《基础翻译》课程讲义练习答案
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Unit 1 Introduction: Translation & Translation Techniques
绪论:翻译与翻译技巧
预习作业1:按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准,把下列句子译成汉语:
1.她来得正是时候。
2.她的丈夫去世至今不过半年。
3.我认为那篇讲话口气强硬,大可不必。
4.马其顿之争同希腊也有关系。
5.英国人同其他民族一样,也有丰富的感情。
6.他一点不显老,面容年轻得令人惊讶。
7.她再也不愿相信任何男人了。
8.尼克松对受到破格礼遇非常高兴,但并没受宠若惊。
9.而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的土地。
10.他上一部小说写砸了,名声从此岌岌可危。
11.“我要丽萨去哪她就得去哪儿。
”/“我得让丽萨听从我的调遣。
”
12.还是那句老话:物失方知可贵,病时倍思健康。
13.从物理学的观点来看,不同的波长有多少种,颜色就有多少种。
14.但下个世纪我们将能根本改变DNA,能在构建新的生命时把我们的种种想象、种种出
于虚荣的要求,都编入遗传密码。
15.作为人,我们应该不问他人的身份如何都尊重他们,从而显示出自己高超的智慧和道德,
而不要因为他们没有某种身份或地位而去卑视他们。
预习作业2:按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准,修改一下译文中的错误:
1.brand-name products
2.solo dance; lyrical dance
3.former officials/veteran writers
4.break one’s promise
5.traditional Chinese music
6.to build a well-off society in an all-round way(原译文对“全面”理解不准确,偏离了愿意。
“小康”原译文较长,含义较泛。
)
7.With every bit we dig, they will be that much lower (Or: the more we dig, the lower the
mountains will be. How on earth can’t we clear them away?)
8.He is as wise as Solomon.(原译文只表达出了原文的喻意,而原文鲜明的文化形象和修
辞效果不复存在,我们可以借用西方国家具有同样寓意的历史人物替换原文的形象。
)
9.The prospect for world peace is very bright.
10.Hi!/ How do you do?/Good morning!
11.They don’t have much criticism about our work.
12.lounge for VIP
13.The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
14.Make Changzhou known to the world by expanding its international role.
15.We should promote younger people into the central committee.
复习作业1:按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准,把下列短文译成汉语:
我最初开始散步是作为一种脱身之计。
在办公室里忙了一个上午之后,我发现午饭时出去走一走,吸一口新鲜空气,享受一下阳光,十分令人神清气爽。
我还发现,在夜间充满寒
意的空气中散步也是一种使人心旷神怡的放松办法。
一个冬夜,经过了医院里好几个小时精疲力竭的工作后我漫步在空旷无人的大街上,那种感觉永远都无法忘却。
我一下子发现自己不再感到紧张疲劳。
什么病人的病情、个人的烦恼,似乎就像寒夜中呼出的热气,一下子都烟消云散了。
我把散步纳入了每天的日程,不仅精神振作了,而且体重和血压也逐渐下降了。
我开始查阅有关散步的医学文献。
通过研究,还通过从事家庭保健医生工作中的临床观察,我发现,无论年龄大小,散步都能健身瘦身,延年益寿。
散步同游泳、骑车、跑步等一样,是一种有氧运动,能够增加皮肤和肌肉的供氧,从而增进体能和耐力。
这种运动可成为预防心血管疾病的主要因素。
散步是一种最不激烈、最为安全的有氧运动,对绝大多数人都极其合适。
以舒适的速度步行能促进心肺活动,从而提高心肺功能,虽然比起其他各种运动方式来散步的作用较为缓慢。
复习作业2:按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准,把下列短文译成英语:Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular translational folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.
