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模拟联合国大会常用词汇中英文对照

会长亲自整理模拟联合国大会常用词汇中英文对照来源：北航模联的日志1. Ame ndme nt 修正案2. Badge 胸卡3 Deprive the right to rote 取消表决权4. Chair 主席5. Close the debate 结束辩论6. Director会议指导7. Delegate 代表8. Deputy 副代表9. Head Delegate代表团团长，领队10. Faculty Advisor 代表团指导11. Delegation Bloc 代表团12. Distributio n 分发13. Document officer文件分发人员14. Drafti ng committee 起草委员会15. Draft Resolution 决议草案16. Draw lots 抽签17. Elect by an absolute (a simple) majority 以绝对(简单)多数选出18. Emerge ncy meet ing 紧急会议19. Enjoy privileges 享受特权20. En try in to force 开始生效21. Executive secretary 执行秘书22. Exercise the right of vote 行使表决权23. Expert 专家24. Explain one ' rs)te对所投的票加以说明25. Extend the term of office 延长任期26. Extraordinary session 特另U会议27. Fill a vacancy 补缺28. Final report 最后报告29. First ballot第一次投票表决30. First priority 最优先项目31. Fix the timetable of the sett in gs 安排各次会议的时间表32. Foot -n ote 脚注33. Gallery 旁听席34. Gen eral committee 总务委员会35. Ge neral debate 一般性辩论36. Geographical distributio n 按地域分配37. Give a ruling 作出裁疋38. Give a warni ng 警告39. Give up one ' turn to speak in favour of 把自己的发言机会让给40. Give up the office to chairman 放弃主席的职务41. Go back upon a vote 重新表决42. Governing body 执行机构43. Hand over the Chair to the Vice-chairman 让副主席担任主席44. Have priority 有优先权45. Have the initiative 有倡议权46. Head of delegation 代表团团长47. Head ing 标题48. Honorary preside nt 名誉主席（会长）49. Host country 东道国50. I am authorized by my government 我受本国政府授权51. I ask for the floor我请求发言52. I give the floor to 我请…（发言）53. I speak in my capacity of 我以…身份发言54. Immun ities 豁免55. Implement the provisions of a Convention 实施公约的规定56. Impose a vote 行使否决权57. In a private capacity 以私人身份58. In an official capacity 以官方身份59. In an unofficial capacity 以非官方身份60. In the ha nds of chairman 听从主席决定61. Include in the agenda 列入议程62. Information desk 问讯处（台）63. Infrin geme nt 违反行为64. Initiate a discussion 进行讨论65. In structio ns 指示、命令66. In ternatio nal in strume nt 国际文件（特指国际公约等）67. Interrupt a vote 中断表决68. Intervene in a debate 参加辩论69. Invite speakers to be brief请发言人简明扼要些70. Invoke the chairman 'auihor ity 请使用主席的权利71. Leave it to the decision of the majority 由多数决定72. Item on the agenda 议程项目73. Leave the matter to the chairman 'decision 把事情交由主席决定74. Legal adviser 法律顾问75. List of delegates 代表名单76. List of speakers 发言人名单77. Lobby 大厅、休息厅78. Maintain one ' candidature 保持候选资格79. Ma in ta in order 维持秩序80. Make a personal statement 以个人名义发表声明81. Memora ndum 备忘录82. Merge together several amendments 把几个修正案合并起来83. Micropho ne 麦克风84. Minu tes 会议记录85. Motion to Change the Speaking Time 动议更改发言时间86. Motion for a Moderated Caucus 动议有主持核心商榷87. Motion for an Un-moderated Caucus 动议自由商榷88. Motion to Close Debate 动议结束辩论89. Move that a separate vote be taken 提议分开表决90. Move the closure of debate 动议结束辩论91. Negative vote 反对票92. Note 照会93. Note a statement 将一个声明载入记录94. Note a violation of the rules 指出对规则的破坏95. Object in principle 在原则上反对96. Observer 观察员97. Occupy the chair 担任主席98. Office 职务99. Official languages 正式语言100. Official meeting 正式会议101. Open a debate on procedure开始程序问题的辩论~| 102. Open the Speakers List 产生发言名单103. Oppose a proposal 反对一个建议原文104. Origi naltext105. Overrule 驳叵 I106. Page意向条107. Participa nts 参加者108. Party to a convention 公约缔约国109. Pass a vote of censure 通过指责决议110. Perma nent delegate 常人代表，常驻代表111. Placard 国家牌112. Place a statement on record 将一个声明载入纪录113. Place at the end of the agenda 列在议程末尾114. Platform 主席台115. Plenary assembly模拟联合国大会常用词汇中英文对照Pie nipote ntiary 全权代表116.117. Point of Inquiry 咨询性问题118. Point of Order程序性问题119. Point of Personal Privilege 个人特权问题120. Position Paper .立场文件121. Postp one a vote .延期表决122. Postp one the discussi on .推迟讨论123. Postp one to the n ext sessi on( sitt in g). 延至 U.下一届(次)会124. Preamble 序言.............125. Preparatory committee 筹备委员会..............126. Preparatory meet ing 预备会议127. Preside nt (submit) an ame ndme nt in writi ng 提出书面修正案128. Press gallery新闻记者席129. Press releases 新闻稿............130. Press-officer 新闻官...........131. Private meeting 秘密会议132. Proceed to the discussion of the articles 开始讨论条款133. Proceed to a second reading 进行二读134. Proceed to a vote .进行表决135. Programme of meetings 会议日程表136. Programme of work 工作日程137. Progress report 工作进展情况报告.............138. Protocol 议定书............139. Provisional agenda 临时议程.........................140. Public gallery 公众旁听席...........141. Public meeting 公开会议142. Put a question to the vote 把冋题付诸表决143. Put a written question 提出书面问题144. Put one ' name on the list of speakers 登记发言 ...............145. Questio nn aire 调查表，冋题单146. Raise a point of order提出程序问题147. Raise an objection of principle 提出原则性的反对意见148. Rappotuer主席助理，报告员149. Ratify a Convention 批准公约150. Recall the terms of the rules 忆及规则的条款151. Recomme ndati on 建议152. Record in the minutes 歹U入会议记录153. Refer to existing traditions 参照现存惯例 ............154. Refer to the text 参照原文.............155. Refuse an appointment 不接受责任、职务156. Refuse an office 不接受职务157. Refuse to take the initiative 拒绝带头............158. Regional conference 规则（条例，规章）159. Remit to the appropriate committee 送交主管的委员会Renewal of term of office 连任160.Renounce the office of chairman 辞去主席的职务161.Report 报告............162.163. Represe ntati on .................. 代表权164. Represe ntative 代表...........165. Request a legal opinion 征询法律意见..............166. Request the speaker to keep the point under discussion 请发言人不要离开主题167. Reservati ons 保留168. Reserve one ' right to answer at a later stage 保留以后再答复的权利169. Resoluti on 决议170. Resoluti on committee 决议委员会171. Restrict the time accorded to speakers 限制发言时间172. Resume a debate 继续辩论173. Resume a sitting 继续开会174. Resume the chairmanship 继续担任主席175. Right of vote 表决权176. Role Call 点名177. Rostrum 讲台178. Round table meeting 圆桌会议179. Rules规则，法规180. Rules of procedure 议事规则181. Seat座位182. Secret ballot无记名投票183. Secretariat 秘书处184. Secretary General 秘书长185. Serve in (a Board)在(理事会)中担任理事186. Set up a committee 设立一个委员会187. Signatory to a convention 公约签字国188. Sig natory 附议国189. Sit on a committee 参加委员会为委员190. Setting the Agenda 确定议题191. Speak from one ' pdace 在坐席上发言192. Sponsor 起草国193. Stand adjourned 休会194. Stand for election 担任候选人195. Standing body常设机构196. Stateme nt声明，发言197. Status 地位............198. Statutes 章程............199. Steering committee 指导委员会.............. 200. Sub-committee 小组委员会.............. 201. Sub-headi ng 小标题，副标题模拟联合国大会常用词汇中英文对照Submit a draft resolution 提出决议草案202.203. Submit to the rules governing •服从有关.... 的规则204. Subsidiary body 附属机构205. Substa ntive moti on 实质行动议206. Substitute resolution 替代的决议207. Summary record 简要记录（纪要）208. Support a candidature 支持（某人）的候选资格209. Support a nomination 支持某个提名210. Suspend the rules放弃对规则的适用211. Suspend the sitting 停止会议212. Take a decision upon a motion 对动议作出决定213. Take a sta nd for (aga in st) a proposal 赞成(反对)214. Take in to con siderati on 考虑至 U215. Take part in a poll 参加选举216. Take the floor 发言217. Take up the discussion 开始讨论218. Technical adviser 技术顾冋219. Term of office 任期............220. The list of speakers in closed 发言登记已截止221. The majority is obtained 获得多数.............222. The majority of members present and voting 出席并投票的成员多数223. The meeting is called to order 宣布会议开始 .............. 224. The motion is adopted 动议获得通过...............225. The motion is rejected 动议被否决226. The requisite majority 必要的多数.............227. The result is final结果是最后的228. To address the meeting 发言229. To be in office 在职230. To be in session 开会231. Treasurer 司库232. Treaty条约233. Tri-partite 二方面...........234. Typewriting service pool 打字组............235. Unanimous vote 一致同意236. Unofficial meeting 非正式会议.........................237. Valid ballot papers 有效票238. Verbatim record 逐字记录.............239. Verbatim reporters 速记人员.............240. Veto否决241. Vice-Chairma n 副主席242. Vice-Chairmanship 副主席............243. Vice-Preside ncy 畐 U会长244. Vice-Preside nt 副会长245. Vote投票表决246. Vote by roll call 唱名表决247. Vote by show of hands 举手表决248. Vote indicator 表决指示牌............249. Vote of thanks 大会申谢............250. Vote on the motion as a whole 表决整个动议 ............... 251. Vote without debate 不经辩论的表决 ..............252. Votes cast已投的票数.............253. Waive the rules放弃对规则的适用254. We have a quorum 我们已足法定人数255. Withdraw a proposal 撤回提案256. Withdraw one ' csandidature 撤销候选人资格257. Working Ianguages 工作人员..............258. Working paper 工作文件..............259. Yield Time to An other Delegate 让渡给他国代表 ..............Yield Time to Questions 让渡给问题 Yield Time to Chair 让渡给主席 ...........260.261.。

模拟联合国专用英语词汇

AAbstain 弃权During a vote on a substantive matter, a delegate may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This means that the delegate neither supports nor opposes the resolution on the go.在一个关于实体性问题的投票中，代表除了可以选择“是”或者“否”，还可以选择“弃权”。

这意味着此代表既不支持也不反对正在进行投票表决的决议。

Agenda 议程Agenda is the order of topics to be discussed in a conference, usually being set after the roll call.点名完毕后，委员会所设定的议题讨论顺序。

Amendment 修正案Amendment is a form of document to amend a draft resolution. The two types of amendments are friendly amendment and unfriendly amendment.修正案是用来对正在讨论的决议草案提出修改意见的文件。

修正案分为两种：友好修正案与非友好修正案。

BBackground Guide 背景指导A background guide is a research report of topics on the conference written by the dais and distributed to the delegates before the conference.背景指导是一份关于会议即将讨论议题的调研报告，一般由会议主席团撰写，并在会前分发给各国代表。

Binding 约束力Binding is the legal force to impose UN resolutions on the Member States. Resolutions of Security Council and the Internaitonal Court of Justice are binding. Decisions made by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council arenon-binding.约束力是指联合国决议对成员国具有法律效力。

