大鼠大脑解剖图 - 360文档中心

[超详细]大鼠的解剖图谱

[超详细]大鼠[ 超详细]大鼠的解剖图谱1图Ⅷ-1 整体骨骼侧面观The skeleton. Lateral View图Ⅷ-2 整体骨骼左前面观The skeleton. Left anterior view1肋骨rib2胸椎thoracic vertebra3 颈椎cervical vertebra4 颅骨cranium5肩胛骨scapula6肱骨hiimeius7桡骨radius8尺骨ulna9掌骨metacarpal bone10 指骨digital bone11 腰椎lumbar vertebra12 髂骨ilium13尾骨coccyx14股骨femur15髌骨patella16腓骨fubula17胫骨tibia18跖骨metatarsal bone19 趾骨digital bone图Ⅷ-4 头骨侧面The skull. Lateral aspect 1枕骨occipital bone2顶间骨interparietal bone3 矢状缝sagittal suture4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone7枕外嵴external occipital creat8 顶骨parietal bone9 额骨frontal bone10 鼻骨nasal bone11 鼻间缝internasal suture12 前筛孔preethmoid pore13 蝶腭孔sphenopalatine foramen14 门齿incisor tooth15下颌骨mandible16视神经孔optic foramen17 枕骨occipital bone18茎突styloid process19外耳道external acoustic meatus 20 颞骨temporal bone图Ⅷ-6 下颌骨侧面The mandible. Lateral aspect 4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone14 门齿incisor tooth17 枕骨occipital bone19 外耳道external acoustic meatus21 腭裂patoschisis22 臼齿molar tooth23 腭骨palatine bone24 翼孔pterygoid apertures25 破裂孔foramen lacerum26 枕大孔foramen magnum27 腭后孔posterior palatine foramen28 鼻后孔posterior nasal apertures29 卵圆孔foramen ovale30鼓骨tympanic bone31舌下神经孔hypoglossal foramen32 下颌联合mandibular symphysis33 颏孔mental foramen34 冠状突coronoid process35 下颌支ramus of mandible36 角状突process of horn37 下颌孔mandibular foramen38 翼肌窝pterygoid fossa39 髁突condylar process图Ⅷ-7 颈椎与胸椎背面The cervical 图Ⅷ-9 前肢骨背面The bone of vertebra and thoracic vertebra.Dorsal aspect anterior 1imb.Dorsal aspect图Ⅷ-8 前肢骨外侧面The bone of anteriorlimb. Lateral aspect1 枢椎axis2 第4 颈椎4th cervical vertebra3 第6 颈椎6th cervical vertebra4 第1 胸椎1st thoracic vertebra5 第4 胸椎4th thoracic vertebra6 寰椎axis7 第3 颈椎3rd cervical vertebra 8 第5 颈椎5th cervical vertebra9 第7 颈椎7th cervical vertebra 10 第3 胸椎3rd thoracic vertebral1 肱骨体shaft of humcrus 12 桡骨radius13 尺骨ulna 14 尺骨茎突styloid process of ulna15 掌骨metacarpal bone 16 肱骨头head of hurnerusl7 肘突cubital process 18 腕骨carpal bone19 指骨digital bone图Ⅷ-10 股骨前面The femur. 图Ⅷ-11 胫骨与腓骨前面The tibia Anterior aspect and fibula. Anterior aspect1 大转子greater trochanter2 股骨颈neck of femur3 第三转子third trochanter4 髌骨patella5股骨头femoral head6小转子lesser trochanter7 股骨体shaft of femur8 股骨内侧髁medial condyle of femur9 外侧髁lateral condyle10腓骨fibula11外踝lateral malleolus12 跗骨tarsal bone13 胫骨内侧髁medial condyle of tibia14 径骨粗隆tibial tuberosity15 胫骨tibiaI6 内踝medial mallcolus17 跖骨metatarsal bone18斜方肌trapezius muscle19臀浅肌glutoeus super(icialis muscle20 股直肌rectus femoris muscle21 腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen22 背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle23 肩斜方肌shoulder-trapezius muscle24 大圆肌teres major muscle25 肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle26 前锯肌serratus anterior muscle1 锁骨提肌levator clavicle muscle2 肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle3 肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle4 臀浅肌gluteus suferficidlis muscle5 股直肌rectus femoris muscle6 腓肠肌gastrocnemius muscle7 夹肌splenius muscle 8颈菱形肌rhomboideus cervicis muscle9胸菱形肌rhomboideus pectoralis muscle10 背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle11 腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen12 股二头肌biceps femoris muscle13 半腱肌semitendinosus muscle3 肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle5 股直肌rectus femoris muscle11 腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 13半腱肌semitendinosus muscle14二腹肌前腹anterior belly of digastric muscle15 二腹肌后腹posterior belly of digastric muscle16 胸骨舌骨肌sternohyoid muscle17 肱二头肌biceps brachii muscle18 腹直肌rectus abdominis muscle19 股动、静脉femoral artery and femoral vein20 阴囊scrotum21 咬肌masseter muscle 22 胸乳突肌sternomastoideus muscle23 肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle24桡侧腕伸肌extensor carpi radialis muscle25指总伸肌extensor digitorum communis muscle26 尺侧腕伸肌extensor carpi ulnaris muscle27 胸浅肌pectoral superficialis muscle28 前锯肌serratus anterior muscle29 股内侧肌vastus medialis muscle30 耻骨肌pectineus muscle31 长收肌adductor longus muscle32 股薄肌gracilis muscle图Ⅷ-15 头、颈部侧面 The head and neck. Lateral aspect1 颞浅动、静脉 superficial temporal artery and vein2 眶上静脉 supraorbitalvein3 面横动、静脉 transverse facial artery and vein4 下颌缘神经marginalmandibularenerv 5 面后静脉posterior facial vein 6 面前静脉 anterior facial vein 图Ⅷ-16 口腔（1)The oral cavity （1）7 颈外静脉external jugular vein1 颞浅动、静脉 superficial temporal artery and vein2 眶上静脉 supraorbitalvein3 面横动、静脉 transverse facial artery and vein4 下颌缘神经 marginalmandibular nerve5 面后静脉posterior facial vein6 面前静脉 anterior facial vein7 颈外静脉 external jugular vein8 硬腭褶 fold of hard palate9 臼齿 molar tooth 10 门齿 incisor tooth 11 软腭 soft palate 12 舌根 root of tongue 13 舌体 body of tongue14 舌尖apex of tongue图Ⅷ-17 口腔（2)The oral cavity (2)1 喉口aperture of larynx2 舌根root of tongue3 舌尖apex of tongue 5 软腭soft palate7 臼齿molar tooth 4 硬腭褶fold of hard palate 6 会厌epiglottis8 舌体body of tongue图Ⅷ-18 脑与脊髓背面The brain and 图Ⅷ-19 脑与脊髓腹面The brain and spinal cord.Dorsal aspect spinal cordVentral aspect9 嗅球olfactory bulb1l 绒球flocculus13 腰膨大lumbar enlargement 15 大脑cerebrum17 脊髓圆锥courts medullaris 19 脑桥pons21 嗅束olfactory tract23 三叉神经trigeminal nerve 10 中央纵裂central longitudinal fissue12 颈膨大cervical enlargement14 外侧纵沟lateral longitudinal sulcus16 小脑（中央部）cerebellum (central part）18 脑垂体pituitary gland20 延髓myelencephalon22 视神经optic nerve图Ⅷ-20 磁共振冠状面定位像（1)The scout view of coronal images（1）图Ⅷ-21 磁共振冠状面定位像（2）The scout view of coronal images（2)1眼球eyeball2嗅脑rhinencephalon3大脑皮层cerebral cortex4 大脑镰cerebral faix5 鼻旁窦paranasal sinus6 纵裂longitudinal fissure冠状面T1加权像，颞颌关节线圈，SE 序列，层厚3.0mm，无间隔，TR=500rns，TE=20ms。

大鼠缺血模型

大鼠和小鼠的优势
1. 大鼠品种多，易于饲养，价格低廉 2. 纯种鼠属近亲交配，基因型相似，脑血管解剖和生理机能也相似 3. 大鼠脑血管解剖和生理机能接近于人类 4. 脑血管损伤部位恒定，实验重复性好 5. 动物存活时间长，利于脑缺血相关病理改变过程的研究 6. 脑体积大小适宜，易施低温固定技术和组织生化分析 7. 有关系列大鼠的生理、药理和生化方面的实验资料可供分析比较 8. 克服了体外实验无法实施再灌流的缺陷 9. 沙土鼠缺乏后交通动脉及完整的基底动脉环，两侧大脑供血相对独立，通过闭塞一侧或双侧CCA即可复制效果明显的同侧或双侧脑缺血模型
栓线法

由 ECA 插入 4 -0 尼龙线进入 ICA , 阻断 MCA起始端而导致局灶性脑缺血。通过提拉插线可以造成再灌流损伤模型。

优点：该法手术创伤小, 动物易长时间存活血栓形
成过程与人类相似可选择皮层梗塞部位

缺点：较早地导致终末动脉及微血管永久性闭塞 ,
不利于扩血管及促进侧支循环作，切开皮肤，暴露颅骨，静脉注射光敏材料虎红酸钠，用特定冷光源(500--600nm)照射切口处颅骨，光线透过颅骨与血管内的光敏物质接触，激发光化学反应而产生单线态氧，直接损伤血管内皮细胞而诱导血栓形成。优点：不开颅，手术创伤小，动物易长时间存活，血栓形成过程与人类近似，适用于抗血小板、抗血栓及内皮细胞保护药物的急慢性动物实验研究。缺点：较早地导致终未动脉及微血管永久性闭塞，不利于扩血管及促进侧支循环作用的研究
开颅法、光学法、栓塞法、栓线法。
开颅法

