美国历史上的科学家及其科学成就

1.Farid F. Abraham 法里德·F·亚伯拉罕(born May 5, 1937) isan American scientist.He has pioneered new methods of using computer modeling in the fields of fracture mechanics, membrane dynamics and phase transformation behavior of matter. He has written two textbooks and over 200 papers published in international journals. He won the Aneesur Rahman Prize in Computational Physics, which is the highest prize given by the American Physical Society.2. Thomas Adams (May 4, 1818 –February 7, 1905),[1] was a 19th-century American scientist and inventor who is regarded as a founder of the chewing gum industry. He eventually joined with well-known chewing gum maker William Wrigley, Jr.4. Daniel John "Dan" Alderson (October 31, 1941 – May 17, 1989) was a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, and a prominent participant in science fiction fandom. He came from a middle-class family and had diabetes. A high school science fair project on the gravitational fields of non-spherical bodies won him a college scholarship to Caltech and a job at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he wrote the software used to navigate Voyagers 1 and 2.Paul Wheaton is a contemporary permaculture theorist,[1][2] master gardener,[2]software engineer,[1][2][3] and disciple of natural agriculturist Sepp Holzer.[2]Geoff Lawton has called Paul Wheaton "The Duke of Permaculture" for being known as the founder[1][2][4] of websites forums, articles, videos and podcasts suchas which is believed to be the largest website devoted to permaculture.[2]John Polk Allen (born 6 May 1929, Carnegie, Oklahoma)[1] is a systems ecologist and engineer, metallurgist, adventurer and writer.[2] He is best known as the inventor and Director of Research of Biosphere 2, the world's largest laboratory of global ecology, and was the founder of Synergia Ranch. Allen is a proponent of the science of biospherics. Biosphere 2 set a number of world records in closed life system work including degree of sealing tightness, 100% waste recycle and water recycle, and duration of human residence within a closed system (eight people for two years). Allen has also conceived and co-founded nine other projects around the world, pioneering in sustainable co-evolutionary development.Allenby has authored a number of articles and book chapters on his above mentioned interests, and writes a column for the Journal of Industrial Ecology.David Alter is credited with having invented:∙1836 - the electric telegraph, predating the Morse telegraph in 1837.[2][3][4]∙1840 - his electric buggy - the forerunner of the automobile.∙1845 - a patented method to manufacture and purify bromine from salt wells, highly useful in the iron industry and displayed in the World's Fair of 1853(see: Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City).∙1854 - spectrum analysis, the idea that every element has its own emission spectrum: a breakthrough development in spectroscopy. The published articlewas:On Certain Physical Properties of Light Produced by the Combustion of Different Metals in an Electric Spark Refracted by a Prism.[5] He included a chart of the colored lines or bands of twelve metals and paved the way by showing the spectral lines of brass corresponded to copper and zinc.∙1855 - an expansion of spectrum analysis to include the optical properties of gas.[6] These discoveries were later implemented and included by GustavKirchhoff and Robert Bunsen in the Three Laws of Spectroscopy.∙1858 - a patented method to extract oil from coal and shale, along with a partner Samuel Hill. Their invention sped manufacturing, but was replaced by technology in a few years.∙An electric clock.∙ A short range type of telephone - forerunner of the Graham Bell telephone.Jerome III "Jay" Apt, Ph.D. (born April 28, 1949 in Massachusetts) is an American astronaut and professor at Carnegie Mellon University. Before he became an astronaut, Apt was a physicist who worked on the Venus space probe project, andsystem from ground-based observatories.Frances Hamilton Arnold (born 25 July 1956) is an internationally recognized American scientist and engineer. She pioneered methods of directed evolution to create useful biological systems, including enzymes, metabolic pathways,genetic regulatory circuits, and organisms. She is the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering,Bioengineering, and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology, where she studies evolution and its applications in science, medicine, chemicals and energy. She earned her B.S. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University in 1979 and her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. There, she did her postdoctoral work in biophysical chemistry before coming to Caltech in 1986.Arnold's Caltech research is in green chemistry and alternative energy, including the development of highly active enzymes (cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals. She is co-inventor on numerous patents and co-founded Gevo, Inc. in 2005Joseph Brant Arseneau (born September 3, 1967) Arseneau's primary area of technical expertise is in biologically-inspired systems called computational intelligence,[4] which include: neural networks,[5]genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, swarm intelligence, and intelligent agents. His interest in computational intelligence began with his research into the application of neural networks to software reengineering;[6] that research went on to form the foundation to a patent being awarded to Raymond Obin and Brian Reynolds for a commercial reenginering process.Siva Subrahmanyam Banda (born 1951)Dr. Banda holds two patents - one for a control mechanism for unknown systems which can be applied to an arbitrary electromechanical system without prior knowledge of itsCharles E. Bartley (1921–1996) was an American scientist, known for developing the first elastomeric solid rocket propellant formula, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (now part of NASA) in Pasadena, California in the late 1940s.Robert Nason Beck (26 March 1928 in San Angelo, Texas– 6 August 2008 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American scientist and a pioneer in the field of nuclear medicine. Part of a University of Chicago team, he was the first to propose, in 1961, the use of the radioisotope technetium-99m to detect disease using Positron Emission T omography, a technique that is used an estimated 20 million times a year throughout the world.[1] Beck also helped develop collimators for sharpening the images produced by gamma-ray scanners, and was referred to as 'Mr. Collimator' by colleagues.James (Jim) F. Bell IIIBell is an active planetary scientist and has been involved in many NASA robotic space exploration missions. As a professional scientist, he has published over 30 first-authored and 140 co-authored scientific research papers and over 400 short abstracts and conference presentations. Bell has also written and edited several books about Mars and the Moon. He is active in educating the public about space exploration. He is a frequent contributor to popular astronomy and science magazines, has made a number of television appearances on major network and cable channels, and gives free public lectures.May Roberta Berenbaum (born 1953) is an American entomologist whose research focuses on the chemical interactions between herbivorous insects and their host-plants, and the implications of these interactions on the organization of natural communities and the evolution of species.Since 1980, Berenbaum has been a member of the faculty of the department of entomology at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign and has served as head of the department since 1992.[2] In addition to her research, she is devoted to teaching and to fostering scientific literacy. In 1996, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[3] she is the recipient of the 1996 Entomological Society of America North Central Branch Distinguished Teaching Award and has authored numerous magazine articles, as well as three books about insects for the general public. She has also gained some measure of fame as the organizer of the Insect Fear Film Festival at the University of Illinois, an annual celebration of Hollywood's entomological excesses.Harvey Bialy (born 1945, New York City) is an American molecular biologist and AIDS denialist. He was one of the signatories to a letter to the editor by a group of AIDS sceptics calling themselves the Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis.[1] He was also a member of the controversial and heavily criticized South African Presidential AIDS Advisory Panel convened by Thabo Mbeki in 2000.James Bloodworth, Jr.He employed histochemistry and ultrastructural studies to assess lesions of the pancreatic islet cells and blood vessels in patients with diabetes mellitus.Mark BosloughAn expert on planetary impacts and global catastrophes, Boslough’s work o n airbursts challenged the conventional view of asteroid collision risk and is now widely acceptedKarel Jan BossartAs a result Bossart's achievements include:∙Launch of first communications satellite∙Launch of first US orbital manned missions∙Launch of Mariner probes to Mars and Venus∙Launch of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 to Jupiter and Saturn.William Clouser BoydRobert Stephen BoyerHe and J Strother Moore invented the Boyer–Moore string search algorithm, a particularly efficient string searching algorithm, in 1977. He and Moore also collaborated on the Boyer–Moore automated theorem prover, Nqthm, in 1992.[1] Following this, he worked with Moore, and Matt Kaufmann on another theorem prover called ACL2.。