维多利亚时代【英文】
英国女王维多利亚与大英帝国
英国女王维多利亚与大英帝国英国女王维多利亚（Queen Victoria）是英国历史上最有影响力和最长治的君主之一。
她的统治时期被称为维多利亚时代（Victorian Era），从1837年至1901年，在她的统治下，英国经历了巨大的变革和成就，建立起大英帝国（British Empire）的荣耀。
一、维多利亚女王的登基维多利亚女王于1837年6月20日登基，时年18岁。
她是英国国王威廉四世（William IV）的侄女，继承王位后成为英国历史上第二位女王，也是维多利亚时代的开端。
二、维多利亚时代的变革1. 工业革命：维多利亚时代是英国工业革命的全盛时期。
工业技术的进步带来了机械化生产、铁路交通和大规模城市化。
2. 帝国扩张：英国在维多利亚女王统治下开始大力推行帝国扩张政策。
殖民地的建立和对外贸易的迅速发展使得大英帝国成为当时世界上最强大的帝国之一。
3. 社会改革：维多利亚女王重视社会改革，推动各种改革措施，包括教育、劳动法、妇女权益和贫穷阶层福利等方面的改革。
三、女王的个人生活1. 皇室婚姻：维多利亚女王与德国亲王阿尔伯特（Prince Albert）在1840年结婚，这场皇室婚姻是爱情婚姻的典范，夫妻俩共同育有九个孩子。
2. 丧偶与忧郁：1861年，阿尔伯特亲王去世，这对女王打击极大，她一直陷入长期的悲痛和忧郁之中，对朝政产生了一定的消极影响。
四、大英帝国的辉煌1. 扩张与殖民地：维多利亚女王的统治下，大英帝国在世界各地建立了大量的殖民地，包括印度、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非等地。
2. 文化繁荣：维多利亚时代也是英国文化的繁荣期，许多伟大的作家、艺术家和科学家在这个时期涌现出来，如狄更斯(Charles Dickens)、达尔文(Charles Darwin)、莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)等。
3. 工业与科技：维多利亚时代见证了工业技术的飞速发展，如蒸汽机、电力、电话和摄影等科技的出现对人类社会产生了深远影响。
维多利亚时代【英文】 victorian period
Victorian Period
• Women for suffrage – did not succeed until 1918 (30 & over) • Universal adult suffrage 1928 extended vote to women at age 21 • Factory Acts – limited child & women labor • State supported schools est. in 1870; compulsory in 1880; free in 1891 • Literacy rate increased from 40% to 90% from 1840-1900.
• First Reform Bill in 1832 extended vote to all men who owned property worth 10 lbs • Second Reform Act in 1867 gave the right to vote to working-class men (except agricod
• Intellectual Progress
• Understanding of earth, its creatures & natural laws (geology, Darwin – theory of evolution) • Industrialization of England depended on and supported science and technology.
Victorian Period
• Paradox of progress
• Victorian – synonym for prude; extreme repression; even furniture legs had to be concealed under heavy cloth not to be “suggestive”
维多利亚时期文学
维多利亚时期⽂学Part Ⅷ The Victorian Age(维多利亚时代)A.The Victorian Age1.It refers to the period of the reign of Queen Victoria, from heraccession in 1937 and her death in 1901, but the era of literature is from the Reform Bill（改⾰法案） in 1932 to the end of the Boer War（布尔战争）in 1902.2.Three phrases :The early Victorian Period (1832--1854), the time of troubles,the Reform Bill & ChartismMid—Victorian Period (1855—1879), a time of economicprospering, highest point of development as a world powerLast Period (1880—1902), a time characterized by decay ofVictorian values (e.g. Self-control, family loyalty, thrift,hard work, etc).B.The backgroundAmid the multitude of social and political forces of this great age, four things stand out clearly.First, the age of democracy;Second, the age of popular education, of religious tolerance;Third, the age of comparative peace;Fourth, the age of all the arts and sciences and in mechanicalinventions.C.Chartist Movement(宪章运动)Chartist Movement (1836-1848) was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.D.Literature Current(⽂学思潮)1.Chartist literature(宪章⽂学)The English working class created a literature of its own whichcan be, in full justice, called the Chartist Literature.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature— the struggle of the proletariat(⽆产阶级) for its rights.Some great Chartist poets are Ernest Jones (1819-1869), ThomasCooper (1805-1892), and William James Linton (1812-1897).2.Critical Realism(批判现实主义⽂学)Critical Realism is one of the literary genres that mainlyflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s in the 19th century.The critical realists not only gave the criticism tobourgeoisie and all ruling classes, bur also showed their deepsympathy for the common people. Hence humor and satire aboundin the English realistic novels of the 19th century. But thecritical realists did not find a way to eradicate(根除) socialevils. They did not realize the necessity of changing thebourgeois society. They were unable to find a good solutionto the social contradictions. The chief tendency in their worksis not of revolution but rather of reformism. Here we see atonce the strength and the weakness of critical realism. Threegreatest representatives of Critical Realism are CharlesDickens(狄更斯), William Makepeace Thackeray(萨克雷), andGeorge Eliot(艾略特). E.………………………………………………………………………………………………. F.…………………………………………………………………………………………………G.………………………………………………………………………………………………….H.Some Exercises1.The precisian may limit the Victorian period to the years betweenthe Queen’s accession in 1837 and her death in 1901, but a newera really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 andclosed at the end of the Bore war in 1902.2.Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took onits quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sacked andcomplex, and reflected both romantically and realistically thegreat changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.3.In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trendcritical realism appeared after the romantic poetry, andflourished in the 40s and in the early 50s.4.Critical realism found its expression in the form of novel; mostof the critical realists were novelists.5.