专升本英语语法
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2)They have been drinking black tea all the afternoon. 他们一下午都在喝红茶.
3.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内,大部分时间都在持 续进行的动作(不一定延续到说话的时候),往往暗示这个动作对现状的影响.
例如: 1)What have you been doing this morning? (You look tried.)
(2)用法 1.在未指明具体时间的情况下,现在完成时动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后 果或影响至尽仍存在的动作.现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来.过去时只 限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关.例如:
1)He has gone to shanghai. (He went to shanghai and he is not here now.) 他已经去上海了.
twice, ever, never, so far, up to now, up till now, from then on, these days /months/years等) 连用; 也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语 (如: this
morning, today, this week, this year等) 连用.例如: 1)she has already come.她已经来了. 2)I haven’t read it yet.我还没读过这个. 3)I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他. 4)Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生. 5)I have often seen him in the street.我经常在街上见到他. 6)They have never been to Yan’an.他们从未去过延安. 7)Have you ever been to the Daqing Oilfield? 你曾去过大庆油田吗? 8)I haven’t seen him lately. 我近来没看到他. 9)I have seen him this morning. 我上午看见他了。 (说话时在上午)
(试与 I have read three books this morning 比较. ) 2)He has been staying here for two hours. 他在这儿待了两个小时了.
(试与He was here for two hours 比较.) 3)She has been living there since 1970. 她从一九七O年以来就住在这里.
6)I never met him last month.上个月我 一直没见到他. (仅指上个月.)
注:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语 (如:yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等) 连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语 (如:already, just, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once,
6)I have just been watching TV. 我一直都在看电视.
2.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作. 例如:
1)I have been telephoning to you several times in two days. 两天内我给你打过几次电话.
简 Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. 单 Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. 回 Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 答 Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
式 They have not (haven’t) studied.
疑 Have I studied? Have you studied?
问 Has he studied? Have we studied?
式 Have they studied?
否 Have I not studied? (Haven’t I studied?) 定 Have you not studied? ( Haven’t you studied?) 疑 Has he not studied? (Hasn’t he studied?) 问 Have we not studied? (Haven’t we studied?) 式 Have they not studied? (Haven’t they studied?)
1)I saw him yesterday.昨天看到过他.
2)He had lunch at 12:00.他十二点吃过 午饭.
3)I wrote to him last night.我昨晚给他写 过信.
4)I was ill for a week. 我病了一周.(过去 病了,现在好了.)
5)I didn’t see him for ages.我那时有好 久没见到他.
一般过去时
1)I have seen him. 我已见过他了.
2)He has had lunch. 他吃过午饭了.
3)I have written to him. 我已给他写过信 了.
4)I have been ill for a week. 我已病了一 周了. (现在还在生病 .)
5)I have never met him since last month. 自从上月到现在我从未见过他. (现在还 没见面.)
2.现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状 态.例如:
1)I have studied English since 1975. 我从一九七五年起就学习英语. 2)They have been in Beijing since 1949. 他们从一九四九年起就(住)在北京. 3)He has lived here for two years. 他住在这儿已经两年了. 4)He has been ill for ten days.他病了十天了. 注:come, go, leave, arrive, join, die, bury, 和marry等动词所表示的动作是一时的,
4)The concert has started. (The concert started and is now going on.) 音乐会已经开始.
5)I have had breakfast. (I had breakfast and I am not hungry now.)我已吃过早饭.
If you put your hear into it, you will find it easy.
第一讲. 时 态
• 英语主要靠动词本身形式的变化来表示动作的时间，副词的作用不大， • 语助词几乎没有。 • 英语的句子，除少数特殊情况外，只要都离不开时态，都以一定的 • 时态出现。换言之，只要是句子，就有时态问题。理由很简单：一个 • 句子必须有主语和谓语动词（主要动词），而后者总是用于某一时态。 • 学英语，时态是逃避不了的，但它并不是一个消极的因素。恰好 • 相反，它有很强的表达力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差别， • 有时还能使句子生动有趣。 • 一般英语有12种时态，即现在，过去，将来三大类，每一类中又分为 • 一般，进行，完成，完成进行4种。 •
第一讲.时
态
(一)现在完成时 (1)构成
have/has+过去分词 现在完成时的否定式/ 疑问式和简单回答形式:
否 I have not (haven’t) studied. You have not (haven’t) studied.