麻醉动物，耳眼连线的中点垂直切开皮肤，通过钝
性分离颞肌，开颅后暴露MCA，用电凝器横过嗅束旁的MCA使其凝闭，用10号手术丝线结扎MCA，造成MCA 支配区局灶性脑缺血模型。

大鼠脑的立体定位技术(共10张PPT)

第八页，共10页。
确定注射位置某些颅外标记与颅内结构具有相对固定的位置关系
前囟(bregma):位于冠状缝和矢状缝的交接处
3个标准检测是否固定成功（鼻对正中，头部不动，提尾不掉） 6 ml/100g, i.
取下动物，腹腔注射过量的20%氨基甲酸乙立小体心定安位放仪微为量精注密射仪器器，针,实尖验斜时面应中小点心进操入作孔,以内免时损,记坏高度。酯使动物死亡核团定位，做标志, 钻孔
脑图谱
第四页，共10页。
应用
核团微量注射电位引导核团的刺激或损毁
第五页，共10页。
材料
大鼠，立体定位仪，哺乳类手术器械，牙科钻，20%氨基甲酸乙酯，生理盐水，2%滂胺天蓝溶液
第六页，共10页。
方法和步骤
麻醉
20%氨基甲酸乙酯 0.6 ml/100g, i.p.
固定
将大鼠头部固定于脑立体定位仪上,门齿杆 -3.3 mm
将大鼠头部固定于脑立体定位仪上,门齿杆 -3. 切头皮,剥开皮下组织, 将骨缝暴露清晰，用铅笔在前囟和后囟各做一标志
以咬骨钳咬开颅骨，小心取出大脑，顺着注缓慢进针至LV ,注入10 l 2%滂胺天蓝溶液(2 l/min),留针10 min后缓慢拔针
缓慢进针至LV ,注入10 l 2%滂胺天蓝溶液(2 l/min),留针10 min后缓慢拔针
第九页，共10页。
注意事项
立体定位仪为精密仪器,实验时应小心操作,以免损坏
微量注射器取出后应立即清洗,以防堵塞
第十页，共10页。
大鼠脑的立体定位技术
第一页，共10页。
目的
了解脑立体定位技术的原理，初步掌握确定某一中枢核团的方法
第二页，共10页。

大鼠解剖图

图Ⅷ-1整体骨骼侧面观The skeleton. Lateral View图Ⅷ-2整体骨骼左前面观The skeleton. Left anterior view1肋骨rib2胸椎thoracic vertebra3颈椎cervical vertebra4颅骨cranium5肩胛骨scapula6肱骨hiimeius7桡骨radius8尺骨ulna9掌骨metacarpal bone10指骨digital bone11腰椎lumbar vertebra12髂骨ilium13尾骨coccyx14股骨femur15髌骨patella16腓骨fubula17胫骨tibia18跖骨metatarsal bone19趾骨digital bone图Ⅷ-4头骨侧面The skull. Lateral aspect图Ⅷ-6下颌骨侧面The mandible. Lateral aspect1枕骨occipital bone2顶间骨interparietal bone3矢状缝sagittal suture4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone7枕外嵴external occipital creat8顶骨parietal bone9额骨frontal bone10鼻骨nasal bone11鼻间缝internasal suture12前筛孔preethmoid pore13蝶腭孔sphenopalatine foramen 14门齿 incisor tooth15下颌骨mandible16视神经孔optic foramen17枕骨occipital bone18茎突styloid process19外耳道external acoustic meatus 20颞骨temporal bone21 腭裂patoschisis22臼齿molar tooth23腭骨palatine bone24翼孔pterygoid apertures25破裂孔foramen lacerum26枕大孔foramen magnum27腭后孔posterior palatine foramen 28鼻后孔posterior nasal apertures 29卵圆孔foramen ovale30鼓骨tympanic bone31舌下神经孔hypoglossal foramen 32下颌联合mandibular symphysis 33颏孔mental foramen34冠状突coronoid process35下颌支ramus of mandible36角状突process of horn37下颌孔mandibular foramen38翼肌窝pterygoid fossa39髁突condylar process图Ⅷ-7颈椎与胸椎背面The cervical 图Ⅷ-9前肢骨背面The bone of vertebra and thoracic vertebra.Dorsal aspect anterior 1imb.Dorsal aspect图Ⅷ-8前肢骨外侧面The bone of anteriorlimb. Lateral aspect1枢椎axis 2第4颈椎4th cervical vertebra3第6颈椎6th cervical vertebra 4第1胸椎1st thoracic vertebra5第4胸椎4th thoracic vertebra 6寰椎axis7第3颈椎3rd cervical vertebra 8第5颈椎5th cervical vertebra9第7颈椎7th cervical vertebra 10第3胸椎3rd thoracic vertebral1肱骨体shaft of humcrus 12桡骨radius13尺骨ulna 14尺骨茎突styloid process of ulna15掌骨metacarpal bone 16肱骨头head of hurnerusl7肘突cubital process 18腕骨carpal bone19指骨digital bone图Ⅷ-10股骨前面The femur. 图Ⅷ-11胫骨与腓骨前面The tibia Anterior aspect and fibula. Anterior aspect1大转子greater trochanter2股骨颈neck of femur3第三转子third trochanter4髌骨patella5股骨头femoral headG小转子lesser trochanter7股骨体shaft of femur8股骨内侧髁medial condyle of femur9外侧髁lateral condyle10腓骨fibula11外踝 lateral malleolus12跗骨tarsal bone13胫骨内侧髁medial condyle of tibia14径骨粗隆tibial tuberosity15胫骨tibiaI6内踝medial mallcolus17跖骨metatarsal bone18斜方肌trapezius muscle19臀浅肌glutoeus super(icialis muscle20股直肌rectus femoris muscle21腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 22背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle23肩斜方肌shoulder-trapezius muscle24大圆肌teres major muscle25肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle26前锯肌serratus anterior muscle1锁骨提肌levator clavicle muscle 2肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle 3肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle4臀浅肌gluteus suferficidlis muscle 5股直肌rectus femoris muscle6腓肠肌gastrocnemius muscle7夹肌splenius muscle8颈菱形肌rhomboideus cervicis muscle9胸菱形肌rhomboideus pectoralis muscle10背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle11腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 12股二头肌biceps femoris muscle13半腱肌semitendinosus muscle14二腹肌前腹anterior belly of digastric muscle 15二腹肌后腹posterior belly of digastric muscle 16胸骨舌骨肌sternohyoid muscle17肱二头肌biceps brachii muscle18腹直肌rectus abdominis muscle19股动、静脉femoral artery and femoral vein 20阴囊scrotum21咬肌masseter muscle22胸乳突肌sternomastoideus muscle23肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle24桡侧腕伸肌extensor carpi radialis muscle25指总伸肌extensor digitorum communis muscle 26尺侧腕伸肌extensor carpi ulnaris muscle27胸浅肌pectoral superficialis muscle28前锯肌serratus anterior muscle29股内侧肌vastus medialis muscle30耻骨肌pectineus muscle31长收肌adductor longus muscle32股薄肌gracilis muscle图Ⅷ-15头、颈部侧面The head and neck. Lateral aspect上静脉supraorbitalveine 7颈外静脉external jugular vein 1颞浅动、静脉superficial temporal artery and vein 2眶3面横动、静脉transverse facial artery and vein 4下颌缘神经marginalmandibular nerv 5面后静脉posterior facial vein 6面前静脉anterior facial vein1颞浅动、静脉superficial temporal artery and vein 2眶上静脉supraorbitalvein3面横动、静脉transverse facial artery and vein 4下颌缘神经marginalmandibular nerve 5面后静脉posterior facial vein 6面前静脉anterior facial vein7颈外静脉external jugular vein 8硬腭褶fold of hard palate9臼齿molar tooth 10门齿incisor tooth11软腭soft palate 12舌根root of tongue13舌体body of tongue 14舌尖apex of tongue图Ⅷ-18脑与脊髓背面The brain and 图Ⅷ-19脑与脊髓腹面The brain and spinal cord.Dorsal aspect spinal cordVentral aspect1 喉口aperture of larynx 2舌根root of tongue 3舌尖apex of tongue 4硬腭褶fold of hard palate 5软腭soft palate 6会厌epiglottis 7臼齿molar tooth 8舌体body of tongue 9嗅球olfactory bulb 10中央纵裂central longitudinal fissue 1l 绒球flocculus 12颈膨大cervical enlargement 13腰膨大lumbar enlargement 14外侧纵沟lateral longitudinal sulcus15大脑cerebrum 16小脑（中央部）cerebellum (central part ） 17脊髓圆锥courts medullaris 18 脑垂体 pituitary gland 19脑桥pons 20延髓 myelencephalon 21嗅束olfactory tract 22视神经optic nerve 23三叉神经trigeminal nerve图Ⅷ-20磁共振冠状面定位像（1)The scout view of coronal images（1）图Ⅷ-21磁共振冠状面定位像（2）The scout view of coronal images（2)1眼球eyeball2嗅脑rhinencephalon3大脑皮层cerebral cortex4大脑镰cerebral faix5鼻旁窦paranasal sinus6纵裂longitudinal fissure冠状面T1加权像，颞颌关节线圈，SE序列，层厚3.0mm，无间隔，TR=500rns，TE=20ms。