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule ofcash upon human nature. Here lies in the essentially democraticand humanistic character if critical realism.6.The Chartist Movement appeared in the 30s of the 19th century.7.The most important poet of the Victorian Age was Tennyson, nextto him, were Robert Browning and his wife.8.The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature: thestruggle of the proletariat for its rights.9.The Chartist poetry played an important role in the developmentof English proletariat literature; the greatest Chartist poet was Ernest Jones. I.．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．J.Charles Dickens（狄更斯）A.LifeCharles Dickens (1812--1870) was born in a poor family in the Portsmouth. He gave up schooling to work after his father was put into the prison because of the debt. In 1870, he died of overwork.B.The three period of his literary career1.the first period of youthful optimismAt this stage Dickens believed that all the evils of the capitalist world would be remedied if only men behaved to each other with kindliness, justice, and sympathetic understanding.Main works in this period:Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》Pickwick Paper 《匹克威克外传》Oliver Twist 《雾都孤⼉》Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯尼克贝》Old Curiosity Shop 《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge 《巴纳⽐卢杰》2.the second period of excitement & irritationDickens' second period began from 1842, the year after his first visit to America.Main works in this period:American Notes 《美国札记》Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁朱杰尔维特》A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》The Chimes 《钟声》The Cricket on the Hearth 《炉边蟋蟀》Dombey and Son 《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield 《⼤卫科波菲尔》3.the third period of steadily intensifying pessimismThe last period of Dickens's literary career began with the publication of "Bleak House" in 1852-1853.Up to this time Dickens maintained some hope of reform under capitalism but beginning from "Bleak House" there was an "underlying tone of bitterness" which showed the novelist's loss of hope for English bourgeois society.Main works in this period:Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Time《艰难时世》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cites《双城记》Great Expectations 《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》Edwin Drood（unfinished) 《埃德温多鲁德》C.Distinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches & Exaggeration(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire(3) Complicated & Fascinating Plot(4) The Power of Exposure/doc/f75742644.htmlments of DickensCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London..Characterization is the most outstanding feature of his works.Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works.Yet he is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors.E.Some works1.The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》Plot2.Oliver Twist 《雾都孤⼉》PlotThe novel tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.After experiencing an unhappy apprenticeship to an undertaker, he runs away to London, where he falls into the hands of a gang of thieves.Then he is made to be a pickpocket. A benevolent rich old man called Mr. Brownlow rescues him and takes him home, but the thieves kidnap him and make him join them once again. A bad person named Monks, who turns out to be Oliver’s half-brother, helps the thieves in keeping Oliver in the gang, in order to ruin him and obtain the whole of his father’s property. Then Oliver is made to help one the thieves in breaking into a lady’s house. He gets wounded, and comes into the hands of her aunt. Finally the thieves in the gang are punished and Oliver’s half brother is compelled to confess his evil doing and put into prison. Oliver is adopted by Mr. Brownlow.F.Some exercises1. Charles Dickens was the greatest representative of English Critical Realism.2. Of all of Dickens’s novels, David Copperfield is regarded as his masterpiece.3. In A Tale of Two Cities, the two cities are London and Paris in the time of revolution.4. The novel Nicholas Nickleby touches upon a burning question of Dickens’s time; the education of children in the private schools.5. The novel Oliver Twist tells the story of a poor child named Oliver Twist who was born in a workhouse and brought up under miserable conditions.6. The novel Hard Times makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois systemof education and the bourgeois philosophy Utilitarianism.G.OthersWilliam Makepeace Thackeray（萨克雷）A.His worksThe Books of Snobs 《势⼒⼈》Vanity Fair《名利场》Pendennis 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The Newcomers《纽卡母⼀家》The Rose and the Ring (fairy tale) 《玫瑰与戒指》（通话）Henry Esmond《亨利·艾斯芒德》The Virginians (historical novels) 《弗吉尼亚⼈》B.Characteristics of Thackeray’s novels1．William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century.The pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life. He is good at describing the life of the upper class with which he is familiar.2．