全国高考英语 阅读理解指导(精讲精析)(1)

阅读理解解题指导

阅读理解历来都是高考英语试卷中难度最大、区分度最高的题型，它要求考生理解文章的主旨和要义；理解文中的具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度等。下面我们来探讨一下高考阅读理解的解题思路。

一、主旨大意题

此类题型主要考查考生的归纳、概括等能力。一种命题方式是对整篇文章或者某一段落大意的概括，提问方式一般是：What is the text mainly about?/What is the main idea of the text/ the second paragraph?；另一种命题方式是提炼文章的标题，其提问方式一般是：What can be the best title for the text?

阅读时，文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。有时候，文章或段落中没有明确的主题句，需要我们根据所提供的信息归纳出文章或段落的主旨大意。同时要注意提炼文章的关键词。此外，标题类题目还要追求语言的生动和趣味性。如：

(2013安徽卷B篇)

Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving (铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.

63. The text is mainly about ______.

A. why paving roads reduces our water

B. how much we depend on water to live

C. why droughts occur more in dry climates

D. how human activity affects our water supply

解析：文章主要介绍了由于一些不合理的人类活动，导致了水资源的短缺，呼吁大家从我做起，从小事做起来保护水资源。文章的第一句就揭示了文章的主题：人类活动影响着水资源的供应。

(2013天津卷C篇)

Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (绕行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it was quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.

50. What could be the best title for the passage?

A. Charm of the Detour

B. The Road to Bravery

C. Creativity out of Necessity

D. Road Trip and Country Life

解析：作者以诗人William Stafford对绕行道的理解引题，加上自己的亲身经历，进一步理解了绕行道更深刻的意义——它会让你发现旅行中最好的部分，也发现最好的自己。由此我们概括出文章的标题：绕路的魅力。

二、细节理解题

细节理解题主要考查考生对阅读材料中某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。它的设题方式主要有以下两种：

1. 以what, who, which, when, where, why, how等特殊疑问句的方式来提问，针对文章中的具体事物、人物、时间、地点、原因(目的)、方式等来设问考查。解这类题时，大家可以带着问题去阅读文章，最后采用“对号入座”的办法，把原文信息跟后面的题目对照，最后确定出正确答案。如:

(2013课标卷I A篇)

Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my family’s last vacation. It was my six-year-old son’s winter break from school, and we were heading home form Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York, so I had to get back. But that didn’t mean my husband and my son couldn’t stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.

56. Why did Delta give the author’s family credits?

A. They took a later flight.

B. They had early bookings.

C. Their flight had been delayed.

D. Their flight had been cancelled.

解析：本文为夹叙夹议文。作者通过讲述自己的亲身经历来阐明观点，即如何获取金钱的最大利用价值，从而理性消费。利用关键词查询可以在第一段中找到The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day这些相关信息。由该句可知，因为航班超员，航空公司(Delta)以信用卡的形式补偿我们每人400美金，要我们放弃座位，第二天再离开。故选A项(他们乘坐了较晚的航班)。

2. 以不完整的句子形式，针对文章的某个细节设题，考查考生对此事实细节的认定和理解能力。如：

(2013课标卷I B篇)

Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同样地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.

61. Babies are sensitive to the change in ______.

A. the size of cards

B. t he colour of pictures

C. the shape of patterns

D. the number of objects

解析：本文为科普类说明文，主要讨论了婴儿是否能感知数量这一问题。根据第二段中When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key,