英语单词三要素

英语单词构成有其规律，很好的掌握了构词规律，才可以很好、很快的、准确的记忆单词。

英语单词构词法的核心部分，在于词根，词的意义主要是由组成单词的词根体现出来的。

词根可以单独构成词，也可以彼此组合成词，通过前缀后缀来改变单词的词性和意义。

（词根和词缀叫构词语素）也就是说，单词一般由三部分组成：词根、前缀和后缀。

词根决定单词意思，前缀改变单词词义，后缀决定单词词性。

主要词根词根词根解释例词ache=ache 痛 earache 耳痛ag=do, act 做，动 agent 代理人agri, agro=agriculture 田地，农田 agriculture 农业，农艺ann, enn=year 年 annual 每年的，年度的astro, aster=star 星 astronomy 天文学audi, audit=hear 听 audible 听得见的bell=war 战争 rebellion 反叛，反抗bio, bi=life 生命，生物 biology 生物学brev=short 短 abbreviate 缩短，节略ced, ceed=go 行走 precedent 先行的，在前cept=take 拿，取 exception 例外，除外circ=ring 环，,圆 circle 圆，圈，环状物cid, cis=cut, kill 切，杀 suicide 自杀claim, clam=cry, shout 喊叫 exclaim 呼喊，惊叫clar=clear 清楚的，明白的 clarify 澄清；使清楚clud, clus=close, shut 关闭 exclude 排斥，拒绝，接纳cogn=know 知道 cognition 认知cord=heart 心 cordial 衷心的，诚心的corpor, cor=body 体 corporation 团体，社团cred=believe, trust 相信，信任 credibility 可信，可靠，cruc=cross 十字 crucify把……钉在十字桇上；折磨cur=care 关心，挂念，注意 security 安全cru, crus, cour, cours=run 跑 cruise巡航舰di=day 日 diary 日记dit=give 给 edit 编辑dict,dic=say 言，说 dictator 独裁者，口授者duc, duct=lead 引导 conduct 引导，指导，经营ed=eat 吃 edible 可以吃的，食用的ev=age 年龄，时代 longevity 长寿，长命fact, fac=do, make 做，作 factory 工厂fer=bring, carry 带，拿 different 不同的，相异的flor, olour=flower 花 florid 如花的，华丽的flu=flow 流 fluency 流利，流畅fus=pour 灌，流，倾泻 refuse 拒绝，拒受geo=earth 地 geography 地理学gon=angle角 trigon 三角形grad=step, go, grade 步，走，级 gradual 逐步的gram=write 写 telegram 电报graph=write, writing 写，画 photograph 照相，拍照gress=go, walk 行走 progress 进步hap=chance,luck,accident 机会，偶发 happen 发生，巧遇hibit=hold 拿，持 exhibit 展出，展览hospit, hosp=guest 客人 hospitable 好客的idio=particular, own, private, proper 特殊的，个人的，专有的idiom 惯用语，方言insul=island 岛 insular 岛的，偏狭的it=go 行走 exit 出口，退出ject=throw 投掷 projection 投掷，发射lect, leg, lig=choose, gather 选，收 elect 选举lev=raise 举、升 elevate 抬起，使升高liber=liberty 自由 liberation 解放lingu=language 语言 linguist 语言专家liter=letter 文字，字母 literate 识字的，有文化的loc=place 地方 local 当地的log=speak 言，说 dialogue 对话loqu=speak 言说 eloquent 有口才的，雄辩的lun=moon 月亮 lunar 月亮的，似月的manu, man=hand 手 manuscript 手稿mar=sea 海 marine 海上的，航海的medi=middle 中间 mediate 居中调解，调停memor=memory,mindful 记忆，记住的 memory 记忆，记忆力milit=soldier 兵 military 军事的，军队的mini=small,less 小 minimum 最小数mir=wonder 惊奇，惊异 admire 赞赏，钦佩mort=death 死 mortal 终有一死的mot=move 移动 motion 运动，动nomin=name 名 nominal 名义上的，有名无实的nov=new 新 novel 新的，新奇的numer=number 数 numeral 数字，[语]数词oper=work 工作 operation 手术，工作，操作ori=rise 升起 orient 东方，东方的paci=peace 和平 pacify 使和平，抚慰past=feed 喂，食 pasture 放牧、牧场，吃草pel=push, drive 推，逐，驱 propel 推动pend, pens=hang 悬挂 pendent 悬空的，悬而未决的pet=seek 追求 compete 竞争，比赛phon=sound 声音 phone 电话plen=full 满，全 plenty 大量，丰富pone=put 放置 postpone 推后，推迟popul=people 人民 population 人口，全体居民port=carry 拿，带，运 import 输入，进口pos=put 放置 expose 揭露，揭发preci=price 价值 precious 宝贵的，珍贵的pur=pure 清，纯 purify 使纯净rect=right, straight 正，直 correct 改正，纠正rupt=break 破 rupture 破裂，使裂开sal=salt 盐 salary 薪水sci=know 知 science 科学sec, sequ=follow 跟随 sequence 继续，连续sect=cut 切割 section 切开，一部分sent, sens=feel 感觉 sentiment 感情，思想感情son=sound 声音 sonic 声音的，音速的spect=look 看 spectate 出席，观看spir=breathe 呼吸 inspire 鼓舞，吸入tail=cut 切，割 tailor 裁缝，成衣商tain, ten=hold 握，持，守 contain 容纳，包含，内装tect=cover 掩盖 detect 侦查，发觉tempor=time 时 temporary 暂时的，临时的tend, tens=draw 拉 tension 拉紧，引力tent, tract=draw 拉，抽，引 tractor 拖拉机urb=city 城市 suburb 郊区，近郊ut=use 用 utility 效用, 有用vac, vacu=empty 空 vacancy 空白，空虚vad, vas=walk, go 行走 invasion 入侵，侵略vari=change 变化 variable 可变的，反复的ven=come 来 convene 召集（会议），集会vert, vers=turn 转 subvert 推翻，颠覆vi, via=way 路 via 取道，经由vis, vid=see 看 visible 可见的，看得见的vit=life 生命 vital 充满活力的viv=live 活 vivid 活泼的，有生气的前缀形式[prefix]以结合形式出现,与一词、词根或短语开头的一个音或连续几个音相接,或书写中一个字母或连续几个字母用以产生出派生词或变化形式。

美国历史英文版

The end result was that the South grew tired of its bonds to the Union.
The War Begins
On 12 April 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
Economic developments had also made it a less profitable institution than it had been in the past.
At the same time, there was a widespread idea that African Americans were inferior, according to different theories.
The Nature of the Conflict
The American Civil War was the bloodiest conflict in American history, and soon both sides were running out of soldiers and supplies, but the North had a more diverse and stable economy to draw from.
Western expansion dispersed this wealth, as Americans asserted a right to spread out to places like Oregon, California, and Texas, an idea called “Maniry was an established institution in the American economy, particularly in the South, but many people became convinced that it was an undesirable influence on society.

国家机关职位译法

中国国家机关名称翻译1．全国人民代表大会National People\'s Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office 秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育，科学，文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution2．中华人民共和国主席President of the People\'s Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission4．最高人民法院Supreme People\'s Court5．最高人民检察院Supreme People\'s Procuratorate6．国务院State Council(1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defense国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission 中国人民银行People\'s Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council 侨务办公厅Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs 港澳办公厅Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公厅Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公厅Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制办公厅Office for Economic Restructuring 国务院研究室Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室Information Office(3)国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television 国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau 国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce 新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs 国务院参事室Counselors\' Office of the State Council 国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council(4)国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency 中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences 中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council 国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局State Bureau Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission) 国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade 国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry 国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry 国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture) 国家中医药管理局(卫生部) State Administration职位译法：National People's Congress (NPC)全国人民代表大会（简称全国人大）deputy to the National People's Congress 全国人大代表National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会（简称全国政协）member of the national committee of CPPCC 全国政协委员the NPC Standing Committee 全国人大常务委员会the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress 九届全国人大四次会议state-owned enterprises (SOE) 国有企业per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) 人均国内生产总值gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值panel discussions/group discussions 小组讨论crony capitalism "权贵资本主义"(又译裙带资本主义或亲朋好友资本主义)low-cost housing 经济房government's work report 政府工作报告amendments to the Constitution 宪法修正案press conference 新闻发布会by-elect members to the Standing Committee of the Ninth CPPCC National Committee九届全国政协常委递补委员non- performing loans 不良贷款drafting a social security law 起草社会治安法anti-corruption legislation 制定反贪法规the resource-rich hinterland 资源丰富的内陆地区（指中国西部）an ecological shelter along the Yangtze River Valley 长江流域的生态掩体cross-Strait relations 海峡两岸关系plenary meeting 全体会议Many enterprises of Shanghai go on a "gold-rush" spree in the western parts of China. 很多上海一起涌向西部，掀起了去西部的淘金热。

中国各级党政机关干部名称英文翻

中国各级党政机关干部名称英文翻译中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member…省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member（地方人大）主任Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表Deputy to the People's Congress国务院总理Premier, State Council国务委员State Councilor秘书长Secretary-General（国务院各委员会）主任Minister in Charge of Commission for（国务院各部）部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor区长Chief Executive, District Government县长Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director, General Office（部委办）主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner人民法院院长President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People's Tribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General, People's procuratorates 监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员ConstableChina's State Organs全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育，科学，文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People’s Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate国务院State Council(1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation 文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People’s Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration(2)国务院办事机构Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council侨务办公厅Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs港澳办公厅Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公厅Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公厅Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制办公厅Office for Economic Restructuring国务院研究室Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室Information Office(3)国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television 国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors’ Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council (4)国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)(5)部委管理的国家局State Bureaux Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the StateDevelopment Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部) State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部) State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部) State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部) State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部) State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health)国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行) State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People’s Bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署) State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)国人民团体、协会名称的英文翻译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat’l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat’l Children’s Work Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History宋庆龄基金会Song Ching Ling Foundation中国奥林匹克委员会Chinese Olympic Committee中国笔会中心Chinese Pen Centre中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国残疾人福利基金会China Welfare Fund for the Handicapped中国出版协会Chinese Publishers Association中国道教协会Chinese Taoist Association中国电视艺术家协会Chinese Television Artists Association中国电影家协会China Film Association中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society中国翻译工作者协会Translators Association of China中国佛教协会Chinese Buddhists Association中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国歌剧研究会Chinese Opera Research Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association for Int’l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会Three Self Patriotic Movement Committee of the Protestant Churches of China中国基督教协会China Christian Council中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat’l Commission of The People’s Republic of China for UNESCO中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People’s Republic of China中国美术家协会Chinese Artists Association中国民间文艺家协会China Society for the Study of Folk Literature and Art中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国曲艺家协会Chinese Ballad Singers Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Defence of Children中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries中国少年儿童基金会Children’s Foundation of China中国少年先锋队China Young Pioneers中国摄影家协会Chinese Photographers Society中国书法家协会Chinese Calligraphers Association中国天主教爱国会Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association中国天主教教务委员会Nat’l Administrative Commission of the Chinese Catholic Church中国天主教主教团Chinese Catholic Bishops College中国文学艺术界联合会China Federation of Literary and Art Circles中国舞蹈家协会Chinese Dancers Association中国戏剧家协会Chinese Dramatists Association中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国音乐家协会Chinese Musicians Association中国杂技艺术家协会Chinese Acrobats Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中国作家协会Chinese Writers Association中华全国妇女联合会All China Women’s Federation中华全国工商联合会All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国青年联合会All China Youth Federation中华全国世界语联合会All China Esperanto League中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国体育总会All China Sports Federation中华全国新闻工作者协会All China Journalists’ Association中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Association中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese 外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees《中国政党Chinese Parties》中国共产党(中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League。