Thackeray is a satirist.3．He is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.C.Vanity Fair《名利场》1．The Origin of the TitleThis title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’sProgress (天路历程) by Bunyan. It means “a fair, wherein aresold all sorts of vanity.”2．The Implication of the Subtitle----Novel Without a HeroNo exactly positive characterAbout women instead of menNot about some particular person but about the society3．Theme of the novelIn this novel Thackeray describes the life of the upper class of England in the early decade of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individual in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for allmembers of the upper class.4． Characters: A brief comment on Amelia and Becky in Vanity Fair In Vanity Fair Thackeray successfully characterizes two heroines who stand in contrast in their characters and attitudes towards life.Amelia is a character of milk-and-water type, good in nature, tame and moral, sentimental and sympathetic, but unable to master her own fate. Becky, who is more impressively character and can be said to be the real heroine of the novel in a way, is different from Amelia;she is crafty, unscrupulous, and resourceful and she is neverobedient to her destiny and always rebels in order to have a change in her life, regardless of morality and the social judgment of her.The two heroines are, to Thackeray, the victims of the social environment that is inhuman in its nature.5．D.Some exercise1.In 1847, Thackeray published his masterpiece Vanity Fair, whichmarks the peak of his literary career.2.The sub-title of Vanity Fair is Novel without a Hero. The writer’sintention was not to portray individuals, but bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.3.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women:Amelia Sedlley and Rebecca Sharp, whose characters are sharp contrast.E.othersGeorge Eliot（爱略特）----Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.A.Her WorksScenes of Clerical Life 《教区⽣活场景》Adam Bede《亚当贝德》Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织⼯马南》Middlemarch《⽶德尔马奇》需要补充B.Some exercises1.George Eliot was the Pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.2.The author of The Mill on the Floss is George Eliot.3.George Eliot produced three remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.4.In the novel Adam Bede, Adam falls in love with a village girl calledHetty Sorrel who is seduced and deserted by a squire.C.OthersCharlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte（夏洛特和爱⽶丽）A.Works of Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte Professor《教授》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Shirley《雪丽》Villette.《维莱特》Emily Bronte Wuthering House《呼啸⼭庄》Ann Bronte Agnes Grey 《安格尼斯·格雷》The Tenant of Wildfell Hall《维尔德·霍的佃户》B.Jane Eyre1．The theme of the novelThe criticism of the bourgeois system of educationThe position of the women in society ---- the women should theequal rights with men2．The limitation of the novelCharlotte believes that education is the key to all social problems, and that by the improvements of the school system, most of the social evils could be removed.3．Why the novel is greatly admired?1) Jane’s characteristics.2) Jane’s treatment of her love and marriage.Jane, differentfrom many other women in the mammon worship society, considersmarriage not as a bargain but as a union of kindred souls.3) Jane sticks to her principles, successfully resists theoppression and other social evils in the inhuman world andacquires her own happiness.4) It contains the author’s criticism of bourgeois attitudetoward marriage and love, and her ruthless expose of inhumanmisery in charity schools of her days which were establishedand run in the name of philanthropy. She attacks the terribleeducational system in her day and points out the miserable fateof poor girls as charity school pupils and as governess.4．C.Wuthering HouseD.Some exercises1.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and AnnBronte.2.Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece is Jane Eyre.3.Emily Bronte’s masterpiece is Wuthering House.E.D. E.。
Victorian Era 维多利亚时代
TYPICAL INCOMES (YEARLY)
Aristocrats £30,000 Merchants, bankers £10,000 Middle-class (doctors, lawyers, clerks) £300-800 Lower middle-class (head teachers, journalists, shopkeepers, etc.) £150-300 Skilled workers (carpenters, typesetters,etc.) £75100 Sailors and domestic staff £40-75 Laborers, soldiers £25
19TH CENTURY ENGLAND
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
It accelerated the migration of the population from country to overcrowded c 1876 the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell The radio was invented in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi. The camera, toilet, sewing machine, vacuum, train and stamp were all created during the Victorian Era. Factories began to be powered by steam. The police force was created during this period.
