胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(从语词到篇章)【圣才出品】

第4章句法：从语词到篇章

4.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. The traditional approach, the structural approach

传统学派，结构主义学派

2. Immediate constituent analysis

直接成分分析

3. Endocentric and exocentric constructions

向心结构和离心结构

4. The generative approach

生成语法

5. The functional approach

功能学派

6. Systemic-functional grammar

系统功能语法

常考考点：

句法的定义；句法关系；向心结构；离心结构；深层结构；表层结构；成分；直接成分分析法的定义；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴(性、数、格)。用实例进行分析，

用直接成分分析法以及树形图分析句子的结构等。

本章内容索引：

I. Syntax

1. Definition

2. Syntactic Relations

(1)Positional Relation

(2)Relation of Substitutability

(3)Relation of Co-occurrence

II. The Traditional Approach

1. Number, Gender, Case

2. Tense and aspect

3. Concord and government

III. The Structural Approach

1. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations

2. Immediate constituent analysis(IC Analysis)

(1) Definition

(2) Advantages

(3) Problems

3. Endocentric and exocentric construction

(1) Endocentric construction

①Subordinate endocentric constructions

②Coordinate endocentric constructions

(2) Exocentric construction

IV. The Generative Approach

1. Deep structure and surface structure

2. Syntactic Movement

(1) NP-movement:

(2) Wh-movement

(3) Aux-movement

3. Move-α rule

V. The Functional Approach

VI. Systemic-Functional Grammar

I. Syntax (句法)

1. Definition (定义)

Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.

句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。

2. Syntactic Relations (句法关系)

(1) Positional Relation (位置关系)

Positional relation, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a

language.

It is the basic syntactic relation, and also the requirement of grammatical acceptability and semantic intelligibility of human language.

(2) Relation of Substitutability (替代关系)

The relationship of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words grammatically substitutable for each other in sentences with the same structure, or groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.

(3) Relation of Co-occurrence (同现关系)

It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a special part of a sentence.

(1) 位置关系或词序指的是一门语言中词语的排列顺序。

位置关系是任何人类语言中的基本句法关系，也是语言的句法可接受性和语义可理解性的要求。

(2) 替代关系指在相同的句子结构中，语法上可以互相代替的词类或语词的集合，它还可

指由多个词组成的词组，语法上代替特定集合中的单个语词。

(3) 共现关系指不同词类的不同词汇集合允许另一个词类或集合的词出现构成一个句子

或句子的某一特定成分。

II. The Traditional Approach (传统语法学派)

Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. The study of sentence