英语单词词根词缀和词性转换英语单词词性转换的基本规律

英语单词词性转换的基本规律.动词(v.)→名词(n.)(a)词形不变,词性改变例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物).(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer,jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner,visit—visitor, invent—inventor,collect—collector等.注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.例如:drive—driver, write—writer等.2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er例如：run—runner, win—winner,begin—beginner等.(c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词例如:achieve—achievement (成就)advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告)agree—agreement disgree—disagreementamuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵)commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展)depart—department (局,部) govern(统治)—government(政府)manage—management (管理) equip—equipment (装备)有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment.例如:argue—argument(争论)(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction;invent—invention discuss—discussion;express—expression educate—education;graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion")compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion")decide—decision conclude—conclusion (把de改为s再加"ion")describe—description描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化)(e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现)perform—performance (演出)accept—acceptance (接受)(f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词 (方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waitingbathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaningend —ending train —training wash—washing注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing如:swim—swimming shop—shopping begin—beginning(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化例如: Beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)—behaviorknow(知道)—knowledge(知识) fly—flight (飞行)heat (加热)—heat(热量) hit (撞击)—hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞)mix (混合)—mixture(混合物) press(按,压)—pressure(压力)sit(坐)—seat (座位) succeed—success(成功)tour—tour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)2.动词(v.)→形容词(adj.)(a)动词后面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性.例如: afford－affordable；love－lovable(b)动词后面加ed,以e结尾的动词则直接加d,表示被动性的属性或特点.例如: scatter－scattered use－used(c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b).3.名词(n.)→形容词(adj.)(a)在名词后面加-y可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)例如: rain—rainy, cloud—cloudy, wind—windy, snow—snowy,health—healthy, luck—lucky,anger—angry guilt—guilty(内疚的)tourist—touristy(游客多的) , salt (盐)—salty (咸的)silk(丝绸)—silky(丝绸般的), sleep—sleepy (昏昏欲睡的)注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加"-y".如: sun—sunny, fun—funny, fog—foggy(有雾的), fur—furry(毛皮的)2)少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加"-y".如: noise—noisy, ice—icy, shine—shiny(发亮的), taste(口味)—tasty(甜的)(b)名词后面加-ed,以e结尾的直接加d.例如: spot(斑点)—spotted(有斑点的); talent—talented (有天赋的)organize—organized 有组织的; balance—balanced(平衡的)(c)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词例如:care—careful, thank—thankful, help—helpful,use—useful, meaning—meaningful(d)在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词例如:care—careless(粗心的), use—useless(无用的)hope—hopeless(没希望的)，home—homeless(无家可归的)(e)一些以-ce结尾的名词,把-ce改为-t变成形容词例如: difference—different, silence—silent, confidence—confident(f).在名词后加-ly变为形容词例如: friend—friendly, love—lovely, live---lively(g).在名词后加-ous变为形容词例如: danger—dangerous(h)名词后面加-al变为形容词例如: music—musical; medicine—medical (这个比较特殊)(i)名词后面加-able变为形容词,如果以e结尾就去e再加"-able".例如: adjust—adjustable 可调整的 value—valuable有价值的(j)名词后面加-en变成形容词例如: wood—wooden 木制的 wool—woolen 羊毛的(k)一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish或-n构成表示国籍,语言的形容词例如:China—Chinese, Japan—Japanese, England—English,America—American, India—Indian, Australia —Australian(注意Canada—Canadian)4..形容词(adj.)→副词(adv.)▲一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词例如: quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly 等但是,以下几点值得注意：(a) 一些以"辅音字母+y"结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly例如: happy—happily, angry—angrily, lucky—luckily, heavy—heavily, noisy—noisily(b) 有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y例如:possible—possibly, terrible—terribly(c)少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly例如: true—truly但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly 例如: polite—politely, wide—widely(d)以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时要在词尾加-ly,以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y.例如: usual—usually, careful—carefully, useful—usefullyfull—fully (以-ll结尾的才只加y)OK,以上就是英语单词词性变化的一般规律,希望对大家有所帮助PS:有些同学可能对元音辅音以及重读闭音节不是很了解,那我在这里再做下补充说明.1.英语26个字母中,a e i o u是元音字母, y是半元音字母, 其余都是辅音字母.★所谓半元音就是有时候做元音,有时候做辅音.半元音字母y做元音有: shy，sky做辅音比如最简单的：yes2.开音节和闭音节开音节分两种:绝对开音节和相对开音节绝对开音节指的是"元音字母结尾"的音节 (例如 we, hi等)相对开音节是指"辅音字母-元音字母-辅音字母-不发音的e"的音节,(r除外). ( 例如,take,make等)比如:take (在这个单词中,t是辅音,a是元音,k是辅音,e是不发音的元音)◆在开音节中, 元音字母发他们在字母表中的音闭音节, 则是指"辅音字母-元音字母-辅音字母"的音节 ( -al等除外) (例如:leg,cross等)◆在闭音节中,元音字母发不同的音a e i o u例 sat let sit not nut (试着读下这些单词,这些单词中,元音发的音都不是它们在字母表中发的音)2.英语重读闭音节就是以辅音因素结尾的,而且是重读音节的音节.比如apple 划音节就因该是ap/ple 前面那个ap是一个音节,这个音节以辅音因素p结尾,所以就是闭音节.(仅仅能看出是闭音节,是不是重读闭音节还要看这个音节是不是重读的)重读闭音节三要素:1. 必须是重读音节；2. 最后只有一个辅音字母；3.元音字母发短元音 ( 说通俗点,打个比方, /u/是短元音,/u:/是长元音)重读闭音节即两个辅音中间夹一个元音.如:sit---sitting begin---beginning(重读在gin这个音节上)●像travel这个单词,"vel"也是"辅音+元音+辅音"的结构,但是重音不在vel这个音节上,所以不用双写"l",可以为travelled,也可以是traveled,更常用的是后者.英语单词词根词缀和词性转换英语中常见的后缀一、名词性后缀1，-age为抽象名词后缀，表示行为，状态和全体总称percentage百分数，百分率，voltage电压，伏特数，lavage灌洗，洗，出法，gavage管词法，curettage刮除法，shortage 不足，缺少。

00087英汉翻译教程每课重点词汇

00087英汉翻译教程每课重点词汇00087英汉翻译教程每课重点词汇Lesson 11. fellow countrymen 同胞2. average height 中等身材3. gleaming eyes 闪光的眼睛4. in his middle twenties 二十多岁5. to be seated 招呼坐下6. stand squarely 端端正正地站着7. more than ten years his junior 比他年轻十几岁8. revolutionary road 革命道路9. Chinese communist Party 中国共产党10. full member 正式成员11. membership 党籍12. keep a secret 保密Lesson 21. immeasurable contrast 迥然不同2. to and fro 走来走去3. upturn face 仰着脸4. sweet spring 芬芳的春天5. anger and bitterness 又气愤又苦恼6. dense fog 大雾7. tense and anxious 紧张而焦急8. 五一的下午on the afternoon of May 1st9. 无言的呼唤wordless cry10. 探测绳sounding-lineLesson 31. 各种流派的different schools2. 前两天a few days ago3. 受限制be restricted/be subjected to4. 传统观念traditional thinking5. 不合理的制度irrational system6. 最高境界the highest state7. 浓妆艳抹heavy make up8. 主人公chief character/principal character9. 花言巧语flowery language10. 社会进步和人性发展social progress and human development Lesson 41. 工业革命Industrial Revolution2. 多功能的机器multi-purpose machine3. 出于自愿和兴趣on one’s own account, out of interest4. 新兴城市the rising town5. 大胆的举止in a bolder manner6. 实干家practical man7. 交通动脉arteries of communication8. in the air 传说中，酝酿中9. source of power 能源10. outstanding feature 突出特点Lesson 51. 极西地带far west2. 山区mountainous regions3. 永久定居permanent settlement4. 为…打下基础lay foundations for5. 专门从事devote exclusively to6. 合法手续legal title7. establish communities 建立村镇8. stock-raising 养殖畜牧业9. open public domain 开放的公共地带10. regular event 常事11. high plains 高原12. criss-crossed 纵横交错Lesson 61. 新民主主义new democracy2. 五四运动the May 4 Movement3. 辛亥革命the Revolution of 19114. 革命知识分子revolutionary intellectuals5. 帝国主义imperialist6. 无产阶级proletariat7. 在…的号召下at the call of8. 小资产阶级知识分子petty-bourgeois intellectuals9. 统一战线的革命运动the revolutionary movement of a united front10. 平民文学literature for the common people11. 北伐战争the Northern Expedition12. 右翼the rightwingLesson 71. life-giving 赋予生命2. everlastingly 无穷无尽的3. the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲4. freshly harvested 刚割的5. Mediterranean 地中海6. the Pyramids 金字塔7. negative effects 不良的后果8. a ghost town 鬼城；被遗弃的荒芜的城镇9. brightly painted 颜色鲜艳的10. member of a team 队员11. 河流入海口the mouth of the river12. 水坝发电power generated by the damLesson 81. Mt. Lofty Ranges 洛夫蒂岭山th2. average annual rainfall 平均年降雨量3. surveyor general 测量总监4. business district 商业区5. residential section 住宅区6. municipal government 自治政府7. lord mayoralty 市长的职位8. mineral deposit 矿藏9. marketing centre 贸易中心10. automobile components 汽车部件11. 地中海型气候Mediterranean climate12. 文艺节Festival of ArtsLesson 91. Palace Museum 故宫博物院2. walled courtyard 带围墙的院子3. watchtower 更楼4. complete group o f ancient buildings 完整的古代建筑群5. ravages of time 时间的摧残6. ancient Chinese architecture古代中国建筑7. historical sites 历史遗址8. cobbled roadway 鹅卵石路9. Golden Water Bridge 金水桥10. typical masterpiece 具有代表意义的杰作Lesson 101. global economy 全球性的经济2. sovereign nation 主权国家3. mutual prosperity 共同繁荣4. sum total 总数，总额5. foreign investment 外国投资6. per capita GNP 人均国民生产总值7. 沿海地区coastal areas8. 平均率average rate9. 电力生产electrical production10. 双边贸易two way trade11. 外汇foreign exchange12. 生活水平standard of livingLesson 111. marine insurance 海事保险2. flows of capital资本流动3. foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易4. outward investor 对外投资者5. Pacific region 太平洋地区6. the right climate for 良好的环境7. vast size and resources 地大物博8. to take a real interest in sth. 密切关注某事9. coastal city 沿海城市10. international community 国际社会11. entrepreneurial spirit 进取精神12. 对外开放政策the policy of opening to the outside world13. 世界投资体系world investment system14. 经济改革economic reformsLesson 121. 基本方针basic principle2. 自给自足self-sufficiency3. 客观有利因素favorable objective factors4. 生产条件production condition5. 耕地cultivated land6. 中、低产田medium-and-low-yield land7. 灌溉面积irrigated areas8. 宜农荒地arable land9. 复种指数multiple crop index10. 水利工程water-control projects11. 单位面积产量the yield per unit area12. 粮食总产量目标total grain output targetLesson 131. agonizing flashback 痛苦的回忆2. come and go 霎时即去3. property damage 财产损失4. monotonous 单调的，枯燥的5. flash-flooding 暴雨成灾6. to imprint on one’s mind 印在某人的脑海里7. scare tactic 吓唬人的办法8. power of nature 大自然的力量9. river bed 河床10. to give sth. much thought 仔细想某事11. 无情的relentless12. 雨季rainy seasonLesson 141. maternal grandfather 外祖父2. the flower of one’s youth 风华正茂3. popular science 科普读物4. undue absorption in the past 过分地怀念过去5. sucking vigor 汲取力量6. live one’s own life 独立生活7. the founder of Girton College 戈登学院的创办人8. clinging to youth 与年轻人呆在一起9. 过去的好时光the good old days10. 高等教育higher educationLesson 151. 旧梦重温going through old dreams2. 儿童出版社Children press3. 散文集collection of essays4. 丝绸之路the Silk Road5. 历史古迹the historic sites6. 大英博物馆the British Museum7. 简单的早餐simple breakfast8. 花坛flower bad9. 斗兽场arena10. 教皇PopeLesson 161. market-day 赶集的日子2.Sir John约翰爵士3.the renowned knight 著名的武士4.county history郡志5. lineal representative of the ancient family 古老世家的嫡派子孙Lesson 171. drug store 杂货店2. meticulously dressed 精心打扮，穿着讲究，一点不马虎3. tentative and uncertain manner 试探和踌躇的举止4.sb.’s face suddenly brighten 某人的脸上突然露出喜色Lesson 181. 初冬early winter2. 做中间人的；做中人的the go-between3. 月白色的pale green4. 祥林嫂Xianglin’s wife5. 试工期trial period6. 严厉的婆婆strict mother-in-law7. 打柴cut wood8. 熬夜to sit up9. 福礼sacrificial meat10.不惜力气not sparing oneselfLesson 191. a narrow swale 狭长的洼地2. the birth and death of the day 每一天的诞生和死亡3. the range of mountain 山脉4. mind and twist 蜿蜒5. a kind of invitation 殷勤邀请6. a beloved mother 亲爱的母亲7. dread of畏惧8. canyon峡谷9. sand bank 沙案10. part-time river 季节性河流Lesson 201. a far cry from 完全不同2. self-assurance 自信3. sober-faced 沉静的；镇静的4. odd-shaped 怪样子的5. well-mannered silence 规规矩矩，一声不响6. sailor suit 水手服7. the ice was broken 打破了僵局8. in unison 齐声；一致9. stare at sb. 凝视某人10. all of a sudden 突然11. resonant voice 洪亮的声音Lesson 211. 拉家带口be saddled with big family2. 拉排字车pull a hand cart3. 腊月二十三the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month4. 前台front stage5. 小买卖人a peddler6. 养家to support the family7. 喊嗓子to practice singing8. 零工odd jobs9. 排队queue up10. 落汤鸡a drowned rat11. it rains cats and dogs 瓢泼大雨12. no show, no pay 不响锣，不给钱Lesson 221. mineral oil 矿物油2. onboard ship 在船上3. on shore 在岸上4. at chemist’s 在药店5. internal combustion engine 内燃机6. carriage drawn by the horse 马车7. be superior to 优于；好于8. in this respect 在这方面9. a thin file of oil 薄薄的一层油10. oil-burning lamp 油灯Lesson 231. superhighway 高速公路2. applied entomology 应用昆虫学3. living organisms 生物体4. an insect-free world 无昆虫的世界5. now and again 有时6. right to know 知情权7. science of biotic controls 生物控制学8. turn one’s back on 拒绝；冷眼相看9. entomologist 昆虫学家10. geneticist 遗传学家Lesson 241. 自然资源natural resources2. 人均per capita3. 淡水资源freshwater resources4. 长期的long-term5. 国民经济national economy6. 战略任务strategic task7. 大陆架continental shelves8. 专属经济区遣exclusive economic zones9. 海洋生物sea creature10. 低纬度low latitude11. 沉积盆地sedimentation basin12. 海洋旅游业marine tourismLesson 251. environmental law 环保法2. noise pollution 噪声污染3. public concerns 公众关注4. industrial pollutions 工业污染5. federal law 联邦法6. vaguely worded 措辞含糊7. court of appeals 上诉法院8. to grant a license 颁发许可证9. natural beauty 自然美10. Federal power Commission 联邦电力委员会Lesson 261. The Contracting States 成员国；缔约国2. copyright 版权3. universal convention 世界公约4. international understanding 国际间的了解5. domestic legislation 国内立法6. as follows如下7. unpublished works 未出版的作品8. works of the human mind 人类精神产品Lesson 271. 中外合资经营企业Chinese -Foreign Equity Joint V enture2. 经济合作economic cooperation3. 技术交流technological exchange4. 平等互利的原则principle of equality and mutual benefit5. 公共利益public interest6. 有限责任公司a limited liability company7. 注册资本. Registered capital8. 工业产权industrial property rights9. 先进技术advanced technology10. 董事会board of directors11. 总会计师treasurer12. 审计师auditor13. 储备基金reserve fund14. 外汇账户foreign exchange accountLesson 281. toast 祝酒词2. common ground 共同点3. differences 分歧4. magnificent dinner 盛大晚宴5．Compromise 妥协；让步6．Welcoming banquet 欢迎宴会7．Telecommunicate 电讯8．Prime minister 总理Lesson 291. full diplomatic relations 正式外交关系2. the Long March 长征3. the policies of reform and opening to the outside world 改革和对外开放政策4. Sino-American relationship 中美关系5. historically significant experiment 具有历史意义的尝试6. developing country 发展中国家7．Developed country 发达国家8．International affairs 国际事务9．Scientific exchange 科学交流10．National security policy 国家安全政策Lesson 301. 金秋时节golden fall2. 学术交流academic exchange3. 加强合作to promote cooperation4. 历史文化传统historical and cultural traditions5. 深刻的影响a profound impact6. 生化方式way of life7. 民族团结ethnic harmony; ethnic solidarity8. 区域自治regional autonomy9. 民族精神national spirit10. 周边环境neighboring environment11. 和平共处peaceful coexistence12.互相尊重mutual respect13.平等互利equality and mutual benefit14.互不干涉内政non-interference15.振兴中华rejuvenation of China。