Great Expectations
The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
Features of Dickens’ Novels 狄更斯文学创作的特色
Sharp social criticism. 尖锐的社会批评 Gentle humanitarian. 温和的人道主义 vivid outward portrayal 生动的人物塑造 Humorous and Pungent irony 幽默辛辣的讽刺
• The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his early works, or to express a helpless indignant protest. At the same time, he hopes to call people‘s attention to the existing social problems, thus affecting some reform。
of cites《双城记》
译文：
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那 是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是 光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希 望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们拥有 一切，我们一无所有;我们全都在直奔 天堂，我们全都在直奔地狱。
• He lies buried in the Poet’s Corner in London. • The words of his grave read as follows ”by his death one of England’s greatest writers is lost to the world.”
Oliver Twist
英美Chapter 5 维多利亚的时代
Chapter 5: The Victorian Period （维多利亚时代）part 1 Historical Background➢Time Span (para.1, p156)1837-1901 to coincide with the reign of Queen Victoria（维多利亚女王的统治时期）➢Victorian Period can be divided into 3 parts/stages:The early Victorian period（早）The mid-Victorian period（中）The late Victorian period（晚）Victorian Period is an extremely diverse and contradictory age. (para.1, p156)维多利亚时代是一个极其多样化和矛盾的时代。
imperial expansion, political reform, scientific progress帝国扩张，政治改革，科学进步Cruel exploitation, social injustice, desperate poverty残酷的剥削，社会不公，极度的贫困It was an age of “paradise for the well-to-do, a purgatory for the able, and a hell for the poor. 那是一个富人的天堂，能人的炼狱，穷人的地狱的时代。
-John Morley 早期的维多利亚时代(para.2, p156)1.Industrial Revolution （工业革命）→introduction of coal & steam engine(煤和蒸汽机)→transportation --> world trade market(运输—世界贸易市场)→profound economic & social changes（深刻的经济社会变革）2.Industrial Revolution (工业革命)→make up a new kind of working class(组成了一种新的工人阶级)→horrifying slums & cramped row housing(可怕的贫民窟和拥挤的排屋)→A huge gap between the rich and the poor(贫富之间的巨大差距)3. THE REFORM BALL of 1832 (议会通过选举改革法案)①It extended the voting rights to the men of the middle class.它扩大了中产阶级男性的投票权。
维多利亚时期 victorian
THE VICTORIAN ERA The Victorian era, from the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837 until her death in 1901, was an era of several unsettling动 乱不安 social developments that forced writers more than ever before to take positions on the immediate issues animating鼓舞士气 the rest of society.
The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
• The belief that everything should be tested by the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利 亚时代
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
Literary Expression
Novel
Prose
Poetry
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
• The most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought in this period
the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in England. A new class, the proletariat, emerged.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚
→With Industrial Revolution in full swing, England accumulated large amounts of profit and settled down to a time of prosperity and relative stability.
