2016年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析

目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析 (18)2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (36)本试题含阅读文章大意分析，听力含答案解析，有听力原文。

医学考博英语历年真题2016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷PAPER ONEPart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once,After you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder.You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an antC.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.At ten next Wednesday. B.At three next Wednesday.C.At ten next Monday.D.At three next Monday.2. A.A dull pain. B.A piercing pain.C.A burning pain.D.A numb pain.3. A.He is going to get married. B.He is going to get his bachelor's degree.C.He will count on the woman for helpD.He will bring his own booze to the party4. A.Pizza is her favorite food. B.Pizza is her second choice.C.She dislikes the man's idea.D.She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A.Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.B.Jack has fallen in love with Debra.C.Debra is prettier than Jack's girl friend.D.Jack wants to break up with his girlfriend.6. A.It will rain soon. B.It's right to be proposed.C.She is worded about the weather.D.To be safe,they'd better stay at home.7. A.He is a great big-wave surfer. B.He is a trouble-maker.C.He is a nice guy.D.He is very weird.8. A.$60 B.$40 C.$360. D.$309. A.Quit smoking. B.Go jogging every morning.C.Work out in the gym.D.Go on a diet.10. A.100. B.232. C.132. D.332.11. A.Mary isn't his type. B.He fell in love with Mary at first sight.C.Mary was not pretty enough.D.He won't teach Mary chemistry.12. A.Play tennis. B.Take out the trash.C.Play computer games.D.Go to court for a lawsuit13. A.In the school.B.At school.C.In the hospital.D.To the dorm.14. A.She is seriously ill.B.She has to look after her husband at home.C.She will persuade her husband to go to hospital.D.She will be taken good care of by her sister and daughter.15. A.She makes a living now as a dressmaker.B.She makes a living now as a landlady.C.She worries a lot about her health.D.She now lives on her pension.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETSample AnswerA B●D Conversation16. A.A duodenal ulcer. B.Stomach ulcer.C.A Mouth ulcer.D.A skin ulcer.17. A.Have an operation. B.Try medical means.C.See a psychiatrist.D.Be off work for a while.18. A.Overweight. B.Smoking.C.Heredity.D.Stress.19. A.He is a light smoker. B.He is a casual smoker.C.He is a heavy smoker.D.He is a moderate smoker.20. A.Stop smoking. B.Have a surgery.C.Eat regularly and exercise moreD.Make an appointment with Dr.OakesPassage One21. A.He is a man who has a gene of longevity.B.He is a professor at Boston University.C.He is the owner of the website .D.He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. A.Women don't like red meat as much as men.B.The high estrogen level in women makes the differences.C.Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.D.The incidence of cardiovascular disease is much lower in women.23. A.In their50s and60s. B.In their60s and70s.C.In their70s and80s.D.In their80s and90s.24. A.Calcium. B.Iodine. C.Zinc. D.Iron25. A.The reason why red meat is harmful to health.B.The reason why vegetarian food is so popular.C.Another possibility for women's longevity.D.The important role iron plays in cellular reactions.Passage Two26. A.He was the owner of a grocery store.B.He was a convict laboring at a junkyard.C.He struggled under the strain of poverty.D.He lived happily with his wife and three kids.27. A.He is a stockbroker.'B.He is an investment advisor.C.He is the manager of a mutual fund.D.He is a teacher at local community college.28. A.Indecision B.Arrogance. C.Ignorance. D.Fear29. A.He began teaching on investment at college.B.He began reading investment books and then began practicingC.He began learning how to become a successful stockbroker.D.He began investing big money in a mutual fund each month.30. A.Man errs as long as he strives.B.Failure is the mother of success.C.Where there is a will,there is a way.D.The good seaman is known in bad weather.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay______to their workers for injuries.pensationpromisemodityD.consumption32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _______.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.intervene33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle,they don't actually expect to______death sentences to life terms without parole.A.induceB.convertC.reviveD.swerve34.To maintain physical well-being,a person should eat_______food and get sufficient exerciseA.integralB.grossC.wholesomeD.intact35.The Central Government's pledge to maintain the______and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB.prosperityC.privilegeD.preference36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that"their lives will not be______asa result of bed shortages".A.facilitatedB.forfeitedC.fulfilledD.furnished37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and_______unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB.superficiallyC.utterlyD.doubtfully38.It is known that some ways of using resources_______can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A.recklesslyB.sparinglyC.sensiblyD.incredibly39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through _______water.A.filteredB.distilledC.contaminatedD.purified40.We welcome him not_______as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any senseSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.In any event,lethal injections are under federal scrutiny.A.sanctionB.restrictionC.censusD.examination42.The humble tomato could become a(n)potent weapon in the fight against prostate cancer.A.inexpensiveB.powerfulC.conventionalD.lethal43.Men's perception of the amount of caregiving they do is completely at odds with women's.A.in tune withB.in favor ofC.for the sake ofD.in disagreement with44.Huangshan Mountain is eminent for its natural scenery and deserves a visit.A.renownedB.notoriousC.popularD.mysterious45.Obesity is a condition perpetuated by a diversity of factors.A.severityB.reliabilityC.varietyD.specificity46.He is usually well-behaved,this