plan3.The author states that we must admit that we do not fully understand______.A.how complex is that driving force which impels us to workB.how great are the difficulties involved in forcing ourselves to workC.how great are the complications which arise from urging people to workD.the complex reasons why some people feel the urge to work4.The majority of people over25years of age______.A.have become acquainted with the boredom of workB.consider a regular system of work as a necessary condition of lifeC.have been forced to adapt themselves to a regular course of workD.have become accustomed to a regular pattern of work5.A suitable title for the passage might be______.A.“Attitudes to Study and Life”B.“Study”C.“Study and Self-discipline”D.“The Difficulties of Studying”【答案与解析】1.A第一段提到，学习中的困难是不能安下心来进行有规律的、集中的学习。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》-Unit9~10【圣才出品】

Unit 9 医学保健类Passage 1 血液库存问题Post-holiday blood shortages are nothing new to hospitals. But last week, physician James Devitt at Miami Valley Hospital saw disaster looming. For the first time ever, he called surgeons at home and urged them to postpone all nonemergency surgeries requiring large amounts of blood. By the time he was done dialing, Devitt had persuaded surgeons to reschedule at least 14 operations. Not that he was pleased by the delays. “If we don’t get some of these surgeries done soon,” Devitt says, “they could become emergencies.”Miami Valley wasn’t alone. Confronting a national blood shortage, physicians in Atlanta, Pittsburgh, New York, Baltimore, and Washington moved to postpone nonemergency surgeries. “We’ve never seen cancellations of surgeries like this,” says Melissa Macmillan, spokesperson for America’s Blood Centers (ABC). “It’s absolutely the last resort.”The blood shortage was so grim that about half of all U.S. blood banks carried less than a one-day supply. Normally, they stockpile three days’ worth. Suppliers need the extra red cells on hand for emergencies like car accidents—one trauma patient can quickly wipe out a hospital’s entire b lood supply.This month’s crippling blood drought is worse than usual because winter storms forced cancellations of blood drives in the Midwest, considered America’s“blood basket”. Blood providers like ABC and the Red Cross count on that region to supply the rest of the country during normal shortages. But last week, icy roads kept donors away from blood banks, while school and workplace closings forced blood-drive organizations to cancel events.Blood industry experts say the long-term outlook is ominous. Hospitals need more blood to treat an aging population, and donations aren’t keeping pace. Only 5 % of those eligible donate, and even fewer people plan to give this year, according to a recent Harris Poll. The ranks of the most loyal donors, the World War II generation, are thinning. For the most part, baby boomers say they are too busy, and young people are apathetic.1. The quotation of Devitt’s remarks in Paragraph One serves to ______.A. prove that he was not pleased by the delaysB. explain that blood shortage is not rareC. analyze the characteristics of emergenciesD. emphasize the necessity of blood transfusion2. What is the subject of Paragraph Two?A. The inefficiency of most physiciansB. The seriousness of the nationwide blood shortageC. The disappointment of the ABC spokespersonD. The significance of the cancellations of surgeries3. What can we learn from Paragraph Three?A. Blood price is higher because of the blood shortage.B. One patient has used up a hospital’s entire blood supply.C. Red cells are usually more available than some other thugs.D. Many suppliers are facing a marked shrinkage of blood stock.4. What is said about the Midwest?A. Blood drives forced school and workplace closings.B. A severe draught hit the area this month.C. It is the major area for blood donation.D. Donors there were organized to drive to the rest of the country.5. “Baby boomers” (in Paragraph 5) most probably refer to ______.A. the World War II generationB. the middle-aged AmericansC. the aging populationD. the most loyal donors6. Which of the following best describes the tone of the author?A. OminousB. IronicC. ApatheticD. Worrisome【答案与解析】1.A 该段主要讲由于血库存量有限，医生被迫暂时推迟一些手术。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(教育文化类 )【圣才出品】