维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)
Victorian Drama
The theater was a flourishing and popular institution during the Victorian period. The popularity of theater influenced other genres. Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde transformed British theater with their comic masterpieces.
Charles Darwin(达尔文）
Charles Dickens
(1812-1870)
Charles Dickens
Pickwick Papers (1836-7) 《匹克威克外传》 Oliver Twist (1837-1838)《奥利佛.退斯特》 The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) 《老古玩店》 Dombey and Son:(1846_48) 《董贝父子》 David Copperfield: (1849-50)《大卫*科波菲尔》 Bleak House (1854) 《荒凉山庄》 Hard Times (1854)《艰难时世》 Little Dorrit (1855-57)《小杜丽》 A Tale Of Two Cities (1859) 《双城记》 Great Expectations (1860_61) 《远大前程》
English Literature in the Victorian Period
Queen Victoria
English Literature in the Victorian Period
The Victorian Age 维多利亚时代
Late-Victoria (1868-1902)
The predominant theme in the early Victorian literature.
The Progress of Reform
Political &Social Background
Charlotte Bronte
• Famous work: Jane Eyre
• Promoted the development of feminism.
• Pseudonym: Currer Bell
William Makepeace Thackeray
• Feature of his writing: His novels contain satirical portrayal of the upper stratum of society。
lawer’s clerk: full of self-conceit, prudishness, petty tyranny and ignorance Conclusion: They are pinned on that class, that it was
servile to its social superiors and despotic to its social inferiors.
• Works: Oliver Twist, The Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfeild, Great Expectations.
A Tale of Two Cities
A Tale of Two Cities
街上落下一个大酒桶，磕散了，这次意外事件是在酒桶从车上搬下来时出现的。那 桶一骨碌滚了下来，桶箍散开，酒桶躺在酒馆门外的石头上，像核桃壳一样碎开了。
victoria
victoria维多利亚是英国历史上一个重要的女性名字，它代表了一个时代的繁荣和变革。
维多利亚女王的统治时期被称为维多利亚时代，被认为是工业化和帝国扩张的高潮期，也是社会变革和文化创新的时期。
维多利亚女王于1837年登基，持续统治了63年，成为当时世界上最长时间执政的君主。
她的统治时期对英国和世界造成了深远的影响。
在她的领导下，英国迅速崛起为一个工业和贸易超级大国，帝国的疆域扩展到全球各地。
在维多利亚时代，英国的工业生产经历了一次革命性变革。
以蒸汽机为代表的机械化生产极大地推动了工业的发展。
英国成为了世界上第一个工业化国家，大规模的工厂涌现出来，生产效率大幅提升。
铁路、电报、电话等交通和通讯设施的建设也使得信息的传递和商品的流通更加便捷。
维多利亚时代还见证了帝国的扩张。
英国开始大规模地征服殖民地，建立了庞大的帝国体系。
英国的殖民地遍布世界各大洲，包括印度、非洲、加勒比海等地。
英国的殖民地带来了大量的资源，也为英国提供了庞大的市场。
这种帝国的扩张对英国经济的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
在维多利亚时代，社会也发生了巨大的变革。
农业社会逐渐向工业社会过渡，城市化进程迅猛发展。
大量农民涌向城市，成为无产阶级工人。
他们在工厂中辛勤劳动，承担着国家工业化进程的重任。
然而，工人阶级也面临着恶劣的生活和劳动条件，社会不公现象日益严重。
维多利亚时代也是社会改革的时期，许多社会问题引发了人们的关注和争议。
随着工业化和城市化的加速推进，城市贫民窟和社会问题日益突出。
通过改革法律和建立福利制度，政府试图解决这些问题。
维多利亚女王本人也支持弱势群体的权益保护，使得英国逐渐形成了一个福利国家。
在文化领域，维多利亚时代也是一段充满创新和探索的时期。
文学、艺术、建筑等领域出现了许多杰出的作品和人物。
查尔斯·狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德、塞缪尔·巴克斯特等作家的作品广受欢迎，成为经典的代表作。
建筑风格也发生了变化，维多利亚式建筑成为了当时的主流风格。
英语研究生-维多利亚时代Victorian era
hairstyle
hat
183018Βιβλιοθήκη 019001900
Darkness-About Women
The Victorian era women 's social status were low.They had no action right,voting right and property right.They were limited by Victorian Ethics,including magnificent clothing,asceticism and so on.
the harm of Corset（束腰）
The Angel in the House
Man must be pleased; but him to please Is woman's pleasure; down the gulf Of his condoled necessities She casts her best, she flings her breast ... As grass grows taller round a stone.