rudeness is only a(n)lapse.A.errorB.sinC.guiltD.offense47.Did you detect a touch of jaundice in her remark?A.grievanceB.sympathyC.jealousyD.indignation48.In1912,German doctors attempted to treat children who had underactive thyroids with normal thyroid cells,but to little avail.A.by no meansB.in vainC.of no accountD.at stake49.To many observers,he spent his wealth lavishly.A.fearlesslyB.conspicuouslyC.wastefullyD.ferociously50.At present,no medical therapy is known to affect progressions of rheumatic mitral stenosis.A.deteriorationB.accumulationC.expansionD.promotionPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Humans are the only species known to have consciousness,awareness that we have brains and bodies51adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take,that we can make choices52that vastly affect the quality of our lives-biologically, intellectually,environmentally,and spiritually.As humans,we have the ability to moldour53beings to become what or who we wish to become.While some of us may,_54_, have genetic and biological imperatives that may require medication or training to overcome,or at least to modulate,the vast majority of us do,in fact,hold our emotional_55_in our hands.All that56,until the last decade,scientists believed that the human brain and its connections were formed during gestation and infancy and remained_57unchanged through childhood.They believed that humans had a given number of neurons in a specific brain structure,and_58_the number might vary among people,once you were done with childhood development,you were set in this_59.Your connections were already made,and the learning and growing period of your brain was over.In the last decade,however,researchers have found60evidence that this is not so,and that something called neuroplasticity continues throughout our lives.51.A.careful about B.capable ofC.accessible toD.susceptible to52.A.in the event B.in an attempt C.at the moment D.along the way53.A.exclusive B.very C.just D.exact54.A.indeed B.however C.moreover D.therefore55.A.demonstration B.dimensionC.destinyD.determination56.A.has been said B.being saidC.was saidD.is said57.A.more or less B.pretty much C.as ever D.if any58.A.while B.despite C.nevertheless D.since59.A.case B.mold C.sense D.condition60.A.different B.similar C.insufficient D.significantPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneParents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament,biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern.It can be frustrating when children's sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule.Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention,but it will have beneficial results throughout life.An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns. Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baselineinformation in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems.Observant patents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify.Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in the sleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency of parasomnias that may interrupt sleep.Medical consultation to rule out illness,infection of injury is prudent if the child's sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and result in an ongoing sleep deficit.As reported by News-Medical in Child Health News,children's sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a"marker"for predicting later risk of early adolescent substance use."In the same article,University of Michigan psychiatry professor Kirk Brower,who has studied"the interplay of alcohol and sleep in adults"stressed that"The finding does not mean there's a cause-and-effect relationship."Consultation with a child psychologist may be helpful if frightening dreams intensify and become more frequent as this may indicate a particular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or one that the child may need extra help working through.Most childhood sleep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regularsleep-wake cycle is established.Parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.61.To have a journey of discovery with each child,according to the passage,is ________.A.to discover their unique sleep-wake cyclesB.to follow their behavioral preferencesC.to alleviate their sleeping problemsD.to explore their asset62.In the first paragraph,the author suggests that parents________.A.seek professional consultation for their child's sleep problemB.adjust their household schedule to the child's sleeping habitC.take their child's unfounded concerns into considerationD.keep a diary on sleep pattern for their child63.Where there exists a"marker"in the child,according to the passage_______.A.it might lead to his or her early substance useB.he or she will carry it all his or her lifeC.it might interrupt his or her sleep patternD.he or she is destined to be an alcoholic64.What is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph?A.It takes time to combat sleeping problem in children.B.Sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance.C.Parents cannot afford to neglect their child's sleeping problem.D.Much importance should be attached to the child's life circumstance.65.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Child sleep disturbance and its future impact.B.Child sleep disturbance and its family history.C.Parent's role in building their child's healthy sleeping habit.D.A psychological perspective on sleep disturbance in children.Passage TwoThe United States and England each has a major and unique health-care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries.The study,conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the United States and Institute for Fiscal Studies in the United Kingdom,found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S.senior citizens,but mortality rates were higher among English senior citizens.Americans aged65and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their English counterparts and more than double the rate of cancer.Nevertheless,death rate among Americans65and older is lower."Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer,"says James Smith, a studyco-author.He attributes the U.S.health problems to lifestyle factors,including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise.Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food, for example,"There is what I call an American plate.When we go to a restaurant,it's a plate I can't even eat any more.It's a plate with so much food on if it's not even appealing to me."Smith also says that English adults are generally much more physically active than Americans.Biking and walking are much common in everyday life in England.He observes that"there is a lot of walking in London,and there is a lot of bicycle riding.I don't see people in downtown Los Angeles on their bicycles".On the other hand,England's problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough.American doctors tend to screen patients for cancer,diabetes, and other illnesses more frequently.Smith notes"American medicine is much more aggressive.It leads to high costs,but it has benefits,too".66.The study's results indicated_______.A.an urgent call for health promotion among English and American senior citizensB.health disparities between English and American senior citizensC.a close relation between disease incidence and mortality rateD.a significant rise in mortality rates among senior citizens67.Which of the following is a unique health care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with their American counterparts?A.A higher death rate.B.A higher rate of cancer.C.A higher incidence of disease.D.A lower tendency to have diabetes.68.What does James Smith imply by an American plate?A.A sedentary American lifestyles.B.American junk foods on the table.C.A large portion of food consumed by Americans.D.Severe malnutrition among American senior citizens.69.The Americans'unique health-care challenge according to James Smith,is derived fromA.their unusual forms of physical activitiesB.their different geographic locationC.their genetic likelihood of obesityD.their unhealthy lifestyle factors70.Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicineA.better improves the quality of life among its senior citizensB.benefits more seniors who need medical careC.facilitates its senior citizens to live longerD.helps its senior citizens live healthierPassage ThreeLess meat and dairy in our diets could help reduce agricultural greenhouse gases by as much as80%by2055,according to a recent study by the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(PIK).The researchers created global land-use model to project likely outcomes given different scenarios involving consumer dietary trends and changes in agriculture production methods.The models take into consideration population growth the world economy,and other factors.The researchers found that,if meat and dairy consumption patterns remain constant of increase,the associated global agricultural omissions will increase significantly.On the other hand,a25%reduction over the next40years would help bring levels to where they were around1995.Methane and nitrous oxide in particular could be reduced if less meat and dairy is produced and consumed.These gases are caused largely by livestock waste and synthetic fertilizers.Around two-thirds of nitrous-oxide emissions come from agriculture--and most of that as a result of either raising animals or producing the feed used to raise them. Consumers'food choices,combined with what one PIK researcher terms"technical mitigation options on the producers side"could make an enormous impact on these emissions.While not nearly as much methane or nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide,both are significantly more potent and they form substantial pieces of the greenhouse gas pie.Both of these gases trap heat and radiation in the atmosphere much more effectively than does carbon dioxide.The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency cites methane as being"21times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a100-year time period."Nitrous oxide is more than 300times more effective than CO2.While the PIK study doesn't detail exactly which consumer choices and eating habits can help reverse the trend,it seems clear that less is more when it comes to consuming meat and dairy products.71.The current PIK study________.A.was nothing but a what-ifB.was based on the global land-use modelsC.managed to reduce agricultural greenhouse gasesD.changed the patterns of meat and dairy consumption72.As the PIK results imply,it is possible________.A.to keep the consumption patterns unchanged over the next40yearsB.to reduce the emissions by25%over the next40yearsC.to maintain a constant drop in the consumptionD.to return to the emission levels around199573.Simply put,to produce and consume less meat and dairy is to________.A.reduce more methane and nitrous oxide emissionsB.produce more economic benefits for agricultureC.cut two-thirds more of nitrous-oxide emissionsD.have more technical mitigation options74.The greenhouse gas pie tells us________.A.the importance of being a vegetarianB.no need to worry about carbon dioxideC.the priorities in the environmental protectionD.the best consumer choice for meat and dairy products75.What can be the best title for the passage?A.Eating HealthyB.From Farm to PlateC.Greenhouse EffectD.Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage FourToday this dangerous situation has been largely alleviated.Henry,a77-year-old pensioner from East London,still lives alone and happily practices golf swings in his back garden safe in the knowledge that his body is able to cope with the extra exertion.What has altered Henry's life is not some wonder drug but a simple change in the way his illness is managed Every day Henry hooks himself up to monitoring devices whose results help him to understand it and overcome its more debilitating effects. "Telehealth has given me confidence in myself because I know my own body now."he says.He adjusts what he does according to what his daily readings tell him about his condition.Henry is just one of a growing number of pioneering patients who are trusting their futures to rge trials are under way around the world to evaluate the idea. With elderly populations and the incidence of age-related illnesses growing telehealth promises to give