Passage1实验室的“老虎”Like so many talented young Chinese,Yuan T.Lee came to the U.S.to study, and then to stay.He earned a Ph.D.in chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley.He climbed the academic ladder.Eventually,he won a Nobel Prize.Then earlier this year,at the peak of his career,the57-year-old chemist made a sweeping U-turn and headed back home to run research institutes.The departure of such a distinguished scientist signals a dramatic change:the brain drain that has enriched the West with tens of thousands of Asia’s best and brightest minds has begun to flow in the opposite direction.The Yuan T.Lees of tomorrow still flock to elite North American and European universities for advanced degrees,but more and more they are seeking employment in Asia,where opportunities to pursue careers in research are expanding almost as fast as sales of designer clothes and cellular phones.The U.S.,which last year pulled the plug on one of its most prestigious science projects,the Super conducting Supercollider,often seems to forget the value of funding research.But Asia has not.Japan has been building up its research capabilities for years,and it is being joined by the so-called Tigers of Asia—Hong Kong,Singapore,South Korea and Taiwan.They are collectively plowing billions of dollars earned by selling cars and computer parts into their technical universities and research institutes.Their goal is an ambitious one:first to catch up in scientific fields pioneered by the West,then to dominate the industries of the future.Asia’s new willingness to invest in long-term research reflects not just its recent economic boom but also a radical shift in social outlook.Thirty years ago, when the average person needed rice and bread,who could talk about science? Today science is viewed as a necessity.The change is as remarkable as it is recent—especially for those scientists making the trip back East.Just10years ago,returning to Asia would have entailed enormous personal sacrifice.But that was before the job market for scientists and engineer in the West turned sour and prospects in the East turned sweet. Singapore’s six-year-old Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology finds it increasingly easy to attract promising young Ph.D.s with offers that start at$40,000 a year.Hong Kong’s new University of Science and Technology,which awarded degrees to its first class of576undergraduates last month,can match the handsome faculty salaries offered by top U.S.universities,and has even started to lure some prominent non-Asians.To direct a new$4.5million environmental-studies program,for instance,Hong Kong recruited Gary Heinke from the University of Toronto.“We’re not shy,”laughs Hong Kong university president Chia-Wei Woo,whose resume includes a stint as president of San Francisco State University.“When we see someone we want,we can be very sticky.”For Asian-born scientists,a sense of duty,the tug of shared culture,the need to care for aging parents and a thousand other imponderables influence the decision to return.The recent wave of corporate downsizing and research cutbacks in theU.S.has also tipped the scales.A generous retirement package helped persuade Lee to leave his comfortable sinecure in Berkeley and take on the challenge of leading research institutes.But what ultimately wins over most wavering recruits is the sight of gleaming laboratories stocked with state-of-the-art equipment.In Taiwan K.H.Chen and his colleagues are using high-powered lasers to study ozone-destroying gases and films of sparkling diamonds.In Hong Kong engineers are fabricating computer chips in clean rooms that rival the very best facilities at U.S.universities.In Pohang, South Korea,scientists will soon start probing the structure of materials with a$180 million tool known as a synchrotron light source—one of only half a dozen such machines in the world.Although they have taken shape in the shadow of Japan,the scientific showcases of the Pacific Rim look for inspiration to California’s Silicon Valley, where academics and entrepreneurs race to take ideas out of the lab and into the marketplace.In Hong Kong researchers are already working on projects for clients ranging from a small machine-tool manufacturer in Nanjing,China,to big multinationals like U.S.-based Motorola.Taiwan’s scientists have taken on everything from vaccines to satellite communications,and many harbor even grander dreams.“In a few years,”confides an aspiring biotechnologist,“I hope to start my own company.”But there is a danger in too narrow a focus on products and patents,warns Y.H. Tan,director of Singapore’s Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology.While thesemay pay off in the short term,they are unlikely to yield the dazzling technological leaps that come from tackling fundamental problems in science.Tan’s solution: continue supporting basic research—like mapping the genes of the fugue,the poisonous blowfish prized by sushi chefs—while at the same time prospecting for new drugs in Southeast Asia’s flora and fauna for the British giant Glaxo.Competition for openings in Asia’s top research centers is keen.The Ph.D. that received from Indiana university wasn’t good enough,jokes Huan Change, now at Taiwan’s Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences.“I had to go to Harvard as a postdoctoral fellow to get myself coated in a layer of gold.”There is a frontier spirit in these fast-growing intellectual boomtowns that attracts adventurous job seekers.Calcutta-born Uttam Surana,an ambitious young biologist with a Ph.D.from the University of Arizona,turned down an offer from Germany’s venerable Max Planck Institute to go to Singapore.“When you work with big people,you get overshadowed by their thinking,”says Surana.“Here you can think your own thoughts.”The scientists returning to Asia bring more than just a Westernized preference for cappuccino over tea.They also carry with them a penchant for challenging the status quo.Until recently,Asian funding agencies still doled out research money according to traditional egalitarian formulas,with little regard for quality.Now they are being pressured to establish peer-review panels staffed by scientific experts to gauge the merit of competing proposals.Automatic promotions,still typical at many academic institutions,are also coming under attack,and some brave soulshave even mounted an assault on the Confucian ethos—particularly its stultifying worship of professors and its reluctance to question authority.Wen Chang,a young researcher,politely but firmly objects to being addressed as Teacher Chang.“I tell students that there is no authority in science,”she says.“Everything can be overthrown the very next day.”While the Tigers’forays into research and development have begun to produce some first-rate scientific papers,they have yet to generate the trailblazing innovations that have streamed out of American laboratories.But the energy and exuberance alone of the Asians make them worth watching.Not tomorrow, perhaps,but a few decades from now,the U.S.may rue the policy drift that is eroding its research infrastructure as slowly and as surely as water rusts the steel girders of a bridge.For the scientific breakthroughs of the21st century—and the market opportunities that follow—may be born on the Pacific Rim.1.The salary of a teacher in Hong Kong’s University of Science and Technology is ______.A.as much as that in top U.S.universitiesB.much higher than that in top U.S.universitiesC.much lower than that in top U.S.universitiesD.as little as that in top in top U.S.universities2.What ultimately attracted the researchers to work in Taiwan’s labs is______.A.the pleasant climateB.the generous peopleC.the well-equipped labsD.the colorful culture3.In California’s Silicon Valley,______.A.researchers devoted themselves to the study whole-heartedlyB.all the people there knew something about computersC.both the researchers and businessmen were trying to turn scientific studies into products and into moneyD.people put more emphasis on scientific study4.Uttam Surana turned down an offer from Germany’s Venerable Max Planck Institute because______.A.there are no big people worth this admirationB.Germany is too far from his hometownC.he doesn’t like GermanyD.he doesn’t like to work with big people5.In the author’s opinion,the American policy at the present time is relatively ______.A.encouragingB.promisingC.no goodD.welcomed by the researchers【答案与解析】本文介绍了在美国受教育及训练的亚裔研究人员归国，这对西方的技术优势形成的一种。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类在假期保持健康)【圣才出品】

Passage14在假期保持健康Do people who choose to go on exotic,far-flung holidays deserve free health advice before they travel?And even if they pay,who ensures that they get good, up-to-date information?Who,for that matter,should collect that information in the first place?For a variety of reasons,travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants.As a result,many travelers who go abroad ill-prepared to avoid serious disease.Why is travel medicine so unloved?Partly there’s an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers,this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines.It delves into everything from seasickness,jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague.But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead in a tropical diseases hospital when they come home.But it is notoriously difficult to get anybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy.Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests—the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies.And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections,they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers’diarrhea in Turkey,or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take.“The NHS finds it difficult to define travelers’health,”says Ron Behrens,the only NHS consultant in travel andtropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London.“Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for?It’s a gray area,and opinion is split.No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role,”he says.To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy,travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best.In most cases we just don’t know how many Britains contract diseases when abroad.And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went,what they ate,how they behaved,or which vaccinations they had.This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people,information that might even save their lives.A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued:“Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence,distribution and control.”Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice?The real figure is anybody’s guess,but it could easily run into millions.Behrens gives one example.Britain spends more than￡1million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don’t work and so give people a false sense of security.“Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority,”he says.1.Travel medicine in Britain is______.A.not something anyone wants to runB.the responsibility of the governmentC.administered by private doctorsD.handled adequately by travel agents2.The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to______.A.prevent people from falling illB.make money out of itC.give advice on specific countriesD.get the government to pay for it3.In Behren’s opinion the question of who should run travel medicine______.A.is for the government to decideB.should be left to specialist hospitalsC.can be left to travel companiesD.has no clear and simple answer4.People will only think better of travel medicine if______.A.it is given more resources by the governmentB.more accurate information on its value is availableC.the government takes over responsibility from the NHSD.travelers pay more attention to the advice they get【答案与解析】1.A文章的第一段中提到：“…travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobodywants.”与选项A：“not something anyone wants to run”同义，因此应该选A。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会经济类学术研究的商业价值)【圣才出品】

Passage3学术研究的商业价值Nobody ever went into academic circles to make a fast fortune.Professors, especially those in medical-and technology-related fields,typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do.But suddenly,big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower,as university administrators make up to the commercial potential of academic research.And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive:the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed132universities and found that they earned a combined$576million from patent royalties in1998,a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations,particularly pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.Now Columbia is going retail—on the Web.It plans to go beyond the typical “”model,free sites listing courses and professors’research interests. Instead,it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will be spun off as an independent company.The site will provide free access to educational and research content,say administrators,as well as advanced features that are already available to Columbia students,such as a simulation of the construction and architecture of a French cathedral and interactive3-D models of organic chemicals.Free pages will feed into profit-generating areas,such as online courses and seminars,and related books and tapes.Columbia executive vicepresident Michael Crow imagines“millions of visitors”to the new site,including retirees and students willing to pay to tap into this educational resource.“We can offer the best of what’s thought and written and researched,”says Ann Kirschner, who heads the project.Columbia also is anxious not be beaten by some of the other for-profit“knowledge sites,”such as and Hungry Minds.“If they capture this space,”says Crow,“they’ll begin to cherry-pick our best faculty.”Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher,the department and the university,and Web profits would work the same way,so many faculty members are delighted.But others find the trend worrisome:is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one who doesn’t?Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?“If there’s the perception that we might be making money from our efforts, the authority of the university could be diminished,”worries Herve Varenne,a cultural anthropology professor at Columbia’s education school.Says Kirschner:“we would never compromise the integrity of the university.”Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen,but one thing is clear.It’s going to take the best minds on camps to find a new balance between profit and purity.1.In the past,professors______.A.could earn as much as doctorsB.were able to earn more than engineersC.were not good at earning moneyD.did not intend to earn money easily2.Columbia’s Web site can provide free______.A.expertise of its professorsB.listing of courses and professors’research interestsC.online courses and seminarsD.books and tapes related to the course3.What worries Michael Crow most is______.A.that they’ll not beat other educational“knowledge sites”B.that the spun-off company will remain independentC.that their educational resource will be tapped intoD.that their faculty’s brains will be picked by their competitors4.Which of the following will those worrying about the trend support?A.Professors working in profitable fields are less reliable.B.More support should be given to musty areas other than profit-generating ones.C.Professors in technology-related fields should earn more than their counterparts do in industry.D.People working in pharmaceutical and high-tech companies should earn the biggest money.5.Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?A.The impressive profits tend to undermine the integrity of the university.B.Some universities are struggling with new ways to turn ideas into cash.C.It’s important to make use of bright ideas to make more profits.D.Columbia’s new site is to create profits.【答案与解析】1.D从文中第一段可知，进入学界的人，没有想一夜发财的，在一些技术领域，收入要比在企业界的相同行业少。

2020年考博英语阅读理解150篇详解

目　录Unit 1　家庭情感类Passage 1　工作与家庭Passage 2　给孩子以关心Passage 3　男女情感差异Passage 4　婚姻形式Passage 5　表达情感Passage 6　小孩撒谎Passage 7　家庭问题Passage 8　墨西哥族美国人家庭的生活方式Unit 2　教育文化类Passage 1　实验室的“老虎”Passage 2　文化遗产Passage 3　音乐艺术Passage 4　有关科学家的社会问题Passage 5　有关美国的教育问题Passage 6　会遗忘Passage 7　悲剧文化Passage 8　《大学物理》教材介绍Passage 9　美国友谊观Passage 10　智力情感Passage 11　基础科学和应用科学的关系Passage 12　20世纪学者歪曲分析文学作品Passage 13　数　学Passage 14　谈姓名Passage 15　远程学习Passage 16　远程教育Passage 17　语　言Passage 18　科学与艺术Passage 19　科技术语Passage 20　教　师Unit 3　科技创新类Passage 1　电脑技术Passage 2　在家中上班Passage 3　精确制导导弹的弊端Passage 4　人们应该摆正技术的位置Passage 5　人类对宇宙的认识Passage 6　新型汽车安全系统Passage 7　物理实验Passage 8　网络技术Passage 9　医学伦理道德Passage 10　彗　星Passage 11　遥感技术在地址上的功能Passage 12　网上广告Unit 4　历史地理类Passage 1　泰坦尼克号与珍珠港Passage 2　万圣节的起源及传说Passage 3　地图绘制Passage 4　考古学Passage 5　美国黑人现代意识源流Passage 6　智利的旅游业Passage 7　真正的蝎子王Passage 8　东罗马帝国的复兴Unit 5　社会经济类Passage 1　从玩扑克看生意的本质Passage 2　电子工业的发展Passage 3　学术研究的商业价值Passage 4　DVD市场Passage 5　保证金率Passage 6　商业计划Passage 7　民族企业Passage 8　申请“进口救济”会影响企业Passage 9　经济学的作用Passage 10　美国总统经济计划Passage 11　耐克不再“酷”Passage 12　商品销售Passage 13　为人写简历Passage 14　经济学Passage 15　大企业是如何集资Passage 16　慈善机构Passage 17　银行改革Unit 6　社会问题类Passage 1　美国的革命Passage 2　交通法则与交通事故Passage 3　恐怖主义Passage 4　医生与病人的关系Passage 5　加强合作Passage 6　科学家的任务Passage 7　大学生自杀现象Passage 8　社会趣闻Passage 9　电脑中的伦理问题Passage 10　当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳Passage 11　礼貌行为Passage 12　人工受精Passage 13　偶像崇拜Passage 14　社会的变化与信息的传播Passage 15　诸多媒体大战Passage 16　人体器官移植Passage 17　迁居的影响Unit 7　社会政治类Passage 1　钢琴外交Passage 2　巴勒斯坦的改革Passage 3　布什捐赠圣诞树Passage 4　刑　法Passage 5　印第安人移民Passage 6　社会阶层Passage 7　言论自由Unit 8　生态环境类Passage 1　绿色和平组织Passage 2　温室效应Passage 3　干　旱Passage 4　环境问题Passage 5　野生动物保护Passage 6　想象中的生命Unit 9　医学保健类Passage 1　血液库存问题Passage 2　医疗技术与人的寿命Passage 3　医疗器械Passage 4　药物管理Passage 5　脂肪对身体的影响Passage 6　惊慌症及其影响Passage 7　空气传播污染Passage 8　美容整形Passage 9　流行性感冒的类别Passage 10　肺　癌Passage 11　心理与健康Passage 12　小孩患脑瘤Passage 13　糖尿病Passage 14　在假期保持健康Passage 15　核磁共振仪Passage 16　焦虑症Passage 17　恐惧症Passage 18　多功能超级药丸Passage 19　动物调节体温不同方式Passage 20　滥用动物做实验Passage 21　食品包装的欺骗问题Passage 22　医助自杀Unit 10　艺术新闻类Passage 1　解读新闻Passage 2　英国的戏剧Passage 3　美国民歌Passage 4　演说时音量的正确使用Passage 5　欧洲摇滚乐Passage 6　过激的歌曲Passage 7　哈里波特的流行Passage 8　电影《辛德勒的名单》Passage 9　电视节目Unit 11　宗教信仰类Passage 1　天主教会Passage 2　日　记Passage 3　引人注目的重要性Passage 4　战胜挫折Passage 5　自我和宇宙之间的有机联系Unit 12　其他类Passage 1　风雪夜Passage 2　工作和快乐Passage 3　面　试Passage 4　社会观点Passage 5　财产保险Passage 6　人类学Passage 7　人物传记Passage 8　人物传记的视角Passage 9　社会与语言问题Passage 10　爬　山Passage 11　笑的功能Passage 12　学习规律Passage 13　领导才能Passage 14　媒体对时事对的影响Passage 15　旅行见闻Passage 16　作品介绍Passage 17　有效使用幽默Passage 18　工作机械化Passage 19　谋杀的记叙文Unit 1　家庭情感类Passage 1　