大鼠脑立体定位图

List of StructuresNames of the structures are listed in alphabetical order.Each name is followed by abbreviation of the structure.1-10 cerebellar lobules 1-103rd ventricle 3V4th ventricle 4VAA1 noradrenaline cells A1A11 dopamine cells A11A12 dopamine cells A12A13 dopamine cells A13A2 noradrenaline cells A2A4 noradrenaline cells A4A5 noradrenaline cells A5A7 noradrenaline cells A7A8 dopamine cells A8abducens nucleus 6accessory abducens nucleus Acs6accessory abducens/facial nucleus 7accessory abducens/facial nucleus Acs6/7accessory facial nucleus Acs7accessory neurosecretory nuclei Accaccessory nucleus of the ventral horn Acsaccessory olfactory bulb AOBaccessory olfactory tract aotaccessory optic tract aoptaccessory trigeminal nucleus Acs5accumbens nucleus Acbaccumbens nucleus, core AcbCaccumbens nucleus, rostral part AcbRaccumbens nucleus, shell AcbShacoustic radiation aracoustic stria asagranular insular cortex AIagranular insular cortex, dorsal part AIDagranular insular cortex, posterior part AIPagranular insular cortex, ventral part AIValar nucleus Alalveus of the hippocampus alvambiguus nucleus Ambamygdalohippocampal area AHiamygdalohippocampal area, anterolateral part AHiAL amygdalohippocampal area, posteromedial part AHiPMamygdaloid fissure afamygdaloid intramedullary gray IMGamygdalopiriform transition area APiramygdalostriatal transition area AStrangular thalamic nucleus Angansa lenticularis alansoparamedian fissure apmfanterior amygdaloid area AAanterior amygdaloid area, dorsal part AADanterior amygdaloid area, ventral part AAVanterior commissure acanterior commissure, anterior part acaanterior commissure, intrabulbar part acianterior commissure, posterior part acpanterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus ACoanterior hypothalamic area AHanterior hypothalamic area, anterior part AHAanterior hypothalamic area, central part AHCanterior hypothalamic area, posterior part AHPanterior lobe of the pituitary APitanterior olfactory nucleus, dorsal part AODanterior olfactory nucleus, external part AOEanterior olfactory nucleus, lateral part AOLanterior olfactory nucleus, medial part AOManterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part AOPanterior olfactory nucleus, ventral part AOVanterior perifornical nucleus APFanterior pretectal nucleus APTanterior pretectal nucleus, dorsal part APTDanterior pretectal nucleus, ventral part APTVanterior tegmental nucleus ATganterodorsal preoptic nucleus ADPanterodorsal thalamic nucleus ADanteromedial thalamic nucleus AManteromedial thalamic nucleus, ventral part AMVanteroventral periventricular nucleus AVPeanteroventral thalamic nucleus AVanteroventral thalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part AVDManteroventral thalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part AVVLaqueduct (Sylvius) Aqarcuate hypothalamic nucleus Arcarcuate hypothalamic nucleus, lateroposterior part ArcLParcuate hypothalamic nucleus, medial posterior part ArcMParcuate nucleus, dorsal part ArcDarcuate nucleus, lateral part ArcLarcuate nucleus, medial part ArcMarea postrema APascending fibers of the facial nerve asc7BB4 serotonin cells B4B9 serotonin cells B9Barrington's nucleus Barbasal nucleus (Meynert) Bbasilar artery basbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part BLAbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus, posterior part BLPbasolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part BLVbasomedial amygdaloid nucleus BMbasomedial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part BMAbasomedial amygdaloid nucleus, posterior part BMPbed nucleus of stria terminalis, fusiform part Fubed nucleus of stria terminalis, supracapsular part BSTSbed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract BAOTbed nucleus of the anterior commissure BACbed nucleus of the stria terminalis BSTbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, intraamygdaloid division BSTIAbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTLbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, dorsal part BSTLDbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, intermediate part BSTLI bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, posterior part BSTLP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, ventral part BSTLVbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division BSTMbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, anterior part BSTMA bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterior part BSTMP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterointermediate part BSTMPIbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posterolateral part BSTMPL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, posteromedial part BSTMPMbed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division, ventral part BSTMVblood vessel bvbrachium of the inferior colliculus bicbrachium of the superior colliculus bscbrachium pontis (stem of middle cerebellar peduncle) bpBotzinger complex BoCC1 adrenaline cells C1C2 adrenaline cells C2C3 adrenaline cells C3caudal interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus CIcaudal linear nucleus of the raphe CLicaudal periolivary nucleus CPOcaudate putamen (striatum) CPucaudoventral respiratory group CVRGcaudoventrolateral reticular nucleus CVLcell bridges of the ventral striatum CBcentral amygdaloid nucleus Cecentral amygdaloid nucleus, capsular part CeCcentral amygdaloid nucleus, lateral division CeLcentral amygdaloid nucleus, medial division CeMcentral canal CCcentral cervical nucleus CeCvcentral gray of the pons CGPncentral gray, alpha part CGAcentral gray, beta part CGBcentral gray, gamma part CGGcentral medial thalamic nucleus CMcentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus CICcentral tegmental tract ctgcentrolateral thalamic nucleus CLcerebellum Cbcerebral cortex Cxcerebral peduncle, basal part cpchoroid plexus chpcingulate cortex, area 1 Cg1cingulate cortex, area 2 Cg2cingulum cgcircular nucleus Circlaustrum Clcochlear root of the vestibulocochlear nerve 8cncommissural stria terminalis cstcommissure of the inferior colliculus ciccommissure of the lateral lemniscus cllcommissure of the superior colliculus csccopula of the pyramis Copcorpus callosum cccortex-amygdala transition zone CxAcrus 1 of the ansiform lobule Crus1crus 2 of the ansiform lobule Crus2cuneate fasciculus cucuneate nucleus Cucuneiform nucleus CnFDdecussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle xscpdeep cerebral white matter dcwdeep gray layer of the superior colliculus DpGdeep mesencephalic nucleus DpMedeep white layer of the superior colliculus DpWhdentate gyrus DGdorsal 3rd ventricle D3Vdorsal acoustic stria dasdorsal cochlear nucleus DCdorsal cortex of the inferior colliculus DCICdorsal corticospinal tract dcsdorsal endopiriform nucleus DEndorsal fornix dfdorsal hippocampal commissure dhcdorsal hypothalamic area DAdorsal hypothalamic nucleus Dodorsal lateral geniculate nucleus DLGdorsal lateral olfactory tract dlodorsal longitudinal fasciculus dlfdorsal motor nucleus of vagus 10dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus DLLdorsal nucleus of the spinal cord (Clarke) Ddorsal paragigantocellular nucleus DPGidorsal peduncular cortex DPdorsal peduncular pontine nucleus DPPndorsal periolivary region DPOdorsal raphe nucleus DRdorsal raphe nucleus, caudal part DRCdorsal raphe nucleus, dorsal part DRDdorsal raphe nucleus, interfascicular part DRIdorsal raphe nucleus, ventral part DRVdorsal raphe nucleus, ventrolateral part DRVLdorsal root of spinal nerve drdorsal spinocerebellar tract dscdorsal tegmental bundle dtgdorsal tegmental decussation dtgxdorsal tegmental nucleus DTgdorsal tegmental nucleus, central part DTgCdorsal tegmental nucleus, pericentral part DTgPdorsal tenia tecta DTTdorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract DTdorsal transition zone DTrdorsal tuberomammillary nucleus DTMdorsolateral fasciculus dldorsolateral orbital cortex DLOdorsolateral periaqueductal gray DLPAGdorsolateral pontine nucleus DLPndorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus DMdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part DMCdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal part DMDdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventral part DMVdorsomedial periaqueductal gray DMPAGdorsomedial pontine nucleus DMPndorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus DMSp5dorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus, dorsal part DMSp5Ddorsomedial spinal trigeminal nucleus, ventral part DMSp5Vdorsomedial tegmental area DMTgdysgranular insular cortex DIEectorhinal cortex Ectectotrigeminal nucleus E5Edinger-Westphal nucleus EWentorhinal cortex Entependyma and subependymal layer Eepifascicular nucleus EFepilemniscal nucleus ELmepirubrospinal nucleus ERSethmoid thalamic nucleus Ethexternal capsule ecexternal cortex of the inferior colliculus ECICexternal cuneate nucleus ECuexternal medullary lamina emlexternal plexiform layer of the accessory olfactory bulb EPlAexternal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb EPlextreme capsule excFF cell group of the vestibular complex FVefacial nerve or its root 7nfacial nucleus 7facial nucleus, dorsal intermediate subnucleus 7DIfacial nucleus, dorsolateral subnucleus 7DLfacial nucleus, dorsomedial subnucleus 7DMfacial nucleus, lateral subnucleus 7Lfacial nucleus, ventral intermediate subnucleus 7VIfacial nucleus, ventromedial subnucleus 7VMfasciculus retroflexus frfasciola cinereum FCfield CA1 of hippocampus CA1field CA2 of hippocampus CA2field CA3 of hippocampus CA3fields CA1-3 of hippocampus CA1-3fimbria of the hippocampus fiflocculus Flforceps major of the corpus callosum fmjforceps minor of the corpus callosum fmifornix ffrontal association cortex FrAGgelatinous layer of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus Ge5gemini hypothalamic nucleus Gemgenu of the corpus callosum gccgenu of the facial nerve g7gigantocellular reticular nucleus Gigigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha part GiAgigantocellular reticular nucleus, ventral part GiVglomerular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb GlAglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb Glglossopharyngeal nerve 9ngracile fasciculus grgracile nucleus Grgranular cell layer of the olfactory bulb GrOgranular insular cortex GIgranular layer of the cochlear nuclei GrCgranular layer of the dentate gyrus GrDGgranule cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb GrAHhabenular commissure hbchilus of the dentate gyrus Hilhippocampal fissure hfhypoglossal nucleus 12Iindusium griseum IGinferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) icpinferior olive IOinferior olive, beta subnucleus IOBeinferior olive, cap of Kooy of the medial nucleus IOKinferior olive, dorsal nucleus IODinferior olive, dorsomedial cell group IODMinferior olive, medial nucleus IOMinferior olive, principal nucleus IOPrinferior olive, subnucleus A of medial nucleus IOAinferior olive, subnucleus B of medial nucleus IOBinferior olive, subnucleus C of medial nucleus IOCinferior olive, ventrolateral protrusion IOVLinferior salivatory nucleus ISinfracerebellar nucleus Infinfralimbic cortex ILinfundibular stem InfSinner blade of the dentate gyrus IBlinteranterodorsal thalamic nucleus IADinteranteromedial thalamic nucleus IAMintercalated amygdaloid nucleus, main part IMintercalated nuclei of the amygdala Iintercalated nucleus of the medulla Inintercollicular nucleus InCointercrural fissure icfinterfascicular nucleus IFintergeniculate leaf IGLintermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus InGintermediate interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus II intermediate lobe of the pituitary IPitintermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus ILLintermediate reticular nucleus IRtintermediate white layer of the superior colliculus InWh intermediodorsal thalamic nucleus IMDintermediolateral cell column IMLintermediomedial cell column IMMintermedioventral thalamic commissure imvcintermedius nucleus of the medulla InMinternal arcuate fibers iainternal capsule icinternal medullary lamina imlinternal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb IPlinteroculomotor nucleus I3interpeduncular fossa IPFinterpeduncular nucleus IPinterpeduncular nucleus, apical subnucleus IPAinterpeduncular nucleus, caudal subnucleus IPCinterpeduncular nucleus, dorsolateral subnucleus IPDL interpeduncular nucleus, dorsomedial subnucleus IPDM interpeduncular nucleus, intermediate subnucleus IPI interpeduncular nucleus, lateral subnucleus IPLinterpeduncular nucleus, rostral subnucleus IPRinterpeduncular nucleus, rostrolateral subnucleus IPRL interpedunculotegmental tract iptinterposed cerebellar nucleus, anterior part IntAinterposed cerebellar nucleus, dorsolateral hump IntDLinterposed cerebellar nucleus, dorsomedial crest IntDMinterposed cerebellar nucleus, posterior part IntPinterposed cerebellar nucleus, posterior parvicellular part IntPPCinterstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus, greater part IMLFG interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus IMLFinterstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure IPAC interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, lateral part IPACLinterstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, medial part IPACMinterstitial nucleus of the vestibulocochlear nerve I8intertrigeminal nucleus I5interventricular foramen IVFintramedullary thalamic area IMAislands of Calleja ICjislands of Calleja, major island ICjMJjuxtarestiform body jxjuxtatrigeminal area Jx5KKölliker-Fuse nucleus KFLlacunosum moleculare layer of the hippocampus LMollambdoid septal zone Ldlamina dissecans of the entorhinal cortex Dsclateral (dentate) cerebellar nucleus Latlateral accumbens shell LAcbShlateral amygdaloid nucleus Lalateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LaDLlateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part LaVLlateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part LaVMlateral cerebellar nucleus, parvicellular part LatPClateral cervical nucleus LatClateral entorhinal cortex LEntlateral funiculus of the spinal cord lfulateral globus pallidus LGPlateral habenular nucleus LHblateral habenular nucleus, lateral part LHbLlateral habenular nucleus, medial part LHbMlateral hypothalamic area LHlateral lemniscal fields LLFlateral lemniscus lllateral mammillary nucleus LMlateral olfactory tract lolateral orbital cortex LOlateral parabrachial nucleus LPBlateral parabrachial nucleus, central part LPBClateral parabrachial nucleus, crescent part LPBCrlateral parabrachial nucleus, dorsal part LPBDlateral parabrachial nucleus, external part LPBElateral parabrachial nucleus, internal part LPBIlateral parabrachial nucleus, superior part LPBSlateral parabrachial nucleus, ventral part LPBVlateral paragigantocellular nucleus LPGilateral periaqueductal gray LPAGlateral pontine nucleus LPnlateral posterior thalamic nucleus LPlateral posterior thalamic nucleus, laterocaudal part LPLClateral posterior thalamic nucleus, laterorostral part LPLRlateral posterior thalamic nucleus, mediocaudal part LPMClateral posterior thalamic nucleus, mediorostral part LPMRlateral preoptic area LPOlateral recess of the 4th ventricle LR4Vlateral reticular nucleus LRtlateral reticular nucleus, parvicellular part LRtPClateral reticular nucleus, subtrigeminal part LRtS5lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSDlateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSIlateral septal nucleus, ventral part LSVlateral spinal nucleus LSplateral stripe of the striatum LSSlateral superior olive LSOlateral tegmental tract ltglateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract LTlateral ventral pallidum LVPlateral ventricle LVlateral vestibular nucleus LVelateral vestibulospinal tract lvslateroanterior hypothalamic nucleus LAlaterodorsal tegmental nucleus LDTglaterodorsal tegmental nucleus, ventral part LDTgVlaterodorsal thalamic nucleus LDlaterodorsal thalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part LDDMlaterodorsal thalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part LDVLlateroventral periolivary nucleus LVPOlinear nucleus of the medulla Lilocus coeruleus LClongitudinal association bundle lablongitudinal fasciculus of the pons lfpMmagnocellular nucleus of the lateral hypothalamus MCLHmagnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure MCPCmagnocellular preoptic nucleus MCPOmammillary peduncle mpmammillary recess of the 3rd ventricle MRemammillotegmental tract mtgmammillothalamic tract mtmarginal zone of the medial geniculate MZMGmedial (fastigial) cerebellar nucleus Medmedial accessory oculomotor nucleus MA3medial amygdaloid nucleus Memedial amygdaloid nucleus, anterodorsal part MeADmedial amygdaloid nucleus, anteroventral part MeAVmedial amygdaloid nucleus, posterodorsal part MePDmedial amygdaloid nucleus, posteroventral part MePVmedial cerebellar nucleus, dorsolateral protuberance MedDLmedial corticohypothalamic tract mchmedial eminence, external layer MEEmedial eminence, internal layer MEImedial entorhinal cortex MEntmedial entorhinal cortex, ventral part MEntVmedial forebrain bundle mfbmedial forebrain bundle, 'a' component mfbamedial forebrain bundle, 'b' component mfbbmedial geniculate nucleus MGmedial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part MGDmedial geniculate nucleus, medial part MGMmedial geniculate nucleus, ventral part MGVmedial globus pallidus MGPmedial habenular nucleus MHbmedial lemniscus mlmedial longitudinal fasciculus mlfmedial mammillary nucleus, lateral part MLmedial mammillary nucleus, medial part MMmedial mammillary nucleus, median part MMnmedial orbital cortex MOmedial parabrachial nucleus MPBmedial parabrachial nucleus external part MPBEmedial pontine nucleus MPnmedial preoptic area MPAmedial preoptic nucleus MPOmedial preoptic nucleus, central part MPOCmedial preoptic nucleus, lateral part MPOLmedial preoptic nucleus, medial part MPOMmedial pretectal nucleus MPTmedial rostroventrolateral medulla MRVLmedial septal nucleus MSmedial superior olive MSOmedial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract MTmedial tuberal nucleus MTumedial ventral pallidum MVPmedial vestibular nucleus MVemedial vestibular nucleus, magnocellular part MVeMCmedial vestibular nucleus, parvicellular part MVePCmedian accessory nucleus of the medulla MnAmedian eminence MEmedian preoptic nucleus MnPOmedian raphe nucleus MnRmediodorsal thalamic nucleus MDmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, central part MDCmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral part MDLmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, medial part MDMmediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part MDPLmedioventral periolivary nucleus MVPOmedullary reticular nucleus, dorsal part MdDmedullary reticular nucleus, ventral part MdVmesencephalic trigeminal nucleus Me5mesencephalic trigeminal tract me5microcellular tegmental nucleus MiTgmiddle cerebellar peduncle mcpminimus nucleus Minmitral cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb MiAmitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb Mimolecular layer of the dentate gyrus Molmotor root of the trigeminal nerve m5motor trigeminal nucleus Mo5motor trigeminal nucleus, dorsolateral part Mo5DLmotor trigeminal nucleus, ventromedial part Mo5VMNnigrostriatal bundle nsnucleus O Onucleus of Darkschewitsch Dknucleus of origin of efferents of the vestibular nerve EVenucleus of Roller Ronucleus of the ansa lenticularis ALnucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus BICnucleus of the commissural stria terminalis CSTnucleus of the dorsal hippocampal commissure DHCnucleus of the fields of Forel Fnucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band HDBnucleus of the lateral olfactory tract LOTnucleus of the optic tract OTnucleus of the posterior commissure PComnucleus of the solitary tract Solnucleus of the solitary tract, central part SolCenucleus of the solitary tract, commissural part SolCnucleus of the solitary tract, dorsomedial part SolDMnucleus of the solitary tract, gelatinous part SolGnucleus of the solitary tract, intermediate part SolIMnucleus of the solitary tract, interstitial part SolInucleus of the solitary tract, medial part SolMnucleus of the solitary tract, rostrolateral part1-101-10 cerebellar lobules; OR 1-10 spinal cord layers SolRLnucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral part SolVLnucleus of the stria medullaris SMnucleus of the trapezoid body Tznucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band VDBnucleus X Xnucleus Y Ynucleus Z ZOobex Obexoculomotor nerve or its root 3noculomotor nucleus 3oculomotor nucleus, parvicellular part 3PColfactory bulb OBolfactory nerve layer ONolfactory tubercle Tuolfactory tubercle, densocellular part TuDColfactory tubercle, plexiform layer TuPlolfactory tubercle, polymorph layer TuPoolfactory ventricle (olfactory part of lateral ventricle) OVolivary pretectal nucleus OPTolivocerebellar tract ocolivocochlear bundle ocboptic chiasm oxoptic nerve 2noptic nerve layer of the superior colliculus Opoptic tract optoriens layer of the hippocampus Orouter blade of the dentate gyrus OBloval paracentral thalamic nucleus OPCPparaabducens nucleus Pa6parabigeminal nucleus PBGparabrachial nucleus, waist part PBWparabrachial pigmented nucleus PBPparacentral thalamic nucleus PCparacochlear glial substance PCGSparacollicular tegmentum PCTgparafascicular thalamic nucleus PFparafloccular sulcus pfsparaflocculus PFlparalambdoid septal nucleus PLdparalemniscal nucleus PLparamedian lobule PMparamedian raphe nucleus PMnRparamedian reticular nucleus PMnparamedian sulcus pmsparanigral nucleus PNparapyramidal nucleus PPypararubral nucleus PaRparasolitary nucleus PSolparastrial nucleus PSparasubiculum PaSparasubthalamic nucleus PSThparatenial thalamic nucleus PTparatrigeminal nucleus Pa5paratrochlear nucleus Pa4paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus Paparaventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior magnocellular part PaAM paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular part PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal cap PaDC paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral magnocellular part PaLM paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial parvicellular part PaMP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral part PaV paraventricular thalamic nucleus PVparaventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior part PVAparaventricular thalamic nucleus, posterior part PVPparietal association cortex PtAparvicellular motor trigeminal nucleus PC5parvicellular reticular nucleus PCRtparvicellular reticular nucleus, alpha part PCRtApedunculopontine tegmental nucleus PPTgperiaqueductal gray PAGperifacial zone P7perifornical nucleus PeFperipeduncular nucleus PPperirhinal cortex PRhperitrigeminal zone P5periventricular fiber system pvperiventricular hypothalamic nucleus Pepineal gland Pipineal recess PiRepiriform cortex Pirpiriform-amygdaloid area PAApolymorph layer of the dentate gyrus PoDGpontine nuclei Pnpontine raphe nucleus PnRpontine reticular nucleus, caudal part PnCpontine reticular nucleus, oral part PnOpontine reticular nucleus, ventral part PnVposterior commissure pcposterior hypothalamic area PHposterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus PILposterior limitans thalamic nucleus PLiposterior lobe of the pituitary PPitposterior pretectal nucleus PPTposterior superior fissure psfposterior thalamic nuclear group Poposterior thalamic nuclear group, triangular part PoTposterodorsal preoptic nucleus PDPposterodorsal tegmental nucleus PDTgposterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C2) PLCoposterolateral fissure plfposteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus (C3) PMCoposteromedian thalamic nucleus PoMnpostsubiculum Postpre-Bötzinger complex PrB\232precommissural fornix pcfprecommissural nucleus PrCpreculminate fissure pcufpredorsal bundle pdprelimbic cortex PrLpremammillary nucleus, dorsal part PMDpremammillary nucleus, ventral part PMVprepositus nucleus Prprepyramidal fissure ppfprerubral field PRpresubiculum PrSprimary auditory cortex Au1primary fissure prfprimary motor cortex M1primary somatosensory cortex S1primary somatosensory cortex, barrel field S1BFprimary somatosensory cortex, dysgranular region S1DZprimary somatosensory cortex, forelimb region S1FLprimary somatosensory cortex, hindlimb region S1HLprimary somatosensory cortex, jaw region S1Jprimary somatosensory cortex, jaw region, oral surface S1JOprimary somatosensory cortex, trunk region S1Trprimary somatosensory cortex, upper lip region S1ULpprimary visual cortex, binocular area V1Bprimary visual cortex, monocular area V1Mprincipal mammillary tract pmprincipal sensory trigeminal nucleus Pr5principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, dorsomedial part Pr5DMprincipal sensory trigeminal nucleus, ventrolateral part Pr5VLProbst's bundle prbprosubiculum ProSpyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus Pypyramidal decussation pyxpyramidal fissure pfpyramidal tract pyRraphe interpositus nucleus RIPraphe magnus nucleus RMgraphe obscurus nucleus RObraphe pallidus nucleus RParecess of the inferior colliculus ReICred nucleus Rred nucleus, lateral horn RLHred nucleus, magnocellular part RMCred nucleus, parvicellular part RPCreticular thalamic nucleus Rtreticulotegmental nucleus of the pons RtTgreticulotegmental nucleus of the pons, pericentral part RtTgP retroambiguus nucleus RAmbretrochiasmatic area RChretroethmoid nucleus REthretrolemniscal nucleus RLretrorubral field RRFretrorubral nucleus RRretrosplenial agranular cortex RSAretrosplenial granular a cortex RSGaretrosplenial granular b cortex RSGbretrosplenial granular cortex RSGreuniens thalamic nucleus Rerhabdoid nucleus Rbdrhinal fissure rfrhinal incisura rirhomboid thalamic nucleus Rhroot of abducens nerve 6n。