Magnificence-Fashion
Lace（蕾丝）
Flounce（荷叶边）
Ribbon（缎带）
Magnificence-Fashion
High waist Frill（抓褶）
Magnificence-Fashion
Gigot sleeve（羊腿袖）
Bustle Dress（撑裙）
Magnificence-Fashion
the ideal wife
Darkness-Imperialism
When the middle and later period of the era,the country changed from laisser-faire capitalism to monopoly capitalism--imperialism.It invaded other countries and competed against other imperialist countries.And then,finally,First World War broke out.
维多利亚时代The Victorian Age
Factory Children
• • • Mill owners said that they had to keep their prices down. That was why workers' hours had to be long, and wages low. Women and children got lower wages than men, so the owners employed a lot of women and children. Children as young as six or seven worked up to fourteen hours a day in the mills. Their pay was about three shillings (15p) a week. Many were killed or injured by the moving parts of the machines they had to clean. Others were maimed by a foreman's fist or strap. Sadly, many of them were forced to work by their own parents. Their fathers were out of work, and the family needed the few shillings that they could earn. Some decent employers paid their workers a fair wage. Some even built good houses for them, and ran schools for their children. Some mill-owners took part in a movement for factory reform. Most mill-owners were against the reformers, though. They said that shorter hours for children would put up their costs, and bring them to ruin. Mill-owners did not obey Parliament's first acts cutting mill hours. But an act passed in 1833 said that inspectors would enforce the law. The act banned all children under nine from cotton mills. Children over nine were allowed to work, but there were strict controls on their hours. By 1847, ten hours per day was the limit for boys and all female workers.
维多利亚时代
社会风气
维多利亚时期以崇尚道德修养和谦虚礼貌而著称，也是一个科学、文化和工业都得到很大发展的繁荣昌盛的 太平盛世。印刷术的发展促进了文学艺术的空前繁荣，这一时期还形成了男女平等和种族平等的进步观念，美国 的废奴运动正是这一进步思想的体现。那个时代的中上层阶级对于饮食非常讲究，他们从遥远的国度进口各种异 国情调的香料、调料，用于精心烹制的食品中。维多利亚时代有了历史上最早的烹调学校，名厨编写的烹调书籍 风行英国，在这个时代人们最早将具体烹调方法如调料用量等详细写入书中。一些厨房小厨具也流行起来，如开 罐器等，维多利亚时代还形成了许多进餐礼仪。这个时期，英国盛行下午茶，贵族们早餐丰富，午饭简单，晚饭 很晚。据说，维多利亚女王的女侍从官——女公爵安娜每到下午就会觉得很饿，于是便让仆人拿些小茶点来吃， 许多人纷纷效仿，下午茶渐渐成为一种例行仪式。事实上，围绕着这种下午茶习俗形成了多彩的茶文化，高雅的 旅馆开始设起茶室，街上有了向公众开放的茶馆，茶话舞会更成为一种社会形式，维多利亚时代的淑女小姐们在 那里与男友们会面。这个令人神往的时代，并没有随着维多利亚女王的去世而结束。很多历史学家认为，所谓 “维多利亚时代”的真正结束，是在第一次世界大战结束以后。1936年，第一届世博会时期建成的水晶宫倒塌， 宣告维多利亚时代的结束。
维多利亚时代还产生了许多伟大的散文家，如托马斯·卡利尔（1795-1881）、托马斯·B ·麦考利（18001859）、马修·阿诺得（1822-1888）、约翰·亨利·纽曼（1801-1890）、约翰·斯图亚特·米尔（18061873）、约翰·拉斯金（1819-1900）以及托马斯·亨利·哈克斯雷（1825-1895）等。其中许多人与批判现实 主义小说家一道揭露抨击社会阴暗面，并在意识形态领域具有举足轻重的影响。他们创作了大量重要的历史事件 评述、宗教论文、散文及各种主题的演讲稿，同时他们将英国的散文与文学评论发展到一个新高点。当时最有名 的散文作品有卡利尔的《法国革命》（1837）与《宪章主义》（1840），麦考利的《英国历史》（1849-1861）， 拉斯金的五卷《现代画家》（1843一1860）及哈克斯雷的部分演讲稿。
维多利亚时期
Novelists
Charles Dickens
查尔斯·狄更斯 (1812-1870)
生平与创作
童年的不幸经历
报界的积累期
走上创作道路
侨居国外
晚年的演讲、朗诵生涯 最终，shi了
主要创作 14部长篇小说 & 中短篇小说
创作的第一期（30年代） • 《匹克威克外传》 • 《奥利弗·推斯特》 • 《尼古拉斯·尼古贝》 • 《老古玩店》 • 《巴纳比·拉齐》