【翻译点睛】该段文字的主题是剪纸,主要从其历史时长、使用目的、象征意义以及当今状况几个角度进行了介绍。
为此,翻译时,在结构组织上,就可以从这几个模块进行语言组织。
首先,在词汇方面,该段文字中有些词语比较抽象或不太常见,具有浓厚的中国特色,英语中没有对应的词,如“民间”、“婚庆”、“喜庆”、“兴旺”、“美化”等。
考生应抓住词的根本意思,从自己的词汇库里搜寻对应的词,实在找不到对应的英语词汇,可以进行意译。
比如“美化”,如果考生想不到用“beautify”这个词,也可以用自己熟悉的“make…more beautiful”这样的表达,也能够将意思表达清楚。
第二,在结构和语序上,因为该段文字在结构表述上与英文很接近,所以在结构和语序上基本不用做大的调整。
第三,要处理好汉语里的短句。
汉语里面有很多并列短句,在抓住每句的主干之后,其它短句在英译时常用分词短语结构或是从句等形式来连接同一意群的内容。
如“特别是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。
”这句里面,“特别是在春节和婚庆期间”可译为本句的状语,“剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间”是句子的主干,“以增加喜庆的气氛”是本句的目的状语,可以用不定式结构来连接句子。
在翻译时,每个句子都要进行这样的分解,划清句子成分。
Unit 2 Comparative Studies of English & Chinese Languages
英汉语言对比
预习作业1:
1.他因病未能参加会议。
(无生命主语句的译法)
2.他气得说不出话来。
(无生命主语句的译法)
3.由于天气寒冷,大家都躲进了室内。
(把无生命主语句转化为汉语复合句)
4.她很喜欢音乐。
(静态词转换成动态词)
5.列宁小时候酷爱文学。
(静态词转换成动态词)
6.他们一时不必担心被饿死。
(静态词转换成动态词,无生命主语转换成人做主语,主动
转换成被动)
7.每次听到老朋友去世的消息,我总要惆怅多时。
(静态词转换成动态词,无生命主语转
换成人做主语)
8.我觉得他不喜欢这本书。
(肯定转换成否定)
9.更重要的是,他总是给20美元的小费。
(静态词转换成动态词)
10.我觉得他喜欢这本书。
(否定转换成肯定)
11.他打起鼾来很可怕。
(静态词转换成动态词)
12.这篇小说我理解不了。
(无生命主语转换成人做主语)
13.你不应该这么不小心。
(肯定转换成否定)
14.没想到你会这么不明事理。
(肯定转换成否定)
15.他很明智,不会被胜利冲昏头脑。
(肯定转换成否定)
16.我在绘画方面谈不上有所专攻,只是热爱这门艺术而已,因此要为这部画册作序,只
能三言两语谈一点肤浅的看法。
(逻辑顺序,静态词转换成动态词)
预习作业2:
1.When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought
of grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks. (动态词转换成静态词,增译出主语) 2.It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
(増译形式主语)
3.Romance of the Three Kingdoms is claimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of
Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800000 words, 1191 characters and 120 chapters. (英汉重要信息安排的位置不同)
4.Wherever the Chinese go, the custom of drinking tea follows. (主观转换成客观)
5.The custom of drinking tea has been ingrained in the Chinese for over a thousand years.(主动
转换成被动)
6.Embroidery, a fork art with a long tradition, occupies an important position in the history of
Chinese art and crafts.
7.Silkworms were domesticated in China as early as 5000 years ago. (主观转换成客观)
8.It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (主观转换成客观)
9.It is raining cats and dogs outside. (増译形式主语)
10.As is known to all, 1980 saw the successful launching of China’s first intercontinental guided
missile. (主动转换成被动,主观转换成客观,动词转换成兼动名词)
11.She complained about the omission of her name from the list. (否定转换成肯定)
12.He was the last man to say such things. (否定转换成肯定)
13.They never work without helping each other.
14.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. (部分否定)
15.We don’t think she can arrive in time. (否定转移)
16.He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. (增译主语)
复习作业1:
将来水的问题会变得更加尖锐复杂。
不断增长的人口将大量增加城市废物,主要是生活污水。
另一方面,用水需求的不断增长将使得可用于稀释废水的水量大大减少。
快速发展的工业越来越多地采用各种复杂的化学方法,从而使废水大量增多,而很多废水中含有种种有害的化学物质。
为了养活迅速增长的人口,农业必须集约化,这就会不断增加农用化学品的用量。
由此看来,必须立即采取果断行动研究污染问题的整治措施。
整治污染问题的方法有两种。
第一种是通过废物处理减少污染的危害,包括固体废物排放“之前”的处理和液体废物或污水的处理,从而实现水的循环利用或者尽量降低最终排放前的污染程度。
第二种方法是开发全部或部分废物的经济利用。
农田中施用农家肥补充肥分或有机肥。
有些地区使用污水处理厂排放的污水进行灌溉施肥。
其他水处理厂排出的废水也可用作补充水源。
现在,禽肉加工等许多行业正在把原先废弃的下脚料加工成可供出售的副产品,其他行业也在研究废弃物的经济利用可能途径。
复习作业2:
【参考译文】
Chinese Housing
Chinese people used to invite experts to advise them in feng shui principles before building a house. It seems to be superstitious, but somehow makes sense. According to the Chinese people, no building should mar the harmony of nature, but instead blend into nature. Those living in such houses would not feel confined in cages, but as if they were living in serene nature. Thus, Chinese houses usually face the south so as to have warm sunshine in winter and cool breezes in summer. The house, warm in winter and cool in summer, is comfortable for accommodation.