整体方案销售技巧(Solutionselling)

problems they don’t know how to solve.”
Can you relate?
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Selling Difficulties
“ Buyers tell me our services cost too much and they couldn’t cost justify them.”
“ They wouldn’t let me in at the right level.” “ The consultant didn’t do a good job.” “ I lose control of our prospects at the end of the sell cycle.” “ We got in too late.” “ The prospect didn’t know what they wanted.” “ We missed the needs of certain committee members.” “ I get an opportunity started and our resellers drop the ball.” “ My manager tells me what to do, NOT how to do it.” “ My competition sells face-to-face while my manager forces me to sell over the

议员的英文单词

议员的英文单词摘要：一、议员的英文单词概述1.议员定义2.议员英文单词二、英国议员的英文单词1.下议院议员2.上议院议员三、美国议员的英文单词1.参议院议员2.众议院议员四、其他国家议员的英文单词1.澳大利亚议员2.加拿大议员正文：议员的英文单词是指在各个国家的立法机构中担任议员的人。

议员通常负责制定和修改法律，以及监督政府的工作。

在不同的国家和地区，议员的英文单词可能有所不同。

在英国，议员的英文单词为“Member of Parliament”，简称“MP”。

英国议会分为两院，下议院和上议院。

下议院议员的英文单词为“Member of the House of Commons”，上议院议员的英文单词为“Member of theHouse of Lords”。

在美国，议员的英文单词为“Member of Congress”，简称“MoC”。

美国议会分为两院，参议院和众议院。

参议院议员的英文单词为“Senator”，众议院议员的英文单词为“Representative”或“Congressman”。

在澳大利亚，议员的英文单词为“Member of Parliament”，简称“MP”。

澳大利亚议会分为两院，参议院和众议院。

参议院议员的英文单词为“Senator”，众议院议员的英文单词为“Member of the House of Representatives”。

在加拿大，议员的英文单词为“Member of Parliament”，简称“MP”。

加拿大议会分为两院，参议院和众议院。

参议院议员的英文单词为“Senator”，众议院议员的英文单词为“Member of the House of Commons”。

中国政府职位翻译

中国政府职位翻译一、全国人民代表大会常务委员会standing committee of the national people’scongress（npc）委员长chairman副委员长vice-chairman秘书长secretary-general副秘书长deputy secretary-general委员member全国人民代表大会…委员会…comimittee／Commission OF THE NPC主任委员Chairman副主任委员Vice—Chairman委员Member二、中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee Of The Chinese People’SPolitical Con-Sultative Conference（CPPCC）主席Chairman副主席Vice—Chairman秘书长Secretary—General常务委员Member Of The Standing Committee政协全国委员会…委员会mittee Of The National Committee Of The CPPCC主任委员Chairman副主任委员Vice—Chairman委员Member三、中华人民共和国People’S Republic Of China（Prc）主席President副主席Vice-President四、中华人民共和国中央军事委员会PRC Central Military Commission（CMC）主席Chairman副主席Vice—Chairman委员Member五、最高人民法院Supreme People’S Cout院长President副院长Vice—President审判委员会委员Member Of The Judicial Committee审判员Judge助理审判员Assistant Judge书记员Clerk六、最高人民检察院Supreme People’S Procuratorate检察长Procurator—General副检察长Deputy Procurator—General检察委员会委员Member Of The Procuratorial Committee检察员Procurator助理检察员Assistant Procurator书记员Clerk七、国务院State Council总理Premier副总理Vice—Premier国务委员State Councillor秘书长Secretary—General副秘书长Deputy Secretary—General中华人民共和国…部Ministry Of The People’S Republic Of China部长Minister副部长Vice-Minister部长助理Assistant Minister中华人民共和国国家…委员会State Commission Of The People’S Republic Of China主任Minister副主任Vice—Minister国务院…办公室Office Of The State Council主任Director（Minister）副主任Deputy Director（Vice—Minister）...银行Bank行长Governor（Of The Central Bank）President（Of Other Banks）副行长Deputy Governor（Of The Central Bank）Vice—President（Of OtherBanks）中华人民共和国审计署Auditing Administration Of The Peopleis Republic Of China审计长Auditor—General副审计长Deputy Auditor—General…局Bureau局长Director—General副局长Deputy Director—General注：如是正部级或副部级局长，可在其职务后加括号注其级别；个别局的局长、副局长，如：专利局局长、副局长可用Commissioner，Deputy Commissioner...署Administration署长Administrator副署长Deputy Administrator国务院…室Office Of The State Council主任Director（Minister）副主任Deputy Director（Vice—Minister）...总会Council会长President副会长Vice—President新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency社长Director副社长Deputy Director...院Academy院长President副院长Vice President…领导小组Leading Group组长Head八、各部（委、办、局）内职务名称Positions Of Departments，Offices，Bureaux OfMinistries／Commjssions办公厅主任Director—General Of The General Office副主任Deputy Director—General局长Director—General Of A Bureau副局长Deputy Director—General厅长Director—General Of A Department副厅长Deputy Director—General司长Director—General Of A Department副司长Deputy Director—General处长Director Of A Division副处长Deputy Director科长Section Chief副科长Deputy Section Chief主任科员Principal Staff Member副主任科员Senior Staff Member巡视员Counsel助理巡视员Assistant Counsel调研员Consultant助理调研员Asstant Consultant科员Staff Member办事员Clerk1、立法机关Legislature中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President,the People's Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman,National People's Congress秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member地方人大主任Chairman,Local People's Congress人大代表Deputy to the People's Congress2、政府机构Government Organization国务院总理Premier,State Council国务委员State Councilor秘书长Secretary-General国务院各委员会主任Minister in Charge of Commission for国务院各部部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman,Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员Commissioner,prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor区长Chief Executive,District Government县长Chief Executive,County Government乡镇长Chief Executive,Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director,General Office部委办主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner3、外交官衔Diplomatic Rank特命全权大使Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary公使Minister代办Charge d'Affaires临时代办Charge d'Affaires ad Interim参赞Counselor政务参赞Political Counselor商务参赞Commercial Counselor经济参赞Economic Counselor新闻文化参赞Press and Cultural Counselor公使衔参赞Minister-Counselor商务专员Commercial Attaché经济专员Economic Attaché文化专员Cultural Attaché商务代表Trade Representative一等秘书First Secretary武官Military Attaché档案秘书Secretary-Archivist专员/随员Attaché总领事Consul General领事Consul1、司法、公证、公安Judiciary,notary and public security 人民法院院长President,People's Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge,People's Tribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长Procurator-General,People's procuratorates监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable2、政党Political party中共中央总书记General Secretary,the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member,Standing Committee of Political Bureau,the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member,Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member,secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member,Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member党组书记secretary,Party Leadership Group1、社会团体Nongovernmental organization会长President主席Chairman名誉顾问Honorary Adviser理事长President理事Trustee/Council Member总干事Director-General总监Director工商金融Industrial,commercial and banking communities 董事长Chairman执行董事Executive Director总裁President总经理General Manager;C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer)经理Manager财务主管Controller公关部经理PR Manager营业部经理Business Manager销售部经理Sales Manager推销员Salesman采购员Purchaser售货员Sales Clerk领班Captain经纪人Broker高级经济师Senior Economist高级会计师Senior Accountant注册会计师Certified Public Accountant出纳员Cashier审计署审计长Auditor-General,Auditing Administration 审计师Senior Auditor审计员Auditing Clerk统计师Statistician统计员Statistical Clerk厂长factory Managing Director车间主任Workshop Manager工段长Section Chief作业班长Foreman仓库管理员Storekeeper教授级高级工程师Professor of Engineering高级工程师Senior Engineer技师Technician建筑师Architect设计师Designer机械师Mechanic化验员Chemical Analyst质检员Quality Inspector2、农业技术人员Professional of agriculture高级农业师Senior Agronomist农业师Agronomist助理农业师Assistant Agronomist农业技术员Agricultural Technician3、教育科研Education and research development中国科学院院长President,Chinese Academy of Sciences 主席团执行主席Executive Chairman科学院院长President(Academies)学部主任Division Chairman院士Academician大学校长President,University中学校长Principal,Secondary School小学校长Headmaster,Primary School学院院长Dean of College校董事会董事Trustee,Board of Trustees教务主任Dean of Studies总务长Dean of General Affairs注册主管Registrar系主任Director of Department/Dean of the Faculty 客座教授Visiting Professor交换教授Exchange Professor名誉教授Honorary Professor班主任Class Adviser特级教师Teacher of Special Grade研究所所长Director,Research Institute研究员Professor副研究员Associate Professor助理研究员Research Associate研究实习员Research Assistant高级实验师Senior Experimentalist实验师Experimentalist助理实验师Assistant Experimentalist实验员Laboratory Technician教授Professor副教授Associate Professor讲师Instructor/Lecturer助教Assistant高级讲师Senior Lecturer讲师Lecturer助理讲师Assistant Lecturer教员Teacher指导教师Instructor1、医疗卫生Health and medical community 主任医师（讲课）Professor of Medicine主任医师（医疗）Professor of Treatment 儿科主任医师Professor of Pediatrics主治医师Doctor-in-charge外科主治医师Surgeon-in-charge内科主治医师Physician-in-charge眼科主治医师Oculist-in-charge妇科主治医师Gynecologist-in-charge牙科主治医师Dentist-in-charge医师Doctor医士Assistant Doctor主任药师Professor of Pharmacy主管药师Pharmacist-in-charge药师Pharmacist药士Assistant Pharmacist主任护师Professor of Nursing主管护师Nurse-in-charge护师Nurse Practitioner护士Nurse主任技师Senior Technologist主管技师Technologist-in-charge技师Technologist技士Technician2、新闻出版News media总编辑Editor-in-chief高级编辑Full Senior Editor主任编辑Associate Senior Editor 编辑Editor助理编辑Assistant Editor高级记者Full Senior Reporter主任记者Associate Senior Reporter 记者Reporter助理记者Assistant Reporter编审Professor of Editorship编辑Editor助理编辑Assistant Editor技术编辑Technical Editor技术设计员Technical Designer校对Proofreader3、翻译Translation译审Professor of Translation翻译Translator/Interpreter助理翻译Assistant Translator/Interpreter电台/电视台台长Radio/TV Station Controller 播音指导Director of Announcing主任播音员Chief Announcer播音员Announcer电视主持人TV Presenter电台节目主持人Disk Jockey4、工艺、美术、电影Arts,crafts and movies 导演Director演员Actor画师Painter指挥Conductor编导Scenarist录音师Sound Engineer舞蹈编剧Choreographer美术师Artist制片人Producer剪辑导演Montage Director配音演员Dabber摄影师Cameraman化装师Make-up Artist舞台监督Stage Manager。