1.1832-1848, the first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. --This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 2.The Whig Party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power. 3.The Chartist movement—in 1845,– the capitalists not take responsibility for the poverty of the working class– workers launched large scale demonstrations. 4.The Heyday of the Victorian Age.the country enjoyed two decades of peace and prosperity—by 1848, England produced one half of the world’s pig iron; 5.by the early 70s, England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker.—it was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 6.By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. the British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth—the empire on which the sun never sets.—a period of serenity and security. 7.The fierce competition of newly risen rivals, Germany, The Us, Japan and Russia. Economic crisis continued to hit the country.
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
维多利亚女王性格鲜明，秉性真挚。她忠于职守，具有治国之才； 她不仅把时光消磨在工作上，也消磨在为家务操劳上；她忠于自己的丈 夫，对子女要求严格，成为一代楷模。她的不懈努力，不仅使英国的文 学，艺术、科学昌盛，经济繁荣，英国的生活方式（如英国贵族的下午 茶）也从那时候开始成为世界各国人民所追逐仿效的对象。“维多利亚 时代”被许多英国人所怀念。
• The Chartist Movement (1836-1848 )was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. The movement brought some improvement to the welfare of the working class. It was the first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.
victorian period名词解释
victorian period名词解释
维多利亚时期（Victorian period）指的是1837年至1901年之间，维多利亚女王统治英国的时期。
这是英国工业革命的巅峰时期，也是英国经济、文化和科学发展的黄金时代。
维多利亚女王在位期间，英国从一个农业为主的国家转变为一个工业和商业强国，成为了全球最大的经济体。
同时，维多利亚时期也是英国文学、艺术和建筑的重要时期，许多经典作品和建筑在这一时期诞生。
此外，维多利亚女王本人也成为了一个文化象征，她的形象和价值观影响了整个欧洲和北美。
文学Unit 10 Charles Dickens
1. Life story
• Dickens was born at Portsmouth in 1812. His father, a poor clerk in the Navy Pay Office, was put into the Marsalsea prison for debt when young Charles was only 12 years old: The son had to give up schooling to work in an underground, cellar at a shoe blacking factory-~a position he considered most humiliating . We find the bitter experiences of that suffering child reflected in many of Dickens’ novels . At 15, Dickens entered a lawyer's office as a. junior clerk where he gained the knowledge of an entirely different kind of life. Here he learned to understand both the enemies and the victims of society, between whom the harsh laws of that day frequently made no distinctions. We find many lawyers and criminal characters in Dickens’ novels.
(2) 1848-1870: a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy; (theory of evolution（进化论） and utilitarianism （功利主义）;
unit 12 The Victorian Age维多利亚时代
Charles Darwin 1809-1882
An English naturalist who was famous for his famous theory of "natural selection". As a young scientist he set sail on the voyage of the Beagle in 1831 and came back with observations on the varieties of fossils and living animals which made him question the Bible's story of creation. His findings were published in "The Origin of Species" in 1859. This theory caused a real stir and was sold out straight away.
• Queen Victoria ruled over Britain from 1837 – 1901. During this time Britain changed dramatically.
• The main reason for the change was the Industrial Revolution, which saw people moving from the countryside to the cities to find jobs in the newly expanding factories.
• British Empire expansion
– “The sun never sets on England.” – India, North America, South Pacific, etc.