【翻译点睛】
1)原文第一句中的“看似迷信,也并非没有道理”是无主句,是承接着前文内容所做的评论,翻译时需添加it作主语。
2)原文第二句中的“让建筑物和大自然融为一体”也是无主句,翻译时承接上文以“建筑物”为主语的句子,直接将其译为blend into nature。
3)原文第四句中的“通常都坐北朝南”还是无主句,翻译时可将其与上文“中国人盖房子”相结合,将主语定为Chinese houses。
Unit 5 Affirmative & Negative Expressions in Translation表达转换译法——肯
定与否定
预习作业1:
1.这些事引起了我们的重视。
2.我真希望能早点再见到你。
3.今天的世界很不安宁。
4.我没注意到这个错误。
5.不可能人人都是第一。
6.这座山不是因为高才有价值。
7.任何人都不能读尽天下之书。
/没有人能够读尽天下之书。
8.他突然听到背后有声响便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。
9.这绝不是一台新型机器。
10.水和空气对铅没有什么影响。
11.那不但没有减轻反而增加了我们的勇气。
12.他太年轻,胜任不了这个工作。
13.他这个人,现在和十年前大不相同。
14.好多年我没有这么尽兴了。
15.这次飞机失事中,受伤人数竟多达150人。
预习作业2:
1.His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
2.Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work.
3.The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were
almost on the point of breaking up.
4.That city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon free zone.
5.His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present.
6.The days passed quickly, but she worked as hard as ever.
7.Traveling alone, she was sitting still in the corner of the carriage.
8.Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people.
9.My feelings of gratitude are more than I can express.
10.He said he would n’t go unless invited.
11.She is just like a man.
12.There are two aspects to everything; to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and
to be ignorant of the other.
13.It doesn’t matter much whether we can come up with new ideas. What matters is that we
should not change our policies and should not make people feel that we are changing them. 14.The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying, “we’ll forever live up to what
our Party and the people expect of us.”
15.If we fail to analyze it properly and to understand it correctly, we shall become overcautious,
not daring to emancipate our minds and act freely. Consequently, we shall lose opportunities.
Like a boat sailing against the current, we must forge ahead or be swept downstream.
复习作业1:(92年考研真题)
(1)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.
【结构分析】全句属于there be +N. 结构,全句还包含了一个more…than 的比较结构,前后结构对称,都是接了一个句子。
agreement 后面跟了on the kinds of behavior做其后置定语,behavior 后面又跟了过去分词referred to by the term 作其后置定语;而than there is 后面又省略了一个相同的词汇agreement. 所以全句理解为:There(there be 结构的翻译-增加泛指主语)is more(比较结构)agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than (比较结构)there is 省略(agreement)on how to interpret or classify them(指代关系).
【参考译文】人们对(智力)这个词所指的各种行为的看法一致,而如何对其进行解释或分类,人们的看法则不尽相同。
【测试点】比较结构;介词和过去分词做后置定语,省略;指代关系
【举一反三】more A than B 短语的译法:1. 如果这个结构前后接的是短语,则通常翻译成为:与其说B,不与说A;或翻译成:有A无B。
比如:He is more brave than wise.与其说他聪明,不与说他勇敢。
然后意译为:他有勇无谋。
2. 如果前后接的是句子,则常翻译为:有A,而没有B。
(2)To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
Intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to---it was not designed for such purposes. 72. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
【结构分析】全句是用不定式To criticize it for such failure 做主语(it 指代什么,需要到上文去寻找,因为it 是单数,应该到前面去找到一个单数名词,而前面两个句子都是用it做主语,所以再往前找到第一句的主语intelligence test,所以it 应该指代前面的智力测试,)such failure 属于名词指代的重要考点;(因为failure 表示“没有”的意思,因此我们可以往上去找一个带有否定意思的词语,根据层层指代,such purposes, not supposed to, 再到not measure character, social adjustment,我们由此可以推断such failure 指代智力测试不能测试人的性格等特点的情况)。
谓语是is roughly comparable to (comparable to 这一词组表示类比,可译为“如同……一样”)criticizing a thermometer for…velocity。
(for 是动词criticizing 要求的)。
【参考译文】批评智力测验没有测试孩子的性格等情况,大概犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
【测试点】代词和名词指代;动词(criticize)+(for)介词短语;形容词短语
【举一反三】在翻译中遇到代词时一定要到前面去找其指代的内容,一般说来it, they, them 都要求把其指代的名词说出来。
指代的依据一般是就近原则和单复数原则。
比如it 只能指代前面的单数名词或整个句子。
(3)Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are co mparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.