定 He has not (hasn’t) studied. We have not (haven’t) studied
不能延续的,故不能与for …, since …等开头的表示一段时间的状语连用. 如不能说:*He has come to Beijing for seven years.
*He has left Beijing for two years.
*He has joined the Army for three years.
(试与She has lived there since 1970 比较) 4)I have been writing letters. 我一直在写信.
(试与I have written two letters 比较.)
5)Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. 你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你. (试与 I was looking for you everywhere 比较. )
试比较:I saw him this morning. 今天上午遇见了他. (说话时是下午) 10)It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热. (说话时仍是夏天)
(二)现在完成进行时 (1)构成
have/has been+现在分词 (2)用法
1.现在完成进行时动词表示从过去开始一直 持续到现在的动作,这个动作 可能刚刚结束,也可能还要继续下去,常与 for two hours, since 1986, all this morning, these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用.例如: 1)I have been reading all the morning. 我一上午都在读书.
你今天早晨干什么了? (看来你累了.) 2)You have been reading newspapers. (Newspapers are lying about in your rቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱom.)
你一直在读报吧. (你的房间里到处摊着报纸.) 3)You have been teaching. (Your pocket is covered with chalk dust.)
2)I have opened the window. (I opened the window and the window is open now.) 我已把窗户打开.
3)I have bought an umbrella. (I bought an umbrella and I have it now.) 我买了一把伞.
*His father has died for five months. 可以说:He has been in Beijing for seven years.
He has been away from Beijing for two years.
He has been in the army for three years. His father has been dead for five months. 或: It is seven years since he came to Beijing.
It is two years since he left Beijing.
It is three years since he joined the Army.
It is five months since his father died.
现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别举例如下:
现在完成时
注: have gone to和have been to在意义上有区别.例如: 1)He has gone to Hangzhou.他到杭州去了. (他已前往杭州,或在途中,或已到达.说话人认为他现在在该地.) 2)He has been to Hangzhou.他曾到过杭州. (说话人认为他过去到过杭州,现在已经不在该地.)
3.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内,大部分时间都在持 续进行的动作(不一定延续到说话的时候),往往暗示这个动作对现状的影响.
例如: 1)What have you been doing this morning? (You look tried.)
(2)用法 1.在未指明具体时间的情况下,现在完成时动词通常可以表示在说话之前已经完成,而后 果或影响至尽仍存在的动作.现在完成时把过去的动作和现在的结果联系起来.过去时只 限于表示过去的动作本身,与现在的结果无关.例如:
1)He has gone to shanghai. (He went to shanghai and he is not here now.) 他已经去上海了.
twice, ever, never, so far, up to now, up till now, from then on, these days /months/years等) 连用; 也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语 (如: this
morning, today, this week, this year等) 连用.例如: 1)she has already come.她已经来了. 2)I haven’t read it yet.我还没读过这个. 3)I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他. 4)Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生. 5)I have often seen him in the street.我经常在街上见到他. 6)They have never been to Yan’an.他们从未去过延安. 7)Have you ever been to the Daqing Oilfield? 你曾去过大庆油田吗? 8)I haven’t seen him lately. 我近来没看到他. 9)I have seen him this morning. 我上午看见他了。 (说话时在上午)
(试与 I have read three books this morning 比较. ) 2)He has been staying here for two hours. 他在这儿待了两个小时了.
(试与He was here for two hours 比较.) 3)She has been living there since 1970. 她从一九七O年以来就住在这里.
6)I never met him last month.上个月我 一直没见到他. (仅指上个月.)
注:现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语 (如:yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等) 连用,但可以和不明确指出时间的状语 (如:already, just, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once,
6)I have just been watching TV. 我一直都在看电视.
2.现在完成进行时动词表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作. 例如:
1)I have been telephoning to you several times in two days. 两天内我给你打过几次电话.
简 Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. 单 Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. 回 Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 答 Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
式 They have not (haven’t) studied.
疑 Have I studied? Have you studied?
问 Has he studied? Have we studied?
式 Have they studied?
否 Have I not studied? (Haven’t I studied?) 定 Have you not studied? ( Haven’t you studied?) 疑 Has he not studied? (Hasn’t he studied?) 问 Have we not studied? (Haven’t we studied?) 式 Have they not studied? (Haven’t they studied?)
1)I saw him yesterday.昨天看到过他.
