感染相关英文词汇~4.1肺炎链球菌

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微生物英文词汇

微生物英文词汇active immunity（主动免疫）；active transport（主动运输）；Alcohol fermentation（乙醇发酵）；aerobe（好氧微生物）；aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）；AIDS（爱滋病）；Ames test（艾姆氏实验）；anabolism（合成代谢）；anaerobe（厌氧微生物）；antibiotic（抗生素）；antibody（抗体）；antigen（抗原）；antigenic determinant（抗原决定基）；antimetabolite（抗代谢物）；antiseptic（防腐剂）；antiserum（抗血清）；antitoxin（抗毒素）；arthrospore（节孢子）；ascospore（子囊）；asepsis（无菌）；autoantibody（自身抗体）；autoantigen（自身抗原）；autoimmune disease（自身免疫疾病）；bacteriophage（噬菌体）；bacteriostatic（抑菌）；binary fission（二分裂）；broad spectrum（广谱）；Capsid（衣壳）；capsomer（衣壳粒）：capsule（荚膜）：Catabolism（分解代谢）：cell-mediated immune（细胞介导免疫）：chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：chemotaxis（趋化性）：Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）：chitin（几丁质）：complement（补体）：Conldia（分生孢子）：Conjugation（接合）：Colony(菌落)：Contaminant（污染物）：Culture（培养物）：differential medium（鉴别培养基）：differential stain（鉴别染色）：Disinfection（消毒）：ELISA（酶联免疫）：endospore（芽孢）：endotoxin（内毒素）：enriched medium（加富培养基）：enveloped virus（包膜病毒）：essential nutrient（必须营养）：eucaryotic cell（真核细胞）：Exotoxin（外毒素）：Facultative（兼性的）：Fermentation（发酵）：Flagellum（鞭毛）Genotype（表型）：Glycolysis（糖酵解）：Gram stain（革兰氏染色）：Granulocyte（粒细胞）：growth factor（生长因子）Halophlle（嗜盐菌）：H antigen（H-抗原）：helper T cell（辅助T-细胞）：Heterotroph（异养菌）：Immunity（免疫）：immunogen（免疫原）：immune system（免疫系统）：immunoglobulin（免疫球蛋白）：Inclusion（内含物）：Infection（感染）：infectious disease（感染性疾病）：Inflammation（发炎）：Inoculation（接种）：Interferon（干扰素）：Isolation（分离）：Latency（潜伏）：L form（L-型菌）：Lipopolysaccharide（脂多糖，LPS）：Lysis（溶解）：lysosome （溶酶体）：病毒学virology噬菌体学bacteriophagology细菌学bacteriology鉴定细菌学determinative bacteriology系统细菌学systematic bacteriology真菌学mycology原生生物学protistology原生动物学protozoology普通微生物学general microbilogy微生物分类学microbial taxonomy微生物生理学microbial physiology微生物生物化学microbial biochemistry微生物遗传学microbial genetics微生物生态学microbial ecology古微生物学paleomicrobiology土壤微生物学soil microbiology水生微生物学aquatic microbiology海洋微生物学marine microbiology悉生生物学gnotobiology医学微生物学medical microbiology兽医微生物学veterinary microbiology农业微生物学agricultural microbiology工业微生物学industrial microbiology石油微生物学petroleum microbiology食品微生物学food microbiology乳品微生物学diary microbiology瘤胃微生物学rumen microbiology诊断微生物学diagnostic microbiology病原学etiology国际微生物学会联合会International Union of Microbiological Societies, IUMS中国微生物学会Chinese Society for Microbiology, CSM世界培养物保藏协会World Federation for Culture Collection, WFCC中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms,CCCCM美国模式培养物保藏所American Type Culture Collection, A TCC自然发生说，无生源说spontaneous generation, abiogenesis原界urkingdom始祖生物progenote古始生物界archetista古细菌archaebacteria原生生物protista原生动物protozoan原生植物protophyte真核生物eukaryote原核生物prokaryote裂殖植物schizophyte微生物microorganism数值分类法numerical taxonomy模式目type order模式科type family模式属type genus模式种type species模式株type strain真菌fungi捕食真菌predacious fungi虫道真菌ambrosia fungi地下真菌hypogeal fungi虫生真菌entomogenous fungi菌根真菌mycorrhizal fungi木腐菌wood-decay fungi霉菌mold, mould半知菌imperfect fungi子囊菌ascomycetes粘菌slime mold, slime mould壶菌chytrid卵菌oomycetes接合菌zygomycetes担子菌basidiomycetes核菌pyrenomycetes盘菌cup fungi块菌truffles锈菌rust fungi蘑菇mushrooms毒蘑菇poisonous mushroom酵母菌yeast无孢子酵母菌asporogenous yeasts 有孢子酵母菌sporogenous yeasts 黑粉菌smut fungi双态性真菌dimorphic fungi毛外癣菌ectothrix毛内癣菌endothrix完全真菌perfect fungi黑粉病smut disease锈病rust disease菌丝hypha菌髓trama假菌丝体pseudomycelium气生菌丝体aerial mycelium基内菌丝体substrate mycelium球拍状菌丝体racquet mycelium 结节状菌丝nodular mycelium梳状菌丝pectinafe mycelium螺旋菌丝spiral mycelium匍匐菌丝stolon次生菌丝体secondary mycelium有隔菌丝septate hypha无隔菌丝nonseptate hypha生殖菌丝体reproductive mycelium 营养菌丝体vegetative mycelium不育菌丝体sterile mycelium菌丝体mycelium黄癣菌丝favic chandelier mycelium 产囊丝ascogenous hypha产囊体ascogonium原植体thallus粘菌体aethalium合胞体syncytium虫菌体hyphal body盾状体clypeus子实体fruiting body产孢体gleba子实层体hymenophore子实层hymenium子实下层subhymenium菌丝层subiculum菌丝段hyphal fragment菌丝束coremium菌丝索funiculus菌核sclerotium器菌核pycnosclerotium菌环annulus菌裙indusium菌盖pileus顶体apicle藏卵器oogonium雄器antheridium[锈菌]性孢子器pycnium锈子器aecium精子器spermogonium囊状体cystidium粉孢子梗oidiophore小梗sterigma接合孢子柄zygosporophore孢囊柄sporangiophore配囊柄suspensor孢子梗sporophore分生孢子梗conidiophore雄器柄androphore帚状枝penicillus瓶梗phialide梗基metulae芽孔germ pore芽管germ tube芽缝germ slit孢丝capillitium周丝periphysis类周丝periphysoid侧丝paraphysis拟侧丝pseudoparaphysis类侧丝paraphysoid[孢子]外壁exosporium外生菌根ectomycorrhiza内生菌根endomycorrhiza内外生菌根ectendomycorrhiza泡囊丛枝菌根vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza 刺突spike弹丝elater刚毛seta微体microbody泡囊vesicle隔膜septum假隔膜pseudoseptum分生孢子盘acervulus分生孢子座sporodochium精子团spermatium囊基膜hypothallus囊层基hypothecium囊层被epithecium囊间丝hamathecium囊托apophysis囊领collarette囊轴columella孔口ostiole菌托volva孢子角cirrus孢子球spore ball孢子印spore print聚簇cluster[菌丝]融合anastomosis[孢子]切落abjunction[孢子]缢断abstriction多态[现象] polymorphism缢缩[作用] constriction粉孢子oidium孢子spore掷孢子ballistospore厚壁孢子chlamydospore环痕孢子annellospore节孢子arthrospore卷旋孢子helicospore腊肠形孢子allantospore孔出孢子porospore星形孢子staurospore线形孢子scolecospore砖格孢子dictyospore侧生孢子aleuriospore芽生孢子blastospore瓶梗孢子phialospore无梗孢子thallospore分生孢子conidium大分生孢子macroconidium小分生孢子microconidium节分生孢子arthroconidium芽分生孢子blastoconidium器孢子pycnidiospore无隔孢子amerospore双胞孢子didymospore多隔孢子phragmospore休眠孢子hypnospore顶生孢子acrospore顶生厚壁孢子fuseau内分生孢子endoconidium担孢子basidiospore双孢担孢子dispore同形孢子isospore柄生孢子stylospore[锈菌]性孢子pycniospore产雄器孢子androspore锈孢子aeciospore夏孢子urediniospore, aeciospore 冬孢子teliospore四分孢子tetraspore粘孢子myxospore多核孢子coenospore孢囊孢子sporangiospore子囊孢子ascospore多核细胞coenocyte分生孢子果conidiocarp分生孢子器pycnidium孢[子]囊sporangium柱孢子囊merosporangium四分孢子囊tetrasporangium原孢子囊prosporangium多核孢子囊coenosporangium 休眠孢子囊hypnosporangium 子囊ascus接合孢子zygospore拟接合孢子azygospore原囊壁子囊prototunicate ascus 单囊壁子囊unitunicate ascus 双囊壁子囊bitunicate ascus子囊果ascocarp子囊壳perithecium闭囊壳cleistothecium闭囊果cleistocarp盘状子囊果discocarp孢囊果sporangiocarp[接]合子zygote单性合子azygote多核合子coenozygote异形合子heterozygote合子核zygotonucleus游动合子planozygote担子basidium半担子hemibasidium隔担子heterobasidium无隔担子holobasidium有隔担子phragmobasidium内生担子endobasidium原担子protobasidium上担子epibasidium下担子hypobasidium同担子homobasidium担子果basidiocarp担子体basidiophore配子gamete原配子progamete雄配子androgamete雄核发育androgenesis同形配子isogamete异形配子heterogamete游动配子zoogamete多核配子coenogamete配子囊gametangium配子母细胞gametocyte同形配子囊isogametangium原配子囊progametangium小孢子囊sporangiole微包囊microcyst足细胞foot cell脚胞foot cell固着器holdfast附着枝hyphopodium吸盘sucker锁状细胞clamp cell锁状联合clamp connection偶核细胞zeugite卵球oosphere卵质ooplasm孢原质sporoplasm卵配子oogamete卵孢子oospore球状胞sphaerocyst子囊腔locule子囊盘apothecium子囊座ascostroma缝裂壳hysterothecium下子座hypostroma包被peridium子座stroma壳心centrum拟包被pseudoperidium无融合生殖apomixis同宗配合homothallism准性生殖parasexuality异宗配合heterothallism同配生殖isogamy异配生殖heterogamy无配生殖apogamy配囊交配gametangial copulation 交配型mating type全型holomorph夏孢子期uredostage冬孢子堆teleutosorus, telium夏孢子堆uredinium子囊孢子形成ascosporulation孢子形成sporulation细菌bacteria薄壁[细]菌类gracilicutes硬壁[细]菌类fermicutes疵壁[细]菌类mendosicutes无壁[细]菌类tenericutes柔膜细菌mollicutes真细菌eubacteria暗细菌scotobacteria无氧光细菌anoxyphotobacteria生氧光细菌oxyphotobacteria放线菌actinomycetes螺[旋]菌spirilla粘细菌slime bacteria鞘细菌sheathed bacteria柄细菌caulobacteria弧菌vibrio根瘤细菌root nodule bacteria硫酸盐还原菌sulfate reducting bacteria硫细菌sulfur bacteria铁细菌iron bacteria紫色无硫细菌purple nonsulfur bacteria产甲烷菌methanogen硝化细菌nitrobacteria反硝化细菌denitrifying bacteria固氮细菌nitrogen fixing bacteria甲基营养菌methylotrophic bacteria产乙酸菌acetogen同型[产]乙酸细菌homoacetogenic bacteria光合作用细菌photosynthetic bacteria产氢产乙酸细菌hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria 同型发酵乳酸菌homofermentative lactic bacteria异型发酵乳酸菌heterofermentative lactic bacteria产氢菌hydrogenogens产气菌aerogen不产气菌anaerogen发光细菌luminous bacteria产色细菌chromogenic bacteria化能异养菌chemoheterotrophic bacteria化能自养菌chemoautotrophic bacteria光能异养菌photoheterotrophic bacteria光能自养菌photoautotrophic bacteria化能有机营养菌chemoorganotrophic bacteria 化能无机营养菌chemolithotrophic bacteria 光能有机营养菌photoorganotrophic bacteria 光能无机营养菌photolithotrophic bacteria有机营养菌organotrophic bacteria无机营养菌lithotrophic bacteria贫[营]养细菌oligotrophic bacteria一氧化碳营养菌carboxydotrophic bacteria自养菌autotrophic bacteria异养菌heterotrophic bacteria光养菌phototrophic bacteria需氧菌aerobe微需氧菌microaerobe耐氧菌aerotorelant bacteria厌氧菌anaerobe兼性厌氧菌facultative anaerobe专性厌氧菌obligate anaerobe溶原性细菌lysogenic bacteria腐生菌saprophytic bacteria苛求菌fastidious microorganism极端细菌extreme bacteria嗜压菌barophilic bacteria嗜盐菌halophilic bacteria嗜铁菌siderophilic bacteria嗜高渗细菌osmophilic bacteria微嗜氮菌oligonitrophilic bacteria嗜冷[细]菌psychrophilic bacteria嗜酸菌acidophilic bacteria嗜硫菌thiophilic bacteria中温菌mesophilic bacteria耐热细菌thermophilric bacteria氢营养菌hydrogenotrophic bacteria肠道细菌intestinal bacteria类菌体bacteroid细菌小体bacteriosome微生子gonidium蓝细菌cyanobacteria[蓝细菌]连锁体hormogonium类囊体thylakoid藻胆蛋白体phycobilisome静息孢子akinete滑行gliding异形[囊]胞heterocyst化学型chemotype化学变型chemovar血清型serotype血清变型serovar致病型pathotype致病变型pathovar生物型biotype生物变型biovar形态型morphotype形态变型morphovar革兰氏阳性菌Gram-positive bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Gram-negative bacteria 球菌coccus双球菌diplococcus四联球菌tetrads八叠球菌sarcina球杆菌coccobacillus杆菌rod双杆菌diplobacillus棒状菌corynebacteria[细菌]毛状体trichome单鞭毛菌monotricha周[鞭]毛菌peritricha丛[鞭]毛菌lophotricha两端单[鞭]毛菌amphitrichate单端丛[鞭]毛菌cephalotricha滑行细菌gliding bacteria细菌L-型L-form of bacterium菌落colony酵母型菌落yeast type colony类酵母型菌落yeast like colony次生菌落secondary colony粗糙型菌落rough colony光滑型菌落smooth colony丝状型菌落filamentous type colony 子菌落daughter colony深层菌落deep colony粘液型菌落mucoid colony巨大菌落giant colony侏儒型菌落dwarf colony菌苔lawn菌胶团zoogloea菌膜pellicle[菌]醭mycoderm, pellicle群游现象swarming菌柄stipe[菌体]附器appendage鞭毛flagellum周质鞭毛periplasmic flagella轴丝axial filament菌毛pilus性丝sex pilus外生孢子exospore内生孢子endospore芽孢spore芽孢形成sporulation终端芽孢terminal spore近端芽孢subterminal spore中生芽孢central spore前芽孢forespore[芽孢]皮层cortex芽孢外膜exitine芽孢内膜intine外壁exine伴胞晶体parasporal crystal菌蜕ghost鞘sheath荚膜capsule粘液层slime layer微荚膜microcapsule壁膜间隙periplasmic space原生质体protoplast原生质球spheroplast气泡gas vacuole甲烷粒体methanochondria间体mesosome载色体chromatophore鞭毛基体flagellar basal body异染质volutin异染粒matachromatic granules致死颗粒killer particle紫膜purple membrane噬菌体bacteriophage无囊盖类inoperculatae超显微微生物ultramicroscopic organism 真菌噬菌体mycophage噬藻体phycophage烈性噬菌体virulent phage温和噬菌体temperate phage前原噬菌体preprophage原噬菌体prophage隐性前噬菌体cryptic prophage营养期噬菌体vegetative phage载体噬菌体carrier phageλ噬菌体lambda particles phage [可]诱导噬菌体inducible phage同源免疫噬菌体homoimmune phage 噬菌体分型bacteriophage typing噬菌体型phagetype噬菌体变型phagevar噬斑plaque[噬菌体]聚合头部polyhead[噬菌体]聚合尾鞘polysheath[噬菌体]伞毛fimbrium[噬菌体]颈须whisker[噬菌体]先导蛋白pilot protein[噬菌体]尾丝抗原fiber antigen[噬菌体]顶体apex[噬菌体]基片插孔base-plate hub [噬菌体]基片丝base-plate fibril [噬菌体]基片楔突base-plate wedge [噬菌体]串联体concatemer[噬菌体]颈部collar[噬菌体]顶部壳粒apical capsomere [噬菌体]尾丝tail fiber[噬菌体]畸形体monster[噬菌体]颈圈connector[噬菌体]髓部core[噬菌体]头部head[噬菌体]尾部tail[噬菌体]尾管tail tube[噬菌体]尾鞘tail sheath类病毒viroid病毒virus真病毒euvirus亚病毒subvirus原病毒provirus拟病毒virusoid卫星病毒satellite virus假型病毒pseudotype virus慢病毒slow virus辅助病毒helper virus过客病毒passenger virus多分体病毒multicomponent virus昆虫痘病毒entomopox virus, EPV颗粒体症病毒granulosis virus, GV多角体病毒polyhedrosis virus核型多角体病毒nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV质型多角体病毒cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,CPV 多粒包埋型病毒multiple embedded virus单粒包埋型病毒singly embedded virus伴随病毒associated virus浓核病毒densovirus,DNV内源病毒endogenous virus潜伏病毒latent virus肠道病毒enterovirus艾柯病毒ECHO virus虫媒病毒arbovirus腺病毒adenovirus腺伴随病毒adeno associated virus真菌病毒mycovirus肿瘤病毒oncovirus逆[转]录病毒retro virus坏死病毒necrosis virus虹彩病毒irido virus泛嗜性病毒pantropic virus毒株strain原[生小]体elementary body包含体inclusion body顾氏小体Guarnieri's bodies内氏小体Negri's body病毒[粒]体virion裸露病毒[粒]体naked virion假病毒体pseudovirion立体对称cubical symmetry二十面体对称icosahedral symmetry螺旋对称helical symmetry[病毒]五邻体pentomer,pentons[病毒]六邻体hexonmer,hexons复合对称complex symmetry包膜突起peplomerbody包膜envelope, peplos蛋白质包膜protein envelope[病毒]包膜抗原envelope antigen[病毒]壳体capsid[病毒]壳粒capsomer, capsomere二十面[体]壳体icosahedron capsid 核心core核壳nucleocapsid病毒原质体viroplasma病毒束virus bundle多角体polyhedron多角体蛋白polyhedrin颗粒体granule颗粒体蛋白granulin类核nucleoid内含颗粒inclusion granuleX体X-body[病毒]早期蛋白early protein[病毒]晚期蛋白late protein负链negative strand正链positive strand复制子replicon病毒发生基质virogenic stroma衣原体chlamydia[衣原体]始体initial body立克次氏体rickettsia假肽聚糖pseudopeptidoglycan肽聚糖peptidoglycan磷壁酸teichoic acid胞壁酸muramic acid2,6-吡啶二羧酸dipicolinic acid, DPA 脂多糖类lipopolysaccharides多糖包被glycocalyx鞭毛蛋白flagellin菌毛蛋白pilin杀白细胞素leucocidin豆血红蛋白leghaemoglobin藻胆蛋白phycobiliprotein藻青蛋白phycocyanin藻红蛋白phycoerythrin藻青素cyanophycin藻蓝素algocyan, leucocyan藻胆素phycobilin藻红[胆]素phycoerythrobilin藻蓝胆素phycocyanobilin藻青素颗粒cyanophycin granule别藻蓝素allophycocyanin类葫萝卜素carotenoids细菌淀粉粒granulose聚β羟基丁酸盐poly-β-hydroxy butyrate葡萄球菌A蛋白staphylococcal protein A, SPA 纯化蛋白衍生物purified protein derivative, PPD [葡萄球菌]凝固酶staphylocoagulaseβ[细胞]溶素β-lysinα淀粉酶α-amylase通透酶permease胞内酶intracellular enzyme胞外酶extracellular enzyme果胶酶pectinase逆[转]录酶reverse transcriptase凝固酶coagulase受体破坏酶receptor destroying enzyme, RDE透明质酸酶hyaluronidase纤维素酶cellulase链道酶streptodornase,SD链激酶streptokinase,SK神经氨酸酶neuraminidase青霉素酶penicillinase溶菌酶lysozyme[细菌]紫膜质bacteriorhodopsin菌紫素bacteriopurpurin[细]菌[叶]绿素bacteriochlorophyll自溶素autolysin亲菌素bacteriotropin攻击素aggressin抑殖素ablastin粘附素adhesin菌红素bacterioerythrin灵菌毒素prodigiosus toxin细菌素bacteriocin麻风菌素lepromin葡萄球菌素staphylococcin伞菌氨酸agarfitine苏云金菌素thuricin肠球菌素enterococcin布氏菌素brucellin大肠菌素colicin, colicine丁香假单胞菌素syringacin黄色粘球菌素xanthacin链球菌素streptocin流产菌素abortin绿脓[菌]素pyocyanin红假单胞菌素rhodopseudomonacin 绿脓菌荧光素pyofluorescein白喉毒素diphtheria toxin杯伞素clitocybine白细胞溶素leucolysin表皮溶解毒素epidermolytic toxin 产气荚膜梭菌素perfringocin肠毒素enterotoxin毒蝇碱muscarine肺炎球菌毒素pneumotoxin鬼笔[毒]环肽phalloidin根霉蝶呤rhizopterin肺炎[链]球菌溶血素pneumolysin 黑粉菌酸ustilagic acid分枝菌酸mycolic acid齿孔酸eburicoic acid根霉促进素rhizopin蘑菇素agaricin蘑菇酸agaricinic acid红斑毒素erythrogenic toxin黄曲霉毒素aflatoxin菌丝酰胺mycelianamide绿脓杆菌溶血素pyocyanolysin葡萄球菌溶血毒素staphylolysin真菌毒素mycotoxin曲霉毒素aspertoxin赭曲毒素ochratoxin曲酸kojic acid破伤风[菌]痉挛毒素tetanospasmin 溶葡萄球菌素lysostaphin破伤风[菌]溶血素tetanolysin溶纤维蛋白溶酶fibrinolysin溶血素hemolysin鼠疫菌素pesticin神经毒素neurotoxin杀[细]菌素bactericidin外毒素exotoxin内毒素endotoxin细菌毒素bacteriotoxin血凝素hemagglutinin杂色曲霉素A versicolorin A柄曲霉素sterigmatocystin毒植物素phytotoxin真菌醇mykol链球菌溶血素streptolysin剥脱性毒素exfoliative toxin细菌荧光素bacteriofluorescein[放线菌]土臭味素geosmins土壤杆菌素agrobacteriocin产甲烷[作用] methanogenesis生物转化bioconversion生长因子growth factor420 因子factor 420V 因子V factorX 因子X factormixed culture（混合培养）：monoclonal antibody（单克隆抗体）：Monocyte（单核细胞）：Mutagen（诱变剂）：Mutation（突变）Mycelium（菌丝体）：narrow spectrum（窄谱）：negative stain（负染色）：nitrogen fixation（固氮）：Nucleocapsid（核衣壳）：Nucleoid（拟核）：Nutrient（营养物质）：Obligate（专性的）：Parasite（寄生）：Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）：Pathogen（病原体）：Saprophytes(腐生型)Pathogenidty（致病性）：Pathology（病原学）：passive transport（被动扩散）;Penicillins（青霉素）：Peptidoglycan(肽聚糖)：Plasmids（质粒）periplasmic space（周质空间）：Phage（噬菌体）：Phenotype（表型）：Photoautotroph（光能自养菌）：Pilus（性丝）;prophage（前噬菌体）：Protoplast（原生质体）：Pseudohypha（假菌丝）：Psychrophile（嗜冷菌）：respiratory chain（呼吸链）：reverse transcriptase（逆转录酶）：SCP（单细胞蛋白）：selective media（选择培养基）：Serotyping（血清型）：sexual reproduction（有性繁殖）Spheroplast（球形体）：spike（刺突）：Spirillum（螺菌）：Spirochete（螺旋体）：Sporangium（孢囊）：Sterilization（灭菌）：A Strain（菌株）：subcellular vaccine（亚单位疫苗）：superoxide ion（超氧离子）：suppressor T cell（抑制T细胞）：temperate phage（温和噬菌体）：thermal death point（致死温度）：thermal death time( 热致死时间)：Therrnophlle（嗜热菌）：Toxoid（类毒素）：Transduction（转导）：Transformation（转化）：Transposon（转座）：V accine（免疫法）：V irold（类病毒）：Zygospore（接合孢子）。