工作与家庭The list of “should” is very long. Y ou should give more than 100 per cent at work. Y ou should never stop learning and developing. Y ou should read and keep up with events. Y ou should spend time with your family and take care of your myriad of daily chores.At work, it’s not enough to be qualified for your job. Y ou have to have excellent people skills and problem-solving abilities. Y our IQ had better be high, and you should welcome anything and everything new. Commitment and enthusiasm are the bottom line.At home, it’s not enough to have money in the bank. There are children to raise, hobbies to encourage and daily routines to organize. Contacts between home and the day care center or school are another priority. Y ou have to keep up your friendships and your family relationships. Y ou have to have empathy for everyone around you. Y ou have to have time.How do we catch a guilty conscience? Finns in Business asked family counselor Hannu Kuukka from the Helsinki parish services. “A bad conscience comes from conflicting pressures, from the feeling that you just can’t manage everything that you consider important. Frustration and stress are the result.”“Our internalized roles—the role models that we subconsciously follow—also contribute to the problem. Throughout our lives, we carry with us the part we played in our own family. This can be a source of encouragement and support, or the seeds of a bad conscience.”What can we do for a bad conscience? “Our failures tend to become exaggerated in our minds, especially if someone close to us verbalizes them. Y ou have to set priority. Couples should decide together if one of them is going to concentrate on work and the other on family. The couple is the foundation of the home, so they have to find common ground,” comments Hannu Kuukka.At work, you spend your time with adults, and you can excel in your own field. Are you more comfortable at work than at home? This is a common feeling—and another source of guilt. “It is not unusual for relationships at work to be easier and more straightforward than those at home. The everyday life of a family with children can be exhausting. And today, with growing competition and more friction at work, even these relationships have become more difficult,” says Kuukka.1．The purpose of the first paragraph is to ______.A. itemize what people have to accomplish in their livesB. brief a real but tough situation for couples to cope withC. explain why some people long for a break of routineD. show how a full-time job goes against a family life2．According to the author, the decisive factor for one to perform well at work is ______.A. responsibility and devotionB. right qualificationsC. originality and open-mindednessD. an IQ at least above 1303．What seems always problematic for one’s family life is that ______.A. money never seems to be enoughB. friendships and family relationships are hard to keep upC. one simply can’t afford the timeD. it’s impossible to share feelings with everyone around4．According to the passage, the constant cause of a bad conscience lies in the fact that ______.A. one attempts to achieve a good balance between work and family-lifeB. people have unknowingly played stereotyped sex roles in familyC. our minds are beset with exaggerated information about family problemsD. no couple is capable of handling more than one thing at a time5．What does the underlined pronoun ‘them’ (line 19) refer to in the context?A. MindsB. ParentsC. FailuresD. Priorities6．As suggested by Kuukka, the right way to approach the problem is to ______.A. exchange role models between the couple in the same boatB. look at the same problem from a different perspectiveC. turn a deaf ear to whatever other people would sayD. get the couple’s priorities right to ensure a rewarding life7．From the last paragraph, it can be safely inferred that ______.A. work relationships are as difficult to keep up as family relationshipsB. working parents usually feel more comfortable at work than at homeC. growing competition has affected the otherwise good terms with co-workersD. the best moment of the day is when you might have escaped from family chores【答案与解析】1．B 第一段首句“the list of ‘should’ is very long.”意思为：生活中“应该做的事”很多。

2019年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解

2019年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解2019年全国医学考博英语阅读理解(真题)Part IV Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from complicated and controversialday care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it.Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development（63）.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find theimmediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time（64）.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.英国⼼理分析学家约翰-波尔认为在孩⼦出⽣到3岁之前这时间段是孩⼦敏感的依恋期，和⽗母分离的话可能会伤害到孩⼦性格的形成，并可使他们在未来容易出现情感问题。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类医生与病人的关系)【圣才出品】