2)He had lunch at 12:00.他十二点吃过 午饭.
3)I wrote to him last night.我昨晚给他写 过信.
4)I was ill for a week. 我病了一周.(过去 病了,现在好了.)
5)I didn’t see him for ages.我那时有好 久没见到他.
一般过去时
1)I have seen him. 我已见过他了.
2)He has had lunch. 他吃过午饭了.
3)I have written to him. 我已给他写过信 了.
4)I have been ill for a week. 我已病了一 周了. (现在还在生病 .)
5)I have never met him since last month. 自从上月到现在我从未见过他. (现在还 没见面.)
2.现在完成时动词可以表示开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状 态.例如:
1)I have studied English since 1975. 我从一九七五年起就学习英语. 2)They have been in Beijing since 1949. 他们从一九四九年起就(住)在北京. 3)He has lived here for two years. 他住在这儿已经两年了. 4)He has been ill for ten days.他病了十天了. 注:come, go, leave, arrive, join, die, bury, 和marry等动词所表示的动作是一时的,
4)The concert has started. (The concert started and is now going on.) 音乐会已经开始.
5)I have had breakfast. (I had breakfast and I am not hungry now.)我已吃过早饭.
If you put your hear into it, you will find it easy.
第一讲. 时 态
• 英语主要靠动词本身形式的变化来表示动作的时间，副词的作用不大， • 语助词几乎没有。 • 英语的句子，除少数特殊情况外，只要都离不开时态，都以一定的 • 时态出现。换言之，只要是句子，就有时态问题。理由很简单：一个 • 句子必须有主语和谓语动词（主要动词），而后者总是用于某一时态。 • 学英语，时态是逃避不了的，但它并不是一个消极的因素。恰好 • 相反，它有很强的表达力，能使句子的意思明确，能显示细微的差别， • 有时还能使句子生动有趣。 • 一般英语有12种时态，即现在，过去，将来三大类，每一类中又分为 • 一般，进行，完成，完成进行4种。 •
第一讲.时
态
(一)现在完成时 (1)构成
have/has+过去分词 现在完成时的否定式/ 疑问式和简单回答形式:
否 I have not (haven’t) studied. You have not (haven’t) studied.
定 He has not (hasn’t) studied. We have not (haven’t) studied
不能延续的,故不能与for …, since …等开头的表示一段时间的状语连用. 如不能说:*He has come to Beijing for seven years.
*He has left Beijing for two years.
*He has joined the Army for three years.
(试与She has lived there since 1970 比较) 4)I have been writing letters. 我一直在写信.
(试与I have written two letters 比较.)
5)Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. 你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你. (试与 I was looking for you everywhere 比较. )
试比较:I saw him this morning. 今天上午遇见了他. (说话时是下午) 10)It has been hot this summer. 今年夏天一直很热. (说话时仍是夏天)
(二)现在完成进行时 (1)构成
have/has been+现在分词 (2)用法
1.现在完成进行时动词表示从过去开始一直 持续到现在的动作,这个动作 可能刚刚结束,也可能还要继续下去,常与 for two hours, since 1986, all this morning, these few days等表示一段时间的状语连用.例如: 1)I have been reading all the morning. 我一上午都在读书.
你今天早晨干什么了? (看来你累了.) 2)You have been reading newspapers. (Newspapers are lying about in your rቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱom.)
你一直在读报吧. (你的房间里到处摊着报纸.) 3)You have been teaching. (Your pocket is covered with chalk dust.)
2)I have opened the window. (I opened the window and the window is open now.) 我已把窗户打开.
3)I have bought an umbrella. (I bought an umbrella and I have it now.) 我买了一把伞.
*His father has died for five months. 可以说:He has been in Beijing for seven years.
He has been away from Beijing for two years.
He has been in the army for three years. His father has been dead for five months. 或: It is seven years since he came to Beijing.
It is two years since he left Beijing.
It is three years since he joined the Army.
It is five months since his father died.
现在完成时与一般过去时在意义上的区别举例如下:
现在完成时
注: have gone to和have been to在意义上有区别.例如: 1)He has gone to Hangzhou.他到杭州去了. (他已前往杭州,或在途中,或已到达.说话人认为他现在在该地.) 2)He has been to Hangzhou.他曾到过杭州. (说话人认为他过去到过杭州,现在已经不在该地.)