肺炎链球菌 (S.pneumoniae)

易自溶。
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巧克力平板，蓝灰色，半透明，光滑湿润的菌落。
卵黄双抗（EPV）平板：为无色，光滑湿润的菌落。
血清肉汤：呈微混浊。
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3.生化反应
分解葡萄糖、麦芽糖硝酸盐还原反应阴性，不分解尿素氧化酶试验阳性
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1．形态结构
G-，肾形成双排列在患者脑脊液标本中位于中性粒细胞
内无芽胞、无鞭毛，具有荚膜、菌毛。
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2．培养特性
营养要求高，必须在含有血清或多种氨基酸、无机盐的培养基上生长良好。
血平板：半透明，灰褐色，圆形，湿润光滑露滴样菌落。
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(三) 微生物学检验
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1．标本采集
泌尿、生殖道的各种分泌物、尿液
立即送检
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2．直接涂片镜检
急性淋病：嗜中性粒细胞内大量 G-，肾形双球菌——具有诊断意义
慢性淋病：镜检较困难
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3.分离培养鉴定
即采集即培养，常用含有两种以上抗生素（万古霉素、粘菌素、磺胺类等）的营养培养基上培养。
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1．形态结构
G-，球形或肾形，成对排列有荚膜，无芽胞和鞭毛
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2．培养特性
营养要求高，30-37 ℃生长，须在含有血液或血清的培养基上培养，常用血液、巧克力等培养基
初次分离，须5-10%CO2才能生长发育菌落：凸起，光滑、圆形，灰白色，半透

西医感染科、儿科术语英文翻译

西医感染科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医感染科术语英文翻译：1. 病毒感染：Viral Infection2. 细菌感染：Bacterial Infection3. 真菌感染：Fungal Infection4. 寄生虫感染：Parasitic Infection5. 支原体感染：Mycoplasma Infection6. 立克次体感染：Rickettsial Infection7. 衣原体感染：Chlamydial Infection8. 性传播感染：Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)9. 医院获得性感染：Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)10. 社区获得性感染：Community-Acquired Infections (CAIs)11. 抗药性感染：Antibiotic-Resistant Infections12. 病毒性肝炎：Viral Hepatitis13. 细菌性痢疾：Bacterial Dysentery14. 结核病：Tuberculosis (TB)15. 破伤风：Tetanus16. 梅毒：Syphilis17. 性病性淋巴肉芽肿：Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)18. 人乳头瘤病毒感染：Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection19. 钩端螺旋体病：Leptospirosis20. 疟疾：Malaria21. 阿米巴病：Amoebiasis22. 弓形虫病：Toxoplasmosis23. 细菌性食物中毒：Bacterial Food Poisoning24. 病毒性心肌炎：Viral Myocarditis25. 流行性感冒：Influenza (Flu)26. 登革热：Dengue Fever27. 黄热病：Yellow Fever28. 脑膜炎：Meningitis29. 败血症：Septicemia30. 脓毒症：Sepsis31. 脓肿：Abscess32. 发热待查：Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)33. 抗生素治疗：Antibiotic Therapy34. 对症治疗：Symptomatic Treatment35. 免疫疗法：Immunotherapy36. 支持性护理：Supportive Care37. 隔离措施：Isolation Measures38. 预防接种：Vaccination39. 手卫生：Hand Hygiene40. 环境清洁消毒：Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection41. 传染病监测与控制：Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control42. 人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染：Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection43. 人乳头瘤病毒疫苗（HPV疫苗）：Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV vaccine)44. 克林霉素抗药性检测：Clindamycin Resistance Testing45. 卡介苗接种（BCG接种）：Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination46. 内毒素检测（Endotoxin Detection）：Endotoxin Testing (LPS Testing)47. 白喉抗毒素治疗（Diphtheria Antitoxin）：Diphtheria Antitoxin Therapy (DAT)48. 结核病预防性治疗（TB Preventive Therapy）：TB Preventive Therapy (TPT)49. 人畜共患病（Zoonoses）：Zoonoses (Animal-borne Diseases)50. 人畜共患病预防和控制（Zoonosis Prevention and Control）：Zoonosis Prevention and Control西医儿科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医儿科术语英文翻译：1. 儿科：Pediatrics2. 儿童生长发育：Child Growth and Development3. 新生儿：Neonate4. 婴儿：Infant5. 学龄前儿童：Preschool Child6. 学龄儿童：School-aged Child7. 青春期：Adolescence8. 儿童营养：Child Nutrition9. 母乳喂养：Breastfeeding10. 配方奶喂养：Formula Feeding11. 断奶：Weaning12. 幼儿急疹：玫瑰疹：Rubella13. 水痘：Varicella14. 手足口病：Hand-foot-mouth Disease (HFMD)15. 流行性感冒：Influenza16. 中耳炎：Otitis Media17. 急性上呼吸道感染：Acute Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)18. 支气管肺炎：Bronchopneumonia19. 支原体肺炎：Mycoplasma Pneumonia20. 百日咳：Pertussis21. 儿童哮喘：Asthma in Children22. 过敏性鼻炎：Allergic Rhinitis23. 肠道寄生虫病：Intestinal Parasitic Diseases24. 微量元素缺乏症：Trace Element Deficiency25. 维生素缺乏症：Vitamin Deficiency26. 新生儿黄疸：Neonatal Jaundice27. 新生儿窒息：Neonatal Asphyxia28. 新生儿败血症：Neonatal Sepsis29. 肠套叠：Intussusception30. 小儿肺炎：Pneumonia in Children31. 小儿腹泻病：Diarrhea in Children32. 小儿营养不良：Malnutrition in Children33. 小儿肥胖症：Childhood Obesity34. 小儿糖尿病：Diabetes Mellitus in Children35. 小儿先天性心脏病：Congenital Heart Disease in Children36. 风湿热：Rheumatic Fever37. 川崎病：Kawasaki Disease38. 幼年特发性关节炎：Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)39. 儿科重症监护病房（PICU）：Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)40. 新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）：Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)41. 儿童生长发育评估：Child Growth Assessment42. 儿童免疫接种计划：Child Immunization Schedule43. 儿童心理咨询与治疗：Child Psychological Counseling and Therapy44. 儿童康复治疗：Child Rehabilitation Therapies45. 儿童行为问题咨询与治疗：Child Behavioral Issues Counseling and Therapy46. 儿童疫苗接种咨询与指导：Child Vaccination Counseling and Guidance47. 新生儿筛查项目：Neonatal Screening Programs48. 小儿危重症管理技术：Critical Care Management in Children49. 儿科药理学和药物治疗学：Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics50. 小儿外科手术技术：Pediatric Surgical Techniques。

肺炎高考英语知识点

肺炎高考英语知识点在近几年的高考英语考试中，肺炎（COVID-19）这个话题成为备受关注的知识点之一。

肺炎疫情的爆发不仅对全世界的人们造成了严重威胁，也对高中生的学习和考试产生了一定的影响。

因此，了解肺炎相关的英语知识点对于参加高考的考生来说尤为重要。

本文将介绍一些与肺炎相关的英语知识点。

一、病毒相关词汇1. 肺炎（Pneumonia）- 一种由病毒、细菌、真菌等引起的肺部感染疾病。

2. 病毒（Virus）- 导致疾病的微小传染性生物体。

3. 传染（Infection）- 疾病通过接触、空气传播等方式在人与人之间传播。

4. 隔离（Quarantine）- 将病患或疑似患者与其他人隔离，以防止疾病传播。

5. 症状（Symptoms）- 表示疾病存在的身体反应或不适表现，如咳嗽、发烧、呼吸困难等。

二、防护与预防1. 戴口罩（Wear a mask）- 在公共场所佩戴口罩，以减少疾病传播风险。

2. 勤洗手（Wash hands frequently）- 使用肥皂和流动水洗手，消灭手上的病毒。

3. 保持社交距离（Maintain social distancing）- 尽量保持1米以上的距离，减少接触感染的可能性。

4. 避免触摸面部（Avoid touching face）- 避免用手触摸、揉搓眼睛、口鼻等易感染的部位。

5. 预防措施（Preventive measures）- 指采取的预防疾病的措施，如做好个人卫生、定期清洁环境等。

三、肺炎疫苗1. 疫苗（Vaccine）- 预防传染病的一种生物制剂，通过注射等方式进行接种。

2. 研发（Develop）- 开发新的药物或疫苗。

3. 批准（Approval）- 表示疫苗已经获得官方批准，可以使用。

4. 接种（Vaccination）- 将疫苗注射到人体以建立免疫防御。

四、科学研究1. 病毒溯源（Virus tracing）- 通过追踪调查确定病毒起源和传播途径。

医学微生物学常用英语词汇（3）

O* Obligate aerobe 专性需氧菌* Obligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌Old tuberculin,OT 旧结核菌素* Opportunistic pathogenesis 机会致病性Ordinary pilus 普通菌⽑Orientia 东⽅体属* Orthomyxoviridae 正粘病毒科Outer membrane 外膜* Outer membrane protein,OMP 外膜蛋⽩PP.aeruginasa 铜绿假单胞菌Papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科属Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Paramyxoviridae 副粘病毒科Parasite 寄⽣菌* Parvovirus 细⼩病毒* Pasteurization 巴⽒消毒法* Pathogenic bacterium,pathogen 病原菌* Pathogenicity 致病性Penetration 穿⼊Penton 五邻体* Peptostreptococcus 消化链球菌属* Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Permissive cells 容许性细胞* Persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染* Phagocytosis 吞噬作⽤Phagolysome 吞噬溶酶体Phagosome 吞噬体* Picornaviridae ⼩RNA病毒科Pilin 菌⽑蛋⽩* Pilus 菌⽑* Pinocytosis 吞饮作⽤Pinosome 吞饮体Plaque 噬斑Plaque forming units, pfu 噬斑形成单位* Plasmid 质粒* Pneumocystis carinii 卡⽒肺孢菌* Pneumococcus 肺炎球菌* Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒Primary atypical pneumonia 原发性⾮典型性肺炎* Prion ( prion protine,PrP ) 朊粒* Prokaryotae 原核⽣物界* Prophage 前噬菌体Proteus 变形杆菌Protopast fusion 原⽣质体融合Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属Pure culture 纯培养Purified protein derivative,PPD 纯蛋⽩衍⽣物* Pyemia 脓毒⾎症* Pyogenic coccus 化脓性球菌Pyogenic streptococcus 化脓性链球菌*Pyrogen 热原质Pyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素R* Rabies virus 狂⽝病病毒Reassortment 重配Recombination 重组Reovirus 呼肠病毒Resistance transfer factor, RTF 耐药性传递因⼦* Respiratory syscytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Restricted transduction 局限性转导Reticulate body 状体* Retroviridae 逆转录病毒科Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Rhabdoviridae 弹状病毒科Rhinovirus ⿐病毒Ribonucleoprotein,RNP 核糖核蛋⽩Ribosome 核糖体* Rickettsia ⽴克次体* Rotavirus 轮状病毒Rough colony 粗糙型菌落R.prowazekii 普⽒⽴克次体R.tsutsugamushi 恙⾍病东⽅体R.typhi 斑疹伤寒⽴克次体* Rubella virus 风疹病毒S* Salmonella 沙门菌属Samonellosis 沙门菌病* S.boydii 鲍⽒志贺菌* S.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌* Septicemia 败⾎症* Serological diagnosis ⾎清学诊断Sex pilus 性菌⽑* S.flexneri 福⽒志贺菌* Shigella 志贺菌属Shiga-like toxin,SLT 志贺样毒素S.hirschfeldii 希⽒沙门菌* Slow virus infection 慢发病毒感染Small round structured virus,SRSV ⼩园形结构化病毒Smooth colony 光滑型菌落* S.paratyphi A 甲型副伤寒沙门菌Specific immunity 特异性免疫* Specific polysaccharide 特异多糖* Spike 刺突* Spiral bacterium 螺形菌* Spirochete 螺旋体* S.pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌* Spore 芽胞S.schottmuelleri 肖⽒沙门菌*S.sonnei 宋内⽒志贺菌* Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌属Staphylococcal protein A ,SPA 葡萄球菌A蛋⽩Staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶素* Sterilization 灭菌* Stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵* Strain 菌株Streptococcal fibrinolysin 链球菌溶纤维蛋⽩酶* Streptococcus 链球菌属* γ-streptococcus 丙型（γ）链球菌Streptodornase,SD 链道酶Streptokinase,SK 链激酶* StreptolysinO, SLO 链球菌溶素OStreptolysinS, SLS 链球菌溶素S* S.typhi 伤寒沙门菌Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE 亚急性硬化性全脑炎* Subclinical infection 亚临床感染* Subvirus 亚病毒* Sulfur granule 硫磺样颗粒Superinfection 重迭感染TTCID50 (50%tissue culture infective dose) 半数组织感染剂量* Teichoic acid 磷壁酸* Temperate phage 温和噬菌体Temperature sensitive mutant 温度敏感突变株Tetani 破伤风* Tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素* Tetanus antitoxin,TAT 破伤风抗毒素* Titer 效价或滴度Togaviridae 披膜病毒科* Toxemia 毒⾎症Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1,TSST-1 毒性休克毒素综合征毒素-I * Toxin 毒素* Toxoid 类毒素* Treponema pallidium 苍⽩密螺旋体* Transduction 转导* Transformation 转化Transposon, Tn 转座⼦Trichophyton ⽑癣菌Tubercle bacilli 结核杆菌* Type 型* Typhoid fever,or enteric fever 肠热症U* Uncoating 脱壳* Ureaplasma.Urealyticum 溶脲脲原体V* Vaccine 疫苗* Varicella-zoster virus VZV ⽔痘-带状疱疹病毒Verotoxin vero毒素* Vertical transmission 垂直传播Vibrio 弧菌属* Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌* Virion 病毒体Viroid 类病毒* Virology 病毒学* Virulence 毒⼒* Virulent phage 毒性噬菌体* Virus 病毒* V.parahemolyticus 副溶⾎性弧菌WWall teichoic acid 壁磷壁酸* Weil-Felix reaction 外斐反应* Widal reaction 肥达反应YYeast 酵母菌Yeast-Like fungus 类酵母菌Yersinia pestis ⿏疫耶尔森菌ZZones of inhibition 抑菌圈* Zoonosis 动物源性疾病。

