表面物理化学-2015-5 第五章 表面吸附

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如何区分活化吸附和பைடு நூலகம்活化吸附?
测量 S(Ek)函数
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early
middle
late
(a) early barrier: 势垒位于吸附入口:分子间 距与气相分子类似 (b) Late barrier: 势垒位于吸附出口:分子间 距拉长 The position of the barrier and the shape of the PES are decisive in determining how a molecule best surmounts the activation barrier.
Related to factors like molecular mass and polarity -1 - typically 5-40 kJ mol (similar to heat of liquefaction)
Non-dissociative Reversible Multilayer uptake possible Fast - since it is a non-activated process
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s0 对气体-表面作用势非常敏感, 10-10~1
§ 5.2.2 Nonactivated adsorption
Lennard-Jones 势能表示 粒子的能量是气体吸附的决定因素之一。 L-J potential
ij 4 ij [(
ij r
) (
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ij r
)6 ]
曲线为Ek=0时, 分子能量随分 子中心-表面之间距离的变化
Advantage and disadvantage
Also Xe-TDS
Wandelt Surface&Interface Analysis, 1988,12,15-20
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化学吸附通常有独特的吸附位置和吸附构型
CO在fcc(111)上的吸附
C6H6 on Pt(111)
* Formation of surface –bound species, sub-surface species and even surface compounds during chemisorption.
课程内容
§ 1 概论(Introduction) § 2 表面结构(Surface structure) § 3 表面热力学简介(Thermodynamics on surface) § 4 表面电子性质(Electrical properties of surface) § 5 表面吸附和反应动态学(Surface adsorption and reaction dynamics) § 6 表面反应动力学(Kinetics of surface process) § 6s 真空技术概论 (Introduction of vacuum technology) § 7 模型表面及复杂催化反应 (Model Surface and 1 complex catalytic reaction)
PAX(photoemission of adsorbed Xe)
化学惰性但具有高度极化性能的Xe,可作为探针分子,表征表面结构和辨认表面不同位置
A: Xe on Ru B: Xe on Ag C: Xe on Ag/Ru
吸附Xe原子的EBF与衬底功函数呈线性变化,△ EBF(5P1/2)=- △
弱吸附分子之间的相互作用与衬底表面性质无关
重要应用:比表面的测量, 物理吸附方法 BET
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T=60-99K, Xe<0.33 ML: commensurate √3x √3R30o
Phase transition
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Comsa et al. physisorbed rare gas adlayer studied by He scattering
(1)直接吸附( Direct adsorption):“一见钟情” 分子能量:
S较高 关系不大 E S下降 NO on Pt(111)
表面温度:与温度关系不大。高温时,无法区分脱附和散射。
(2)前驱态吸附(Precursor-mediated adsorption):法线方向能量损失,不 Metastable state 足以离开表面(“日久生情”)
“反应坐标”
二维条件下原子的非活化解离吸附示意图
R轴:分子内原子相对运动(振动) Z轴:分子与表面之间相对运动
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§ 5.2.3 活化吸附(Activated adsorption) 对活化吸附来说,
(a) 低动能: 无法越过势垒,s=0 随着动能的增加(大于活化势), s突然增加 (a) 高动能:s又开始下降
Physisorption
Slight dependence upon substrate composition Virtually independent of surface atomic geometry Near or below the condensation point of the gas (e.g. Xe < 100 K, CO2 < 200 K)
物理吸附:对吸附位置没有选择性,与表面相互作用较为平滑,吸附物
种之间作用与底物-吸附物种作用相当或更强
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§ 5.2 Atoms and molecules incident on a surface
§ 5.2.1 Scattering channel
(1) elastic scattering:Es=Ei,有动量交换, s= i
He原子衍射:确定表面结构 ,类似 LEED (2) Direct inelastic scattering: Es=Ei ±△E,s≠ i,通常水平动量M∥不变 He原子散射:研究表面声子,吸附物种的低频振动和扩散. (3) Trapping/sticking: 表面捕获或吸附,差异在于表面停留时间(residence time) 角度分布以表面法向为中心,“记忆丧失”
(b)表面能提供无限的吸附位置。
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物理吸附在低覆盖度时的结构,取决于吸附质-衬底间和 吸附分子之间作用的大小。 例如, 惰性气体在金属表面的吸附为物理吸附