【结构分析】Now since 相当于now that, 引导的是个状语从句,一直到matter 结束,状语从句结束时应该用逗号,但英语经常把状语从句后的逗号省略,主句是we must be及后面部分,be sure of 后面接的that 宾语从句必须要省略介词of。
宾语从句里用the scale 做主语,后面接了介词加which 引导的定语从句,the scale 的谓语是provides.
测试学专业词汇:subjects 试验对象;scale 尺度;
【参考译文】既然对智力的测试是比较而言的,那么我们必须确保,在对我们的对象作比较时,我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
【测试点】状语从句;定语从句;宾语从句;专业词汇
【举一反三】
1.在be+ 形容词+of+ that 从句这个结构中of 必须要省略,但接其它从句介词of 不能省略,比如:be aware that(意识到);be confident that(有信心);还有关于测试学的专业词汇要多记。
2.英语中的状语和状语从句放到主句前面,但在结束之后经常省略逗号,因而造成翻译理解的障碍,要特别注意学会断句。
但状语从句放到主句后面的时候,不用打逗号。
比如:According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。
这句话里用了according to 介词短语做状语,但后面没有用逗号,全句应该这么理解:According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist。
另外还有As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past. 全句需要在future 后面打个
逗号,句子的层次就很清楚了。
(4)The first two must be equal for all who are being compared,if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
【结构分析】全句的主句The first two must be equal for all who are being compared;其中for 是个介词,理解为“对...来说”;all 是个代词,意思是所有被比较者,who 引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词all. 被动结构是are being compared,应该理解“做比较”。
if 引导的是个条件状语从句,主语是any comparison,后面的介词短语是个固定短语,in terms of (就...而言,从…方面);第二被动结构是is to be made,应该翻译成主动意思。
equal 属于熟词生义,理解为“一样的,同样的”。
【参考译文】如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。
【测试点】状语从句;定语从句;被动结构;介词短语in terms of
【举一反三】熟悉英语的被动句子的翻译,尽量翻译成为主动的意思。
(5)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
【结构分析】On the whole 是个介词短语,放在句首,要单独翻译。
全句的主语是such a conclusion;被动结构can be drawn 做谓语;介词短语with a certain degree of confidence 做状语,修饰前面的动词drawn。
but 表示“但是” 的意思,后面接了两个句子并列:第一是only if (只要)the child can be assumed to(被动结构)have had the same attitude towards the test as the others (others 指代其他孩子);其中短语the same…as.理解为(与….一样);with whom 引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的代词the others。
代词he 指代前面的孩子。
第二个并列结构是and only if 引导的条件状语从句;被动结构was not punished 翻译成主动,by lack of 相当于for lack of (因为缺乏);which 引导的是个定语从句,限定前面的名词information。
【参考译文】总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须能够假定,这个孩子对测试的态度和与其进行比较的其它孩子是相同的;并且能够假定,他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受惩罚。
【测试点】并列结构;被动结构;定语从句;固定短语。
【举一反三】介词短语是个特殊成分,要单独考虑,比如in a manner(以一种方式);to a large degree/extent(在很大程度上)。
词义理解时要根据专业定词义,这篇文章是对孩子的智力做测试,因此很多词汇应该围绕测试来思考。
复习作业2:【参考译文】
Traditional Festivals
With rich cultural meaning and a long history, traditional Chinese festivals compose an important part of splendid Chinese culture. In the long history of China, writers and artists of the various dynasties have created poems and prose for the festivals, which are on everybody’s lips during these times, giving the traditional festivals profound cultural legacy that suits refined as well as popular tastes. Chinese festivals are highly cohesive and extensively inclusive, with all the ethnic groups celebrating at the same time. These traditional festivals are a precious cultural heritage for the whole Chinese nation.
【翻译点睛】
(1)此段落翻译过程中进行了多次句子从意合到形合的转换,使译文条理清楚。
如原文第一句中的短句“内容丰富,历史悠久”在翻译时处理为名词短语,并根据前后句的逻辑关系,用介词with实现了英语句子的连接。
原文第二句较长,在厘清各短句间的逻辑关系后,分别用定语从句和分词将各短句层层搭架,使译文主谓机制突出。
同样,翻译原文第三句时用介词with作为连接手段进行形合。
(2)“这些诗文脍炙人口,被广为传颂”此句翻译时将汉语的动态表达转换成静态表达,并意译成which are on everybody’s lips during these times。
(3)“使我国的传统节日渗透出深厚的文化底蕴”中的“使”字说明了前后文之间的因果关系,可以将“使”字译为含有使动含义的动词give。
(4)“雅俗共赏”可译为suit refined as well as popular tastes。