Passage4医生与病人的关系The health-care economy is replete with unusual and even unique economic relationship.One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or “provider”and purchaser or“consumer”in the typical doctor-patient relationship.In most sectors of the economy,it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducement of price,quality,and utility,and it is the buyer who makes the decision.Where circumstances permit the buyer to choice because there is effectively only one seller and the product is relatively essential, government usually asserts monopoly and places the industry under price and other regulations.Neither of these conditions prevails in most of the health-care industry.In the heath-care industry,the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer.Once an individual has chin to see a physician—and even then there may be no real choice—it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decision:whether the patient should return“next Wednesday,”whether X-rays are needed,whether drugs should be prescribed,etc.It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the ailment is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care.The physician must certify the need for hospitalization,determine what procedures will be performed,and some of these decisions,but in the main it is the doctor’s judgments that are final.Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real“consumer”.As a consequence,the medical staff represents the“power center”in hospital policy and decision-making,not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants,the physician,the hospital,the patient,and the payer(generally all insurance carrier or government)—the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them.The hospital becomes an extension of the physician；the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated the physician/hospital;and for the most part the patient plays a passive role.In routine or minor illness,or just plain worries,the patient’s options are,of course,much greater with respect to use and price.In illness that are of some significance,however,such choices tend to evaporate,and it is for illness that the bulk of the health-care dollar is spent.We estimate that about7580percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians,not patients.For this reason,economy measures directed at patients or the general public are relatively ineffective.1.The author’s primary purpose is to______A.speculate about the relationship between a patient’s ability to pay and the treatment received.B.criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patients.C.analyze some important economic factors in health care.D.urge hospital to reclaim their decision making authority.2.It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because ______A.it is doctors who generate income for the hospital.B.most of a patient’s bills are paid by his health insurance.C.hospital administrators lack the expertise to question medical decision.D.a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patient’s health.3.According to the author,when a doctor tells a patient to“return next Wednesday”,the doctor is in effect______A.taking advantage of the patient’s concern for his healthB.instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesC.warning the patient that hospital stay might be necessaryD.advising the patient to seek a second option4.The author is most probably leading up to______A.all analysis of the cause of inflationB.a proposal to control medical costsC.a discussion of a new medical treatmentD.a discussion of a new medical cost5.The most important features of a“consumer”as the term is used in Line3of the passage is that the“consumer”is the party that______A.pays for goods or services.B.delivers goods or services.C.orders goods or services.D.reimburses a third party for goods or services.【答案与解析】1.C本文主要讲的是医生和病人之间的关系，但又不是单纯地从医学的角度讲述，而是用经济学的观点进行分析。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(社会问题类电脑中的伦理问题)【圣才出品】