Preface

First PrintingPublication Date: December 1999ISBN # 1-892395-30-4COPYRIGHT © 1999byINTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.This2000International Fire Code is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council,Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner,no part of this book may be reproduced,distributed,or transmitted in any form or by any means,including,without limitation,electronic,optical or mechanical means(by way of example and not limita-tion,photocopying,or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system).For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use,please contact:President,International Code Council,5203Leesburg Pike,Suite708,Falls Church,Virginia 22041-3401. (Phone 703-931-4533).Trademarks:“International Code Council,”the“International Code Council”logo and the“2000International Fire Code”are trademarks of the International Code Council,Inc.The“BOCA”logo is a trademark of Building Officials and Code Administrators International,Inc.The“ICBO”logo is a trademark of the International Conference of Building Officials.The“SBCCI”logo is a trademark of the Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc.Published in cooperation with:BUILDING OFFICIALS AND CODE ADMINISTRATORS INTERNATIONAL, INC.4051 West Flossmoor Road•Country Club Hills, Illinois 60478-5795(800) 214-4321INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS5360 Workman Mill Road•Whittier, California 90601-2298(800) 284-4406SOUTHERN BUILDING CODE CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL, INC.900Montclair Road•Birmingham, Alabama 35213-1206(205) 591-1853PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.First PrintingPublication Date: December 1999ISBN # 1-892395-29-0COPYRIGHT © 1999byINTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.This2000International Fire Code is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council,Inc. Without advance written permission from the copyright owner,no part of this book may be reproduced,distributed,or transmitted in any form or by any means,including,without limitation,electronic,optical or mechanical means(by way of example and not limita-tion,photocopying,or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system).For information on permission to copy material exceeding fair use,please contact:President,International Code Council,5203Leesburg Pike,Suite708,Falls Church,Virginia 22041-3401. (Phone 703-931-4533).Trademarks:“International Code Council,”the“International Code Council”logo and the“2000International Fire Code”are trademarks of the International Code Council,Inc.The“BOCA”logo is a trademark of Building Officials and Code Administrators International,Inc.The“ICBO”logo is a trademark of the International Conference of Building Officials.The“SBCCI”logo is a trademark of the Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc.Published in cooperation with:BUILDING OFFICIALS AND CODE ADMINISTRATORS INTERNATIONAL, INC.4051 West Flossmoor Road•Country Club Hills, Illinois 60478-5795(800) 214-4321INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BUILDING OFFICIALS5360 Workman Mill Road•Whittier, California 90601-2298(800) 284-4406SOUTHERN BUILDING CODE CONGRESS INTERNATIONAL, INC.900Montclair Road•Birmingham, Alabama 35213-1206(205) 591-1853PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.PREFACEIntroductionInternationally,code officials recognize the need for a modern,up-to-date fire code addressing conditions hazardous to life and property from fire explosion,hazardous materials storage,handling or use and the use and occupancy of buildings and premises. The International Fire Code®,in this2000edition,is designed to meet these needs through model code regulations that safeguard the public health and safety in all communities,large and small.This2000edition is fully compatible with all of the International Codes,including the International Building Code,International Energy Conservation Code,International Fuel Gas Code,Interna-tional Mechanical Code,International Plumbing Code,International Property Maintenance Code,International Private Sewage Disposal Code,International Residential Code,International Zoning Code, and the ICC Electrical Code.The International Fire Code provides many benefits,among which is the model code development process that offers an interna-tional forum for fire safety professionals to discuss performance-based and prescriptive code requirements.This forum provides an ex-cellent arena to debate proposed revisions.This model code also encourages international consistency in the application of provisions. DevelopmentThe production of the International Fire Code began in1997with the development of a first draft by a development committee con-sisting of representatives of Building Officials and Code Administrators International,Inc.(BOCA),International Conference of Building Officials(ICBO),and Southern Building Code Congress International,Inc.(SBCCI).The committee drafted a compre-hensive set of fire safety regulations that was consistent with existing model fire codes at the time.Those codes were the then-current editions of the BOCA National Fire Prevention Code,the Uniform Fire Code and the Standard Fire Prevention Code.The2000edi-tion of the International Fire Code was developed by utilizing the formal ICC Code Development Process for two successive annual code change cycles.During each cycle,public hearings were held to consider proposed changes in conjunction with hearings on proposed changes to other International Codes and in accordance with the ICC Code Development Procedures.Letter Designations in Front of Section NumbersIn each code development cycle,proposed changes to this code are considered at the First Public Hearing by the International Fire Code Development Committee,whose action constitutes a recommendation to the voting membership for final action on the pro-posed change.Proposed changes to a code section whose number begins with a letter in brackets are considered by a different code development committee.For instance,proposed changes to code sections which have the letter[B]in front(e.g.,[B]909.1),are con-sidered by the International Building Code Development Committee at the First Public Hearing.Where this designation is applica-ble to the entire content of a main section of the code,the designation appears at the main section number and title and is not repeated at every subsection in that section.The content of sections in this code which begin with a letter designation are maintained by another code development committee in accordance with the following:[B]=International Building Code Development Committee;[M]=International Mechanical Code Development Committee;[PM]=International Property Maintenance Code Development Committee;[P]=International Plumbing Code Development Committee;[RBE]=International Residential Code Building and Energy Development Committee; [RMP]=International Residential Code Mechanical/Plumbing Development Committee;[E]=International Energy Conservation Code Development Committee; and [EL] = ICC Electrical Code Development Committee.AdoptionThe International Fire Code is available for adoption and use by jurisdictions internationally.Its use within a governmental jurisdic-tion is intended to be accomplished through adoption by reference in accordance with proceedings establishing the jurisdiction’s laws.At the time of adoption,jurisdictions should insert the appropriate information in provisions requiring specific local informa-tion,such as the name of the adopting jurisdiction.These locations are shown in bracketed words in small capital letters in the code and in the sample adoption ordinance.The sample adoption ordinance on page v addresses several key elements of a code adoption ordinance, including the information required for insertion into the code text.MaintenanceThe International Fire Code is kept up to date through the review of proposed changes submitted by code enforcement officials,in-dustry representatives,design professionals and other interested parties.Proposed changes are carefully considered through an open code development process in which all interested and affected parties may participate.The contents of this work are subject to change both through the Code Development Cycles and the governmental body that enacts the code into law.For more information regarding the code development process, contact: BOCA, ICBO or SBCCI.While the development procedure of the International Fire Code assures the highest degree of care,BOCA,ICBO,SBCCI,their members and those participating in the development of this code do not accept any liability resulting from compliance or noncom-pliance with the provisions because BOCA,ICBO and SBCCI do not have the power or authority to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this code. Only the governmental body that enacts the code into law has such authority.2000 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® iiiiv2000 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®SAMPLE ORDINANCE FOR ADOPTION OF THEINTERNATIONAL FIRE CODEORDINANCE NO. ___________An ordinance of the[JURISDICTION]adopting the2000edition of the International Fire Code,regulating and governing the safe-guarding of life and property from fire and explosion hazards arising from the storage,handling and use of hazardous substances,materials and devices,and from conditions hazardous to life or property in the occupancy of buildings and premises in the [JURISDICTION];providing for the issuance of permits for hazardous uses or operations;repealing Ordinance No.______of the [JURISDICTION]and all other ordinances and parts of the ordinances in conflict therewith.The[GOVERNING BODY]of the[JURISDICTION]does ordain as follows:Section1.That a certain document,three(3)copies of which are on file in the office of the[TITLE OF JURISDICTION’S KEEPER OF RECORDS]of[NAME OF JURISDICTION],being marked and designated as the International Fire Code,including Appendix Chapters [FILL IN THE APPENDIX CHAPTERS BEING ADOPTED](see International Fire Code Section101.2.1,2000edition),as published by the In-ternational Code Council,be and is hereby adopted as the code of the[JURISDICTION]for regulating and governing the safeguardingof life and property from fire and explosion hazards arising from the storage,handling and use of hazardous substances,materialsand devices,and from conditions hazardous to life or property in the occupancy of buildings and premises in the[JURISDICTION]and providing for the issuance of permits for hazardous uses or operations;and each and all of the regulations,provisions,condi-tions and terms of such International Fire Code,2000edition,published by the International Code Council,on file in the office ofthe[JURISDICTION]are hereby referred to, adopted and made a part hereof as if fully set out in this ordinance.Section 2.That the following sections are hereby revised:Section101.1Insert:[NAME OF JURISDICTION]Section109.3.Insert:[OFFENSE,DOLLAR AMOUNT,NUMBER OF DAYS]Section111.4.Insert:[DOLLAR AMOUNT IN TWO LOCATIONS]Section 3.That the limits referred to in certain sections of the 2000International Fire Code are hereby established as follows: Section3204.3.1.1(limits in which the storage of flammable cryogenic fluids in stationary containers is prohibited):[JURIS-DICTION TO SPECIFY]Section3404.2.9.5.2(limits in which the storage of Class I and Class II liquids in above-ground tanks outside of buildings is prohibited):[JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY]Section3406.2.4.4(limits in which the storage of Class I and Class II liquids in above-ground tanks is prohibited):[JURISDIC-TION TO SPECIFY]Section3804.2(limits in which the storage of liquefied petroleum gas is restricted for the protection of heavily populated or congested areas):[JURISDICTION TO SPECIFY]Section4.That Ordinance No.______of[JURISDICTION]entitled[FILL IN HERE THE COMPLETE TITLE OF THE PRESENT FIRE PREVENTION ORDINANCE OR ORDINANCES IN EFFECT AT THE PRESENT TIME SO THAT THEY WILL BE REPEALED BY DEFINITE MENTION]and all other ordi-nances or parts of ordinances in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.Section5.That if any section,subsection,sentence,clause or phrase of this ordinance is,for any reason,held to be unconstitu-tional,such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this ordinance.The[GOVERNING BODY]hereby declaresthat it would have passed this ordinance,and each section,subsection,clause or phrase thereof,irrespective of the fact that any oneor more sections, subsections, sentences, clauses and phrases be declared unconstitutional.Section6.That the[JURISDICTION’S KEEPER OF RECORDS]is hereby ordered and directed to cause this ordinance to be published.(Anadditional provision may be required to direct the number of times the ordinance is to be published and to specify that it is to be in anewspaper in general circulation. Posting may also be required.)Section7.That this ordinance and the rules,regulations,provisions,requirements,orders and matters established and adoptedhereby shall take effect and be in full force and effect[TIME PERIOD]from and after the date of its final passage and adoption. 2000 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®vvi2000 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®。