【考研复试】大内科英语词汇

专业英语词汇:Influenza 流感Acute tracheobronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎Pneumonia 肺炎Community acquired pneumonia,CAP 社区获得性肺炎Hospital acquired pneumonia,HAP 医院获得性肺炎Ventilator associated pneumonia,V AP 呼吸机相关性肺炎Healthcare associated pneumonia,HCAP 卫生保健相关性肺炎Protected specimen brush ,PSB 防污染样本毛刷Bronchial alveolar lavage,BAL 支气管肺泡灌洗Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration,PFNA 经皮细针吸检Urinary antigen test 尿抗原试验Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌Pneumococcal pneumoniae 肺炎球菌Staphylococcal pneumonia 葡萄球菌肺炎Mycoplasmal pneumonia 肺炎支原体肺炎Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia pneumonia 肺炎衣原体肺炎Chlamydia pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体Viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎Severe acute respiratory syndrome ,SARS严重急性呼吸综合征SARS-associated coronavirus,SARS-CoV SARS冠状病毒Pulmonary candidiasis 肺念珠菌病Pulmonary aspergillosis 肺曲霉病Invasive Pulmonary aspergillosis 侵袭性肺曲霉病Halo sign 晕轮征Crescent sign 新月体征Aspergilloma 曲霉肿Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ,ABPA 变应性支气管肺曲霉病Pulmonary cryptococcosis 肺隐球菌病Pneumocystis 肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ,PC 卡氏肺囊虫肺炎Lung abscess 肺脓肿Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张症Pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核Purified protein derivative,PPD 纯蛋白衍化物Isoniazid,INH,H 异烟肼Rifampicin,RFP,R 利福平Rifapentine,RFT 利福喷丁Pyrazinatnide,PZA,Z 吡嗪酰胺Ethambutol,EMB,E 乙胺丁醇Streptomycin,SM,S 链霉素Multidrug resistant tuberculosis ,MDR-TB 耐多药结核病Extensive drug resistant or extreme drug resistant XDR-TB 超级耐多药结核病Chronic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎Aminophyllin 氨茶碱Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPDBronchial asthma 哮喘Bronchial provocation test ,BPT 支气管激发试验Bronchial dilation ,BDT支气管舒张试验Pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE 肺血栓栓塞症Pulmonary embolism ,PE 肺栓塞Deep venous thrombosis,DVT 深静脉血栓形成D-dimer D二聚体Pulmonary hypertension ,PH 肺动脉高压Cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病Chronic pulmonary heart disease 慢性肺源性心脏病Allergic granulomatosis 过敏性肉芽肿病Interstitial lung disease,ILD 间质性肺疾病Diffuse parenchymal lung disease ,DPLD 弥慢性实质性肺疾病Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia，IIP 特发性间质性肺炎Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis，IPF 特发性肺纤维化Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis，PAP 肺泡蛋白质沉积症Non-specific interstitial pneumonia，NSIP 非特异性间质性肺炎Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia 慢性嗜酸性粒细胞性肺炎Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症Extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎Sarcoidosis 结节病Granuloma-inciting factor 肉芽肿激发因子Fibroblasts growth factory ，FGF 成纤维细胞生长因子Parapneumonic diffusions 类肺炎性胸腔积液Pneumothorax 气胸Pleural bleb 胸膜下肺大疱Emphysematous bulla 肺大疱Primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管癌Paraneoplastic syndrome 副癌综合症Hypertrophic pulmonaryosteoarthropathy 肥大性肺性骨关节病Transbronchial lung biopsy 经支气管镜肺活检Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome 睡眠呼吸暂停综合症Polysomnography PSG 多导睡眠图Nasal-continuous positive airway pressure CPAP 经鼻持续气道内正压通气Bilevel positive airway pressure BiPAP 双水平气道内正压Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty UPPP 颚垂软腭咽成形术Hypoventilation 通气不足Diffusion abnormality 弥散障碍Ventilation-perfusion mismatch 通气/血流比例失调Functional shunt 功能性分流Dead space-like ventilation 死腔样通气Pulmonary encephalopathy肺性脑病Carbon didioxide narxosis CO2麻醉Dyspnea 呼吸困难CHEYNE-STOKES respiration潮式呼吸Arterial blood gas analysis 动脉血气分析Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation NIPPV无创正压通气Recruitment maneuver 肺复张法Sepsis 感染中毒症Hypovolemic shock低血容量性休克Cardiogenic shock 心源性休克Distributive shock 分布性休克Obstructive shock 梗阻性休克Cardiac dysfunction 心功能不全Angiotensin 2 血管紧张素Atrial natriuretic peptide，ANP and brain natriuretic peptide，BNP 心钠肽和脑钠肽Arginine vasopressin ，A VP 精氨酸加压素Endothelin 内皮素Cardiac arrhythmia 心律失常After depolarization 后除极Sinus node recovery time，SNRT 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time，SACT 窦房结传导时间Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓Sinus pause or sinus arrest 窦性停搏或窦性静止Sinoatrial block，SAB 窦房阻滞Sick sinus syndrome ，SSS，病态窦房结综合症Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩Atrial flutter 心房扑动Atrial fibrillation 房颤Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩A V junctional escape beats 房室交界区性异搏Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ，PSVT 阵发性室上性心动过速Preexcitation syndrome 预激综合征Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩Ventricular tachycardia 室速Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转Ventricular flutter and ventricular fibrillation 心室扑动与颤动Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞Right bundle branch block ，RBBB 右束支阻滞Radiofrequency energy 射频电能Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ，CPR 心肺复苏Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病Atrial septal defect ，ASD 房间隔缺损Ventricular septal defect ,VSD室间隔缺损Patent ductus arteriosus ，PDA 动脉导管未闭Congenital bicuspid aortic valve 先天性二叶主动脉瓣Congenital coarctation of the aorta 先天性主动脉瓣缩窄Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis 先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄Congenital aortic sinus aneurysm 先天性主动脉窦动脉瘤Congenital tetralogy of fallot 先天性法洛四联症Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗Sodium nitroprusside 硝普钠Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Low density lipoprotein，LDL 低密度脂蛋白Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Ischemic heart disease 缺血性心脏病Acute coronary syndrome ACS 急性冠脉综合征Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛Myocardial infarction，MI 心肌梗死Cardiac aneurysm 心室壁瘤Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病Rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄Infective endocarditis ，IE 感染性心内膜炎Dilated cardiomyopathy ，DCM 扩张型心肌病Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy，HCM 肥厚型心肌病Restrictive cardiomyopathy ，RCM 限制型心肌病Myocarditis 心肌炎Acute pericarditis急性心包炎Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏神经症Helicopter pylori，H. pylori 幽门螺旋杆菌Gastroesophageal reflux disease 胃食管反流病Lower esophageal sphincter 食管下括约肌H2 receptor antagonist H2RA H2受体拮抗剂Proton pump inhibitor PPI质子泵抑制剂Gastritis 胃炎Gastropathy 胃病Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis 急性糜烂出血性胃炎Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ，NSAID 非甾体抗炎药Atrophic gastritis萎缩性胃炎Acute purulent gastritis 急性化脓性胃炎Peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡Gastric ulcer GU 胃溃疡Duodenal ulcer DU十二指肠溃疡Gastric carcinoma 胃癌Endoscopic ultrasonography 超声内镜Intestinal tuberculosis 肠结核Tuberculous peritonitis 结核性腹膜炎Inflammatory bowel disease IBD 炎症性肠病Ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎Crohn’s diseaseCD克罗恩病Toxic megacolon 中毒性巨结肠Budesonine 布地奈德Cyclosorine 环孢素Colorectal carcinoma 直肠癌Functional gastrointestinal disorder 功能性胃肠病Functional dyspepsia 功能性消化不良Irritable syndrome 肠易激综合症Chronic diarrhea慢性腹泻Fatty liver disease 脂肪性肝病Alcoholic fatty liver酒精性脂肪肝Autoimmune hepatitis 自身免疫性肝病Primary biliary cirrhosis 原发性胆汁性肝硬化Hepatic cirrhosis 肝硬化Portal hyertension 门静脉高压Spontaneous bacterial peritonItis 自发性细菌性腹膜炎Hepatorenal syndrome HRS 肝肾综合症Hepatopulmonary syndrome HPS肝肺综合症Alpha fetoprotein，AFP 甲胎蛋白Porto-systemic encephalpathy，PSE 门体分流性脑病Glomerular basement membrane ，GBM 肾小球基底膜Acute golmerulonephritis 急性肾小球肾炎Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 急进性肾小球肾炎Chronic golmerulonephritis 慢性肾小球肾炎Asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria 无症状性血尿或（和）蛋白尿（隐匿性肾小球肾炎Nephritic syndrome肾病综合征Minor golmerular abnormalities 轻微性肾小球病变Focal segmental lesions 局灶性节段性病变Focal glomerulonephritis 局灶性肾小球肾炎Diffuse golmerulonephritis 弥满性肾小球肾炎Membranous nephropathy 膜性肾病Mesangial proliferative golmerulonephritis 系膜增生性肾小球肾炎Endocapillary proliferative golmerulonephritis 毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎Crescentic and necrotizing golmerulonephritis 新月体性和坏死性肾小球肾炎Sclerosing glomerulonephritis 硬化性肾小球肾炎IgA nephropathy IgA肾病Acute interstitial nephritis ，AIN 急性间质性肾炎Urinary tract infection ，UTI 尿路感染Intravenous pyelography ，IVP 静脉肾盂造影Renal artery stenosis 肾动脉狭窄Renal vascular hypertension 肾血管性高血压Hypertensive nephrosclerosis 高血压肾硬化症Benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis 良性小动脉性肾硬化症Malignant arteriolar nephrosclerosis 恶性小动脉性肾硬化症Acute renal failure ，ARF 急性肾衰竭Acute tubular necrosis ，ATN 急性肾小管坏死Uremic toxins 尿毒症毒素Stem cell 干细胞Totipotent 全能的Fertilized egg 受精卵Hematology血液病学Anemia 贫血Aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血Iron deficient anemia 缺铁性贫血Megaloblstic anemia MA 巨幼细胞贫血Hemolytic anemia 溶血性贫血Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿Leukopenia 白细胞减少Neutropenia 中性粒细胞减少Agranulocytosis 粒细胞缺乏症Myelodysplastic syndroms骨髓增生异常综合症Acute lymphoblastic leukemia急性淋巴细胞性白血病Acute myetoid leukemia 急性白血病Lymphoma 淋巴瘤Hodgkin lymphoma霍奇金淋巴瘤Malignant lymphoma恶性淋巴瘤Multiple myeloma 多发性骨髓瘤Hypersplenism 脾功能亢进Allergic purpura过敏性紫癜Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP特发性血小板减少性紫癜Hemolytic uremic syndrome 溶血尿毒综合症Hemophilia 血友病Dissenminated intravascular coagulation弥散性血管内凝血Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞Gigantism 巨人症Acromegaly 肢端肥大症Growth hormone deficiency dwarfism ，GHD 生长激素缺乏性侏儒症Pituitary dwarfism 垂体性侏儒症Diabetes insipidus ,DI 尿崩症Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ，SIADH 抗利尿激素分泌失调综合症Simple Goiter 单纯性甲状腺肿Nontoxic goiter 非毒性甲状腺肿Endemic goiter 地方性甲状腺肿Iodine deficiency disorders ，IDD 碘缺乏病Thyrotoxicosis 甲状腺毒症Hyperthyroidism 甲亢Thyroid crisis 甲状腺危象Apathetic hyperthyroidism 淡漠型甲亢Hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退症Primary hypothyroidism 原发性甲减Subacute thyroiditis 亚急性甲状腺炎Autoimmune thyroiditis ，AIT 自身免疫甲状腺炎Hashimoto thyroiditis ，HT 桥本甲状腺炎Thyroid nodule 甲状腺结节Primary aldosteronism 原发性醛固酮增多症Chronic adrenocortical hypofunction 原发性慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退症Pheochromocytoma 嗜铬细胞瘤Hyperparathyroidism 甲旁亢Hypoparathyroidism 甲旁减Multiple endocrine neoplasia ，MEN 多发性内分泌腺瘤病Diabetes mellitus 糖尿病Metformin 二甲双胍Regular insulin 普通胰岛素Diabetic ketoacidosis ，DKA 糖尿病酮症酸中毒Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status ，HHS 高血糖高渗状态Hypoglycemia 低血糖症Insulinoma 胰岛素瘤Dyslipidemia 血脂异常Chylomicron，CM 乳糜微粒Apoproein 载脂蛋白Very-low-density lipoprotein ，VLDL 极低密度脂蛋白Obesity 肥胖症Metabolic syndrome ，MS 代谢综合征Hyponatremia 低钠血症Water intoxication 水中毒Hypokalemia 低钾血症Potassium depletion 钾缺乏症Standard bicarbonate ，SB 标准碳酸氢盐Buffer base ，BB 缓冲碱Base excess ，BE 碱剩余Anion gap ，AG 阴离子间隙Hyperuricemia 高尿酸血症Gout 痛风Tophi 痛风石Osteoporosis ，OP 骨质疏松症Rheumatic diseases 风湿性疾病connective tissue disease ，CTD 结缔组织病rheumatoid factory，RF 类风湿因子nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs，NSAID 非甾体抗炎药rheumatoid arthritis ，RA 类风湿关节炎glucocorticoid 糖皮质激素systemic lupus erythematosus ，SLE 系统性红斑狼疮lupus nephritis ，LN 狼疮肾炎ankylosing spondylitis ，AS 强直性脊柱炎vasculitides 血管炎takayasu arteritis，TA 大动脉炎idiopathic inflammatory myositis，IIM 特发性炎症性肌病systemic sclerosis ，SSC 系统性硬化病osteoarthritis ，OA 骨关节炎diseases of high altitude 高原病abstinence syndrome 戒断综合征。

常用病原生物学与免疫学中英文词汇

常用病原生物学与免疫学中英文词汇AAcari 蜱螨亚纲acetabulum 腹吸盘acid-fast stain 抗酸染色Actinomyces 放线菌属Aedes albopictus 白纹伊蚊aerial hypha 气生菌丝agar 琼脂agglutination 凝集反应alkaline phosphatase, AP 碱性磷酸酶allergen 变应原alpha-fetal protein, AFP 甲胎蛋白amastigote 无鞭毛体amoeba 阿米巴anaerobe 厌氧菌Ancylostoma duodenale 十二指肠钩口线虫Anopheles minimus 微小按蚊Anopheles sinensis中华按蚊antibody,Ab 抗体antigen, Ag 抗原antistreptolysin O, ASO 抗链球菌溶血素“O”antitoxin抗毒素apoptosis细胞凋亡Arachnida 蛛形纲Ascaris lumbricoides似蚓蛔线虫asepsis无菌autoclave高压蒸气灭菌器autolysin 自溶酶BB cell receptor, BCR B细胞受体Bacillus 杆菌Bacillus anthracis炭疽杆菌bacteriophage, phage 噬菌体bacteriostasis 抑菌bacterium细菌Balantidium coli 结肠小袋纤毛虫basic medium 基础培养基basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞bed bugs 臭虫bioaerosol 生物气溶胶bio-hazard 生物危害Biological safety cabinets，BSCs 生物安全柜bio-safety containment 生物安全防护bio-safety containment for laboratories 生物安全防护实验室Bio-safety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories，BMBL 微生物和生物医学实验室的生物安全bio-safety level, BSL 生物安全水平blastospore 芽生孢子Blattella gemanica 德国小蠊blepharoplast 毛基体blood fluke 血吸虫body nuclei 体核Borrelia 疏螺旋体Broth 肉汤培养基Brugia malayi 马来布鲁线虫CC．trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Candida albicans白色念珠菌（白假丝酵母菌）capsule 荚膜cellular immune 细胞免疫cephalic space 头间隙cercaria 尾蚴cestode 绦虫Chlamydia 衣原体Chlamydia pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体chromosome 染色体chromatoid body 拟染体Chrysomyia megacephala 大头金蝇ciliate 纤毛虫circumoval precipitin （COP）环卵沉淀实验Clonorchis sinensis华支睾吸虫Clostridium botulinum肉毒梭菌Clostridium perfrigens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌coagulase 凝固酶coccus 球菌cockroaches 蜚蠊,蟑螂colony forming unit, CFU 菌落形成单位complement, C 补体Corynebacterium diphtheriae白喉棒状杆菌crescentic space 半月形空隙cross antigen 交叉抗原cryptococcus 隐球菌Cryptosporidium parvum 微小隐孢子虫Culex pipiens pallens 淡色库蚊Culex tritaeniorhynchus三带喙库蚊culture medium 培养基cyst 包囊cysticercus bovis 牛囊尾蚴cysticercus cellulosae 猪囊尾蚴cytokine, CK 细胞因子cytopharynx 胞咽cytoprocte 胞肛cytostome 胞口cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL或Tc 细胞毒性T细胞Ddarkfield microscopy 暗视野显微镜Demodex folliculorum毛囊蠕形螨Demodex brevis皮脂蠕形螨Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌differentiated medium 鉴别培养基Direct agglutination 直接凝集反应disinfect 消毒disk diffusion susceptibility test纸片法药物敏感实验double agar immunodiffusion test 双向琼脂免疫扩散实验drug-resistant bacterium 耐药菌dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌EEscherichia coli大肠埃希菌Echinococcus geanulosus 细粒棘球绦虫ectoplasm 外质egg 虫卵egg shell 卵壳electron microscopy 电子显微镜elementary body 原体elevated shoulder 肩峰embryophore 胚膜Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒endoplasm 内质enterohemorrhagic E.coli, EHEC 肠出血型大肠埃希菌enteroinvasive E.coli, EIEC 肠侵袭型大肠埃希菌enterotoxigenic E.coli，ETEC 肠产毒素型大肠埃希菌Enterovirus肠道病毒Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA 酶联免疫吸附试验Enzyme linked immunospot assay, ELISPOT酶联免疫斑点试验Entamoeba coli 结肠阿米巴Entamoeba histolytica 溶组织内阿米巴Enterobius vermicularis 蠕形住肠线虫Entamoeba gingivalis齿龈内阿米巴eosin and methylene blue 伊红美兰平板（EMB平板）eosinophil 嗜酸性粒细胞epidermophyton表皮癣菌erythrocyte 红细胞FFasciolopsis buski 布氏姜片吸虫female 雌虫fertilized egg 受精卵filamentous colony 丝状菌落filariform larvae 丝状蚴filament substance 丝状物flagellum 鞭毛flagellate 鞭毛虫fleas 蚤flow cytometry, FCM 流式细胞术fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, FQ—PCR 荧光定量聚合酶链反应fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test FTA-ABS 荧光密螺旋体吸收试验fly，flies 蝇fungus，fungi 真菌Ggametocyte 配子体Giardia lamblia 蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Giemsa staining 姬姆萨染色glycogen vacuole 糖原泡gnathosoma 颚体gonococcus 淋球菌Gram’s stain革兰染色法gravid proglottid 妊娠节片gynecophoral canal 抱雌沟HHBcAb 乙型肝炎核心抗体HBeAb 乙型肝炎e抗体HBsAg 乙型肝炎表面抗原hemolytic plaque forming cell assay，HPFC溶血空斑形成细胞检测hepatitis A virus, HA V 甲型肝炎病毒hepatitis B virus, HBV乙型肝炎病毒hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis，HBV-GN 乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎hepatitis C virus, HCV 丙型肝炎病毒herpes simplex virus HSV 单纯疱疹病毒hexacanth larva 六钩蚴hooklet 小钩horseradish peroxidase, HRP 辣根过氧化物酶hot air sterilizer 干烤箱human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒hydatid sand 棘球砂hydatid cyst 棘球蚴Hymenolepis nana 微小膜壳绦虫hypersensitivity超敏反应hypha菌丝Iidosoma 躯体imago 成虫immature schizont 未成熟裂殖体immunoglobulin，Ig 免疫球蛋白inclusion 包涵体incomplete egg 不完整带绦虫卵Indamoeba butschlii布氏嗜碘阿米巴Influenza-virus 流行性感冒病毒initial body 始体Insecta 昆虫纲intermediate host 中间宿主intestinal fluke 肠吸虫iron hematoxylin stain 铁苏木素染色isolation culture 分离培养Ixodes persulcatus 全沟硬蜱JJapanese encephalitis virus日本脑炎病毒Kkaryosome 核仁kinetoplast 动基体Llaboratory-associated infection 实验室相关感染laminar air flow room LAFR 层流室langerhans cells, LC 郎格罕斯细胞larva 幼虫larva capcule 囊包幼虫lateral spine 侧棘lecthinase 卵磷脂酶Leishmania donovani 杜氏利什曼原虫Lentivirinae慢病毒亚科Leptotrombidium deliensis地里纤恙螨leukocyte differentiation白细胞分化抗原liver fluke 肝吸虫lice 虱Lowenstein-jensen medium 罗氏培养基Lucilia sericata 丝光绿蝇lung fluke 肺吸虫lyophilization 冷冻真空干燥法lysogenic bacteria 溶原性细菌Mmacrogametocyte 雌配子体macrophages, MΦ巨噬细胞malarial parasites 疟原虫malarial pigment 疟色素male 雄虫mature proglottid 成节mature schizont 成熟裂殖体Maure’s dots 茂氏小点measles virus麻疹病毒medical arthropods 医学节肢动物medical helminthology 医学蠕虫medical protozoa 医学原虫medium body 中体memory T cell 记忆T细胞meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌merozoite 裂殖子metacercaria 囊蚴metachromatic granule 异染颗粒microbes 微生物microfilariae 微丝蚴microgametocyte 雄配子体microhemagglutination assay for antibodies to Treponema pallidum MHA-TP 梅毒螺旋体抗体微量血凝试验microorganism 微生物minimal bactericidal concentration, MBC最低杀菌浓度minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC最低抑菌浓度miracidium 毛蚴mite 螨mitogen 丝裂原mold 霉菌monoclonal antibody, McAb单克隆抗体monocyte单核细胞mononuclear-phagocyte单核吞噬细胞mosquito 蚊mouthcapsule 口囊mucosal immune system MIS 粘膜免疫系统multiple drugresistant bacterium, MDR 多重耐药菌mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒Musca domesticia 舍蝇mycelium菌丝体Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌mycoplasma 支原体Mycoplasma pneumoniae肺炎支原体mycotoxins 真菌毒素NNecator americanus美洲板口线虫Negri body 内基小体Neisseria gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟菌Neisseria meningitides 脑膜炎奈瑟菌nematode 线虫neurotoxin神经毒素neutralizing antibody 中和抗体neutrophil 中性粒细胞nongonococcal urethritis, NGU 非淋菌性尿道炎normal flora of microbe 正常微生物群nucleus 细胞核nutrient medium 营养培养基Oobligate anaerobe专性厌氧菌operculum 卵盖oocyst 卵囊oral streptococcus 口腔链球菌oral sucker 口吸盘Ornithodoros papillies 乳突钝缘蜱ovary 卵巢ovum 卵细胞PP. aeruginosa铜绿假单胞菌Pagumogonimus skrjabini 斯氏狸殖吸虫Paragonimus westermani 卫氏并殖吸虫pathogen 致病菌，病原菌，病原体Pediculus humanus capitis人头虱Pediculus humanus corporis人体虱Penicillium 青霉菌peripheral blood monocuclear cells, PBMC 外周血单个核细胞Periplaneta americana 美洲大蠊phagocytes 吞噬细胞phagosome 吞噬体phytohemagglutinin, PHA 植物血凝素pinworm 蛲虫pilus或fimbriae 菌毛plaque forming cell, PFC 空斑形成细胞plasmid 质粒Plasmodium falciparum 恶性疟原虫Plasmodium vivax 间日疟原虫Plate 平板（平皿）Pneumocystis carinii卡氏肺孢子虫polymerase chain reaction, PCR多聚酶链反应precipitation reaction 沉淀反应promastigote 前鞭毛体protoscolex 原头节（原头蚴）psedocyst 假包囊pseudohypha 假菌丝pseudopodia 伪足Pthirus pubis 耻阴虱Pulex irritans致痒蚤pupa 蛹pyemia脓毒血症pyogenic coccus 化脓性球菌pyrogen 热原质pyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素Rrabies virus 狂犬病毒rapid plasma reagin, RPR 快速血浆反应素redia 雷蚴refractive granules 屈光颗粒rhinovirus 鼻病毒ring form 环状体Rotavirus 轮状病毒rubella virus风疹病毒roundworm 蛔虫SSabourand medium 沙保培养基Saccharomyces albicans白假丝酵母菌Salmonella 沙门菌属Salmonella-Shigella agar SS平板Sand flies 白蛉Sarcophaga sp麻蝇Sarcoptes scabiei 人疥螨SARS（severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS）严重急性呼吸道综合症S.dysenteriae痢疾志贺菌S.hirschfeldii希氏沙门菌S.paratyphi A甲型副伤寒沙门菌S.schottmuelleri 肖氏沙门菌S.typhi伤寒沙门菌Schistosoma janonicum日本裂体吸虫scolex 头节schizont 裂殖体Schuffner’s dots 薛氏小点selective medium 选择培养基semi-solid medium 半固体培养基serological reaction 血清学反应sheep red blood cell, SRBC 羊红细胞Shigella志贺菌属single agar immuno diffusion test单向琼脂免疫扩散slant 斜面small wart 小疣solid medium 固体培养基sparganosis 裂头蚴spiral bacterium 螺形菌Spirochete螺旋体Spirometra mansoni曼氏迭宫绦虫spore 芽孢，孢子sporocyst 胞蚴sporozoa 孢子虫sporozoite 子孢子staphylococcus 葡萄球菌sterilization 灭菌stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵streptoavidin, SA 链霉亲和素streptococcus链球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌streptolysin O, SLO 链球菌溶血素“O”strobila 链体superantigen, sAg 超抗原TT cell receptor, TCR T细胞受体T helper cell, Th 辅助T细胞T. rubrum 絮状表皮癣菌T lymphocyte transformation test T淋巴细胞转化实验tadpole-like embrgo 蝌蚪状胚胎Taenia saginata肥胖带吻绦虫Taenia solium链状带绦虫thick film 厚血膜thin film 薄血膜thread-like larva 线形幼虫ticks 蜱titer 滴度，效价toxeamia 毒血症Toxoplasma gondii 刚地弓形虫transmission electron microscope，TEM 透射式电镜trematode 吸虫Treponema. pallidum苍白密螺旋体(梅毒螺旋体) treponemal pallidum immobilizing，TPI 梅毒螺旋体制动试验Trichinella spiralis旋毛形线虫Trichomonas vaginalis阴道毛滴虫trichophyton毛癣菌Trichuris trichiura毛首鞭形线虫trophozoite 滋养体UU. urealyticum溶脲脲原体undulating membrane 波动膜unfertilized egg 未受精卵Vvacuole 空泡Vibrio cholerae霍乱弧菌vegetative hypha 营养菌丝vegetative mycelium 营养菌丝Vibrio弧菌属virus 病毒vaccine 疫苗vitelline membrane 卵黄膜WWestern blotting 蛋白印迹whipworm 鞭虫Widal test 肥达实验Wright staining 瑞氏染色Wuchereria bancrofti 班氏吴策线虫XXenopsylla cheopis 印鼠客蚤Yyeast酵母菌yeast type colony 酵母型菌落yeast-like colony 类酵母菌落yolk cell 卵黄细胞Zzoonosis 人兽共患病β-lactamase β-内酰胺酶。