Xe/Pd(100) 低暴露量:无序吸附,功函数连续降低(Xe分子产生极 化)粘附几率不变 △Hads~7.5 kcal/mol 单层吸附后: “六方”超结构,功函数不变
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Scattering from Pd(111)
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分子束方法(Molecular beam techniques):可以控制入射分子的角度、能量和束流
Chemical dynamics
Initial sticking coefficient
N stick N stick s0 lim lim 0 N 0 N N N inc el in stick
Adsorption Enthalpy
Wide range (related to the chemical bond strength) -1 - typically 40 - 800 kJ mol
Often dissociative May be irreversible Limited to one monolayer Very variable - often an activated process
物理吸附中分子间相互作用起重要作用,通常与吸附物种-表 面相互作用相当
相对于化学吸附,没有特殊的吸附位置,非公度结构 (incommensurate structure)
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CO adsorption on Au(110)
吸附与温度的关系:
T=77 K (LN2), 绝大多数物质吸附; T=4 K (LHe) 所有物质都吸附
与温度和能量关系较为复杂:多步骤过程;脱附?扩散到下一位置?吸附?
通常:Ts↗,S↘
例外:O2 on Pd(111): competition between desorption and dissociation
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§ 5.3 吸附/脱附过程的微观可逆性
达到平衡时: 微观可逆性: if we reverse individual trajectories in space and time they must follow exactly the same trajectory. In the strictest sense, microscopic reversibility does not apply to molecule-surface interactions because of the symmetry of the problem. And a less form of reversibility, called reciprocity, is obeyed for molecule-surface interactions: gas-surface interactions exhibit time-reversal symmetry such that adsorption and desorption trajectories can be related one another.
第五章
表面吸附和反应动态学
Adsorption and Desorption: two fundamental steps
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§5.1 Type of interactions: Chemisorption and Physisorption
Chemisorption
Material Specificity (variation between substrates of different chemical composition) Crystallographic Specificity (variation between different surface planes of the same crystal) Temperature Range (over which adsorption occurs) Substantial variation between materials Marked variation between crystal planes Virtually unlimited (but a given molecule may effectively adsorb only over a small range)
Nature of Adsorption Saturation Uptake Kinetics of Adsorption
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Physisorption:范德华力
T 足够低, 基本所有物质都会发生物理吸附(例外,吸附物 种-表面作用很强) 稀有气体,通常惰性,采用物理吸附,因为吸附物种-表面作用较弱
5 J. M. Gottfried, et al. Surf Sci, 2003, 536(1-3): 206.
(1)物理吸附层的结构
• 气体分子在表面的停留时间: = 0 exp(△Hads/RT), 0 ~10-12 sec
若气体分子束单位时间撞击到单位表面的次数F(Flux),则
吸附分子的表面浓度(分子/cm2sec) 物理吸附的等温式 适用条件:(a)吸附粒子之间无相互作用(△Hads与覆盖度无关)
Nonactivated:No barrier
能量不太低的情况下 Ek↑,s0↓
一维条件下原子的非活化吸附示意图
物理吸附:Ek→0, s0 →0
(a) Elastic scattering (b) Direct Inelastic scattering (c) Sticking (Chemisorption): lose enough energy to drop below the zero of the potential energy curve 14 (a) Sticking (Physisorption)
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§ 5.2.4 Direct and precursor-mediated adsorption
The possibility of transient mobility for an adsorbing molecule brings with it two distinct types of adsorption dynamics in nonactivated adsorption:
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