状语的用法及副词写作练习
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状语(Adverbial )
状语的作用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、名词、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。
其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
1.副词一般在句子中做状语
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好。
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语
I come specially . 我专门来看你。
3.介词短语
Ten years ago, She began to live 从十年以前开始,她开始住在了大连。
The boy was praised .这个男孩因为他的勇敢而被夸奖。
4.从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. 她12岁的那一年开始居住于大连。
, I will play football with you.如果我明天不忙,
5.动词分词形式作状语
for 3 years, he can communicate with foreigners.
(先study 然后才能communicate)学了3年英语,现在他能与外国人交流了。
She sat at the desk . 看报纸
,this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章写得不是很好。
6.名词作状语
We must get together again .将来某天我们必能再相聚.
we should serve people .我们应该全心全意地服务。
副词(Adverb)
副词(Adverb 简称adv.)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
副词可分为:时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、表顺序、表完成的副词。
副词连用顺序:程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。
程度副词
much,little,very,rather(相当),so,too,still,quite,perfectly(完美地),enough,extremely(非常),entirely(整个),almost,slightly(细小地),strongly, hardly.……
方式副词
carefully,properly(适当地),anxiously(焦虑地),suddenly,normally(正常地),fast,well,calmly(冷静地),politely(有礼貌地),proudly(自豪地),softly,warmly ,slowly,badly,hard,bravely……
地点副词
here,there,everywhere,anywhere,somewhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,up,down,back,forward(向前地),home,upstairs(楼上地),downstairs,across,along,round ,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.……
时间频率副词
now,then,often,always,usually,next,already(已经),generally(一般地),frequently(频繁),seldom/hardly(很少地),ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately(立即),finally,shortly(很快),before,ago,sometimes,yesterday. once,twice,lately,recently,
疑问副词
how,when,where,why……
关系副词when,where,why
连接副词
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),meanwhile, then; when ,where,how,why……
表顺序的副词first,then,next,finally,afterwards,primarily……
副词的用法
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
He works hard.(作状语)他工作努力。
You speak English very well. (作状语)你英语讲得相当好。
副词的位置
1)多数副词放在动词后面,或者放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前。
如果实义动词后有宾语,则放于宾语之后。
I get up early in the morning every day. 每一天的早晨我都起得很早。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。
2) 副词修饰形容词副词时,一般放在被修饰词之前,但enough除外。
It's rather easy,I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他的奔跑速度不足以快到能够追上火车。
3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。
4) 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First,let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中,地点副词在前面,时间副词在后面。
We went shopping .昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
The accident took place .这场事故在一小时前发生在十一号大街。
6)否定副词在句首,句子要部分倒装。
Never have I felt so excited! 我从来没有觉得这么激动!
介词短语在句中的位置,因其功能而不同
1.介词短语作表语,放在连系动词之后。
The card is . 这卡片是给你的。
Everybody is . 大家都脱险了。
He is . 他很匆忙What to do next is . 下一步该干什么,正在讨论。
2. 介词短语做状语,表示时间、地点,可以在句首,也可以在句尾。
She sees her friends in the morning. = In the morning, she see her friends. 她平时上午看望朋友。
I don't have classes on Sunday.= On Sunday, I don't have classes. 我周日没有课。
我们发现,时间状语如果放在句首,其后往往会出现一个逗号,地点状语也是这样的,介词短语作地点状语时,位置也比较灵活,可前可后:
On top of the hill, they put up a tent.= They put up a tent on top of the hill. 他们在小山顶上打起了帐篷。
3. 介词短语如果表示方向、方式、伴随、涉及、原因、目的、比较,一般放在句尾,例如:
They didn't go to the beach for bad weather. 因为糟糕的天气,他们没有去海边。
4. 介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。
Jane is the girl . 简是那个长头发的女孩。
Who is the boy ? 那个穿白色T恤的男孩是谁?
时间状语从句
状语从句(Adverbial Clause)状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。
根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。
状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。
从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语,这样的主从复合句就是时间状语从句。
连接时间状语从句的连接词有:when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since...... 这里要注意一点的是,如果主句是一般将来时,从句只能用一般现在时表示将来意义。
(主要时态:主现从不限;主过从四过;主将从现。
)
1.when, while和as表示“当……时”的区别
1)when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,可以是瞬时动词。
并且when有时表示“就在那时”。
例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我停止吃饭。
(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时,我常常为他担水。
(延续性的动词)
2)While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。
并且while有时还可以表示对比。
例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
(was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生) 。
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.
我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。
(对比)
3)as表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as 也可以强调“一先一后。
例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。
(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we were going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。
(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句注意before引导的从句时,当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的主句谓语用的是过去完成时,则从句动词多用一般过去时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。
after表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。
主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。
例如:
1)“It + will be + 时间段+ before...”句型中,表示“要过多久才…”,
其否定形式“It will/would not be +时间段+ before…”表示“不久就……,过不了多久就……”。
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
(1)The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _____ we meet them again.
A. after
B. before
C. since
D. when
(2)—How long do you think it will be ______China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? —Perhaps two or three years.
A. when
B. until
C. that
D. before
(3)It ________ long before we _______ the result of the experiment.
A. will not be...will know
B. is...will know
C. will not be...know
D. is...know
2)“it was +时间段+ before …” 表示“过了(多长时间)才……”。
其否定形式“ it was not +时间段+ before …” 意为“不久就……”, “没过(多长时间)就……”。
It was some time ___________we realized the truth.
A. when
B. until
C. since
D. before
The American Civil War lasted four years _______ the North won in the end.
A. after
B. before
C. when
D. then
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。
(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句
till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。
但要注意的是:
①如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;即“not…until/till…”意为“直到……才……”。
②如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可,但表达的意思不同。
③till不可以用在句首,而until可以放在句首。
例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till)my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.
直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句
since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。
一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.as soon as, the moment,the minute, the instant, the day, the week, the year, immediately, instantly, directly等表示时间的词语,后面也可以接时间状语从句,表示“一……就……”。
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
注意:hardly/ scarcely,…when , no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。
主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
当hardly, scarcely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。
例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。
注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。
例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time, the first time,next time, any time, the last time,等引导的时间状语从句。
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”
的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。