链球菌感染

链球菌属(Streptococcus)细菌侵入人体引起的疾病。

分2类：一类是感染性疾病，如急性扁桃体炎、脓皮病、肺炎等；另一类为变态反应性疾病，如急性肾小球肾炎等链球菌感染为人类常见疾病，不仅遍及世界各地，而且四季均可发生。

肺炎链球菌旧称肺炎双球菌(Diplococ- cuspneumoniae)，存在于正常人体的口、鼻、咽腔，人体抵抗力降低时方致病，主要引起大叶性肺炎。

目录链球菌科丙型链球菌一般不致病,常存在于粮食、乳品中,在乳制品、泡菜和粉丝的制做中起作用。

明串珠菌属现有6个种，存在于植物体表,也见于青贮、泡菜、果酒、乳制品中，常可增加产品风味，但在制糖工业中，明串珠菌是有害菌。

肠膜明串珠菌能从蔗糖产生葡聚糖，可作为代血浆。

片球菌属有5个种,存在于植物体表和植物的制品（如青贮、泡菜、果酒）中。

西方国家制造腊肠、熏肉时，利用片球菌迅速降低制品的pH值，以防止腐坏。

片球菌由于耐酒精和酒花，常成为啤酒的为害菌，使啤酒混浊败坏。

气球菌属仅有1种，即绿色气球菌。

链球菌科孪生球菌属仅有1种，即溶血孪生球菌。

病原学链球菌属是链球菌科的成员之一，链球菌是圆形或卵圆形的革兰氏阳性细菌。

无芽胞，无动力,过氧化氢酶阴性，不耐热（55～60℃30分钟即可杀死），在液体培养基中生长时为成对或成链状排列的球菌。

易被各种常用消毒药杀灭，但对各种自然因素却有一定的抵抗力。

在痰、渗出物及动物排泄物中可生存数周，在尘埃中无日光照射时可生存数日，广泛分布于自然界，从水、尘埃、乳汁、健康人的鼻咽链球菌感染部、人及动物粪便中皆可检出。

链球菌的分类至今尚未统一，目前常将链球菌属按溶血能力分为甲型（型）溶血性链球菌、乙型(β型)溶血性链球菌、丙型（γ型）溶血性链球菌3类，甲型链球菌致病力弱，为上呼吸道的正常寄生菌；丙型链球菌为口腔、鼻咽部及肠道的正常菌群，通常为非致病菌；乙型溶血性链球菌为链球菌感染中的主要致病菌。

这一分类法简单，临床使用方便。

1[1].4.2+链球菌肺炎

疾病名：链球菌肺炎英文名：streptococcal pneumonia缩写：别名：链球菌性肺炎；化脓性链球菌肺炎疾病代码：ICD ：J15.4概述：链球菌(streptococcus)是化脓性球菌中的一大类常见细菌，为链状或者成双排列的革兰阳性球菌。

广泛分布于自然界和人类的上呼吸道、胃肠道、泌尿道及生殖道中。

其种类繁多，且大多不致病。

但致病者可引起各种化脓性炎症，常见的如猩红热、丹毒等，以及链球菌感染后的变态反应性疾病，如风湿热、肾小球肾炎等。

链球菌中的致病菌主要为A 族，亦称化脓性链球菌(pyogenic streptococcus)，可引起人类肺炎。

流行病学：化脓性链球菌肺炎散发于世界各地，迄今未见到国内外有关发病率的报道。

一般少有真正的流行，但1918年流感大流行后继发的链球菌肺炎呈小流行，死亡率高达30%～35%。

多为内源性感染，传染源为带菌者本身，当机体抵抗力降低时，吸入上呼吸道含菌的分泌物而发病。

儿童和老年体弱者易患本病。

病因：链球菌的分类方法有多种，常见的有以下3种： 1.根据溶血现象分类可分为3类(1)甲型溶血性链球菌(α-hemolytic streptococcus)：这类链球菌亦称为草绿色链球菌(streptococcus vividans )，是人类上呼吸道的正常菌群，只有在受损的心瓣膜、脑膜上或泌尿生殖道中能引起疾病，为条件致病菌。

(2)乙型溶血性链球菌(β-hemolytic streptococcus)：此类链球菌亦称为溶血性链球菌(hemolytic stretococcus )。

乙型溶血性链球菌致病力强，常引起人和动物多种疾病。

(3)丙型链球菌(γ-streptococcus)：不产生溶血素，菌素周围无溶血球，故亦称不溶血性链球菌(non-hemolytic streptococcus)。