新闻中常见的拟人化名称

Clipping in English Language corp: corporationgovt: governmentintl: internationallab: laboratoryteens: teenagerstech: technologychoco: chocolateNet: Internetvan: caravantec: detectivedorm: dormitoryfax: facsimileporn: pornographyinfo: informationchute: parachutequake: earthquakeflu: influenzafridge: refrigerator新闻中常见的拟人化名称：消息来源在英语新闻报道中，如果是出于保密或其他原因而不便于透露新闻提供者的姓名或单位名称，则往往会通过一些词汇来暗指消息的来源。

最常见到的是含有source的一些词，其中包括: anonymous source 匿名人士，authoritative sources权威人士，diplomatic sources 外交人士，military sources 军方人士，official sources 官方人士，police sources 警方人士，reliable sources 消息可靠人士，well-informed sources 消息灵通人士。

除此之外，还有一些词也经常用来表示消息来源。

这些词有：analysts 分析家，authorities 权威人士，experts 专家，Foreign Ministry spokesman/spokeswoman 外交部发言人，government official 政府官员，government statement 政府声明，observers 观察家，official statement 官方声明，unconfirmed report 未经证实的消息，witnesses目击者。

jass6(Japanese Architectural Standard Specification)日本建筑标准式样

Shohkichi Hiraoka Shigeo Kurashima Masaaki Oshima Taketomi Yamada
Summary of the 1996 (Sixth Edition) JASS 6 Revision
Preface
JASS 6 was prepared by carrying out revisions in line with the following policies. 1. JASS 6 and the Technical Recommendations for Steel Construction for Buildings have been revised simultaneously to harmonize their content. New editions of the Recommendations for Quality Criteria and Inspection Standards of Steel Structures and the Standards for the Ultrasonic Inspection of Weld Defects in Steel Structures have been published. In JASS 6, the previous title, “Japan Architectural Standard Specification and Commentaries” is revised by removing “and Commentaries” to refer to only the main text in order to clarify its position as a specification for contract use. The commentaries in JASS 6 and information of special note are all summarized as technical guidelines. The volume concerning Factory Fabrication is, as a technical explanation, expected to serve as criteria for the provision of an autonomous fabrication control system with the background, reasons etc. included in the JASS 6 provisions. Reference information and supervision guidelines specially mentioned for the benefit of customers (constructors) are also provided. The Construction Site Work volume is focused on items which must be implemented by construction work superintendents supervising structural steel work. JASS 6 presents standard quality levels for buildings of normal size and form constructed in Japan, basically describes widely used construction methods and technologies, and further clarifies noteworthy items. There are three categories of provisions. [1] Provisions limiting construction methods and the persons qualified to perform them. [2] Provisions that stipulate performance but do not limit the construction methods that provide it. [3] Motivational (ideal) provisions that leave the method of satisfying the stipulations up to each specification user. Concerning content for which an implementation system has not been provided, it shall be harmonized with social trends so that it can be completed and added when legal changes and the establishment of qualification systems have provided the necessary conditions. The “SN Steel Material Identification Codes” has been added to tectural Institute of Japan

Preface

Man vet hvor en planet beﬁnner seg om tolv˚ar,ﬁre m˚aneder og ni dager.Men man vet ikke hvor en sommerfugl vil væreﬂøyet hen om et minutt.Jens Bjørneboe,Krutt˚arnet,1969iiiPrefaceThis thesis is submitted to the Norwegian University of Science and Technol-ogy(NTNU)in partial fulﬁllment of the degree of Dr.ing.It contains a short summary and eight scientiﬁc papers.The work has partly been carried out in the group of theoretical physics at the Faculty of physics,informatics and mathematics at NTNU,and partly at the Department of Physiology at McGill University,Montreal.I wish to express my gratitude to the members of these groups,for giving many constructive comments regarding my work.It has not been easy for me to convince all the members of these groups,partly because some of the results are controversial,and partly because the results are interdisciplinary in nature.I wish to thank my supervisor Jan Myrheim for his patience,encouragement and kind assistance.I will also thank Johan S.Høye for much help regarding the controversial parts of the thesis.The help and comments from K˚are Olaussen has been of invaluable importance through all stages of the thesis work,from the interpretation of the energy equations to brilliant advise regarding politics of publishing.It has been a pleasure for me to work with Nils Skarland,his language and humor has been very important.Michael R.Guevara and Kevin Hall at McGill University deserves credit for constructive criticism and feedback.Financial support from NTNU is acknowledged.I have received much en-couragement from my parents,Randi and Endre Endresen,and from my parents in law,Sigrunn and Sverre Stensby.Finally I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my wife Mariane Cecilie Stensby for encouragement and support.Lars Petter EndresenJune23,2000iiiivContentsPreface iii Contents v Summary1Papers:I.A Possible Resolution of the Gating ParadoxII.Modeling the Electrical Activity of Pacemaker CellsIII.A Theory for the Membrane Potential of Living CellsIV.Chaos in Weakly Coupled Pacemaker CellsV.Limit Cycle Oscillations in Pacemaker CellsVI.Runge-Kutta Formulas for Cardiac OscillatorsVII.A Formula for Steplength Control in Numerical IntegrationVIII.An Eﬃcient Step Size Selection for ODE Codesvvi1 SummaryThe subject of my thesis is mathematical models of the heartbeat and their basis in laws of physics and chemistry.In particular,it is concerned with models of the cells in the pacemaker region of the heart,the so called sinoatrial node. Even with this limitation there are many aspects of the problem[1],and I have chosen to concentrate on few rather speciﬁc topics.My work is presented here in eight research papers,of various length and importance,following this brief introduction.The main papers are I and III,both emphasizing the physical understanding of the topics under discussion.Paper I deals with a so called paradox concerning experimental data on the gating of ionic channels in the cell membrane.Paper III describes a complete model of an oscillating cell,and discusses how it is related to general principles like the conservation laws for electric charge and energy.The underlying assumption of all models in thisﬁeld,going back to van der Pol in1926[2],is that biological oscillators can be described by diﬀerential equations. The van der Pol equation,v=0,(1)¨v−(α−3γv2)˙v+ω2describes an oscillatory electrical circuit.Here v is voltage,t is time,˙v and¨v are theﬁrst and second time derivatives of v,whileα,γ,andω0are parameters.A typical behavior resulting from this equation is a so called relaxation oscillation, characterized by a long rest period followed by a rapid rise and fall of the poten-tial,called an action potential.Thus,the equation provides an electrical analogy capturing one essential feature of the biological system,but is not intended as a completely realistic model.A realistic model of cardiac electrical activity wasﬁrst developed by Denis Noble in1962[3],based on the work of Hodgkin and Huxley[4].Since then many new models have been proposed,largely as a result of a bi–directional interaction between theory and experiment[5].The models in this thesis are the result of a bi–directional interaction between theory and simulation.This means that we have used simulation to determine what is possible using well–known principles from physics,and only afterwards compared with experiments.This approach is creative plagiarism,as described by Krauss[6]:“One sees the same concepts,the same formalism,the same tech-niques,the same pictures,being twisted and molded as far as possible to apply to a host of new situations,as long as they have worked before.”In this connection it is important to realize that model building may serve diﬀerent and sometimes conﬂicting purposes.A very simple model,like the van der Pol equation,may give a useful qualitative understanding,from which it may be possible to predict qualitatively how the system responds to changes in2its environment.But if one needs more quantitative predictions,for example in order to understand arrhythmia and other pathological conditions of the heart, or the eﬀect of drugs,one needs models that are much more detailed and realistic. The drawback of such elaborate models is that they tend to lose predictive power, because they become very complicated,and include a lot of parameters that have to be adjusted so that the modelﬁts experimental observations[7].All the models presented in the included papers are compromises between the two extremes.They are not realistic in every detail,but are suﬃciently realistic to reproduce perfectly experimentally observed action potentials.At the same time,they do so at a rather small cost in terms of the number of parameters to beﬁtted.The simplest of these models is the one used in paper IV,with only twoﬁrst order ordinary diﬀerential equations describing one cell.Paper II is a more general discussion of the principles of model reduction.Note that the gain by the reduction in complexity of a model may be at least twofold.There is an obvious gain in computer time,which is sometimes of crucial importance if the model is to be useful in numerical simulations of large systems with many coupled cells.But no less important is the general principle that a complicated model with a large number of parameters mayﬁt observations within the range where it has been tested,without actually representing the physical reality.It may simply beﬂexible enough toﬁt anything.A simple model,on the other hand,is not so easily made toﬁt the observed data,unless it contains some grain of truth.Thus,if there is a choice between diﬀerent models that all reproduce correctly the same set of data,and one needs to extrapolate into a region where no data exist,the simplest model is a reasonable choice.Simplicity is not the only criterion for choosing between competing models. An even more basic criterion is that a good model should be based on,or at least compatible with,the known laws of physics.The physicist,or scientist in general,should not be content with a phenomenological description of oscillating cells,no matter how successful,unless it has a sound basis in physics.The ambition should be to understand the behavior of the cells in terms of general laws,such as conservation laws for energy,electric charge and other quantities, and the laws of electromagnetism and statistical physics.This point of view is one main motivation for my work,and in particular for the papers I and III.Fortunately,these two ideals,that a model should be simple and have a sound physical basis,seem to be not only compatible,but often so closely related that they can be regarded as the two sides of the same coin.In fact,it is a rather general experience in physics that an improved understanding of some phenomenon also leads to a simpler description.I would like to point out two examples from paper III of increased understand-ing leading to simpler models.Theﬁrst example is the simple and well–known relation between the charge q,capacitance C and voltage v on a capacitor,q=Cv,(2)3 which is used in this paper to determine the membrane voltage for a living cell. It has been customary to use the time derivative of this equation,giving a rela-tion between current and voltage change,instead of using the equation directly. This is not diﬃcult to understand,since the membrane currents are more easily observable than the correspondingﬂuctuations in membrane charge q.Second we found that the potential energy associated with transmembrane transport ofions can be writtenP=12Cv2−T s−Vπ.(3)Here C is capacitance,v voltage,T temperature,s entropy relative to equilibrium, V cell volume andπosmotic pressure.The meaning of this equation is that whenever ions move across the membrane of a cell,one will notice a change in:1.the transmembrane voltage diﬀerence,v;2.the cells entropy relative to equilibrium,s;and3.the transmembrane osmotic pressure diﬀerence,π.I have mostly considered models of one single cell.The exception is paper IV, in which a system of two coupled cells is investigated,from the point of view of the general theory of dynamical systems.In general,when two or more oscillators of diﬀerent frequencies are coupled together,one may observe synchronization, also called phase locking,as in the normal state in the sinoatrial node.Another theoretical possibility is chaotic oscillations,as demonstrated in this paper for certain ranges of parameter values.In paper V it is shown,using the model of paper III,how one single cell can reach the same stable limit cycle from diﬀerent initial conditions.As already mentioned,in computer simulations the computational eﬃciency of the model used is sometimes one of the most important factors.One way to improve the eﬃciency is to choose an eﬃcient method for numerical integration. In the papers VI,VII and VIII this problem is investigated.From a medical point of view it would have been important and interesting to also focus on the eﬀect of drugs.I regret that this topic is not discussed here, since it is most relevant for patients suﬀering from heart disease.For more extensive reviews for the topics discussed in this thesis I refer to Noble[1]and Wilders[7].4Bibliography[1]D.Noble.The initiation of the heartbeat.Oxford University Press(1979).[2]Van der Pol,Balthasar,et al.“On“Relaxation-Oscillations.””1922,Lon-don,Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, pp.978-992.[3]D.Noble.A modiﬁcation of the Hodgkin–Huxley equations applicable toPurkinjeﬁbre action and pacemaker potentials,J.Physiol160:317–352 (1962).[4]Hodgkin,A.L.and Huxley,A.F.“A quantitative Description of MembraneCurrent and its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve.”1952, J Physiol,pp.500-544.[5]D.Noble.The Development of Mathematical Models of the Heart,Chaossolitons&fractals,5:321–333(1995).[6]L.M.Krauss.Fear of Physics:A Guide for the Perplexed.Basic Books(1994).[7]R.Wilders.“From single channel kinetics to regular beating.A model studyof cardiac pacemaking activity.”PhD Thesis.pp17–40.Universiteit van Amsterdam.ISBN90–9006164–9(1993).5。