大鼠脑部解剖图谱

– Authors (use et al. after 6 authors, if there are more than six authors,
complete names should not be written. “et al” must be in italics)
– Article title (should be exact as existing) – Journal name (should be in standard PubMed abbreviations, full journal
Authors of the chapter
Title of the chapter
• Miyano T, Kobayashi H, Chen SC. Long term results of biliary atresia. In: Gupta DK, editor. Text Book of Neonatal Surgery, 1st ed. New Delhi: Modern Publishers; 2000. p. 288-91.
• Darani A, Mendoza- Sagaon M, Reinberg O: Gastric volvulus in children. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40(5)855-58.
1. Colon mark after Reinberg O is wrong , there should be a full stop 2. 2005;40(5)855-58. should be written as 2005;40:855-8. (issue no is not to be written) 3. Correct ref would be Darani A, Mendoza- Sagaon M, Reinberg O. Gastric volvulus in children. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:855-8.

端脑-Telecephalon

Telecephalon 端脑
(一).The external features:
1.the main futures of cerebra hemisphere
①the sulcus and fissiones
②the main gyrus
图片
2.The lobes of cerebra hemisphere
丘脑背内侧核
Pre. C
顶、枕、颞叶
Function：
下运动N元
（1）储存过去与现实经验信息；
（2）与丘脑背内侧核联系，形成系统，在过去经验基础上，对当前处境决定情感反应。
（3）控制行为和才能以及判断和远见。
Injure：额叶性精神障碍。
表现为：情感减退，智力迟钝，判断力差，近记忆力丧失，人格衰退及不知羞耻。
Cortical column为大脑皮层基本功能单位.
一个感觉柱对同一感觉型式(sensory modal)起反应; 同一运动柱的锥体细胞都与同一关节的运动肌群有关, 因此运动柱代表的是某类,而不是某块肌.
图片9-8
(三)The cortical areas The principle of dividing areas:
皮质细胞类型、排列、各层厚度、纤维疏密。 Brodmann 52区
图9-9
三.chemical anatomy of cerebral cortex: 内容重要, 但自学!
四. The functional localization of the cortex: (一) general sensation: 1.躯体感觉(或普通感觉区):
头眼协同运动中枢：额中回后部（相当于额上回8、9区下部），与书写中枢重叠。