无致病性，常存在于乳类和粪便中，有时偶尔引起感染。

2.根据抗原结构分类按链球菌细胞壁中的特异性C 多糖抗原不同，可分为A、B、C、D……等18族。

内外妇儿护理学专业英语单词汇总

内科护理学单词汇总一呼吸系统疾病病人的护理1.咳嗽cough2.咳痰expectoration3.呼吸困难dyspnea4.咯血hemoptysis5.急性上呼吸道感染acute upper respiratory tract infection6.普通感冒common cold7.急性气管支气管炎acute tracheo-bronchitis8.肺炎pneumonia9.社区获得性肺炎community acquired pneumonia,CAP10.医院获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia HAP11.肺炎链球菌肺炎streptococcus pneumonia12.肺炎球菌肺炎pneumococcal pneumonia13.葡萄球菌肺炎staphylococcal pneumonia14.肺炎支原体肺炎mycoplasmal pneumonia15.肺炎衣原体肺炎chlamydia pneumonia16.病毒性肺炎viral pneumonia17.肺真菌病pulmonary mycosis18.肺脓肿lung abscess19.支气管扩张症bronchiectasis20.肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis21.支气管哮喘bronchial asthma22.速发型哮喘反应immediate asthmatic reaction,IAR23迟发型哮喘反应late asthmatic reaction,LAR24.气道高反应性airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR25.慢性阻塞性肺疾病chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD 26,慢性肺源性心脏病chronic pulmonary heart disease27.肺血栓栓塞症pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE28.肺血栓pulmonary embolism，PE29.肺梗死pulmonary infarction,PI30.静脉血栓栓塞症venous thromboembolism,VTE31.原发性支气管肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma32.非小细胞肺癌non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC33.小细胞肺癌small cell lung cancer,SCLC34.副癌综合征paraneoplastic syndrome35 病人自控镇痛patient-controlled analgesia,PCA36.胸膜腔内液体pleural fluid37.胸腔积液pleural effusion38.漏出液transudative39.渗出液exudative40.脓胸empyema41.乳糜胸chylothorax42.类肺炎性胸腔积液parapneumonic effusion43.气胸pneumothorax44.自发性气胸spontaneous pneumothorax45.睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,SAHS46.中枢型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征central sleep apnea syndrome，CSAS47.阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS48.气道正压通气positive airway pressure，PAP49.腭垂软腭咽成形术uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP50.呼吸衰竭respiratory failure51.肺通气不足hypoventilation52.弥散障碍diffusion abnormality53.无效腔样通气dead space-like ventilation54.肺内动-静脉解剖分流增加increased intrapulmonary anatomic shunt55.肺性脑病pulmonary encephalopathy56.二氧化碳麻醉carbon dioxide narcosis57.急性呼吸窘迫综合症acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS58.急性肺损伤acute lung ingury,ALI59.系统性炎症反应综合征systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS60.代偿性抗炎症反应综合症compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome,CARS61 机械通气mechanical ventilation62 持续强制通气continuous mandatory ventilation,CMV63,间歇强制通气intermittent mandatory ventilation，IMV64 同步间歇强制通气synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation,SIMV65.压力支持通气continuous positive airway pressure，CPAP66.呼吸机相关性肺损伤ventilator-induced lung ingury,VILI67.呼吸机相关肺炎ventilator associated pneumonia,V AP二循环系统疾病病人的护理1.electrocardiogram,ECG 心电图2.dynamic electrocardiogram DCG 动态心电图3.exercise electrocardiography 运动心电图4.ambulatory blood pressure monitoringABPM 动态血压监测5.Echocardiography 超声心电图6.radionuclide examination 放射性核素检查7.cardiogenic dyspnea 心源性呼吸困难8.cardiogenic edema 心源性水肿9.chest pain 胸痛palpitation 心悸10.cardiogenic syncope 心源性晕厥11.heart failure 心力衰竭12.atrial natriuretic peptide ANP 心房利钠肽13.brain natriuretic peptide BNP 脑那肽14.cardiac resynchronization therapy CRT 心脏再同步化治疗15.cardiac arrhythmia 心律失常16.sinus tachycardia 窦性心律过速17.sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓18.sinus pause or sinus arrest 窦性停搏或窦性静止19.sick sinus syndrome SSS 病态窦房结综合征20.atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩21.atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速22.atrial flutter 心房扑动23.atrial fibrillation 心房颤动24.premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩25.paroxysmai supraventricular tachycardia PSVT 室上速26.preexcitation syndrome 预激综合征27.premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩28.ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速29.ventricular flutter 心室扑动30.ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动31.atrioventricular block A VB 房室传导阻滞32.cardiac monitoring 心电监护33.sudden cardiac arrest SCA 心脏骤停34.sudden cardiac death SCD 心脏性猝死35.basic life supportBLS 基础生命支持36.cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR心肺复苏pressions 胸外按压airway 开放气道38.breathing 人工呼吸39.defibrillation 除颤40.advanced cardiovascular life support ACLS 高级心血管生命支持41.cardioversion 出差，复律42.pacing 起搏43.valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病44.rheumatic valvular heart disease 风湿性心脏瓣膜病45.mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄46.mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全47.aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄48.aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全49.coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病50.coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病51.ischemic heart disease 缺血性心脏病52.acute coronary syndrome ACS 急性冠脉综合症53.chronic coronary artery disease CAD慢性冠状病54.chronic ischemic syndrome CIS 慢性缺血综合征55.unstable angina UA 不稳定型心绞痛56.non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction NSTEMI非ST段抬高性心肌梗死57.ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI ST段抬高性心肌梗死58.percutaneous coronary intervention PCI 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗59.coronary artery bypass graftingCABG冠状动脉旁路移植术60.enhanced external counterpulsation EECP 增强型体外反搏61.unstable angina UA 不稳定型心绞痛62.variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛63.myocardial infarction MI 心肌梗死64.acute myocardial infarction AMI 急性心肌梗死65.thrombolytic therapy 溶栓疗法66.insulin resistance IR 胰岛素抵抗67.hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症68.hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急症69.viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎70.cardiomyopathy 心肌病71.dilated cardiomyopathy DCM 扩张性心肌病72.hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HCM 肥厚型心肌病73.infective endocarditis IE 感染性心内膜炎74.acute pericarditis 急性心包炎75.pacemaker 起搏器76.radio frequency catheter ablation RFCA射频消融术77.percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty PBMV 经皮囊刺球囊二尖瓣成形术78.intra-aortic balloon pump IABP 主动脉内球囊反搏79.coronary arterial angiography 冠状动脉造影术80.percutaneous coronary intervention PCI 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗81.percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术82.intracoronary stent implantation 冠状动脉内支架植入术83.atrial septal defect ASD心房间隔缺损封闭术84.ventricular septal defect VSD心室间隔缺损85.patent ductus arteriosus PDA 未闭动脉导管三消化系统疾病病人的护理1.食管下括约肌lower esophageal sphincter LES2.屈氏韧带Treitz’s ligament3.自主神经系统-肠神经系统enteric nervous system ENS4.卓-艾综合征Zollinger-Ellison syndrome5.恶心nausea6.呕吐vomiting7.腹痛abdominal pain8.腹泻diarrhea9.吞咽困难dysphagia10.嗳气eructation11.反酸acid regurgitation12.灼热感或烧心感heartburn13.畏食或食欲不振anorexia14.腹胀abdominal distention15.便秘constipation16.黄疸jaundice17.呕血hematemesis18.黑便melena19.胃食管反流病gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD20.反流性食管炎reflux esophagitis RE21.非糜烂性反流病nonerosive reflux disease NERD22.胃炎gastritis23.急性胃炎acute gastritis24.急性糜烂出血性胃炎acute erosive-hemorrhagic gastritis Cushing25.溃疡Cushing ulcer26.慢性胃炎chronic gastritis27.非萎缩性慢性胃炎non-atrophic chronic gastritis28.萎缩性慢性胃炎atrophic chronic gastritis29.特殊类型慢性胃炎special forms chronic gastritis30.多灶萎缩性胃炎multifocal atrophic gastritis31.自身免疫性胃炎autoimmune gastritis32.异型增生dysplasia33.消化性溃疡peptic ulcer34.胃溃疡gastritis ulcer GU35.十二指肠溃疡duodenal ulcer DU36.胃癌gastritis cancer Krukenberg37.瘤Krukenberg tumor38.伴癌综合征paraneoplastic syndrome39.肠结核intestinal tuberculosis40.结核性腹膜炎tubercolous peritonitis41.炎症性肠病inflammatory bowel disease IBD42.溃疡性结肠炎ulcerative colitis UC43.克罗恩病Crohn disease CD44.脂肪性肝病fatty liver disease45.非酒精性脂肪性肝病non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD46.酒精性肝病alcoholic liver disease ALD47.肝硬化hepatic cirrhosis48.肝窦毛细血管化sinusoid capillarization49.腹水ascites50.肝掌palmar erythema51.自发性细菌性腹膜炎spontaneous bacterial peritonitis SBP52.肝肾综合征hepatorenal syndrome HRS53.肝肺综合征hepatopulmonary syndrome NPS54.原发性肝癌primary carcinoma of the liver55.肝性脑病hepatic encephalopathy HE56.肝性昏迷hepatic coma57.门体分流性脑病porto-system encephalopathy PSE58.轻微肝性脑病minimal hepatic encephalopathy59.急性胰腺癌acute pancreatitis AP60.轻症急性胰腺癌mild acute pancreatitis MAP61.重症急性胰腺癌severe acute pancreatitis SAP62.上消化道出血upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage63.食管贲门黏膜撕裂综合征Mallory-Weiss syndrome64.胃粘膜损伤stress-related gastric mucosal injury65.腹腔穿刺术abdominocentesis66.十二指肠引流术duodenal drainage67.内镜食管静脉套扎术endoscopic variceal ligation EVL68.肝穿刺活组织检查术liver biopsy四泌尿系统疾病病人的护理1.水肿edema2.尿路刺激征urinary irritation symptoms3.少尿oliguresis4.无尿anuresis5.多尿hyperdiuresis6.夜尿增多nocturia7.蛋白尿albuminuria8.镜下血尿hematuria9.肉眼血尿grosshematuria10.白细胞尿leucocyturia11.脓尿pyuria12.菌尿bacteriuria13.管型尿cyclindruria14.肾小球轻微病变minimal glomerular abnormalities15.肾小球微小病变minimal change glomerulopathy16.局灶节段性肾小球病变focal segmental glomerular lesions17.局灶性肾小球肾炎focal glomerulonephritis18.局灶节段性肾小球硬化focal segmental glomerulosclerosis FSGS19.弥漫性肾小球肾炎diffuse glomerulonephritis20.系膜增生性肾小球肾炎mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis21.毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎enducapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis22.系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis23.新月体性肾小球肾炎crescentic glomerulonephritis24.硬化性肾小球肾炎sclerosing glomerulonephritis25.未分类的肾小球肾炎unclassified glomerulonephritis26.肾炎综合征nephritic syndrome 肾病综合征27.nephrotic syndrome，NS急性肾小球肾炎28.acute glomerulonephritis，AGN29.急进性肾小球肾炎rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN30.慢性肾小球肾炎chronic glomerulonephritis，CGN31.无症状性血尿和（或）蛋白尿asymptomatic hematuria with or without proteinuria32.急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎post-styeptococcal glomerulonephritis，PSGN33.抗链球菌溶菌素“O”抗体ASO34.发病初期总补体CH50 血清抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体ANCA35.血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂ACEI36.血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂ARB37.低密度脂蛋白LDL38.极低密度脂蛋白VLDL39.尿路感染urinary tract infection，UTI40.急性肾衰竭acute renal failure，ARF41.急性肾亏损acute kidney injury，AKI42.急性肾小管坏死acute tubular necrosis，ATN43.肾小球滤过率GFR44.CT血管造影CTA45.磁共振血管造影MRA46.慢性肾脏病chronic kidney disease，CKD47.美国脏病基金会National Kidney Foundation，NKF48.肾脏病预后生存质量指导Kidney/ Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative，K/ DOQI49.细胞外基质ECM50.甲状旁腺激素PTH51.肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统RAAS52.促红细胞生成素EPO53.红细胞生成制剂ESAs54.必需氨基酸EAA55.血液透析hemodialysis，HD56.活化凝血时间ACT57.凝血活酶时间APTT58.腹膜透析peritoneal dialysis，PD59.持续非卧床腹膜透析continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis，CAPD60.间歇性腹膜透析intermittent peritoneal dialysis，IPD61.持续循环腹膜透析continuous cycle peritoneal dialysis，CCPD62.夜间间歇性腹膜透析nocturnal intermittent peritoneal dialysis，NIPD63.潮式腹膜透析tidal腹膜透析peritoneal dialysis，TPD64.自动腹膜透析peritoneal dialysis，APD65.血液滤过hemofiltration，HF66.血液透析滤过hemodiafiltration，HDF67.连续性肾脏替代治疗continuous renal replacement therapy，CRRT六、血液系统疾病病人的护理1.造血干细胞hemopoietic stem cell，HSC2.造血微环境hemopoietic microenviroment3.阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria，PNH4.骨髓增生异常综合征myelodysplastic syndrome，MDS5.磁共振显像MRI6.出血bleeding，haemorrhage7.肿瘤坏死因子TNF8.白细胞介素-1 IL-19.白细胞介素-6 IL-610.贫血anemia11.血红蛋白浓度Hb12.红细胞计数RBC13.血红胞比容HCT14.先天性红细胞生成异常贫血congenial dyserythropoietic anemia，CDA15.干扰素IFN 葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase，G-6-PD16.平均红细胞容积mean corpuscular volume17.平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration，MCHC18.缺铁性贫血iron deficiency anemia，IDA19.转铁蛋白饱和度TS20.血清铁ST21.游离原卟啉FEP22.巨幼细胞贫血megaloblastic anemia，MA23.脱氧核糖核酸DNA24.二氢叶酸FH225.四氢叶酸FH426.N5-甲基四氢叶酸N5-FH427.先天性钴胺素传递蛋白ⅡTCⅡ28.再生障碍性贫血aplastic anemia,AA29.重型再障SAA30.非重型再障NSAA31.极重型VSAA32.急性型AAA33.慢性型CAA34.重型再障ⅠSAA-Ⅰ35.重型再障Ⅱ型SAA-Ⅱ36.造血干祖细胞HSC37.阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿PNH38.骨髓增生异常综合症MDS39.造血负调控因子IFN-γ、TNF40.免疫抑制疗法immunosuppressive therapy，IST41.抗胸腺细胞球蛋白antithymocyte globulin,ATG42.淋巴细胞球蛋白antilymphocyte globulin,ALG43.环孢素CsA44.粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子GM-CSF45.粒细胞集落刺激因子G-CSF46.重组人促红细胞生成素EPO47.溶血性贫血hemolytic anemia,HA48.获得性血细胞膜糖化肌醇磷脂锚连膜蛋白GPI49.阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿PNH50.无效性红细胞ineffective erythropoiesis51.一过性再生障碍危象transient aplastic crisis,TAC52.红细胞葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶G-6-PD53.生理性止血hemostasis54.血液凝固blood coagulation55.激肽释放酶原PK56.高分子量激肽原HMWK57.纤维蛋白原fibrinogen58.凝血酶原prothrombin59.组织因子tissue factor60.易变因子labile factor61.稳定因子stable factor62.抗血友病球蛋白AHG63.血浆凝血活酶成分PTC64.血浆凝血活酶前质PTA65.纤维蛋白稳定因子FSF66.抗凝血酶antithrombin，AT67.组织因子途径抑制物tissue factor pathway inhibitor ,TFPI68.纤维蛋白降解产物fibrin degradation product,FDP69.出血时间bleeding time，BT70.凝血时间clotting time，CT71.活化部分凝血活酶时间activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT72.血浆凝血酶原时间prothrombin time，PT73.凝血酶时间thrombin time，TT74.血小板第三因子PF375.特发性血小板减少性紫癜idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura,ITP76.血小板相关免疫球蛋白platelet-associated IgG,PALgG77.利妥昔单抗rituximab78.促血小板生成素thrombopoietin,TPO79.过敏性紫癜allergic purpura80.血友病hemophilia81.简易凝血活酶生成试验thromboplastin generation test,TGT82.去氨加压素desmopressin，DDA VP83.弥散性血管内凝血disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC84.白血病leukemia85.急性白血病acute leukemia86.慢性白血病chronic leukemia87.人类T淋巴细胞病毒I型human T lymphotropic virus-I , HTLV-I88.分急性淋巴细胞白血病acute lymphotropic leukemia , ALL , 简称急淋89.急性非淋巴细胞白血病acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia , ANLL , 简称急非淋90.急性髓系白血病acute myelogenous leukemia , AML91.急性髓细胞白血病微分化型M092.急性粒细胞白血病未分化型M193.急性粒细胞白血病部分分化型M294.急性早幼粒细胞白血病APL，M395.急性粒-单核细胞白血病M496.急性单核细胞白血病M597.急性红白血病M698.急性聚核细胞白血病M799.粒细胞肉瘤/绿色瘤chloroma100.中枢神经系统白血病central nervous system leukemia , CNSL101.早幼粒白血病基因PML102.维A酸受体基因RARa103.白细胞淤滞症leukostasis104.诱导缓解complete remission , CR105.甲氨蝶呤MTX106.巯嘌呤6-MP107.氟达拉滨FLU108.足叶乙苷VP-16109.阿糖胞苷Ara-C110.环胞苷Cy111.环磷酰胺CTX112.苯丁酸氮芥CLB113.白消安BUS114.长春新碱VCR115.高三尖杉酯碱HHT116.依托泊苷VP-16117.柔红霉素DNA118.去甲氧柔红霉素IDR119.左旋门冬酰胺酶L-ASP120.泼尼松P121.羟基脲HU122.维A酸（全反式维甲酸）A TRA123.粒细胞集落刺激因子G-CSF124.粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子GM-CSF125.卡巴嗪DTIC126.5-氟尿嘧啶5-Fu127.顺铂DDP128.维A酸综合症retinoic acid syndrome , RAS129.慢性粒细胞白血病chronic myeloid leukemia , CML , 简称慢粒130.中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶neutrophil alkaline phosphatase , NAP131.慢性淋巴细胞白血病chronic lymphoblastic leukemia , CLL , 简称慢淋132.淋巴瘤lymphoma133.霍奇金淋巴瘤Hodgkin lymphoma , HL134.非霍奇金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin lymphoma , NHL135.多发性骨髓瘤multiple myeloma , MM136.外周穿刺中心静脉导管peripherally inserted central catheter , PICC 137.植入式静脉输液港implantable venous access port138.植入式中心静脉导管系统central venous port access system，CVPAS 139.造血干细胞移植hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT140.骨髓移植bone marrow transplantation，BMT141.外周血干细胞移植peripheral blood stem cell transplantation，PBSCT 142.脐血移植cord blood transplantation , CBT143.有血缘移植related donor transplantation, RDT144.无血缘移植unrelated donor transplantation, UDT145.白细胞抗原human leukocyte antigen , HLA146.移植物抗白血病graft-versus-leukemia , GVL147.骨髓穿刺术bone marrow puncture148.促甲状腺激素释放激素thyrotropin hormone releasing hormone , TRH149.促性腺激素释放激素gonadotropin releasing hormone , GnRH150.促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素corticotropin releasing hormone , CRN151.生长激素释放激素growth hormone releasing hormone , GHRH152.催乳素释放因子prolactin releasing factor , PRF153.促黑（素细胞）激素释放因子melanophore stimulating hormone releasing factor , MSHRF , MRF154.生长激素释放抑制激素growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone , GHRIH155.生长抑素somatostatin SS156.催乳素释放抑制因子prolactin inhibiting factor , PIF157.促黑（素细胞）激素释放抑制因子melanophore stimulating hormone releasing inhibiting factor , MSHRIF , MIF158.促甲状腺激素thyrotropin , thyroid stimulating hormone , TSH159.促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotrophic hormone , ACTH160.黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone , LH161.卵泡刺激素（促卵泡素）follicle stimulating hormone , FSH162.生长激素somatotropin , growth hormone , GH163.催乳素prolactin , PRL164.促黑（素细胞）激素melanophore stimulating hormone , MSH165.抗利尿激素/血管加压素antidiuretic hormone , ADH166.甲状腺素（四碘甲腺原氨酸），thyroxine,T4167.三碘甲状腺原氨酸，triiodothyronine,T3168.甲状腺滤泡旁C细胞分泌降钙素，calcitonin,CT169. parathyroid hormone,PTH分泌甲状旁腺激素，170.hormone激素，171.factor因子，172.endocrine内分泌，173.paracrine旁分泌，174.autocrine自分泌，175.intracrine胞内分泌，176.neurocrine神经分泌，177.neurohormone神经激素，178.vanillyl mandelic acid,VMA香草基杏仁酸，179.body mass index,BMI体重指数，180.erectile dysfunction,ED男性勃起功能障碍，181.anterior pituitary hypofunction腺垂体功能减退症，182.Sheehan syndrome希恩综合征，183.simple goiter单纯性甲状腺肿，184.nontoxic goiter非毒性甲状腺肿，185.thyrotoxicosis甲状腺毒素，186.hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进症，187.Hashitoxicosis桥本甲状腺毒素，188.silent thyroiditis无症状性甲状腺炎，189.Graves disease，GD Graves病/弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿/Parry病/Basedow病，190.TSH receptor antibodies,TRAb TSH受体抗体，191.TSHR stimulating antibody,TSAb TSH受体刺激抗体，192.TSHR blocking antibody,TSBAb TSH受体阻断抗体，193.thyrotoxicperiodic paralysis,TPP甲状腺毒症性周期性瘫痪，194.thyroid crisis甲状腺危象，195.thyrotoxic heart disease甲状腺毒症性心脏病，196.T3 toxicosis T3型甲状腺毒症，197.apathetic hyperthyroidism淡漠型甲状腺功能亢进症，198.subclinical hyperthyroidism亚临床型甲状腺功能亢进症，199.Graves ophthalmopathy,GO Graves眼病，200.antithyroid drugs，ATD 抗甲状腺药物，201.methylthiouracil,MTU甲硫氧嘧啶，202.propylthiouracil，PTU丙硫氧嘧啶，203.methimazole,MMI 他巴唑，赛治，甲巰咪唑，204.carbimazole CMZ甲亢平，卡比马唑，205.hypothyroidism甲状腺功能减退症，206.myxedema黏液性水肿，207.cretinism呆小症,208.tertiary hypothyroidism三发性甲减，209.Cushing syndrome 库欣综合征，210.Cushing disease库欣病，211.chronic adrenocortical hypofunction慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退症，212.autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome,APS 自身免疫性多内分泌腺体综合征，213.pheochromocytoma嗜铬细胞瘤，214.metanephrine,MN 甲氧基肾上腺素，215.normetadrenaline，NMN 甲氧基去甲肾上腺素，216.diabetes mellitus,DM 糖尿病，217.human leukocyte antigen,HLA 白细胞抗原，218.insulin resistance,IR 胰岛素抵抗，219.metabolic syndrome,MS 代谢综合征，220.impaired glucosetolerance，IGT 糖耐量减低，221.impaired fasting glycaemia,IFG 空腹血糖调节受损，222.glucotoxicity葡萄糖毒性，223.lipotoxicity 脂毒性，tent autoimmune diabetes in adults,LADA 人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病，225.diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA 糖尿病酮症酸中毒，226.hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status,HHS 高血糖高渗状态，227.diabetic macroangiopathy 糖尿病大血管病变，228.diabetic microangiopathy 糖尿病微血管病变，229.diabetic nephropathy 糖尿病肾病，230.diabetic retinopathy糖尿病视网膜病变231. diabetic neuropathy 糖尿病神经病变232.病尿病足diabetic foot,DF233.间歇性跛行intermittent claudication234.口服葡萄糖耐量试验oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT235.静脉葡萄糖耐量试验intravenous glucose tolerance test,IVGTT 236.糖化血红蛋白A1（hemoglobin A1 ,glycosylated hemoglobin,CHbA1 237.高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C 238.空腹血浆葡萄糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）239. 2小时血浆葡萄糖（2 hour plasma glucose,2hPG）240.磺脲类（sulfonylureas,SUs）241.噻唑烷二酮（thiazolinedione,TZD）242.皮下胰岛素输注（continuous subcutaneous insulin insulin,CSII）243.胰升糖素样多肽1（glucagon-like peptide 1,GLP-1）244.尼龙单丝（Semmes-Weinstein Monofila-ment,SWM）245.高血异常（dyslipidemia）246.高脂血症（hyperlipidemia）247.高胆固醇血症（hypercholesterolemia）248.高甘油三酯血症（hypertriglyceridemia）249.胆固醇（cholesterol）250.甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）251.载脂蛋白（apolipoprotein,Apo）252.游离脂肪酸FFA 乳糜微粒(chylomicron,CM)253.极低密度脂蛋白(very-low-density lipoproteinVLDL)254.低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL)255.高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein,HDL)256.血浆总胆固醇（total cholesterol，TC）257.治疗性生活方式改变（therapeutic lifestyle changes,TLC）258.医学营养治疗（medical nutritional therapy，MNT）259.脂蛋白脂肪酶（LPL）260.肥胖症（obesity）261.棕色脂肪组织（BA T）262.体重指数（BMI）263.理想体重（ideal body weight，IBW）264.腰围(waist circumference，WC)265.腰/臀比（waist/hip ratio,WHR）266.痛风石（tophi）267.骨质疏松症（osteoporosis，OP）268.骨重建（bone remodeling）269.骨软化症（osteomalacia）270.骨矿含量（bone mineral content，BMC）271.单光子吸收测定法（SPA）272.双能X线吸收测定法（DEXA）273.风湿性疾病(rheumatic diseases)274.弥漫性结缔组织病（diffuse connective tissue disease，CTD）275.系统性红斑狼疮（systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE）276.类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis，RA）277.风湿因子（rheumatoid factor，RF）278.抗核抗体（anti-nuclear anti-bodies，ANA）279.晨僵（morning stiffness）280.狼疮性肾炎（lupus nephritis，LN）281.神经精神狼疮（nauropsychiatric lupus,NP-SLE）282.抗磷脂抗体综合症（antiphospholipid antibody syndrome,APS）283.强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）284.缓解病情抗风湿药（disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug,DMARD）285.特发性炎症性肌病（idiopathic inflammatory myositis ,IIM）286.多发性肌炎（polymyositis , PM）287.皮肌炎（dermatomyositis , DM）288.无肌病性皮肤炎（amyopathic dermatomyositis ）289.儿童皮肤炎（juvenile dermatomyositis）290.包涵体肌炎（inclusion body myositis）291.肌酸磷酸激酶（CPK）292.肌酸激酶（CK）293.天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）294.丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）295.乳氨脱氢酶（LDH）296.肌炎特异性抗体（MSA）第九章传染病病人的护理1.感染（infection）2.隐性感染（covert infection）3.亚临床感染（subclinical infection）4.显性感染（overt infection）5.临床感染（clinical infection）6.病原携带状态（carrier state）7.潜伏性感染（latent infection）8.侵袭力（invasiveness）9.毒力（virulence）10.非特异性免疫（non-specific immunity）.11.特异性免疫（specific immunity）12.传染病（communicable diseases）13.有病原体（pathogen）14.有传染性（infectivity）15.有流行病学特征（epidemiologic feature）16.流行性（epidemicity）17.散发（sporadic）18.流行（epidemic）19.大流行（pandemic）20.暴发（outbreak）21.季节性（seasonal）22.地方性（localization）23.感染后免疫（postinfection immunity）24.潜伏期（incubation period）25.前驱期（prodromal period）26.症状明显期（period of apparent manifestation）27.恢复期（convalescent period）28.复发（relapse）29.再燃（recrudescence）30.传染源（source of infection）31.传播途径（route of transmission）32.接触传播（contact transmission）33.飞沫传播（droplet transmission）34.空气传播（airborne transmission）35.接种（vaccination）36.标准预防（standard precautions）37.普通预防（universal precaution）38.隔离（isolation）39.消毒（disinfection）40.聚合酶链反应（polymerase chainreaction ，PCR）41.体温上升期（effervescence）42.极期（fastigium）43.体温下降期（defervescence）44.稽留热（sustained fever）45.弛张热（remittent fever）46.间歇热（intermittent fever）47.回归热（relapsing）48.波状热（undulant fever）49.不规则热（irregular fever）50.马鞍热（saddle type fever）51.发疹（rash）52.发疹性传染病（eruptive infectious diseases）53.外疹（exanthem）54.内疹（enanthem）55.科氏斑（Koplik spots）56.斑丘疹（maculopapule）57.斑疹（macule）58.丘疹（papule）59.瘀点（petechia）60.瘀斑（ecchymosis）61.胞疹（vesicle）62.脓胞（pustule）63.荨麻疹（urticaria）64.流行性感冒（influenza）65.血凝素（hemagglutinin，H）66.神经氨酸酶（neuraminidase，N）67.反转录PCR（RT-PCR）68.金刚烷胺（amantadine）69.甲基金刚烷甲烷（rimantadine）70.奥司他韦（oseltamivir，达菲）71.人禽流行性感冒（human avian influenza）72.传染性非典型肺炎（infectious atypical pneumonia）73.严重急性呼吸综合征（severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS）74.病毒性肝炎（viral hepatitis）75.甲型肝炎病毒（hepatitis A virus,HA V）76.乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）77.丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus,HCV）78.丁型肝炎病毒（hepatitis D virus,HDV）79.戊型肝炎病毒（hepatitis E virus,HEV）80.拉米夫定（lamivudine,LAM）81.人工肝支持系统（artificial liver support systems,ALSS）82.肾综合征出血热（hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS）83.获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS）84.免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）85.朗格汉斯细胞（Langerhans cell）86.齐多夫定（zidovudine,ZDV,AZT）87.双脱氧胞苷（dideoxycytidine,DDC）88.双脱氧肌苷（dideoxyinosine,DDI）89.利托那韦（ritonavir,RNV）90.沙奎那韦（saquinavir,SQV）91.茚地那韦（indinavir,IDV）92.流行性乙型脑炎（epidemic encephalitis B）93.登革热（dengue fever）94.登革（dengue）95.登革出血热（dengue hemorrhagic fever）96.促进性抗体（enhancing antibody）97.狂犬病（rabies）98.恙虫病（tsutsugamushi disease）99.丛林斑疹伤寒（scrub typhus）100.伤寒（typhoid fever）101.伤寒杆菌（Salmonella typhi）102.玫瑰疹（rose spots）103.肥达试验（Widal test）104.细菌性食物中毒（bacterial food poisoning）105.副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）106.沙门菌（Salmonella）107.变形杆菌（Bacillus proteus）108.大肠杆菌（E.coli）109.蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）110.金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）111.细菌性痢疾（bacillary dysentery）112.志贺菌病（shigellosis）113.霍乱（cholera）114.霍乱弧菌（Vibrio cholerae）115.布氏菌病（brucellosis）116.鼠疫（plague）117.鼠疫耶尔森菌（yersinia pestis）118.包膜抗原（envelope antigen）119.流行性脑脊髓膜炎（epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis，meningococcal meningitis）120.脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Neisseria meningitides）121.脑膜炎球菌（meningococcus）122.钩端螺旋体病（leptospirosis）123.赫氏反应（Jarish-Herxheimer reaction）124.疟疾（malaria）125.雌性按蚊（anopheles mosquito）126.阿米巴病（amebiasis）127.肠阿米巴病（intestinal amebiasis）128.阿米巴痢疾（amebic dysentery）129.肝阿米巴病（hepatic amebiasis）130.阿米巴肝脓肿（amebic liver abscess）131.日本血吸虫病（schistosomiasis japonicum）132.钩虫病（ancylostomiasis,hookworm disease）133.肠绦虫病（intesinal taeniasis）134.囊尾蚴病(cysticercosis)135.脑电图检查（electroencephalography,EEC）136.肌电图检查（electromyography,EMG）137.诱发电位检查（evoked potential,EP）138.计算机体层现像（CT）139.磁共振显像（MRI）140.数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）141.经颅多普勒超声检查（transcranial Doppler,TCD）142.意识障碍（disorders of consciousness）143.语言障碍（language disorders）144.感觉障碍（sense disorders）145.日常生活活动能力（activities of daily living,ADL）146.三叉神经痛（trigeminal neuralgia）147.面神经炎（facial neuritis）148.特发性面神经麻痹（idiopathic facial palsy）149.多发性神经病（polyneuropathy）150.急性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病（acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradicu-loneuropathies,AIDP）151.吉兰-芭蕾综合症（Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS）152.血浆置换（plasma exchange ,PE）153.急性脊髓炎（acute myelitis）154.脊髓半切综合征（Brown-Sequard syndrome）155.脊髓压迫症（compressive myelopathy）156.脑血管疾病（cerebral vascular diseases,CVD）157.脑卒中（stroke）158.短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）159.脑骶动脉环（circle of Willis）160.血脑流量（cerebralbloodflow，CBF）161.跌倒发作（drop attack）162.短暂性全面遗忘症（transient global amnesia ,TGA）163.磁共振血管成像（magnetic resonance angiography ,MRA）164.数字减影血管造影（DSA）165.正电子发射体层显像（PET）166.彩色经颅多普勒（TCD）167.凝血活酶时间（APTT）168.动脉血管成形术（PTA）169.脑梗死（cerebral infarction ,CI）170.缺血性脑卒中（cerebral ischemic stroke）171.脑血栓形成（cerebral thrombosis ,CT）172.动脉粥样硬化性脑栓性脑梗死（athero-sclerotic thrombotic cerebral infarctiion）173.重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator ,rt-PA) 174.尿激酶（urokinase,UK）175.脑栓塞（cerebral embolism）176.脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage ,ICH）177.脑淀粉样血管病（cerebral amyloid angiopathy ,CAA）178.脑底异常血管网病（Moyamoya disease）179.蛛网膜下腔出血（subarachnoid hemorrhage ,SAH）180.动静脉畸形（arteriovenous malformation ,A VM）181.多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis,MS）182.运动障碍疾病’(movementdisorders)183.锥体外系疾病（extrapyramidal diseases）184.帕金森病(Parkinson disease ,PD)185.震颤麻痹(paralysis agitans)186.肝豆状核变性（hepatolenticular degeneration ,HLD）187.铜蓝蛋白（ceruloplasmin ,CP）188.角膜色素环（Kayser-Fleischer ring ,K-F环）189.癫痫（epiepsy）190.痫性发作（seizure）191.特发性癫痫（idiopathic epilepsy）192.症状性癫痫（symptomatic epilwpsy）193.隐源性癫痫（cryptogrenic epilepsy）194.部分性发作（partial seizures）195.单纯部分性发作（simple partial seizures）196.复杂部分性发作（complex partial seizures ,CPS）197.全面性发作（generalized seizures）198.全面强直-阵挛发作（generalized tonic -clonic seizure ,GTCS) 199.大发作（grang mal）200.失神发作（absence seizure）201.强直性发作（tonic seizure）202.阵挛性发作（clonic seizure）203.肌阵挛发作（myoclonic seizure）204.失张力发作（atonic seizure205.癫痫持续状态（status epilepticus）206.偏头痛（migraine）207.重症肌无力（myasthenia gravis,mg）208.周期性瘫痪（periodic paralysis）209.腰椎穿刺术（lumbar puncture）210.脑脊液（cerebrospinal fluid,csf）211.血脑脊液屏障（blood-brain barrier,bbb）212.脑室穿刺术（ventriculocentesis）213.脑血管内介入治疗（cerebral intravascular interventional therapy）214.高压氧舱治疗（hyperbaric oxygen therapy）外科护理学细胞内液（inrracellular fluid,icf）细胞外液（extracellular fluid,ecf）血管内液（intravascular fluid,ivf）抗利尿激素（antidiuretic hormone ,adh）整合膜蛋白28（channel-forming integral membrane protein,chip28）等渗性缺水（isotonic dehydration）低镁血症（hypomagnesemia）高镁血症（hyper-magnesemia）低磷血症（hypophos-phatemia）高磷血症（hyperphosphatemia）代谢性酸中毒（metabolic acidosis）代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）临床营养支持（nutritionalsupport，ns）肠内营养（enteral nutrition,en）肠外营养（parenteral nutrition,pn）营养评定（nutritional assessment）胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance）体质指数（body mass index,bmi）营养不良（malnutrition）蛋白质-营养不良（protein-energy malnutrition,pem）消瘦型营养不良（marasmus）低蛋白性营养不良（kwashiorkor）混合型营养不良（marasmic kwashiorkor）营养风险（nutritional risk）。

