冶金专业英语Unit 7

Translation 尽管一些硫会作为气体逸出，但是它一般与生石灰直接 反应形成硫化钙。作为气体逸出的硫量受炉渣表面气氛 的强烈影响。脱硫的另一个影响因素是渣量，渣量越多， 钢中的硫含量越少。发生这种情况是因为硫化钙在炉渣 中有固定的溶解度，所以单位金属的渣量越大，它从金 属中吸收的硫量就越多。 磷可以被氧化形成磷的氧化物（五氧化二磷），如果炉 渣中含有足够的石灰和铁氧化物，它将保留在渣中。但 如果还原条件增强，炉渣温度升高或者炉渣碱度降低， P2O5就会被还原，磷将重新返回到金属中去。
Text The principle of the electric arc process is simple; scrap is melted by the crude action of heating using an electric arc struck between the carbon electrodes and the steel charge. Refining is carried out by interaction with a basic slag as in the oxygen vessels described, but the refining time is (times are) longer.
Text When refining is performed with surplus oxygen, some of the oxygen stays dissolved. During deoxidation, silicon or aluminum is often added to the liquid steel forbiding the residual oxygen. The deoxidization products settle out in the slag.
Translation 硅能被氧化成二氧化硅并放出热量，二氧化硅加速了渣 中石灰的溶解及炉渣的形成进程，而释放出的热量可用 于熔化废钢。二氧化硅非常稳定，一旦形成，就不会在 任何碱性工艺下重新还原。 转炉吹炼期间，锰不可避免地会有很大程度地氧化。锰 氧化物可降低碱性渣的熔点，加速熔渣的形成。在某些 条件下，一些锰可能从炉渣还原到金属中，但对这一工 艺来说并不重要。
Text Oxygen steelmaking processes are concerned mainly with the refining of a metallic charge consisting of hot metal (molten pig iron) and scrap through the use of high-purity oxygen to rapidly produce steel of the desired carbon content and temperature. Various steelmaking fluxes are added during the refining process to reduce the sulphur and phosphorus contents of the metal bath to the desired level. The oxygen top-blown process (LD or LD/AC) is currently the more common, but is gradually giving way to combined blowing process in some new plants.
Text Sulphur will normally react directly with the burnt lime to form calcium sulphide, although some will escape as a gas. The proportion leaving as gas is strongly influenced by the gaseous atmosphere above the slag surface. The other factor necessary for sulphur removal is slag volume. The higher this is, the less sulphur remains in the steel. This occurs because calcium sulphide has a fixed solubility in a given slag and therefore the greater the slag volume per unit of metal, the greater is the weight of sulphur it can absorb from the metal.
Text The most important chemical reactions during refining are decarburization, slagging of tramp elements (desiliconization, demanganization, dephosphorization, desulphurization) and deoxidation (removal of residual oxygen by ferrosilicon and aluminum). The equations formulate the principle of chemical reactions during the transformation of hot metal or sponge iron into steel.
Translation 电弧炉炼钢的基本原理比较简单，废钢在电弧的直接加 热作用下被熔化，电弧产生于石墨电极和炉料之间，精 炼是靠间金属与碱性炉渣之间的相互作用实现的，其过 程与吹氧转炉精炼过程一样，但是吹炼时间比较长。 炼钢过程中最重要的化学反应是脱碳、杂质元素造渣 （脱硅，脱磷，脱锰，脱硫）和脱氧（用硅铁与铝去除 多余的氧）。下面这些方程式表示了把铁水和海绵铁转 变成钢的化学反应原理：
Text As silicon is oxidized, it forms silica and produces heat. Silica acceld the process of slag formation as a whole, while the liberated heat is utilized for melting scrap. Silica is very stable, once formed, which is not again reduced in any of the basic processes. Manganese is unavoidably oxidized to a considerable degree during converter blowing. Manganese oxides can lower the melting point of basic slag and accelerate slag formation. Under certain conditions a little may be reduced from slag to metal, but this is not of much important to the process.
Text
Currently, there are two major steelmaking processes, the more popular being the oxygen processes (also called converter processes) based on hot metal from a blast furnace and scrap, and the less popular being the electric arc process which is suitable for making steel from high–quality industrial scrap or from prereduced pellets. (The open-hearth process, once responsible for almost 100% of raw steel production, has now dwindled to negligible proportions.)
Text The transfer of the other tramp elements from the hot metal or the scrap is performed in two stages: in the first stage, the tramp elements are oxidized. They are not soluble in the liquid iron. In the second stage, they rise to the metal surface and combine with the added lime to form slag. All the heat generated by their oxidation is available, directly, to the metal and slag.
Text [C]+[O]=CO [Si]+2[O]+2[CaO]=2(CaO· SiO2) [Mn]+[O]=(MnO) 2[P]+5[O]+3(CaO)=(3CaO· P2O5) [S]+(CaO)=(CaS)+[O] [Si]+2[O]=(SiO2) 2[Al]+3[O]=(Al2O3)
Text Decarburization is the most important reaction. During this, the added oxygen reacts with the carbon inside the hot metal to form carbon monoxide and escapes as a combustible waste gas. Some of the heat formation remains in the metal or slag. This carbon monoxide produces only about one third of the potential heat of the carbon, the remainder being evolved when it is fully burned to carbon dioxide.
Translation 当前主要有两种炼钢工艺，较为普遍的是以高炉铁水和 废钢为原料的氧气炼钢工艺（也叫转炉工艺），其次是 以高质量的工业废钢或者预还原的球团矿为原料的电弧 炉炼钢工艺（平炉工艺，曾占粗钢产量100%，现已缩减 到几乎为零）。氧气炼钢工艺主要是通过使用高纯度的 氧气对以铁水（熔融铁水）和废钢组成的金属炉料进行 精炼，以便快速生产含碳量和温度合适的钢水。在精炼 过程中，还要加入各种造渣剂以减少金属熔池中的硫和 磷的含量，使其达到所要求的水平。目前氧气顶吹炼钢 工艺（也叫LD或LD/AC顶吹工艺）更普遍采用，但新钢 厂中逐渐被复合吹炼工艺所代替。
Translation 脱碳是最重要的化学反应，在这个反应中加入的氧与铁 水中的碳反应形成一氧化碳并作为可燃废气逸出，产生 的一些热量保留在金属和炉渣中。形成一氧化碳产生的 热量大约占碳燃烧潜热的三分之一，当它完全燃烧成二 氧化碳时，剩余的热量将全部释放出来。 铁水和废钢中的杂质元素进入炉渣是分两个阶段进行的。 第一阶段，把杂质元素氧化，它们在铁液中不能溶解； 第二阶段，它们上升到铁水表面并与加入的石灰形成炉 渣，钢液和炉渣可以直接得到氧化反应产生的所有热量。