大鼠和小鼠解剖图谱

大鼠和小鼠解剖图谱图Ⅷ-1整体骨骼侧面观The skeleton. Lateral View图Ⅷ-2整体骨骼左前面观The skeleton. Left anterior view1肋骨rib2胸椎thoracic vertebra3颈椎cervical vertebra4颅骨cranium5肩胛骨scapula6肱骨hiimeius7桡骨radius8尺骨ulna9掌骨metacarpal bone10指骨digital bone11腰椎lumbar vertebra12髂骨ilium13尾骨coccyx14股骨femur15髌骨patella16腓骨fubula17胫骨tibia18跖骨metatarsal bone19趾骨digital bone图Ⅷ-4头骨侧面The skull. Lateral aspect图Ⅷ-6下颌骨侧面The mandible. Lateral aspect1枕骨occipital bone2顶间骨interparietal bone3矢状缝sagittal suture4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone7枕外嵴external occipital creat8顶骨parietal bone9额骨frontal bone10鼻骨nasal bone11鼻间缝internasal suture12前筛孔preethmoid pore13蝶腭孔sphenopalatine foramen 14门齿 incisor tooth15下颌骨mandible16视神经孔optic foramen17枕骨occipital bone18茎突styloid process19外耳道external acoustic meatus 20颞骨temporal bone21 腭裂patoschisis22臼齿molar tooth23腭骨palatine bone24翼孔pterygoid apertures25破裂孔foramen lacerum26枕大孔foramen magnum27腭后孔posterior palatine foramen 28鼻后孔posterior nasal apertures 29卵圆孔foramen ovale30鼓骨tympanic bone31舌下神经孔hypoglossal foramen 32下颌联合mandibular symphysis 33颏孔mental foramen34冠状突coronoid process35下颌支ramus of mandible36角状突process of horn37下颌孔mandibular foramen38翼肌窝pterygoid fossa39髁突condylar process图Ⅷ-7颈椎与胸椎背面The cervical 图Ⅷ-9前肢骨背面The bone of vertebra and thoracic vertebra.Dorsal aspect anterior 1imb.Dorsal aspect图Ⅷ-8前肢骨外侧面The bone of anteriorlimb. Lateral aspect1枢椎axis 2第4颈椎4th cervical vertebra3第6颈椎6th cervical vertebra 4第1胸椎1st thoracic vertebra5第4胸椎4th thoracic vertebra 6寰椎axis7第3颈椎3rd cervical vertebra 8第5颈椎5th cervical vertebra9第7颈椎7th cervical vertebra 10第3胸椎3rd thoracic vertebral1肱骨体shaft of humcrus 12桡骨radius13尺骨ulna 14尺骨茎突styloid process of ulna15掌骨metacarpal bone 16肱骨头head of hurnerusl7肘突cubital process 18腕骨carpal bone19指骨digital bone图Ⅷ-10股骨前面The femur. 图Ⅷ-11胫骨与腓骨前面The tibia Anterior aspect and fibula. Anterior aspect1大转子greater trochanter2股骨颈neck of femur3第三转子third trochanter4髌骨patella5股骨头femoral headG小转子lesser trochanter7股骨体shaft of femur8股骨内侧髁medial condyle of femur9外侧髁lateral condyle10腓骨fibula11外踝 lateral malleolus12跗骨tarsal bone13胫骨内侧髁medial condyle of tibia14径骨粗隆tibial tuberosity15胫骨tibiaI6内踝medial mallcolus17跖骨metatarsal bone18斜方肌trapezius muscle19臀浅肌glutoeus super(icialis muscle20股直肌rectus femoris muscle21腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 22背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle23肩斜方肌shoulder-trapezius muscle24大圆肌teres major muscle25肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle26前锯肌serratus anterior muscle1锁骨提肌levator clavicle muscle 2肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle 3肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle4臀浅肌gluteus suferficidlis muscle 5股直肌rectus femoris muscle6腓肠肌gastrocnemius muscle7夹肌splenius muscle8颈菱形肌rhomboideus cervicis muscle9胸菱形肌rhomboideus pectoralis muscle10背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle11腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 12股二头肌biceps femoris muscle13半腱肌semitendinosus muscle14二腹肌前腹anterior belly of digastric muscle 15二腹肌后腹posterior belly of digastric muscle 16胸骨舌骨肌sternohyoid muscle17肱二头肌biceps brachii muscle18腹直肌rectus abdominis muscle19股动、静脉femoral artery and femoral vein 20阴囊scrotum21咬肌masseter muscle22胸乳突肌sternomastoideus muscle23肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle24桡侧腕伸肌extensor carpi radialis muscle25指总伸肌extensor digitorum communis muscle 26尺侧腕伸肌extensor carpi ulnaris muscle27胸浅肌pectoral superficialis muscle28前锯肌serratus anterior muscle29股内侧肌vastus medialis muscle30耻骨肌pectineus muscle31长收肌adductor longus muscle32股薄肌gracilis muscle图Ⅷ-15头、颈部侧面The head and neck. Lateral aspect上静脉supraorbitalveine 7颈外静脉external jugular vein 1颞浅动、静脉superficial temporal artery and vein 2眶3面横动、静脉transverse facial artery and vein 4下颌缘神经marginalmandibular nerv 5面后静脉posterior facial vein 6面前静脉anterior facial vein1颞浅动、静脉superficial temporal artery and vein 2眶上静脉supraorbitalvein3面横动、静脉transverse facial artery and vein 4下颌缘神经marginalmandibular nerve 5面后静脉posterior facial vein 6面前静脉anterior facial vein7颈外静脉external jugular vein 8硬腭褶fold of hard palate9臼齿molar tooth 10门齿incisor tooth11软腭soft palate 12舌根root of tongue13舌体body of tongue 14舌尖apex of tongue图Ⅷ-18脑与脊髓背面The brain and 图Ⅷ-19脑与脊髓腹面The brain and spinal cord.Dorsal aspect spinal cordVentral aspect1 喉口aperture of larynx 2舌根root of tongue 3舌尖apex of tongue 4硬腭褶fold of hard palate 5软腭soft palate 6会厌epiglottis 7臼齿molar tooth 8舌体body of tongue 9嗅球olfactory bulb 10中央纵裂central longitudinal fissue 1l 绒球flocculus 12颈膨大cervical enlargement 13腰膨大lumbar enlargement 14外侧纵沟lateral longitudinal sulcus15大脑cerebrum 16小脑（中央部）cerebellum (central part ） 17脊髓圆锥courts medullaris 18 脑垂体 pituitary gland 19脑桥pons 20延髓 myelencephalon 21嗅束olfactory tract 22视神经optic nerve 23三叉神经trigeminal nerve图Ⅷ-20磁共振冠状面定位像（1)The scout view of coronal images（1）图Ⅷ-21磁共振冠状面定位像（2）The scout view of coronal images（2)1眼球eyeball2嗅脑rhinencephalon3大脑皮层cerebral cortex4大脑镰cerebral faix5鼻旁窦paranasal sinus6纵裂longitudinal fissure冠状面T1加权像，颞颌关节线圈，SE序列，层厚3.0mm，无间隔，TR=500rns，TE=20ms。

神经解剖学实验六：大脑及鼠脑解剖

实验六大脑及鼠脑解剖一、大脑解剖cerebral dissection将局解中开颅取出的脑在水中清洗去除甲醛后，首先检查大脑外表的动脉, 有些血管在取脑时损伤，但一些主干仍可识别，如有基底动脉环较完整的标本，可以相互补充，观察后作大脑内部结构解剖。

1.从大脑半球外侧面向内解剖：用竹片或扁头锲子在相邻的脑回间剥除表层的灰质便可显示其深面的弓状纤锥arcuate fibers呈"U”形，联系相邻的脑回。

剥离长的联络纤锥association fibers首先选好纤维的位置、走向由表及里用镶子一层层剥离便可。

首先在大脑外侧沟的底面去除岛阈的皮质可显示粗大的圆形束呈钩状越过外侧沟底，由额叶弯向额叶，此为钩束uncinate fasciculus0剥除额叶及枕叶外侧面的皮质，首先见到的是较短的联络纤维，继续剥离至深部可见在枕极与额极间相互联络的下纵束inferior longitudinal fasciculus纤维。

去除额、顶叶岛盖，在岛叶上方向前前方向轻轻剥离可见由枕极伸向额极的粗大联络纤维束为上纵束superior longitudinal fasciculus.此束联络的皮质区较广泛，故在剥离过程可见有较短距离的纤维不断分出达顶叶各回。

上纵束的后部有些纤维沿岛叶前方弯向濒叶呈弓形，此为弓状束arcuate fasciculuso 将岛叶皮质剥除后仔细剥离较薄的白质纤维形成的最外囊及薄灰质带屏状核和外囊，便可显示出灰暗色（略带暗红色）的豆状lentiform nucleus外部的壳putamen,假设继续向内剥离可见苍白球globus pallidus,为保存这些结构更好理解其与内ft internal capsule的关系，最好只剥离豆状核的后半部，前半部保存在原位，直到出现垂直走形的纤维，也就是内囊的纤维，沿这些纤维向上追踪剥离可见呈放射状的投射纤维达皮质各叶称放射冠corona radiata。

大鼠大脑谱图-1

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大脑切片图

切片方法如下图，在切片之前首先要用刀片对SD 大鼠脑进行粗切，可平分为5段，粗切之后进行切纹状体，海马，黑质的精细切分。

1：纹状体和黑质的切法：切除小脑和嗅球（保险起见用刀片切除1，和6的位置）；然后从3处切开（即大约整体的2/5处），1~3区为黑质，3~6区为纹状体，黑质和纹状体都是以3处处的剖开面为底面用胶水固定在切片机小圆板底座上。