感染相关英文小结-5.5 军团菌

感染相关英文词汇小结G-（5肺炎球菌感染）1.Legionella Infections军团菌2.bacteriaof the genus Legionella . Pontiac fever军团菌发热3.febrile发热4.self-limited自限性5.an American Legion convention美国退伍军人协会6. L. pneumophila嗜肺军团菌7.aerobic gram-negative bacilli需氧革兰阴性菌8.Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar缓冲炭酵母提取物琼脂（BCYE）9. aquatic bodies（lakes and streams）水体（湖和溪流）10.naturalsoil and commercial potting soil自然土和栽培土11.warm temperatures温度适宜12.scale and sediment水垢及沉积物13.disinfectants杀菌剂14.symbiotic microorganisms共生的微生物15.algae水藻16.amebas阿米巴变形虫17.ciliated protozoa有纤毛的原生动物18.Rainfall andhumidity雨天和湿度19.environmental risk factors环境危险因素20.Sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease散发的社区获得性军团菌感染21. Cooling towers冷却塔22.evaporative condensers蒸发式冷凝器23.transmission of Legionella to humans军团菌传播给人体24.aerosolization气雾25.aspiration吸入26.oropharyngeal colonization口咽部定植27.directly via the drinking of contaminated water直接饮用被污染的水源28. Nasogastric tubes鼻胃管29.hospital-acquiredLegionnaires’ disease医院获得性军团菌疾病30.endotracheal intubation气管内插管31.hospital-acquired pneumonia of other etiologies其他病原菌造成的医院获得性肺炎32.nebulizers雾化器33.humidifiers加湿器34.An ultrasonic mist machine超声喷雾器35.Pontiacfever庞蒂亚克热（又称流感样型）36.top four microbialcauses of community-acquired pneumonia社区获得性肺炎四大常见病原菌37.Streptococcus pneumoniae肺炎链球菌38.Haemophilus influenza流感嗜血杆菌39.Chlamydophila pneumoniae衣原体肺炎40.Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC)疾病控制和预防中心41.nosocomial pneumonia医院性肺炎42. Risk factors风险因子43.cigarette smoking吸烟44.chronic lung disease慢性肺部疾病45.advanced age高龄46.prior hospitalization入院史46.dischargewithin 10 days before onset of pneumonia symptoms肺炎症状出现10天前出院47.immunosuppression免疫抑制48.transplantation移植49. HIV infectionHIV感染50.treatment with glucocorticoids or tumor necrosis factor α antagonists糖皮质激素治疗或肿瘤坏死因子α拮抗剂51.airborne transmission空气传播52.bacterial type IV piliIV型菌毛的细菌53. Alveolar macrophages肺泡巨噬细胞54.phagocytose吞噬55.The macrophageinfectivity potentiation (MIP)巨噬细胞感染增强56.inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion 抑制噬菌体-溶酶体的融合57.neutrophilsin immunity appears to be minimal中性粒细胞在（军团菌）感染中作用有限58.neutropenic patientsarenot predisposed to Legionnaires’ disease中性粒细胞减少的病人并不是军团菌感染的危险因素59.humoral immune systemisactive against Legionella体液免疫系统对军团菌有作用60. Type-specific IgM and IgG antibodies型特异性IgM和IgG61.more virulent毒性更强62. Pontiac fever is an acute, self-limiting,flu-like illness庞蒂亚克热是一种急性的、自限性、流感样疾病63.an incubationperiod of 24–48 h潜伏期24-48h 64.Malaise萎靡不振65.fatigue疲惫66.myalgias肌肉疼痛67. Fever (usually with chills)发热伴寒战68.headache头痛69.arthralgias关节痛70.nausea恶心71.cough咳嗽72.abdominal pain腹痛73.diarrhea腹泻74. Modest leukocytosis白细胞轻度升高75. with a neutrophilic predominance中性粒细胞占比增加76. Complete recovery occurs within a few days几天后可自愈77.experiencelassitude无精打采78.antibody seroconversion抗体血清转换79.atypical pneumonia不典型肺炎80.relatively nonproductive cough不生痰干咳81. Legionella pneumonia军团菌肺炎82.closely resemble those of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia与细菌性肺炎球菌肺炎症状类似83.incubation period潜伏期84.the sputum is streaked with blood痰中带血85.Chest pain,either pleuritic or nonpleuritic 胸痛，肋间或非肋间痛86.prominent feature主要的症状87.hemoptysis咯血88.Clinical Clues Suggestive of Legionnaires’ Disease军团菌感染疑似症状89. High fever (>40°C; >104°F)高热（>40°C）90.Numerous neutrophils but no organismsrevealed by Gram’s stainingof respiratory secretions呼吸道分泌物有大量中性粒细胞，革兰染色无显著病原体91.Hyponatremia 低钠血症92.Failure to respond to β-lactam drugs (penicillins or cephalosporins)and aminoglycoside antibiotics对β内酰胺药物（青霉素、头孢）氨基糖苷类抗生素无效93.pulmonary embolism肺栓塞94.Shortness of breath气短95.Gastrointestinal difficulties arepronounced胃肠道症状明显96.watery水样便97.bloody血样便98.multitudinousneurologic symptoms多种神经系统症状99. Relative bradycardia心动过缓100.rales啰音101.nonspecific clinical manifestations临床症状不典型102.not readilydistinguishable frompneumonia of other etiologies不能与其他病原菌肺炎相区别103.confusion意识障碍104.elevated valuesin liver function tests肝功水平升高105.hematuria血尿106.proteinuria蛋白尿107.hypophosphatemia低磷酸盐血症108.delayed diagnosis诊断延迟109.ambulatory cases门诊病例110.Extrapulmonarylegionellosis=extrapulmo nary manifestations军团菌感染肺外表现111.portal of entry侵入门户112.bloodbornedissemination血行传播113.extrapulmonary site of legionellosis is the heart肺外常见感染部位为心脏114.myocarditis心肌炎, and prosthetic-valve endocarditis115.pericarditis心包炎116.postcardiotomy syndrome心脏切开术后综合征117. prosthetic-valve endocarditis人工瓣膜心内膜炎118.postoperativesternal wound术后胸骨损伤119.Sinusitis鼻窦炎120.peritonitis腹膜炎121.pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎122.skin and soft tissue infection皮肤与软组织感染123.septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎124.pancreatitis胰腺炎125.feverand respiratory tract symptomspreceded the radiographicappearance of the infiltrate高烧和呼吸道症状先于影像学渗出出现126.Pleural effusion胸腔积液127.opacities不透明128.abscesses脓肿129.radiographic improvement lags behind clinical improvement byseveral days影像学改善迟于临床症状改善若干天plete clearing of infiltratesrequires 1–4 months病灶彻底清除需1-4个月131.long-standingcardiomegaly长期心肌扩大132.roundedopacities圆形不透明影133.the Legionella urinaryantigen test泌尿系统军团菌抗原检测134.L. pneumophila serogroup 1嗜肺军团菌血清型1135.bronchoscopy specimens支气管镜标本136.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid支气管肺泡灌洗液137. Thoracentesis胸腔穿刺术138.direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)staining 直接荧光抗体染色139.culturefor 3–5 days is required细菌需要3-5天培养140.Antibody testing of both acute- and convalescent-phase sera isnecessary急性期和恢复期需要啊做血清抗体检验141. A fourfold rise in titer is diagnostic滴度升高4倍可确诊142.an intracellular pathogen细胞内病原143.attain high intracellular concentrations 能够在细胞内得到高浓度144.macrolides (especially azithromycin)大环内脂类（阿奇霉素）145.respiratoryquinolones 呼吸喹诺酮146.monotherapy单药治疗（即可有效）147.erythromycin红霉素148. once- or twice-daily dosing一日一次或二次给药149.Quinolones are the preferredantibiotics for transplant recipients移植患者适于使用喹诺酮类150.macrolidesand rifampin大环内脂类和利福平151.cyclosporine环孢素152.tacrolimus他克莫司153.Alternative agents替代药物154.tetracycline四环素155. Clarithromycin克拉霉素156. Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星157.Ketolide酮内酯类抗菌药159.Telithromycin泰利霉素158.Tetracyclines四环素类160. Doxycycline多西环素161. Minocycline米诺环素162.Tigecycline替加环素163.Anecdotal reports病例报道164.imipenem亚胺培南165.clindamycin克林霉素166.interaction with manyother medications （利福平）与多种药物有相互作用167.A clinical responseoccurs within 3–5 days3-5天症状应好转168.oral therapy can besubstituted症状好转可换用口服药物169.For azithromycin, with its long half-life, a 5- to 10-daycourse is sufficient.阿奇霉素半衰期长，疗程5-10天为宜。

肺炎链球菌肺炎

③
九、治疗
1.

抗菌药物治疗：疗程7-14天首选：青霉素G或V，阿莫西林可选： ① 头孢菌素类，如头孢唑啉、头孢丙烯、克孢克洛、头孢噻、头孢曲松。
新喹诺酮类，如左氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、莫西沙星、加替沙星 ③ 红霉素、阿奇霉素、克林霉素。
②

耐青霉素肺炎链球菌（PRSP penicillin resistence sreptococcus pneumonia): 中度耐药：头孢丙烯、头孢噻、头孢曲松、新喹诺酮类；高度耐药萄球菌，克雷白杆菌肺炎临床表现均较严重。 G-杆菌肺炎多为院内继发感染，常见于年老体弱，心肺慢性疾病。病毒和支原体一般病情较轻，WBC 常不增加。痰菌和血液免疫学检查有诊断意义。
急性肺脓肿：咳嗽，脓臭痰，X线显示脓腔和液平。致病菌有金葡菌、克雷白杆菌、其他G-杆菌、厌氧菌。 ④ 肺癌：不发热或低热，WBC不高，痰中可找到癌细胞。X线可见阻塞性肺炎、肿块、肺不张、肺门淋巴结肿大。
2、症状
诱因：受凉、淋雨、疲劳、醉酒、精神刺激、上呼吸道感染史。 ② 全身感染中毒症状：起病急骤，高热，畏寒，寒战，肌肉酸痛，口角或鼻周单纯疱疹。 ③ 呼吸系统症状：咳嗽，咳痰（脓性、血丝或铁锈色），胸痛，气紧和呼吸困难。
①
④
其他症状：食欲锐减，恶心，呕吐，腹痛，腹泻。意识模糊，烦躁不安，嗜睡，谵妄等（累及脑膜时）。
• 抗原是一种能刺激人或动物体产生抗体或
效应细胞，并能与抗体或效应细胞发生特异性反应的物质，具有异物性、大分子性、特异性。 • 抗体是机体在抗原物质刺激下，有B细胞分化成的浆细胞所产生的、可与相应抗原发生特异性结合反应的免疫球蛋白。 • 抗原一般是侵入机体的病原微生物或者机体病变的、非正常的成分，是入侵者；抗体是对付抗原的防御力量。

肺炎链球菌英文课件

How would you confirm the diagnosis of the case?
Pneumococcus ,a gram positive diplococcus, formerly classified as Diplococcus pneumomiae ,has been reclassified as Str.pneumoniae because of its genetic relatedness to streptococcus.

Most infection are caused by endogenous spread from the colonized nasopharynx 鼻咽or oropharynx 口咽 to distal远的 site. Person-to-person spread through infectious droplets is rare.
4. Resistance :
It is weak and sensitive to general disinfectant. ※ sensitive to Optochin奥普托欣(ethyl hydrocunreine hydrochloride盐酸乙基氢化羟基奎宁）
5. ※Biochemical on
1. shape and size of Typical Organisms The pneumococci are grampositive diplococci, often arranged in pairs, possessing ※capsule of polysaccharide . In Sputum, pus, lung tissue, Can also be single or short chain arrangement.

肺炎链球菌肺炎疾病详解

疾病名：肺炎链球菌肺炎英文名：streptococcus pneumonia缩写：别名：链球菌性肺炎疾病代码：ICD：J13概述：肺炎链球菌肺炎(streptococcus pneumonia)是指由肺炎链球菌(旧称肺炎球菌)引起的急性肺部炎症。

肺炎链球菌常引起以肺大叶或肺节段为单位的炎症，皆为原发性，3 岁以上小儿多见，尤以年长儿较多，因此时该年龄组机体防御能力逐渐成熟.能使病变局限于一个肺叶或一个肺段而不致扩散，故又称大叶性肺炎。

婴幼儿时期偶可发生，由于免疫功能尚不成熟，病菌沿支气管播散形成以小气道周围实变为特征的病变(支气管肺炎)。

继发性肺炎链球菌肺炎多见于婴幼儿，常继发于病毒性肺炎。

此处主要叙述大叶性肺炎。

本病一年四季均可发病，但以冬春季、气候骤变时发病较多。

流行病学：肺炎链球菌耐药性问题已引起普遍关注。

在一些国家及我国台湾地区耐青霉素菌株已高达50%～80%。

我国内陆各地区肺炎链球菌耐药情况有较大差异，2000 年监测资料表明，北京为14%，上海35.7%，而广州高达60%。

对青霉素敏感株仍可选用青霉素G(10 万U/(kg ·d))治疗，但青霉素低度耐药株(MIC 2.0～4.0µg/ml)应加大青霉素剂量至10 万～30 万U/(kg ·d)，以上治疗无效、病情危重或高度耐药者(MIC＞4.0µg/ml)应选用第三代头孢霉素，如头孢噻肟、头孢曲松。

如对以上药物均耐药。

可选用万古霉素。

病因：肺炎链球菌为革兰阳性双球菌，属链球菌的一种。

无症状的病菌携带者，在散播感染方面可起到比肺炎病人更重要的作用。

此病一般为散发，但在集体托幼机构有时也有流行。

气候骤变时机体抵抗力降低，发病较多，冬春季多见，可能与呼吸道病毒感染流行有一定关系。

发病机制：肺炎链球菌为革兰阳性球菌，多成对排列，偶成链状或单个存在。

本菌不产生内、外毒素，其致病力取决于含有高分子多糖体的荚膜对组织的侵袭作用。

呼吸系统英文总结

呼吸系统的英文单词总结问诊句型How long have you had cough?您咳嗽多久了?Do you have chest pain when you cough?您咳嗽的时候胸痛吗?Does your chest hurt when you breathe in and out?您呼吸的时候胸口痛吗?Do you have any sputum when you cough?您咳嗽的时候有痰吗?What’s the sputum like? What color is it?痰是怎样的? 什么颜色?It is yellow and thick，clear and thin．它是黄色黏稠痰／稀薄痰。

Do you suffer from asthma?您有哮喘病吗?I need to listen to your lungs．Would you help me?我需要听一听您的肺，请配合一下行吗?I need to take your temperature, feel your pulse and measure your bloodpressure．我需要量一下您的体温、脉搏和血压。

The results of your physical examination show that you suffer from mild pneumonia．You need to have intra-venous antibiotics．and I’ll prescribe some pain-killers for your chest pain．您的检查结果表明您有轻度肺炎。

您需要静脉点滴抗生素，我会给您开些止痛药缓解胸痛。

As your pneumonia is mild, I will also prescribe some oral tablets foryou．But if you do not feel better in three days, please come back to seeme．您患的是轻度肺炎，我会给您开些口服药。