英文前缀编辑一个英语单词可以分为三个部分

英文前缀编辑一个英语单词可以分为三个部分英文前缀编辑一个英语单词可以分为三个部分：前缀（prefix），词根（stem）及后缀（suffix）。

单词中位于词根前面的部分就是前缀。

前缀，可以改变单词的意思。

常见的前缀有如下几类：第一类：表示正负（或增减）的，如：un- in- im- il- ir- non- mis- mal- dis- anti- de- under- re- over-等；第二类表示尺寸的，如：semi- equi- mini- micro- macro- mega-等；第三类表示位置关系，如：inter- super- trans- ex- extra- sub- infra-peri-等；第四类表示时间和次序，如：ante- pre- prime- post- retro-等；第五类表示数字，如：semi- mono- bi- tri- quad- penta-hex- sept(em)- oct- dec- multi- 等；其它类别，如：pro- auto- co- con-等。

讲解[2]Ⅰ．前缀re-re-是最常用的前缀之一。

它可以加在名词或动词前面，构成新的名词或动词。

re-表示以下四方面的意义：1．表示"回"或"向后"的意思。

例如：return（回来，返回）recall（回忆，召回）retract （缩回，取回）2．表示"再"、"重新"、"重复"的意思。

例如：review（复习）reunion （团圆，重聚）restart（重新开始）reconstruction（重建）3．表示"相反"、"反对"的意思。

例如：rebel（反叛，谋反）reverse （反转，颠倒）resist（反抗，抵抗）4.表示“更加”的意思，用作加强语气，该用法较少。

英语常用前缀后缀

前缀（prefix）一．分表示否定的前缀1．dis－加在名词、形容词，动词之前。

disadvantage（缺点）dishonorable（不光彩的）disagree（不同意）2．in-加在形容词，名词之前incorrect（不正确的），inability（无能，无力），inaccurate（不准确的）3．im-加在字母m,b,p之前impossible（不顺能的），impolite（不礼貌的），impudence（厚颜无耻）4．il-加在以1开头的词前illegal（非法的），illiterate（文盲的，无文化的）illogical（不合逻辑的）5．ir-加在以r开头的词前irregular（不稳定的），irresistable（不可抵抗的），irresolvable（不能分解的，不能解决的）6．un-加在名词，形容词，副词之前unfinished（未完成的）undoubted（无疑的）unemployment（失业）7．non-加在形容词，名词前non-existence（不存在），non-essential（不主要的），non-electrical（非电的）8．mis－加在动词、名词之前misunderstand（误解），misjudge（误判），misleading（误导），misfortune（不幸）9．dis-加地动词之前disappear（消失），disarm（解除武装），disconnect（失去联系）10．de-加在名词，形容词之前demobilize(遣散；使…复员) decolor (脱色, 漂白)11．anti-加在名词、形容词之前anti-Japanese（抗日战争），anti-social（厌恶社会的，反社会的），antidite（解毒药）12．counter-加在名词、动词前counterattack（反攻，反击），counteract（抵抗，阻碍）counterrevolution（反革命）13．dis-（常指一分为多）：display 展览，陈列（dis-分着，play-播放、展示，分着展示——展览，陈列）14．se-（常指一分为二）;separate 分开（se-分，par=pair-一对、一双，把一对儿分开——分开，隔离）二．共表示“共同”、“和”的前缀1．Co--coexist(共存)，cooperate（合作），coeducation（男女同校）2．com-(还有con/cor/col的版本)compose 组成，构成（com-共同，pose-摆放，往共同的地方摆放——组成、构成）connect 联系（con-共同，nect=neck-脖子，相同的脖子，拥有同一个脖子的——连接、联系）correct 正确的（cor-全都，rect-直立、直立着，全都是直立的——正确的）collect 收集，收藏（col-全都，lect-挑选，全挑过来，全选过来——收集、收藏、集中）3．per--具体指：“每一个”或者“一直”的意思person人（per-每一个，son-儿子，人是上帝的每一个儿子，每个人也都是上帝之子）perfect 完美的（per-每一个，fect-做，制造，每一件事都做了——完美的）三．表示“前before”的前缀1．pre----preconception（成见），pre-exsiting（先于……而存在的），pre-selection（选举前的）preface（前言）preface封面（pre-前，face-脸、面，在前面的脸——封面）2．ante--anteroom（前室，接待室），antecessor（先行者，先驱者）3．fore---forehaed（前额），foreground（前景），foreman（工头，领班），foresee（预见，先见），foretell（预言）4．pro----programme（计划），prologue（序幕）progress前进，进步（pro-往前，gress-前进，往前前进——前进，进步）5．ex-----ex-president（前任总统）ex-wife（前妻）四.表示“后－post”的前缀1．post----post-war（战后），post-position（后置词），postmeridian（下午）五．下：表示“低”、“下”的前缀1．hypo--Hypocrisy（伪善，虚伪），hypothesis（假设），pypocholoride（次氯酸盐）2．Infra--Infra-red（红外线），infrahuman（低于人类的），infrasonic（亚声的，次声的）3．Sub---（常指往...下）Subeditou（副编辑），sub-way（地铁），sub-conscious（下意识的），submarine---（海下的），subtropical（亚热带的），subtitle（副标题）4．de----（常指在...下）;delay 延迟、耽误（de-底下，lay-放，往底下放——延迟，耽误）六．表示“回”、“再次”、“向后”的前缀1．re----(有反复、返回两个意思)Refuel（给…加油），retranslate（再译），reinforce（加强），reconstruct（重建），return返回（re-往回，turn-转，往回转——返回）2．retro- Retrograde（倒退的），retrospect（回顾）3．op---（相对的）oppose对抗（op-相对，pose-摆放——在相对的位置摆放——对抗）七．表示“相互”、“之间”的前缀1．Inter---Interchangeble（可互换的），interdipendert（互相依靠的），international（国际的），inter-national（交往）八. 上表示“出”、“超出”表示“超过”的前缀1．Ec------Eclipse（蚀），ecstasy（狂想）2．Extra-- Extraordinary（非凡的），extramural（校外的），extrasensory（超感觉的）3．sur----- surpass 超过，超越（sur-超，pass过——超过、超越）4．hyper-hyper-sensitive（过敏的）5．preter-preterhuman（超人的）6．super-,7．ultra-九．内：1.ac---accept 接受（ac-往里，cept-拿、取，往里面拿——接受）2.in---常指在...里inside 在里面（in-在里，side-边、侧）3.im---import 进口（im-进入，port-港口）4.il----illuminate 照明（il-进入，lumin-词根：光，ate-动词后缀，进入灯光——照明）十．外：- -,;1.ex-- exit 出口、门（ex-往外,it-后缀,往外出的地方——出口、门）2.e e---lect 选举（e-往外，lect-挑选，往外挑选出来——选举）3.es---essay 散文、随笔（es-往外，say-说，随口而说——散文，随笔）十一．其它的前缀1．auto----自automatic（自动的），auto-autobilgraphy（自传）2．mal-----坏，恶Malnutrition（营养不良），maltreat（虐待）3．Micro- -Microscope（显微镜），microtome（切片机）4．Tele----远Telegram（电报），telephone（电话），telescope（望远镜）5．Demi---,semi-hemi- Semi-circle（半圆），hemisphere（半球），demilune（半月，新月）6．Uni----mono-（单一, 单独）Monotone（单调），monologue（独白），uniform（制服）7．bi-di------二Biyearly（二年一次的），biweekly（二周一次的），dichloride（二氯化物）8．Tri-------三Triangle（三角），tripld（三角架）9．Multi-----多multi-colored（颜色多样的），multi-national（多国的）10．Poly –多Polygon(多角形)，polytomic(多原子的)11．Arch－首领archbishop（大主教），architect（建筑师）12．bene----善，好benefit（利益），benevolence（善意）13．homo---同homosexual（同性恋的），homograph（同形异义字）14．Neo----新neo-colonialism(新殖民主义)，neolithic（新石器时代的）15．ortho---正确，直orthogonal（直角的），orthodox（正统）16．philo----挚爱philosopher（哲学家）17．proto---原始protohydrogen（初氢），prototype（原型），protoplasm（原生质）18．pseudo-假的, 伪的, 冒充的pseudonym（匿名），pseudo-communism（假共产主义）19．a-,ab-,abs-（只有在t,c之前）从，自avoid（避免），absent（缺少的），abstain（抑制），abstract（吸引）20．Apo----,aph-来自apology（道歉，谢罪），apostle（倡言者，先驱）21．se-------分离separation（分开），secure（安全的），sedition（煽动叛乱）22．para-----防parachute（降落伞），23．omni-----所有的，公共的omnibus（公共汽车），omnipotence（万能）24．pan-------全，泛Pan-American（全美的），pancean（万灵药），panorama（风景的全貌;万花筒）25．panto---全pantisocracy（乌托邦大同世界），pantoscopic（视野广大）26．dia-----通过，借以diagonal（对角的），diagnosis（诊断），dialogue（对话）27．Per-----通过，彻底，不利perambrlate（走来走去），perfect极好的28．trans---通过，横过transcript（抄本, 副本; 记录），translation（翻译），trxnsparent （透明的），transport（运输），trans-plant（移植）29．Com-,con-,cor-,col-共同，和，完全comment（评论），compile（编辑），correlation （相互关系），collect（收集），corruption（贪污腐败），collaborate（合作，合著）30．syn----共同synonym（同义词），synchronization（同步），syntonic（谐振的），synthetic （人工的，合成的）31．meta----和，在……之后metaphor（比喻），metaphysics（形而上学）32．Cis-----在这一边cisatlantic（大西洋这边的）33．pen-----几乎，相近peninsular（.住在半岛上的居民,半岛(状)的, 形成半岛的）34．en-,em--往……里，使……encamp（扎营），enable(使……能)，endear（使……受喜爱）,embrace（拥抱,抓住(机会)）35．Intro---内在intracardiac（心脏内部的），intramolecular（分子内部的），intracelular （细胞内部的）36．intro---到……中introduce（介绍），introspect（反省，内省）37．dys-----坏dyspepsia（消化不良），dysentry（痢疾）38．Eu------优，美好eulogy（颂词），euphony（悦耳的声音）39．ambi-,amphi-两者amphibian（两栖的），ambidextrous（两只手都很灵巧的;心怀二意的;非常灵巧的）40．penta----五pentagon（五角大楼），pentagram（五角星），pentameter（五步诗句）41．sex------六sexangle（六角），sexennial（六年一度的）42．sept-----七September九月（古罗马的七月），septennial（七年一度）43．hepta----七heptab（七个成套之物）,heptagon（七角形）44．octa-,octo,oct八octagon（八角形），octuple（八倍）October (十月)45．nona-,ennea-九nonagon（九角形），ennead（九个一组）46．deci-,deca-十decimal（十进位的），decagramme（十克）47．centi-----百centimeter（厘米），centipede（蜈蚣）48．milli-----千millenias（千年的），millimeter（毫米）49．Kilo-----千kilowatt（千瓦），kilometer（千米）后缀（Suffixes)一、名词后缀1. 表示“人”的后缀（1）具有某种职业的人①-ian加在以-c或-y结尾的形容词或名词后，如：electric →electrician电工physic →physician 内科医生technical →technician技术员music →musician 音乐家magic →magician 魔术师library →librarian 图书管理员comedy →comedian 喜剧演员history →historian 历史学家②-er plumber 水管工人banker 银行家carpenter 木匠（2）支持或信奉……的人，……主义者-istterror 恐怖→terrorist 恐怖主义者social 社会的→socialist 社会主义者extreme极端→extremist 极端主义者-arianhumanity 人道→humanitarian 人道主义者vegetable 蔬菜→vegetarian 素食主义者authority权力→authoritarian 权力主义者（3）做某事的人-ar beggar乞丐liar撒谎者-ary missionary传教士secretary秘书-ate candidate候选人advocate 倡导者-ator narrator 叙述者mediator 调停人-ist novelist小说家dentist 牙医-eer volunteer志愿者mountaineer 登山运动员-er teacher writer-or inventor author-ee examinee考生trainee接受培训者interviewee接受面谈者；被接见者（4）表示感情色彩-y （人或小东西，有喜爱和亲昵的含义）fatty胖子doggy小狗狗kitty(=pussy)小猫咪piggy(=piglet)小猪pony小马-ster（常含有贬义，做…事情的人，是…样的人）game 游戏→gamester 赌徒gang 一伙→gangster 匪徒trick 诡计→trickster 骗子rhyme 韵律→rhymester 作诗者，打油诗人（5）表示阴性-ess goddess女神hostess女主人2. 抽象名词的后缀（1）学科-ic, -icslogic逻辑学rhetoric修辞学dynamics动力学acoustics声学astronautics航天学-ology …学biology 生物学geology地质学psychology 心理学hydrology水文学3. 表示工具和物质名称-al （物品或事物名称）manual手册pictorial画报editorial社论journal日记，期刊-er （用于做某事的物品或工具）cooker厨具lawnmower割草机dishwasher洗碗机propeller推进器fertilizer 化肥-ery 物品总称machinery机器jewellery珠宝crockery陶器（=china）cutlery刀具4. 带有“小”含义的名词-en kitten小猫chicken小鸡-ette cigarette香烟-ling duckling小鸭-let booklet小册子(pamphlet)-cle particle 微粒5. 抽象名词后缀（1）性质、状态、情况-ance, -ancy（-ant结尾的形容词对应的名词）constant始终如一的→constancy pregnant怀孕的→pregnancyelegant优雅的→elegancy/elegance redundant多余的→redundancy/redundance -ance,-ancy 附着在动词后面构成名词disturb打扰→disturbance forbear忍受→forbearanceresemble像→resemblance相像ascend上升→ascendancy优势地位-ence,-ency （-ent结尾的形容词对应的名词）dependent依靠→dependence prudent谨慎→prudencefluent流利的→fluency efficient有效率的→efficiencycomplacent自满的→complacency-ability（以-able结尾的形容词）capable有能力的→capability能力reliable可靠的→reliability 可靠性-ibility （以-ible结尾的形容词）possible可能的→possibility可能性compatible兼容的→compatibility兼容性Feasible可行的→feasibility 可行性flexible灵活的→flexibility 灵活性-ness 附着在形容词后面dark →darkness黑暗friendly →friendliness 亲切；友善empty →emptiness 空虚kind →kindness仁慈（2）行为、动作的后果-al approval批准refusal拒绝arrival到达survival幸存-ion,-sion,-tion union联合expansion扩张collection 收集-ment punishment惩罚management管理embodiment 体现；化身-ure exposure暴露legislature立法机关（3）表示抽象概念-ship friendship友谊dictatorship独裁hardship艰辛leadership领导-th warmth温暖depth深度length长度breadth宽度width宽度-tude aptitude天资gratitude感激altitude海拔latitude纬度longitude经度（4）-ism表示学说、信仰、主义Confucius孔子→Confucian （a. 儒家的n.儒家弟子）→Confucianism儒家思想socialism 社会主义capitalism资本主义materialism 唯物主义extremism极端主义（5)-ship 关系、身份fellow伙伴→fellowship伙伴关系kin亲戚→kinship亲属关系member →membership会员资格author →authorship作者身份citizen →citizenship公民身份二、动词后缀1. 使成为，造成，…化-en（加在名词或形容词前面或后面）使……成为…名词前：encourage鼓励encode加密enforce执行entitle给…题名endanger 危及名词后：lengthen延长strengthen加强threaten威胁frighten吓唬形容词前：enlarge 扩大/放大enable使能够enrich丰富ensure确保形容词后：broaden/widen拓展；扩宽quicken加快deepen加深-fy simplify简化beautify美化purify净化-ate (对应的名词通常是-ation）originate起源concentrate 集中circulate环绕-ishnourish滋养diminish变小flourish繁荣polish擦亮vanish消失impoverish使穷困-ize (-ise见于英国英语)popularize使普及modernize使现代化globalize使全球化industrialize 使工业化2. 反复动作、连续动作-er wander徘徊chatter喋喋不休waver来回摆动3. 拟声动作-sh crash撞击splash 飞溅crush压碎三、形容词后缀1. 可的，易于…的-able movable可移动的inflammable 易燃的changeable多变的useable可用的-ible sensible 可感觉到的flexible灵活的extensible 可伸展的resistible 可抵挡的-ile mobile可移动的fragile易碎的volatile易挥发的2. 如…的；似…的；…形状的-ish childish 孩子气的；幼稚的sluggish如懒汉的；不景气的snobbish势利的-like childlike孩子般天真的dreamlike如梦的manlike男子似的，有男子气质的-y icy似冰的wooly羊毛状的silky丝一样的silvery似银的sissy女人气的-ly saintly圣人般的cowardly懦弱的scholarly有学者风度的；博学的3. 有…的；多…的-ed colored彩色的gifted/ talented有才能的experienced有经验的limited有限的-y windy/rainy/cloudy/snowy starry繁星满天的wordy啰嗦的worthy有价值的-fulpowerful强有力的hopeful抱有希望的fruitful多产的harmful有害的grateful感激的-ouscourageous有勇气的mountainous多山的poisonous 有毒的prosperous 繁荣的4. 属于…的；与…有关的-al emotional感情的professional职业的regional地区的；局部的global全球的-an urban城市的surburban郊区的metropolitan大都市的-ar solar太阳的lunar月亮的polar极地的-ic atomic原子的electronic电子的metallic金属的（区分：historic/historical economic/economical）-ual habitual 习惯上的spiritual精神上的intellectual智力的individual个人的-ial presidential总统的commercial商业的racial 种族的5. 具有…性质的-ant ignorant愚昧的luxuriant奢华的resistant抵抗的-ar similar相似的familiar 熟悉的peculiar特殊的-ary elementary基本的imaginary想象的momentary片刻的honorary荣誉的-ate fortunate幸运的considerate 考虑周到的；体贴的passionate充满激情的-ative talkative健谈的comparative比较的conservative保守的affirmative肯定的-fic scientific科学的horrific可怕的specific具体的-id vivid生动的candid率直的splendid辉煌的-ious rebellious反叛的spacious宽敞的-itive sensitive敏感的competitive竞争的primitive原始的-ical periodical周期的typical典型的historical历史的6. 其它-ing 使…的；正在…的surprising developing-ed 已…的；受…的retired educated（比较：surprising/surprised; disappointing/disappointed; embarrassing/embarrassed; pleasing/ pleased; exciting/excited）-less 无…的to save the helpless, homeless, hopeless, hapless-proof防…的；不透…的waterproof防水的airproof 不透气的-ly worldly世俗的orderly有条理的timely及时的-ory contradictory 矛盾的compulsory 强制性的transitory短暂的-some troublesome麻烦的burdensome沉重的boresome烦人的四、副词后缀1. 表示方式、方法、状态、…地-ably （以-able结尾的形容词对应的副词形式）respectable →respectably 可尊敬地；体面地comfortable →comfortably 舒适地-ibly（以-ible结尾的形容词对应的副词形式）possible →possibly 可能地；也许sensible →sensibly 合情理地-ly （一般加在形容词后面，就原意构成副词）carefully/courageously注意：（1）–ic结尾的形容词变成副词时变成-ically，极少数词除外economic →economically 经济上地specific →specifically 具体地dramatic →dramatically 戏剧性地；剧烈地（2）少数形容词变成副词后意义发生变化hardly几乎不shortly不久2. 表示方向-wardforward 向前backward向后upward向上downward向下-wiseclockwise顺时针方向sidewise 斜向一边地。