Passage9电脑中的伦理问题At PARC,we have lived with ubiquitous computing for almost ten years.Early on we confronted the question of how to do this work most ethically.We concluded that it is vitally important for everyone,scientists and consumers alike,to remain alert to the ethical issues we may face as the world becomes filled with embedded, invisible computers.Computer chips have been inserted into everyday objects since the earliest days of the microprocessor.Today,an average home might have40chips in various devices,from remote controls to alarm clocks to wristwatches.This fact has raised few new ethical issues.But as computers become more and more ubiquitous,and less visually obvious,three questions arise.Firstly,will these chips’thinking for us make us forget how to think for ourselves?Secondly,will an“information underclass”without access to these devices be created?And thirdly,will these chips invade our privacy?The goal of ubiquitous computing is to make technology invisible and,by embedding computers into everyday things,make the things themselves smarter. But will this lead to dumber people with less control over their technology? Automobiles,for example,use embedded computers for a host of functions that improve their performance and reliability.But fewer people now know enough about their car to be their own mechanic.Should this loss of a once common skill concern us?I think not.Ever since the first pre-human shaped a stone into an axe,we have been improving our technology.The invention of the axe did represent a loss of control,because some people were better at making axes than others.But the axe also made life easier,so we had more time to develop other skills,like agriculture,art and writing.As another step along this continuum of invention, ubiquitous computing won’t make people dumber;it will give them time to get smart about other things.I believe,however,that everyone should be given an equal opportunity to get smart about other things.In this regard,there is legitimate concern that the new ubiquitous computers won’t be equally available to everyone,thus driving a wedge between high-tech“haves”and“have-nots”.But it is important to realize that the prime mover behind the latest technology is not the technology itself,but an agreement—the Internet.Agreeing on low computers should talk to one another on the internet has tremendous advantages for exchanging information,decreasing the cost of technology and creating new market opportunities.If all chips are able to relate to each other,then information can be shared cheaply.This means that Internet access may eventually cost only a dollar or two.If the trend towards ever cheaper,more widespread access to information continues,there will be no information underclass.Ubiquitous computing will make our lives more convenient,but it will also allow computers to know everything about us:private actions,such as reading the newspaper,may be shared with other computers—and their owners—all over theworld.When computers know so much,who will they tell?If a computer runs your toaster,for example,it knows when you make toast, and how many slices.By correlating toast-making activity with the license plate numbers of cars parked in front of your house,a computer could determine if a guest had spent the night.But if you were a married politician,and even if you were not,you might want to keep this information secret.Democracy is based on the principle that if people have enough information, wise decisions will be made.In an age in which embedded computers will provide us with ever more information,it is vital that the ethical implications of this new technology be openly debated.With a little vigilance and planning,we can reap the benefits of this new technology without compromising our intelligence,our opportunities or our freedom.1.It can be inferred that“PARC”is a place where______.puters are manufacturedB.scientists and consumers live togetherC.there are computers embedded all aroundD.ethical issues are taught in class2.All of the following are mentioned by the author as having chips inside EXCEPT ______.A.remote controlsB.alarm clocksC.watchesD.microwave ovens3.The expression“information underclass”in paragraph2is closest in meaning to______.rmation that is below parrmation under studyC.people that provide informationD people that do not get as much information as others4.While discussing whether information will be widely available in the long run,the author centers his analysis on matters of______.A.costB.human natureC.intellectual property rightsD.mass media5.The author’s attitude toward ubiquitous computing can best be described as ______.A.cautious optimismB.unreserved approvalC.grave skepticismD.adamant opposition【答案与解析】1.C首句就指出了“PARC”全面电脑化已近十年了（lived with ubiquitous computingfor almost ten years），可见C为正确答案。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 心理与健康)【圣才出品】

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