医学微生物学常用英语词汇

医学微生物学常用英语词汇AAbortive infection 顿挫感染* Absorption 吸附* Acid-fast bacilli 抗酸杆菌Acquired immunity 获得性免疫* Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS 获得性免疫缺陷综合征* Actinomyces 放线菌属Acute infection 急性感染* Adenovirus 腺病毒Adhesin 粘附素A.flavus 黄曲霉A. israelii 衣氏放线菌* Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌Anaerobic medium 厌氧培养基Antibody dependent enhancement,ADE 抗体依赖的促进作用Antigenic drift 抗原漂移Antigenic shift 抗原性转换* Antisepsis 防腐* Antistreptolysin O (ASO) test, 抗链球菌溶素O试验Antiviral protein,AVP 抗病毒蛋白Apoptosis 细胞凋亡* Apparent infection 显性感染Arbovirus 虫媒病毒* Artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫* Artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫* Asepsis 无菌Aspergillus 曲霉* Assembly and release 装备与释放* Astrovirus 星状病毒Autotroph 自养菌* Attenuated vaccine 减毒疫苗B* Bacillus 杆菌、芽胞杆菌属* Bacillus anthracis 炭疽芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus 蜡样芽胞杆菌* Bacteremia 菌血症Bacterial infection 细菌感染* Bacterial L form 细菌L型* Bacteriocin 细菌素* Bacteriophage 噬菌体* Bacterium 细菌Bartonella 巴尔通体属* Bacteriodes fragilis 脆弱类杆菌Bifidobacterium 双歧杆菌属* Binary fission 二分裂B.hanselae 汉赛巴尔通体* Bioproduct 生物制品* Biosynthesis 生物合成Biotype 生物型* Biovar trachoma 沙眼生物亚种Blastospore 芽生胞子* Borrelia burgdoyferi 伯氏疏螺旋体* Botulin 肉毒毒素Bovine spongiform encephalopathy,BSE 牛海绵状脑病(疯牛病) * Bordetella pertussis 百日咳鲍特菌* Brucella 布鲁菌属Burkitt，s lymphoma,BL 伯基特淋巴瘤C* Candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌* Calicivirus 杯状病毒Campylobacter 弯曲菌属* Capsid 衣壳Capsomere 壳粒* Capsule 荚膜* Carrier 带菌者* Carrier state 带菌状态Cat scratch disease, CSD 猫抓病* C.botulinum 肉毒梭菌 C.difficile 艰难梭菌Cell membrane 细胞膜Cellular microbiology 细胞微生物学Cell wall 细胞壁* Chlamydia 衣原体Chlamydospore 厚膜胞子Cholera toxin,CT 霍乱毒素* Chronic infection 慢性感染 C.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌* Classical biotype 古典生物型* Clostridium 梭菌属* Coagulase 凝固酶* Coccus 球菌* Colony 菌落Colonization 定植Complex symmetry 复合对称* Conditional pathogen 条件致病菌* Conjugation 接合Core polysaccharide 核心多糖Coronavirus 冠状病毒* Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌* Coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒* Coxiella burnetii 贝纳柯克斯体* C.perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌* C.pneumoniae 肺炎衣原体* Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌* C.tetani 破伤风梭菌* C.trachomatis 沙眼衣原体* Culture medium 培养基* Cytomegalovirus,CMV 巨细胞病毒Cytoplasme 细胞质* Cytopathic effect,CPE 细胞病变效应D* Darkfeild microscope 暗视野显微镜Decline phase 衰亡期Defective interfering particles,DIP 缺陷干扰颗粒* Defective virus 缺陷病毒* Dengue virus 登革病毒* Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌* Diplococcus 双球菌Differential medium 鉴别培养基* Disinfectant 消毒剂* Disinfection 消毒* Dysbacteriosis 菌群失调* Dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌EE.aerogenes 产气肠杆菌EB early antigen，EA EB病毒早期抗原EB nuclear antigen，EBNA EB病毒核抗原* Eclipse period 隐蔽期* Ehrlichia 埃立克体属Electron microscope 电子显微镜elementary body 原体* El tor biotype Eltor 生物型* Encephalitis B virus 乙型脑炎病毒* Endogenous infection 内源性感染Endospore 内芽胞* Endotoxemia 内毒素血症* Endotoxin 内毒素Enteric adenovirus 肠道腺病毒* ECHO , Enteric cytopathogenic human orphan virus ECHO病毒* EAggEC, Enteroaggregative E.coli 肠凝集性大肠埃希菌* EHEC, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli 肠出血性大肠埃希菌* EIEC, Enteroinvasive E.coli 肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌* EPEC, Enteropathogenic E.coli 肠致病性大肠埃希菌* ETEC, Enterotoxigenic E.coli 肠产毒性大肠埃希菌* Enterotoxin 肠毒素* Enterovirus 肠道病毒* Envelope 包膜Epidermolytic toxin 表皮溶解毒素Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌* Epstein-Barr virus，EBV EB病毒Erythrogenic toxin 红疹毒素* Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Exfoliative toxin,or exfoliatin 表皮剥脱毒素* Exogenous infection 外源性感染* Exotoxin 外毒素* Extracellular bacteria 胞外菌F* Facultative anaerobe 兼性厌氧菌* Fertility factor,F factor 致育因子Filamentous fungus 丝状菌Filter 滤菌器* Filtration 滤过除菌法* Fimbriae 菌毛* Flagellum 鞭毛Flaviviridae 黄病毒科Forest encephalitis virus 森林脑炎病毒Fractional sterilization 间歇蒸气灭菌法* Fungus 真菌G* Generalized infection 全身感染Generalized transduction 普遍性转导* Gene transfer 基因转移* Genus 菌属* Gonococcus 淋球菌* Gram stain 革兰染色* Growth curve 生长曲线* Growth factor 生长因子H* Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌* Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Hantaan virus 汉滩病毒Heat-labile enterotoxin,LT 不耐热肠毒素Heat-stable enterotoxin,ST 耐热肠毒素Heat-stable nuclease 耐热核酸酶* Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌* Helical symmetry 螺旋对称* Hemagglutinin ，HA 血凝素* α-hemolytic streptococcus 甲型（α）溶血链球菌* β-hemolytic steptococcus 乙性（β）溶血性链菌Hepadnaviridae 嗜肝DNA病毒科* HAV, Hepatitis A virus 甲型肝炎病毒* HBV, Hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒* HCV, Hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒* HDV, Hepatitis D virus 丁型肝炎病毒* HEV, hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒* HGV, hepatitis G virus 庚型肝炎病毒Herpesviridae 疱疹病毒科Histoplasma capsulatum 荚膜组织胞浆菌* Horizontal transmission 水平传播* Herpes simplex virus，HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Heterotroph 异养菌Human cytomegalovirus HCMV 人巨细胞病毒* Human herpes viruses,HHV 人疱疹病毒Human herpesvirus 6,HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human herpesvirus 7，HHV-7 人疱疹病毒7型Human herpesvirus 8,HHV-8 人疱疹病毒8型* Human immunodeficiency viru ,HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒* Human papillomavirus，HPV 人乳头瘤病毒属Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人类嗜T细胞病毒* Hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶* Hypha 菌丝IIatrogenic infection 医源性感染* Icosahedral symmetry 二十面体对称Immortalization 永生化Immune enhancement 免疫促进作用* Inactivated vaccine 灭活疫苗* Inactivation 灭活* Inapparent infection 隐性感染* Inclusion bodies 包涵体* Infection immunity 传染免疫* Influenza virus 流行性感冒病毒Initial body 始体* Innate immunity 天然免疫lnsertion sequence, IS 插入序列* Integration 整合Interference 干扰现象* Interferon 干扰素* Invasiveness 侵袭Invasin 侵袭素JJapanese encephalitis virus 日本脑炎病毒KKanagawa phenomenon,KP 神奈川现象klebsiella 克雷伯菌属K.pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Kuru disease 库鲁病L* Latent infection 潜伏感染Latent membrane protein，LMP 潜伏感染膜蛋白Lecithinase 卵磷脂酶* Legionella 军团菌属* Leptospira 钩端螺旋体Light microscope 光学显微镜L.interrogans 问号状钩端螺旋体* Lipid A 脂质A* Lipopolysaccharide, LPS 脂多糖Lipoteichoic acid, LTA 脂磷壁酸Liver specific Protein,LSP 肝特异性脂蛋白抗原Logarithmic phase 对数期L. Pneumophila 嗜肺军团菌* Lyme disease 莱姆病Lyophilization 冷冻真空干燥法* Lysogenic phage 溶原性噬菌体* Lysogenic bacterium 溶原性细菌* Lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换* Lysozyme 溶菌酶MMacrocomidium 大分生孢子Malassezia furfur 秕糠马拉癣菌Matrix prote M1 基质蛋白M1 * Measles virus 麻疹病毒Median infective dose ID50 半数感染量Median lethal dose LD50 半数致死量* Medical microbiology 医学微生物学* Medical virology 医学病毒学Membrane antigen，MA 膜抗原* Meningococcus 脑膜炎球菌Mesosome 中介体* Metachromatic granule 异染颗粒Methicillin resistant S.aureus,MRSA 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌* Microaerophilic bacterium 微需氧菌* Microbiology 微生物学Microcapsule 微荚膜Microconidium 小分生孢子Microecology 微生态学* Microorganism 微生物Microsporum 小孢子癣菌* M.leprae 麻风分枝杆菌* Mold 霉菌* M. Pneumoniae 肺炎支原体* M.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌Mucor 毛霉Multiple resistance 多种耐药性* Mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒* Mycelium 菌丝体* Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌Mycolic acid 分枝菌酸* Mycoplasma 支原体N* Negri body 内基小体* Negative staining 负染* Neisseria 奈瑟菌属* Neuraminidase, NA 神经氨酸酶Neurotoxin 神经毒素* N.gonorrhoeae 淋病奈瑟菌* N.meningitidis 膜炎奈瑟菌Nocardia asteroids 星形诺卡菌Nocardia brasiliensis 巴西诺卡菌* Nonpathogenic bacterium,nonpathogen 非病原菌Nonpermissive cells 非容许性细胞* Nonspecific immunity 非特异性免疫Nontuberculosis mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌* Normal flora 正常菌群Norwalk 诺瓦克病毒* Nosocomial infction 医院内感染* Nuclear material 核质Nucleoprotein,NP 核蛋白* Nuclocapsid 核衣壳Nutrient agar 营养琼脂Nutrient broth 营养肉汤O* Obligate aerobe 专性需氧菌* Obligate anaerobe 专性厌氧菌Old tuberculin,OT 旧结核菌素* Opportunistic pathogenesis 机会致病性Ordinary pilus 普通菌毛Orientia 东方体属* Orthomyxoviridae 正粘病毒科Outer membrane 外膜* Outer membrane protein,OMP 外膜蛋白PP.aeruginasa 铜绿假单胞菌Papovaviridae 乳多空病毒科属Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Paramyxoviridae 副粘病毒科Parasite 寄生菌* Parvovirus 细小病毒* Pasteurization 巴氏消毒法* Pathogenic bacterium,pathogen 病原菌* Pathogenicity 致病性Penetration 穿入Penton 五邻体* Peptostreptococcus 消化链球菌属* Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Permissive cells 容许性细胞* Persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染* Phagocytosis 吞噬作用Phagolysome 吞噬溶酶体Phagosome 吞噬体* Picornaviridae 小RNA病毒科Pilin 菌毛蛋白* Pilus 菌毛* Pinocytosis 吞饮作用Pinosome 吞饮体Plaque 噬斑Plaque forming units, pfu 噬斑形成单位* Plasmid 质粒* Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢菌* Pneumococcus 肺炎球菌* Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒Primary atypical pneumonia 原发性非典型性肺炎* Prion ( prion protine,PrP ) 朊粒* Prokaryotae 原核生物界* Prophage 前噬菌体Proteus 变形杆菌Protopast fusion 原生质体融合Pseudomonas 假单胞菌属Pure culture 纯培养Purified protein derivative,PPD 纯蛋白衍生物* Pyemia 脓毒血症* Pyogenic coccus 化脓性球菌Pyogenic streptococcus 化脓性链球菌*Pyrogen 热原质Pyrogenic exotoxin 致热外毒素R* Rabies virus 狂犬病病毒Reassortment 重配Recombination 重组Reovirus 呼肠病毒Resistance transfer factor, RTF 耐药性传递因子* Respiratory syscytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Restricted transduction 局限性转导Reticulate body 网状体* Retroviridae 逆转录病毒科Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶Rhabdoviridae 弹状病毒科Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Ribonucleoprotein,RNP 核糖核蛋白Ribosome 核糖体* Rickettsia 立克次体* Rotavirus 轮状病毒Rough colony 粗糙型菌落R.prowazekii 普氏立克次体R.tsutsugamushi 恙虫病东方体R.typhi 斑疹伤寒立克次体* Rubella virus 风疹病毒S* Salmonella 沙门菌属Samonellosis 沙门菌病* S.boydii 鲍氏志贺菌* S.dysenteriae 痢疾志贺菌* Septicemia 败血症* Serological diagnosis 血清学诊断Sex pilus 性菌毛* S.flexneri 福氏志贺菌* Shigella 志贺菌属Shiga-like toxin,SLT 志贺样毒素S.hirschfeldii 希氏沙门菌* Slow virus infection 慢发病毒感染Small round structured virus,SRSV 小园形结构化病毒Smooth colony 光滑型菌落* S.paratyphi A 甲型副伤寒沙门菌Specific immunity 特异性免疫* Specific polysaccharide 特异多糖* Spike 刺突* Spiral bacterium 螺形菌* Spirochete 螺旋体* S.pneumoniae 肺炎链球菌* Spore 芽胞S.schottmuelleri 肖氏沙门菌*S.sonnei 宋内氏志贺菌* Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌属Staphylococcal protein A ,SPA 葡萄球菌A蛋白Staphylolysin 葡萄球菌溶素* Sterilization 灭菌* Stormy fermentation 汹涌发酵* Strain 菌株Streptococcal fibrinolysin 链球菌溶纤维蛋白酶* Streptococcus 链球菌属* γ-streptococcus 丙型（γ）链球菌Streptodornase,SD 链道酶Streptokinase,SK 链激酶* StreptolysinO, SLO 链球菌溶素O StreptolysinS, SLS 链球菌溶素S * S.typhi 伤寒沙门菌Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE 亚急性硬化性全脑炎* Subclinical infection 亚临床感染* Subvirus 亚病毒* Sulfur granule 硫磺样颗粒Superinfection 重迭感染TTCID50 (50%tissue culture infective dose) 半数组织感染剂量* Teichoic acid 磷壁酸* Temperate phage 温和噬菌体Temperature sensitive mutant 温度敏感突变株Tetani 破伤风* Tetanospasmin 破伤风痉挛毒素* Tetanus antitoxin,TAT 破伤风抗毒素* Titer 效价或滴度Togaviridae 披膜病毒科* Toxemia 毒血症Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1,TSST-1 毒性休克毒素综合征毒素-I * Toxin 毒素* Toxoid 类毒素* Treponema pallidium 苍白密螺旋体* Transduction 转导* Transformation 转化Transposon, Tn 转座子Trichophyton 毛癣菌Tubercle bacilli 结核杆菌* Type 型* Typhoid fever,or enteric fever 肠热症U* Uncoating 脱壳* Ureaplasma.Urealyticum 溶脲脲原体V* Vaccine 疫苗* Varicella-zoster virus VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Verotoxin vero毒素* Vertical transmission 垂直传播Vibrio 弧菌属* Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌* Virion 病毒体Viroid 类病毒* Virology 病毒学* Virulence 毒力* Virulent phage 毒性噬菌体* Virus 病毒* V.parahemolyticus 副溶血性弧菌WWall teichoic acid 壁磷壁酸* Weil-Felix reaction 外斐反应* Widal reaction 肥达反应YYeast 酵母菌Yeast-Like fungus 类酵母菌Yersinia pestis 鼠疫耶尔森菌ZZones of inhibition 抑菌圈* Zoonosis 动物源性疾病Medical Parasitology 医学寄生虫Aedes 伊蚊alternation of generations 世代交替amastigote 无鞭毛体AmoebiasisAncylostoma duodenale 十二指肠钩口线虫Anopheles 按蚊ascariasis 蛔虫病ascaris lumbricoides 似蚓蛔线虫arthropod 节肢动物bradysporozoite 迟发型子孢子bradyzoite 缓殖子Brugia malayi 马来布鲁线虫capsule 荚膜，被膜，囊胞carrier 携带者，载体，载流子，带虫者cercaria 尾蚴cercarial dermatitis 尾蚴性皮炎daughter cyst 子囊ectopic parasitism 异位寄生egg 卵elephantiasis 象皮肿enterobiasis 蛲虫病Enterobius vermicularis erythrocytic stage 红细胞内期facultative parasite 兼性寄生虫fasciolopsiasisfasciolopsis buskifertile egg 受精卵filaria 丝虫filariasis 丝虫病filariform larvae 丝状蚴final host 终宿主flea 蚤fly 蝇gametocyte 配子体Giardia lamblia 蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Giardiasis 贾第虫病gravid proglottid 孕节helminth 蠕虫helminthiasis 蠕虫病hemimetabola 不全变态hexacanth 六钩蚴hookworm disease 钩虫病host 宿主human parasitology 人体寄生虫学hydatid cyst 棘球蚴囊hydatid diseaseimmature proglottid 幼节immune evasion 免疫逃避infective stage 感染阶段infertile cyst 不育囊larva 幼虫larva migrans 幼虫移行症Leishmania donovani 杜氏利什曼原虫Leishmaniasis 利什曼病life cycle 生活史louse 虱macrogametocyte 大配子体malaria 疟疾malaria pigment 疟色素mature proglottid 成节medical arthropodology 医学节肢动物学merozoite 裂殖子metacercaria 囊蚴microfilaria 微丝蚴microgametocyte 雄配子体，小配子体miracidium 毛蚴mosquito 蚊myiasis 蛆病Necator americanus 美洲板口线虫Nematode 线虫nocturnal periodicity 夜现周期性nymph 若虫obligatory parasite 专性寄生虫onchosphere 六钩蚴oocyst 卵囊ovum 卵，卵细胞Pagumogonimus skrjabini 斯氏狸殖吸虫paragonimiasis 肺吸虫病parasite 寄生虫parasitic zoonosis 人兽共患寄生虫parasitism 寄生paratenic host （transport host）转续宿主plerocercoid （sparganum）裂头蚴Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子虫premunition 带虫免疫procercoid 原尾蚴promastigote 前鞭毛体protoscolex 原头蚴protozoon （protozoa）原生动物pseudocyst 假包囊pupa 蛹recrudescence 再燃redia 雷蚴relapse 复发reservoir host 保虫宿主sandfly 白蛉sarcoptes mites 疥螨Sarcoptes scabiei 人疥螨scabies 疥疮Schistosoma haematobium 埃及血吸虫Schistosoma japomicum 日本血吸虫Schistosoma mansoni 曼氏血吸虫Schistosomiasis 血吸虫病schistosomule （schistosomula）童虫schizont 裂殖体Schuffners dots 薛氏小点scolex 头节soft ticks 软蜱somatic antigen 虫体抗原sparganosis 裂头蚴病Spirometra mansoni 曼氏迭宫绦虫sporocyst 胞蚴sporozoite 子孢子sterilizing immunity 消除性免疫surface antigen 表面抗原tachysporozoite 速发型子孢子tachyzoite 速殖子taeniasis 带绦虫病tapeworm 绦虫。