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Structures for High-Speed Railway TransportationIABSE Symposium, Antwerp, Belgium, August 27-29, 2003Scientific CommitteeLeo Wagemans, Chairman The NetherlandsPhilippe Van Bogaert, Vice-Chairman BelgiumHorst Falkner GermanyMichael Franke USAYaojun Ge ChinaEberhard Gentz GermanyKent Gylltoft SwedenByung-Suk Kim KoreaAndres Lopez-Pita SpainLuc Maertens BelgiumKiyomitsu Murata JapanDieter Pichler AustriaPekka Pulkinnen FinlandPhilippe Ramondenc FranceB.C. Roy IndiaFernando R. Stucchi BrazilMarcel Tschumi SwitzerlandTon Vrouwenvelder The NetherlandsC.J. Walsh IrelandPeter Wigley UKHalil Karadeniz, Secretary The NetherlandsOrganising CommitteeLuc Taerwe, Chairman BelgiumAad Van der Horst, Vice-Chairman The NetherlandsRoger Borenstein BelgiumHans Burger The NetherlandsClément Counasse BelgiumGuy Demey BelgiumLuc Maertens BelgiumEugène Piraprez BelgiumBert Snijder The NetherlandsDick Stoelhorst The NetherlandsPhilippe Van Bogaert BelgiumTon Vrouwenvelder The NetherlandsLeo Wagemans The NetherlandsPREFACEThe objective of the Symposium was to provide a forum for scientists, designers and contractors from around the world to meet and discuss current and future practice and research on issues related to high-speed railway transportation, and also to exchange ideas on future structural solutions. This objective was successfully met, since the call for papers resulted in the submission of about 300 abstracts, from which 180 were accepted for preparation as papers, all of which are found in this book.The main Symposium themes were: bridges, tunnels, stations and buildings, geotechnics, track building, environmental issues, as well as monitoring and more general discussions. The first theme ‘Bridges’ was so successful that it had to be sub-divided into three themes : bridges-general, bridges-dynamics and bridges-special topics.This book contains excellent contributions, not only on bridges but also on typical high-speed issues such as, bridge-train interaction, passenger comfort, noise and vibration dispersed to the surroundings, impact on the rural and urban environment, architectural/engineering interfaces and others.The international Scientific Committee IABSE-2003 has worked under the chairmanship of Prof.Leo Wagemans from 2001 to 2003. In five preparatory meetings since 2001, it has defined the themes, selected the abstracts and papers, and reviewed them all, shaping a Scientific Programme of a high standard, as well as arranging the Technical Programme at the Symposium. I would like to express my deepest thanks to the members of the Scientific Committee for their work and support.This Symposium Report contains in print form the short versions of 8 keynote lectures and 172 papers and posters accepted by the Scientific Committee for publication and presentation. The CD Rom enclosed in this book contains all the contributions in full length.The exchange of ideas, methods and problems encountered, while dealing with the effects of high-speed on structures, as clearly demonstrated throughout this volume, is certainly enriching for engineers involved in this field. Hence, it is our sincere hope that, by providing an overview of the latest research results and examples of good practice, the conference proceedings will prove to be useful for owners, designers and contractors in developing and producing even more advanced structures in the field of high-speed railway transportation.The Organising Committee, chaired by Prof. Luc Taerwe, started its work early in 2001 and accomplished a tremendous work, resulting in this memorable symposium. The Belgian and Dutch members worked well in close cooperation.It is appropriate to also recognise the remarkable efforts made by the "Technological Institute of KVIV" (Royal Flemish Engineering Society) in Antwerp, who successfully helped in organising the Symposium and preparing the Symposium Report and CD.It is our privilege and honour to thank all the members of IABSE and other professionals, who have contributed in the various symposium committees, or as authors - to the success of the IABSE 2003 Symposium in Antwerp.Prof. Leo Wagemans Prof. Luc Taerwe(Chairman of the Scientific Committee (Chairman of the Organising Committee IABSE 2003 Symposium Antwerp)IABSE 2003 Symposium Antwerp) (Chairman of the Dutch Group of IABSE) (Chairman of the Belgian Group of IABSE) Delft Ghent, August 2003。

Preface_CommitteeMembers

模拟联合国大会常用词汇中英文对照

模拟联合国专用英语词汇

英语单词三要素

美国历史英文版

国家机关职位译法

中国各级党政机关干部名称英文翻

英语单词词根词缀和词性转换 英语单词词性转换的基本规律

00087英汉翻译教程每课重点词汇

整体方案销售技巧(Solutionselling)

议员的英文单词

中国政府职位翻译

Preface

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