2：海马的切法：切除小脑和嗅球（保险起见用刀片切除1，和6的位置），保险起见海马保留2~4之间的区段（用刀片切在2和4的位置）处的剖开面为底面用胶水固定在切片机小圆板底座上。

具体切片方案如下根据大鼠脑立体定位图谱(第三版)在PD 模型中，所需部位主要为鼠大脑的纹状体、黑质以及海马部位:⑴纹状体区:前囟1.70mm至-0.4mm,共2.10mm,由前往后平均分为以下四个区间(每区段0.5mm):+1.70mm---+1.20mm,+1.20mm---+0.70mm,+0.70 mm ---+0.20mm，+0.20mm--- -0.40mm，+1.70mm---+1.20mm,+1.70mm---+1.20mm, +1.20mm---+0.70mm, +0.70 mm ---+0.20mm，+0.20mm--- -0.40mm，可分为四个小瓶来装片，于10ml 的棕色玻璃瓶中( 内盛6ml的0.01mM PBS,pH7.4配制的5%多聚甲醛溶液),每个区段长度为0.50mm，理论上可切30μm的脑片16张，实际保留时至少保证12张脑片。

并从前到后标明区段1(+1.70mm-+1.20mm),区段2(+1.20mm-+0.70mm),区段3(+0.70mm-+0.2mm),区段4(+0.2mm-- -0.4mm).⑵黑质区:前囟-4.52mm至-6.04mm,共1.52mm,理论上一共可切56张30μm的脑片。

进入脑区-4.16mm后,先连续切100μm的脑片共3片,接着切30μm的脑片共2张,均不保存，理论上此时已到-4.52mm的脑区位置。

大鼠解剖图2（PDF）

图Ⅷ-3 头骨背面 The skull．Dorsal aspect 图Ⅷ-4 头骨侧面 The skull. Lateral aspect
图Ⅷ-5 头骨腹面 The skull. Ventral aspect 图Ⅷ-6 下颌骨侧面 The mandible. Lateral aspect
1 枕骨 occipital bone 2 顶间骨 interparietalr bone 5 上颌骨 maxillary bone 6 前颌骨 premaxillary bone 7 枕外嵴 external occipital creat 8 顶骨 parietal bone 9 额骨 frontal bone 10 鼻骨 nasal bone 11 鼻间缝 internasal suture 12 前筛孔 preethmoid pore 13 蝶腭孔 sphenopalatine foramen 14 门齿 incisor tooth 15 下颌骨 mandible 16 视神经孔 optic foramen 17 枕骨 occipital bone 18 茎突 styloid process 19 外耳道 external acoustic meatus 20 颞骨 temporal bone 21 腭裂 patoschisis 22 臼齿 molar tooth 23 腭骨 palatine bone 24 翼孔 pterygoid apertures 25 破裂孔 foramen lacerum 26 枕大孔 foramen magnum 27 腭后孔 posterior palatine foramen 28 鼻后孔 posterior nasal apertures 29 卵圆孔 foramen ovale 30 鼓骨 tympanic bone 31 舌下神经孔 hypoglossal foramen 32 下颌联合 mandibular symphysis 33 颏孔 mental foramen 34 冠状突 coronoid process 35 下颌支 ramus of mandible 36 角状突 process of horn 37 下颌孔 mandibular foramen 38 翼肌窝 pterygoid fossa 39 髁突 condylar process

大鼠脑部解剖图谱

Bibliographic Elements
– Authors (use et al. after 6 authors, if there areplete names should not be written. “et al” must be in italics)
• Websites or web pages /Homepage/Web site
– [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: /.
1. et al written after 4 authors it should have been written after 6 or more authors 2. Full stop after the end of the article title 3. 2006, 118 :882-887 this should have been written as 2006;118:882-7. 4. Correct ref would be Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, Chamlin SL, Garzon MC, Horii KA, et al. Study of infantile hemangiomas: Clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment. Pediatrics 2006;118:882-7.
Authors of the chapter

[超清]大鼠的解剖图谱

图Ⅷ-1整体骨骼侧面观The skeleton. Lateral View图Ⅷ-2整体骨骼左前面观The skeleton. Left anterior view1肋骨rib2胸椎thoracic vertebra3颈椎cervical vertebra4颅骨cranium5肩胛骨scapula6肱骨hiimeius7桡骨radius8尺骨ulna9掌骨metacarpal bone10指骨digital bone11腰椎lumbar vertebra12髂骨ilium13尾骨coccyx14股骨femur15髌骨patella16腓骨fubula17胫骨tibia18跖骨metatarsal bone19趾骨digital bone图Ⅷ-4头骨侧面The skull. Lateral aspect1枕骨occipital bone2顶间骨interparietal bone3矢状缝sagittal suture4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone7枕外嵴external occipital creat8顶骨parietal bone9额骨frontal bone10鼻骨nasal bone11鼻间缝internasal suture12前筛孔preethmoid pore13蝶腭孔sphenopalatine foramen14门齿 incisor tooth15下颌骨mandible16视神经孔optic foramen17枕骨occipital bone18茎突styloid process19外耳道external acoustic meatus20颞骨temporal bone图Ⅷ-6下颌骨侧面The mandible. Lateral aspect4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone14门齿 incisor tooth17枕骨occipital bone19外耳道external acoustic meatus21 腭裂patoschisis22臼齿molar tooth23腭骨palatine bone24翼孔pterygoid apertures25破裂孔foramen lacerum26枕大孔foramen magnum27腭后孔posterior palatine foramen28鼻后孔posterior nasal apertures29卵圆孔foramen ovale30鼓骨tympanic bone31舌下神经孔hypoglossal foramen32下颌联合mandibular symphysis33颏孔mental foramen34冠状突coronoid process35下颌支ramus of mandible36角状突process of horn37下颌孔mandibular foramen38翼肌窝pterygoid fossa39髁突condylar process图Ⅷ-7颈椎与胸椎背面The cervical 图Ⅷ-9前肢骨背面The bone of vertebra and thoracic vertebra.Dorsal aspect anterior 1imb.Dorsal aspect图Ⅷ-8前肢骨外侧面The bone of anteriorlimb. Lateral aspect1枢椎axis 2第4颈椎4th cervical vertebra3第6颈椎6th cervical vertebra 4第1胸椎1st thoracic vertebra5第4胸椎4th thoracic vertebra 6寰椎axis7第3颈椎3rd cervical vertebra 8第5颈椎5th cervical vertebra9第7颈椎7th cervical vertebra 10第3胸椎3rd thoracic vertebral1肱骨体shaft of humcrus 12桡骨radius13尺骨ulna 14尺骨茎突styloid process of ulna15掌骨metacarpal bone 16肱骨头head of hurnerusl7肘突cubital process 18腕骨carpal bone19指骨digital bone图Ⅷ-10股骨前面The femur. 图Ⅷ-11胫骨与腓骨前面The tibiaand fibula. Anterior aspectAnterior aspect1大转子greater trochanter2股骨颈neck of femur3第三转子third trochanter4髌骨patella5股骨头femoral head6小转子lesser trochanter7股骨体shaft of femur8股骨内侧髁medial condyle of femur9外侧髁lateral condyle10腓骨fibula11外踝 lateral malleolus12跗骨tarsal bone13胫骨内侧髁medial condyle of tibia14径骨粗隆tibial tuberosity15胫骨tibiaI6内踝medial mallcolus17跖骨metatarsal bone18斜方肌trapezius muscle19臀浅肌glutoeus super(icialis muscle20股直肌rectus femoris muscle21腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 22背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle23肩斜方肌shoulder-trapezius muscle24大圆肌teres major muscle25肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle26前锯肌serratus anterior muscle1锁骨提肌levator clavicle muscle 2肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle 3肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle4臀浅肌gluteus suferficidlis muscle 5股直肌rectus femoris muscle6腓肠肌gastrocnemius muscle7夹肌splenius muscle 8颈菱形肌rhomboideus cervicis muscle9胸菱形肌rhomboideus pectoralis muscle10背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle11腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 12股二头肌biceps femoris muscle13半腱肌semitendinosus muscle3肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle5股直肌rectus femoris muscle11腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 13半腱肌semitendinosus muscle14二腹肌前腹anterior belly of digastric muscle 15二腹肌后腹posterior belly of digastric muscle 16胸骨舌骨肌sternohyoid muscle17肱二头肌biceps brachii muscle18腹直肌rectus abdominis muscle19股动、静脉femoral artery and femoral vein 20阴囊scrotum21咬肌masseter muscle 22胸乳突肌sternomastoideus muscle23肩三角肌shoulder-deltoid muscle24桡侧腕伸肌extensor carpi radialis muscle25指总伸肌extensor digitorum communis muscle 26尺侧腕伸肌extensor carpi ulnaris muscle27胸浅肌pectoral superficialis muscle28前锯肌serratus anterior muscle29股内侧肌vastus medialis muscle30耻骨肌pectineus muscle31长收肌adductor longus muscle32股薄肌gracilis muscle图Ⅷ-15头、颈部侧面The head and neck. Lateral aspect上静脉supraorbitalveine 7颈外静脉external jugular vein 1颞浅动、静脉superficial temporal artery and vein 2眶3面横动、静脉transverse facial artery and vein 4下颌缘神经marginalmandibular nerv5面后静脉posterior facial vein 6面前静脉anterior facial vein图Ⅷ-16口腔（1)The oral cavity （1）1颞浅动、静脉superficial temporal artery and vein 2眶上静脉supraorbitalvein3面横动、静脉transverse facial artery and vein 4下颌缘神经marginalmandibular nerve 5面后静脉posterior facial vein 6面前静脉anterior facial vein 7颈外静脉external jugular vein 8硬腭褶fold of hard palate9臼齿molar tooth 10门齿incisor tooth11软腭soft palate 12舌根root of tongue13舌体body of tongue 14舌尖apex of tongue图Ⅷ-17 口腔（2)The oral cavity (2)1 喉口aperture of larynx 2舌根root of tongue 3舌尖apex of tongue 5软腭soft palate 7臼齿molar tooth 4硬腭褶fold of hard palate 6会厌epiglottis8舌体body of tongue图Ⅷ-18脑与脊髓背面The brain and 图Ⅷ-19脑与脊髓腹面The brain andspinal cord.Dorsal aspect spinal cordVentral aspect9嗅球olfactory bulb1l绒球flocculus13腰膨大lumbar enlargement10中央纵裂central longitudinal fissue15大脑cerebrum12颈膨大cervical enlargement17脊髓圆锥courts medullaris14外侧纵沟lateral longitudinal sulcus19脑桥pons16小脑（中央部）cerebellum (central part）21嗅束olfactory tract18 脑垂体 pituitary gland23三叉神经trigeminal nerve20延髓 myelencephalon22视神经optic nerve图Ⅷ-20磁共振冠状面定位像（1)The scout view of coronal images （1）图Ⅷ-21磁共振冠状面定位像（2）The scout view of coronal images （2)1眼球eyeball2嗅脑rhinencephalon 3大脑皮层cerebral cortex 4大脑镰cerebral faix 5鼻旁窦paranasal sinus 6纵裂longitudinal fissure冠状面T 1加权像，颞颌关节线圈， SE 序列，层厚3.0mm ，无间隔， TR=500rns ，TE=20ms 。