呼吸内科英语词汇汇总

doctor；physician 医生，cure；treat 医治，cure sb of his illness 医好某人的病 give sb medical treatment 给某人医病， medicalethics ['eθɪks] 医德 medical courses in general； medicine 医科 principles of medical science； medical knowledge 医理 medical treatment 医疗，public health services 公费医疗 medical team 医疗队，medical establishment 医疗机构 medicament[me'dɪkəmənt]； drug 药剂 pharmacist['fɑːməsɪst]； druggist ['drʌɡɪst] 药剂师unskillful and faulty medical or surgical treatment malpractice 医疗事故 medical and health work 医疗卫生工作，medical station；health center 医疗站 obstetrician [ɒbstə'trɪʃn] 产科医生，pediatrician [piːdiə'trɪʃn]儿科医生ENT（ear-nose-throat）doctor 耳鼻喉科医生，radiologist 放射科医生 gynecologist[gaɪnɪ'kɒlədʒɪst]妇科医生，orthopedist[ɔːθəʊ'piːdɪst]骨科医生 urologist 泌尿科医生， physician 内科医生 dermatologist[dɜːmə'tɒlədʒɪst]皮肤科医生 intern 实习医生，surgeon 外科医生，dentist；dental surgeon 牙科医生 oculist ['ɒkjəlist]；eye-doctor 眼科医生，plastic surgeon 整形外科医生 oncologist 肿瘤科医生 doctor in charge，attending doctor 主治医生 the attending on call 当班的主治医师associate chief physician 副主任医师 Chief Physician主任医师resident doctor 住院医生Bronchial [brɒŋkiəl] asthma [æsmə]支气管哮喘 acidosis [æsɪ'dəʊsɪs]酸中毒Allergen,allergic reaction 变异原，变态反应blood gas analysis 血气分析Anaemia [ə'niːmiə] 贫血 Alveolar 肺泡的 antibiotic 抗生素Atelectasis [ætə'lektəsɪs]肺不张Lung abscess 肺脓肿Atherosclerotic [æθərəʊsklə'rɒtɪk] heart disease 动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Beta2-agonist ['ægənist] B2受体激动剂 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis[æspədʒi'ləʊsɪs] 曲霉菌ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征Percussion [pə'kʌʃn] and auscultation [ɔːskəl'teɪʃn] 叩／听诊Pulmonary arterial stenosis [sti'nəʊsɪs] 肺动脉狭窄Adrenal [æd'riːnəl] glucocorticoid[gluːkəʊ'kɔːtɪkɔɪd]( 糖(肾上腺)皮质激素)肾上腺糖皮质激素β2-agonist ['ægənist] β2激动剂Biopsy 活检Bronchiectasis [brɑŋk i'ektəsɪs] 支气管扩张 broncho[[b'rɒntʃəʊ] dilator 支气管扩张Fiber optic (['ɒptɪk]光学的)bronchoscopic [,brɔŋkə'skɔpik] biopsy 纤支镜活检BAL bronchoalveolar lavage 支气管肺泡灌洗Bronchitis,bronchiolitis [ˌbrɒŋkɪəʊ'laɪtɪs]支气管炎，细支气管炎Boop： bronchiolitis obliterans ([əb'lɪtərənz] 闭塞性)with organizing pneunomia闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎Bronchoscopy[b'rɒntʃəskəpɪ]支气管镜检查 cavity 空洞CAHD coronary arteriosclerotic(英[ɑ:tɪəri:əʊsklɪə'rɒtɪk ])heart disease 冠心病CPR cardiopulmonaryresuscitation( [rɪsʌsɪ'teɪʃn]恢复知觉，苏醒)心肺复苏CDILD chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease 慢性间质性肺病COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢阻肺Clubbed( [klʌbd] 棒状的)finger 杵状指dry cough 干咳 Cyanosis [saɪə'nəʊsɪs]紫绀Nonproductive cough 干咳Complication 并发症 crackling( [kræklɪŋ]轻微的爆裂声，噼啪声)rale 细捻发音crepitant ['krepətənt]捻发音的cough variant asthma 咳嗽变异性哮喘Dyspnea 呼吸困难 Differential [dɪfərenʃl] diagnosis 鉴别诊断Discharge diagnosis 出院诊断 dry rale 干罗音Emphysema 肺气肿 pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞Acid base equilibrium[i:kwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]酸碱平衡 etiology 病因学Emphysema [emfi'siːmə] 肺气肿Emphysematous [,emfi'semətəs]气肿的bullae([ˈbuli:] ][医]大水疱)of lung肺大泡Expectoration [ɪkˌspektə'reɪʃn]痰；吐出物；吐痰；咳痰 Exacerbation 加重Endogenous[endɒdʒənəs]内生的 Exogenous [ek'sɒdʒənəs]外生的empyema [empaɪ'i:mə]脓胸Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis 间质性肺纤维化fine rale 细罗音GM+ Gram stain positive Gm- Gram stain negative Hypersensitivity pneumonia 过敏性肺炎 Hemoglobin[hi:məʊ'gləʊbɪn]血红蛋白Hemoptysis[hi'mɒptəsɪs]咯血 Hemorrhage ['heməridʒ] 出血HRCT high –resolution computerized tomography 高分辨CT Histology [hɪ'stɒlədʒɪ]组织学 Hypoxia [haɪ'pɒksɪə]缺氧immunotherapy [i'mjuːnəʊ'θerəpi]免疫治疗infantile ['infəntail] asthma 婴儿哮喘 inhaler [in'heilə(r)] 吸入器inhalation [inhə'leiʃn]吸入Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia 特发间质性肺炎Intratrachea [ɪntrætreɪ'kel] l 气管内的Intravenous [intrəvi:nəs]静脉内的moist rale 湿罗音mycoplasma [maɪkəʊ'plɑ:zmə]支原体mmHg millimetre(s) of mercury[ˈmɜ:kjəri]毫米汞柱Noninvasive ventilation 无创机械通气nasal [neɪzl] flaring ['fleərɪŋ]鼻扇OSAS obstructive sleep apnea (['æpnɪə] 无呼吸，呼吸暂停；窒息)syndrome 阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征pulmonary abscess 肺脓疡 Pneumothorax[njuːmə'θɔːræks]气胸pressure pneumothorax 张力性气胸 pyopneumothorax英[paɪəʊnjuːməʊ'θɔːræks]脓气胸Pulmonary second sound 肺动脉瓣第二心音 Pneumonia 肺炎PTE pulmonary thromboembolism 肺动脉血栓栓塞症Ventilation/perfusion ratio 通气血流比Pleura 胸腔积液 Primary bronchogenic[brɒnkə'dʒenɪk] carcinoma 原发性支气管源性肺癌primary complex 原发综合征primary pulmonary tubeculosis[tʊbɜ:kjələʊsɪs]原发性肺结核purified protein d e rivative (PPD) 纯蛋白衍生物derivative[dɪrɪvətɪv]Provocation ([ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃn]挑衅，挑拨)test 激发试验Parenchymal [pə'rəŋkəməl]实质的（insterstial 间质的）Plumonary edema [ɪ'di:mə]肺水肿Lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎Lobular( ['lɒbjʊlə]有小裂片的，有小叶的)pneumonia 小叶性肺炎respiratory distress [dI'stres]呼吸窘迫 Moist rales 湿罗音 Dry rales 干罗音sputum英[spju:təm] 美 [spjutəm] smear [smɪə(r)]痰涂片SaO2 saturation in arterial blood 动脉血氧饱和度Short of breath 气短 Syncope ['sɪŋkəpɪ]晕厥 Sarcoidosis 结节病Segment 段 sinusitis [saɪnə'saɪtɪs] 鼻窦炎Tuberculosis[tʊbɜ:kjələʊsɪs]结核病Tachypnea [tækip'niːə] 气促Thrombosis 血栓TBLB transbronchial lung biosy 经支气管肺活检Thoracoscopy[θɔːrə'kɒskəpi] 胸腔镜检查tuberculous[tju:'bɜ:kjʊləs] pleuritis [plʊə'raɪtɪs]结核性胸膜炎tuberculous meningitis 结核性脑膜炎Upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染URI 上呼吸道感染Wheeze 哮鸣音facilitating sputum expectoration 排痰 release of bronchial spasm 解痉微生物adenovirus[ədi:nəʊ'vaɪrəs]腺病毒 streptococcus[ˌstreptə'kɒkəs] pneumoiae 肺炎链球菌staphylococcus 葡萄球菌 legionella['li:dʒənelə]军团菌mycoplasma[ˌmaɪkəʊ'plɑ:zmə]支原体 chlamydia [klə'mɪdɪə]衣原体pneumocystic [,nju:məu'saistik] carinii 卡氏肺囊虫pneumonococcus [nju:mənə'kɒkəs]肺炎[双]球菌Pneumococcus n.肺炎球菌respiratory syncytial(多核体的)virus 呼吸道合胞病毒staphylococcal [stæfɪləʊ'kɒkəl] aureus ['ɔːriəs] 金葡菌tubercle [tju:bəkl] bacillus[bə'sɪləs](杆菌)结核杆菌（小块茎，小瘤，结节）常用药物及器具 BCG 卡介苗 ipratropium 溴化异化托品metered dose inhaler (MDI) 定量雾化吸入器nedocromil sodium 尼多酸钠 nuberlizer 雾化器salbutamol 沙丁胺醇 sodium cromoglycate 色甘酸钠spacer 储雾气 terbutalin 叔丁喘宁xanthine 黄嘌呤 acid-fast 抗酸I级护理Grade One Nursing II级护理secondary care III级护理tertiary['tɜːʃəri] care。

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感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）1.Gram-Positive Bacteria革兰阳性菌2.micrococci微球菌3.LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德4.etiology of pneumonia肺炎的病因学5.Etiologic agent病因学微生物6.Streptococcus链球菌7.cell division occurs along asingle axis细胞分裂沿单一轴进行8.grow in chains or pairs成链或成对生长9.hemolyticproperties溶血特性10.S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）肺炎链球菌11.α-hemolytic groupα溶血组12.blood agar血培养皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color特征绿色14.reduction of iron in hemoglobin还原血红蛋白中的铁15.fastidious苛养（菌）16.mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）17.Pneumococci without a capsule无夹膜的肺炎球菌18.colonies with a rough surface克隆表面粗糙19.optochin(ethylhydrocuprein hydrochloride)奥普托欣试验（）20.bile soluble在胆汁中溶解21.a polysaccharide capsule多糖夹膜22. serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型23.rabbit polyclonal antisera兔多克隆抗血清24.theQuellung reactionQuellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀25.phagocytosis吞噬作用26.determinant of pneumococcal virulence毒力的决定因素27.Unencapsulated variants无夹膜的变种28.invasive disease.侵袭性疾病29.host defense mechanisms宿主防御系统30.Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素31.cytolysisof cells and tissues细胞和组织的溶解32.cell wall proteins细胞壁蛋白plement pathway补体系统plement deposition补体沉积35.preventing lysis an/oropsonophagocytosis防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic) 肺炎球菌H抑制体37.impedesthe formation of C3 convertase抑制C3转话体的形成38.pneumococcal surface proteinC (PspC)肺炎球菌表面蛋白C 39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA) 胆碱结合蛋白A40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase)NanA表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）41.sialic acid唾液酸42.pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)肺炎球菌表面粘合分子43.potential vaccinecandidates潜在的疫苗靶点44. Molecular typing分子型45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 脉冲凝胶电泳46.genetic relatedness基因相关性46.superseded bysequencing of housekeeping genes管家基因测序已取代（电泳）47.multilocussequence typing,MLST多位点序列分型48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( /)肺球菌多位点分型查询49.whole-genomesequencing will soon supersede MLST全基因组测序不久将替代MLST50.routine childhood administration ofpneumococcalpolysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV)幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗51.secular trends长期趋势52.epidemiologic features流行病学特征53.serotype distribution血清学分布54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normallysterile site)侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体无菌出现感染）55.disease burden疾病负担itary barracks军营57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy humannasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌58.respiratory droplets呼吸道飞沫59.socioeconomic status社会经济状况60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission主要的肺链球菌传播者61.Cross-sectional prevalence data横断面发病率数据62.high rates of colonization 高定植率munitytransmission dynamics社区传播动力学64.cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)脑脊液65.aspiration ofpneumococci吸入肺球菌66.a positive blood culture血培养阳性67.routine pediatricvaccination schedule常规幼儿疫苗接种计划68.pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎69.bacteremia菌血症70.a definitive etiologicdiagnosis 病原学诊断明确71.radiographically confirmed pneumonia影像学确诊的肺炎72.clinically diagnosedpneumonia 临床确诊的肺炎73.The case-fatality ratios (CFRs) 病死率74.underlying medical condition基础疾病75.access to care治疗情况76.severity of disease atpresentation起病时病情的严重程度77.hospitalized patients住院患者78.appropriateand timely management is available适当及时的治疗79.the first 24 h of hospitalization 住院后24h80.rapidly progressive cascade of events快速进展81. irrespective of antibiotic administration与抗菌药物应用无关82.temperate climate温带气候83.ethnic group民族84.crowded settings拥挤的环境85.susceptible individuals易感人群86.preceding viral respiratorydisease (especially but not exclusively influenza)曾患呼吸系统疾病（尤其但不限于流感）87.secondarypneumococcal infections继发的肺炎球菌感染88.seasonaland pandemic influenza季节性、流行性感冒89.Reduced pneumococcalsusceptibility to penicillin肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降90.prevalence of pneumococcalisolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药物耐药的趋势明显91.minimal inhibitoryconcentrations (MICs)最小抑菌浓度92.rising absolute magnitude绝对值提高93.penicillin G青霉素G94.cefotaxime头孢噻肟（3nd）95.ceftriaxone头孢曲松96.macrolides大环酯类97.difficult-to-treat infections难治性感染98.pneumococcal antimicrobialnonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题99.mucosal surfaces膜状表面100.otitis media中耳炎101.pneumonia肺炎102.distant sites:brain远处播散103.joint关节104.bones骨骼105.peritoneal cavity腹腔106.pneumococcal meningitis肺炎球菌性脑膜炎107.secondary to hematogenous spread继发于血流感染108.flow ofmucus粘液的流动109.avoid localimmune factors 逃避免疫因子110.leukocytes白细胞plement补体112.cilia纤毛（cilium的名词复数）113.mucociliaryescalator纤毛的活动114.mechanical clearance of pneumococci机械清除肺炎球菌115.colonization episodes定植的时间116.persistent colonization长期定植117.development of capsule-specific serum IgG（导致）夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体118.Intercurrent viral infections 并发的病毒感染119.Localcytokine production局部细胞因子的产生120.upregulateadhesion factors上调粘附因子121.peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖122.teichoic acids磷壁酸123.interleukin I and IL-6白介素-1和白介素-6124.tumor necrosis factor (TNF)肿瘤坏死因子125.Polymorphonuclearleukocytes多形核白细胞126.innate immune factors固有防御因子127.splenic function肾功能128.coughreflex咳嗽反射129.C-reactiveprotein (CRP)C反应蛋白130.phosphorylcholine磷脂胆碱131.Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Toll样受体2132.lipoteichoic acid脂膜酸133.cell wall peptidoglycan细胞壁肽聚糖134.cystic fibrosis囊肿性纤维化135.bronchiectasis支气管扩136.sickle cell disease镰状细胞（贫血）病137.cross-reactive antigens交叉反应抗原138.T cell–independentantigens不依赖T细胞的抗原136.delayed ontogeny（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢137.agammaglobulinemia丙种球蛋白缺乏138.chemically distinct（夹膜）化学结构不同139.serotypespecific血清型特异性抗体140.pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现141.self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的143.differential diagnosis鉴别诊断144.convulsions抽搐145.tachypnea(>30 breaths/min)呼吸急促146.defined according to specific age strata根据特殊的年龄分层确定147.lower chest wall indrawing下胸壁凹陷148.noninvasive or invasive infection 侵袭性或非侵袭性感染149.contiguous spread临近组织器官传播150.infection of a normallysterile body fluid无菌体液区感染151. Pneumonia（invasive with a positiveblood culture）肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）152.a mild community-acquired infection轻度社区获得性感染153.intubation插管治疗154. at the outset起病时155.a viral upper respiratory infection上呼吸道病毒感染156.abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea 急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难157.fever发热159.shakingchills寒战158.myalgias肌肉疼痛160.nonpurulent无脓性161.purulent有脓的162.tinged with blood痰中带血163.stabbing pleuritic chest pain胸肋膜刺痛164.parietal pleura胸膜壁层165.tachycardia心动过速166.dullness沉闷167.percussion触诊法168.consolidation实性病变169.crackles 噼啪声170.auscultation听诊171.Pleural rub胸膜摩擦音172.cyanosis苍白173.nasal flaring鼻翼煽动174.diaphragmatic pleura胸膈膜175.upper abdominalpain上腹疼痛176.myocardial infarction心肌梗死177.heart failurewith atypical pulmonary edema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿178.cardiac conditions心脏疾病179.pulmonary conditions肺部疾病180.atelectasis肺不181.mycoplasmas支原体182.etiologicdiagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断183.pathologic examinationof lungtissue肺组织的病理学检查184.In lieu of代替185.an infiltrate onchest radiography 胸部影像学表现渗出186.lobar or segmental consolidation 大叶性或节段性实变187.patchy分散不均的188.pleural effusion胸腔积液189.empyema脓胸190.round pneumonia圆形肺炎（wenku.baidu./link?url=wuFa5cMxt56 xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCq u1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeR VMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7）191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验192.culture of sputum痰培养193.Parapneumonic effusions并发于肺炎的胸腔积液194.aggressive and complete drainage 充分引流195.pyogeniccondition化脓性疾病196.skull fracture头颅骨折197.gradual-onsetheadache逐渐出现的头痛198.stiff neck颈僵200.photophobia畏光201.altered consciousness意识状态变化202.seizures癫痫203.bradycardia心动过缓204.increased intracranial pressure 颅压升高206.Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s sign Kernig征、Brudzinski征207.cranialnerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）208.examination of CSF脑脊液检查209.evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)浊度（肉眼检查）210.elevated protein level, elevated whiteblood cell count, and reducedglucoseconcentration (quantitative measurement)蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定量检查）211.specificidentification of the etiologic agent (culture, Gram’s staining, antigentesting, or PCR)病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）212.in conjunctionwith同时伴随213.deafness耳聋214.hydrocephalus脑水肿215 mental retardation.智力迟钝216.diffuse brain swelling弥漫性脑水肿217.subarachnoid bleeding蛛网膜下腔出血218.cerebrovascular complications脑血管并发症219.bacteremia菌血症220.osteomyelitis骨髓炎221.septic arthritis脓毒性关节炎222.endocarditis心膜炎223.pericarditis心包炎224.peritonitis 腹膜炎225.sinusitis鼻窦炎226.otitis media中耳炎227.tinnitus耳鸣228.upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染229.bulging tympanic membrane鼓膜突出230.reduced movementon insufflation or tympanography注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少231.facial pain面部疼痛232.congestion充血233.persistent nighttime cough持续夜间咳嗽234.aspiration and culture of sinus material鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养235.parenteral penicillin G静脉给予青霉素G236.the drug of choice for disease首选药物237.50,000 U/kgfor minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis轻度感染：50,000U/kg脑膜炎：300,000U/kg238.parenteral β-lactam drugs静脉给予β酰胺类药物239.ampicillin阿莫西林240.cefuroxime头孢呋辛241.penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株242.offer little advantage over penicillin与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势243.Macrolides andcephalosporins大环酯类和头孢菌素类244.alternatives forpenicillin-allergic patients青霉素过敏患者的替代药物245.clindamycin克林霉素246.tetracycline四环素247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci 耐青霉素的肺炎球菌249.tetracycline-,fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistantstrains四环素耐药，氟喹诺酮类耐药，大环酯类耐药的菌株250. Multidrug-resistant strains多重耐药菌251.alteration of penicillin-binding protein(PBP) genes青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变252.transformation and horizontal transfer ofDNA fromrelatedstreptococcal species基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA253.loweraffinity for penicillins与青霉素的亲和力下降254.specific PBP(s) andthe number of PBPs altered根据PBPs改变的类型和数量255.level of resistance ranges fromintermediate to high耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药256.penicillinsusceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折点257.susceptible≤0.06 μg/mL; intermediate, 0.12–1.0 μg/mL; resistant≥2.0 μg/mL敏感≤0.06 μg/mL，中介0.12–1.0 μg/mL；耐药≥2.0 μg/mL258.were not predictiveof the response of可以预测用药反应259.revised penicillin G breakpoints 修正的青霉素G折点260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute临床与实验室标准学会260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现261. MICs of ≥0.12 μg/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）MIC大于0.12µg/mL意味着耐药（脑膜炎）262.the breakpoints are ≤2 μg/mL for susceptible organisms, 4 μg/mL forintermediate organisms,and ≥ 8 μg/mL for resistant organisms （nonmeningitis）敏感菌≤2 μg/mL中介4 μg/mL耐药≥ 8 μg/mL（非脑膜炎感染）263.the Infectious DiseasesSociety ofAmerica美国传染病协会264.American Thoracic Society美国胸科学会265.the BritishThoracic Society英国胸科学会266.the European Respiratory Society 欧洲呼吸协会267.vancomycin万古霉素268.rifampin利福平269.lumbar puncture腰椎穿刺270.dexamethasone地塞米松promisingclinical evaluation影响临床判断272.isolate 分离菌273.advocate the use ofglucocorticoids 建议加入糖皮质激素274.not universally consideredthe standard of care并未公认为标准治疗方案275.neurologic sequelae神经系统后遗症276.doses 8 h apartQ8h277.severe β-lactam hypersensitivity 对β酰胺类药物严重过敏278.outpatient management门诊治疗279. high-dose amoxicillin高剂量阿莫西林280.afebrile不发热的281. Acute Otitis Media急性中耳炎282.nonsevere illness非紧急疾病283.an uncertain diagnosis诊断不明确284.a 10-day course疗程10天285.should be commenced应开始使用药物286.myringotomy鼓膜切开术287.tympanocentesis鼓膜穿刺术288.obtain samples for culture取材培养289.vaccinationagainst S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses肺炎链球菌和流感病毒疫苗290.preventionof antibiotic overuse 预防抗生素滥用291.fuels pneumococcal resistance加剧肺炎球菌耐药292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines 夹膜多糖疫苗293. Polysaccharide–protein conjugatevaccines多糖蛋白结合物疫苗参考资料：1.AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics RED BOOK.The report ofthe Committee on InfectiousDiseases: 2.Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution forPneumococcalAMCTPP:/library/documents/amc/tpp -codebook/。