people the independence they need to remain in their own homes.It could also reduce the burden of healthcare costs.The disorder that makes Henry's life so difficult is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(DOPD),a condition that affects some800,000people in England.The airways in his lungs have narrowed,leaving him with severe shortness of breath and blood oxygen levels that can fall dangerously low.With his new equipment,Henry can keep a close eye on how his body is doing.He received for measuring his blood oxygen level and pulse rate,a blood pressure monitor and a set of speaking scales.Each connects wirelessly to a unit and collates the readings and sends them to a team of medical specialists,who watch for suspicious changes.If the readings look bad,they call him to discuss appropriate action.Henry too can see the readings on his television,where they are displayed with the help of a special set-top box.Whether a day is good or bad depends largely on Henry's blood oxygen level. Before joining the telehealth program,he could only guess at that.Now he knows if the reading is low,he can take action,when the reading is high,he can go about his business and is confident that his oxygen level will see him through."Telehealth is a good thing for me,"says Henry."I know that on the other end of the telephone there's a little angel and if anything goes wrong,it shows up on the television and she's on the phone within five minutes."76.What can be said of Henry?A.His illness was wrongly diagnosed.B.He lived alone without medical care.C.His life was improved with telehealth.D.He used to be a professional golf player.77.Henry activates his daily health management________.A.with a receipt of the doctor's order on his conditionB.by getting hooked up to the monitoring devicesC.by giving a ring to the community doctorD.with the practice of golf swings78.As one of the pioneering patients,Henry________.A.receives the most benefits from telehealthB.puts his life in the hands of a medical teamC.seems to carry out well the intents of telehealthD.is actively involved in evaluating telehealth globally79.What is the most important about the telehealth technology in the case of Henry?A.His illness can be brought back to normal as expected.B.It can rid him of the debilitating effects due to his illness.C.It helps him better understand the readings on the television.D.His condition can be kept under continuous surveillance at home.80.Thanks to the telehealth technology,Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus________.A.having a good dayB.building up his confidenceC.getting hospitalized in no timeD.having no trouble doing physical laborPassage FiveWhen it comes to health,which is more important,nature or nurture?You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and ill health.Not so fast.In fact,it transpires that our everyday environment outweighs our genetics,big time,when it comes to measuring our risk of disease.The genome is out--welcome the exposome."The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, that's not in the genes,"says Stephen Rappaport,environmental health scientist at the University of California,Berkeley.That includes stress,diet,lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections,to name a few."The big difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies,diets and lifestyles change,"he says.While our understanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential rate over the last decade,it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases."Genes only contribute10percent to the overall disease burden,"says Rappaport."Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile,"says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London.He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,who investigated the effect of101genetic markers implicated in heart disease.After following over19,000women for12years,she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group.On the other hand,the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery." There's an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and theenvironment,"says Chris Wild,director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer,who came up with the idea of the exposome.In reality most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two,which is where the exposome comes in."The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of a person's full exposure history,"says Wild.He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors.There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development.For example,the time from birth to3years of age is thought to be particularly important."We know that this is the time when brain connections are made,and that if you are obese by this age, you'll have problems as an adult,"says Nicholson.81.Rappaport argues that a major threat to our human health_______.A.lies in our exposomeB.is growing to take shapeC.decides our social environmentD.is changing with the human genetic evolution82.What can be said of the exposome according to Rappaport?A.Static.B.Reliable.C.Predictable.D.Changeable.83.Speaking of genes,Rappaport would say that_______.A.the human genome project is a mere waste of timeB.there is no such a thing as predictive medicineC.genetic evolution is almost staticD.we do not live:only by our genes84.Even though we cannot pinpoint the exact impact of environmental influence,Wild contends that________.A.we have the exposome contributing significantly to our health or ill healthB.we can strike a balance between the human body and its exposuresC.each of us leaves a unique exposure history in the environmentD.we can manage the exposome as expected85.Particularly important,according to Nicholson,is the time whenA.obesity occursB.the brain is injuredC.the exposome comes inD.the exposures are not blockedPassage SixPublishing in scientific journals is the most common and powerful means to disseminate new research findings.Visibility and credibility in the scientific world require publishing in journals that are included in global indexing databases such as those of the Institute for Scientific Information(ISI).Most scientists in developing countries。