04.陆姮磊--大鼠脑组织规范性取材

through the midbrain (3rd cranial nerve level; level F) 中脑
rostral to the midpoint of the cerebellum (level G), 小脑绒球
through the caudal portion of the cerebellum (level H).
CP
SP
SN
HY
At the level of optic chiasm including the basal ganglia, septum, cortex, anterior hypothalamus（ including the cerebrum at the frontal cortical level ）
Reference: Revised guides for organ sampling and trimming in rats and mice.
Section 1, cerebrum
Ac: anterior commissure （前联合） Cc: cerebral cortex 大脑皮质 Cca: corpus callosum（胼胝体） O: optic chiasm（视神经交叉） Sr: striatum（纹状体） CP – Caudate Putamen（尾状核） (basal ganglia) SN – Septal Nuclei（隔核） (limbic system) SP- septum隔膜 HY- hypothalamus下丘脑
For each level, anatomical structures of interest are shown: aca =anterior commissure; Acb =accumbens nucleus; Amy =amygdala; Arc =arcuate nuclei; Au =auditory cortex; B =basal nucleus; CA1, CA2, CA3 =cornu ammonis 1, 2 and 3; cc =corpus callosum; Cer =cerebellum; Cg =cingulate cortex; cg =cingulum; cic =inferior colliculi commissure; cp =cerebral peduncles; Cpu =caudate putamen; csc =superior colliculi commissure; DG=dentate gyrus; DR =dorsal raphe nucleus; Ect =ectorhinal cortex; Ent =entorhinal cortex; Fl =flocculus; fmi =forceps minor of the corpus callosum; f =fornix; fi =fimbria; GP =globus pallidus; Hb =habenular nuclei; Hyp =hypothalamus; ic =internal capsule; IC =inferior colliculi; ICj =Calleja islands; icp =inferior cerebral peduncles; Lc =limbic cortex;

[超详细]大鼠的解剖图谱

图Ⅷ-1 整体骨骼侧面观The skeleton. Lateral View图Ⅷ-2 整体骨骼左前面观The skeleton. Left anterior view1肋骨rib2胸椎thoracic vertebra3 颈椎cervical vertebra4 颅骨cranium5肩胛骨scapula6肱骨hiimeius7桡骨radius8尺骨ulna9掌骨metacarpal bone10 指骨digital bone11 腰椎lumbar vertebra12 髂骨ilium13尾骨coccyx14股骨femur15髌骨patella16腓骨fubula17胫骨tibia18跖骨metatarsal bone19 趾骨digital bone图Ⅷ-4 头骨侧面The skull. Lateral aspect 1枕骨occipital bone2顶间骨interparietal bone3 矢状缝sagittal suture4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone7枕外嵴external occipital creat8 顶骨parietal bone9 额骨frontal bone10 鼻骨nasal bone11 鼻间缝internasal suture12 前筛孔preethmoid pore13 蝶腭孔sphenopalatine foramen14 门齿incisor tooth15下颌骨mandible16视神经孔optic foramen17 枕骨occipital bone18茎突styloid process19外耳道external acoustic meatus 20 颞骨temporal bone图Ⅷ-6 下颌骨侧面The mandible. Lateral aspect 4颧骨malar bone5上颌骨maxillary bone6前颌骨premaxillary bone14 门齿incisor tooth17 枕骨occipital bone19 外耳道external acoustic meatus21 腭裂patoschisis22 臼齿molar tooth23 腭骨palatine bone24 翼孔pterygoid apertures25 破裂孔foramen lacerum26 枕大孔foramen magnum27 腭后孔posterior palatine foramen28 鼻后孔posterior nasal apertures29 卵圆孔foramen ovale30鼓骨tympanic bone31舌下神经孔hypoglossal foramen32 下颌联合mandibular symphysis33 颏孔mental foramen34 冠状突coronoid process35 下颌支ramus of mandible36 角状突process of horn37 下颌孔mandibular foramen38 翼肌窝pterygoid fossa39 髁突condylar process图Ⅷ-7 颈椎与胸椎背面The cervical 图Ⅷ-9 前肢骨背面The bone of vertebra and thoracic vertebra.Dorsal aspect anterior 1imb.Dorsal aspect图Ⅷ-8 前肢骨外侧面The bone of anteriorlimb. Lateral aspect1 枢椎axis2 第4 颈椎4th cervical vertebra3 第6 颈椎6th cervical vertebra4 第1 胸椎1st thoracic vertebra5 第4 胸椎4th thoracic vertebra6 寰椎axis7 第3 颈椎3rd cervical vertebra 8 第5 颈椎5th cervical vertebra9 第7 颈椎7th cervical vertebra 10 第3 胸椎3rd thoracic vertebral1 肱骨体shaft of humcrus 12 桡骨radius13 尺骨ulna 14 尺骨茎突styloid process of ulna15 掌骨metacarpal bone 16 肱骨头head of hurnerusl7 肘突cubital process 18 腕骨carpal bone19 指骨digital bone。

大鼠内侧前额叶细胞类型层状结构分区

大鼠内侧前额叶细胞类型层状结构分区大鼠的内侧前额叶，听起来像是个科学术语对吧？但它就像是我们大脑里一个超级重要的指挥中心，负责计划、决策、情感调节等一系列“重活”。

你想啊，谁不想有个聪明的大脑，对吧？不过，这个地方可不是简单的一个区域，而是像个精细划分的“大街小巷”，每个“街区”都有自己独特的任务。

今天咱们就来聊聊大鼠内侧前额叶的“细胞类型层状结构分区”，这玩意儿听起来像是在说外星语，其实也没那么复杂，大家别慌。

内侧前额叶，它的位置就像是你大脑的“指挥塔”，位于额叶的最前面，基本上是所有思考、判断和决策的“战场”。

想象一下，你在街头碰到个小问题，要是有个特别聪明的朋友帮你分析，指挥你怎么做，那这就是内侧前额叶的工作了。

而它是怎么工作的呢？这就要提到它的“细胞层次结构”了。

你知道，大脑不是一个“随便堆起来的积木屋”，它有非常精细的层级分布，不同的细胞类型在不同的区域中发挥着独特的作用。

每个细胞都有自己特定的任务，像是一个个忙碌的小工人，各自负责不同的项目。

想象一下，一个高度协作的团队，每个人都分工明确，有序地完成工作，最终让整个大脑“运转”起来。

这些细胞到底分布在哪儿呢？它们并不是随便乱站一块，而是按照层状的结构排布的。

就像咱们建楼房一样，每一层都有不同的功能，第一层负责接收信息，第二层则处理信息，第三层再进行高级的判断和决策。

就像你吃饭之前，胃需要先接收食物，肠胃接着消化，最后才会有“肚子饱”的感觉，这每一环都得精准协作。

而这些细胞也是如此，有的负责感知外界的刺激，有的负责传递信号，还有的负责决策，仿佛是一个大脑里永不休息的“职场”。

尤其在大鼠这种动物身上，这个层状结构显得尤为重要。

你想啊，大鼠虽然看起来不大，但它们可是聪明得很，能记住路径、处理信息，甚至能做出复杂的决策。

它们的大脑结构可是有“门道”的，就像每个城市都有自己独特的布局。

内侧前额叶的这种“层状分区”，就像一个复杂的电路板，每一条线路都连接着不同的功能区域，精细而有序。