美国历史上的科学家及其科学成就

1.Farid F. Abraham 法里德·F·亚伯拉罕(born May 5, 1937) is

an American scientist.

He has pioneered new methods of using computer modeling in the fields of fracture mechanics, membrane dynamics and phase transformation behavior of matter. He has written two textbooks and over 200 papers published in international journals. He won the Aneesur Rahman Prize in Computational Physics, which is the highest prize given by the American Physical Society.

2. Thomas Adams (May 4, 1818 –February 7, 1905),[1] was a 19th-century American scientist and inventor who is regarded as a founder of the chewing gum industry. He eventually joined with well-known chewing gum maker William Wrigley, Jr.

4. Daniel John "Dan" Alderson (October 31, 1941 – May 17, 1989) was a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, and a prominent participant in science fiction fandom. He came from a middle-class family and had diabetes. A high school science fair project on the gravitational fields of non-spherical bodies won him a college scholarship to Caltech and a job at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he wrote the software used to navigate Voyagers 1 and 2.

Paul Wheaton is a contemporary permaculture theorist,[1][2] master gardener,[2]software engineer,[1][2][3] and disciple of natural agriculturist Sepp Holzer.[2]Geoff Lawton has called Paul Wheaton "The Duke of Permaculture" for being known as the founder[1][2][4] of websites forums, articles, videos and podcasts such

as which is believed to be the largest website devoted to permaculture.[2]

John Polk Allen (born 6 May 1929, Carnegie, Oklahoma)[1] is a systems ecologist and engineer, metallurgist, adventurer and writer.[2] He is best known as the inventor and Director of Research of Biosphere 2, the world's largest laboratory of global ecology, and was the founder of Synergia Ranch. Allen is a proponent of the science of biospherics. Biosphere 2 set a number of world records in closed life system work including degree of sealing tightness, 100% waste recycle and water recycle, and duration of human residence within a closed system (eight people for two years). Allen has also conceived and co-founded nine other projects around the world, pioneering in sustainable co-evolutionary development.

Allenby has authored a number of articles and book chapters on his above mentioned interests, and writes a column for the Journal of Industrial Ecology.

David Alter is credited with having invented:

∙1836 - the electric telegraph, predating the Morse telegraph in 1837.[2][3][4]

∙1840 - his electric buggy - the forerunner of the automobile.

∙1845 - a patented method to manufacture and purify bromine from salt wells, highly useful in the iron industry and displayed in the World's Fair of 1853

(see: Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City).

∙1854 - spectrum analysis, the idea that every element has its own emission spectrum: a breakthrough development in spectroscopy. The published article

was:On Certain Physical Properties of Light Produced by the Combustion of Different Metals in an Electric Spark Refracted by a Prism.[5] He included a chart of the colored lines or bands of twelve metals and paved the way by showing the spectral lines of brass corresponded to copper and zinc.

∙1855 - an expansion of spectrum analysis to include the optical properties of gas.[6] These discoveries were later implemented and included by Gustav

Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen in the Three Laws of Spectroscopy.

∙1858 - a patented method to extract oil from coal and shale, along with a partner Samuel Hill. Their invention sped manufacturing, but was replaced by technology in a few years.

∙An electric clock.

∙ A short range type of telephone - forerunner of the Graham Bell telephone.

Jerome III "Jay" Apt, Ph.D. (born April 28, 1949 in Massachusetts) is an American astronaut and professor at Carnegie Mellon University. Before he became an astronaut, Apt was a physicist who worked on the Venus space probe project, and