南邮材料化学答案 第七章 无机非金属材料

第七章无机非金属材料

1. 名词解释：

1）玻璃体：玻璃生产的原料有玻璃形成体，玻璃调整物和玻璃中间体，此处没有指明是哪一种，而且“玻璃体”这个概念本身也很不规范，可不予理会。

2）陶瓷：天然或人工合成的粉状化合物，经过成型和高温烧结制成的，由金属和非金属元素或非金属与非金属元素的无机化合物构成的多相固体材料。Ceramics: a collectively called of inorganic nonmetallic multiphase solid materials or products made with the method produce ceramics.

3）p型半导体：是指以空穴为载流子的半导体，又叫受主型或空穴型半导体。如在Si 中掺入B即可形成p型半导体。p-type semiconductor: refers to the semiconductor whose main carriers are hole, also known as the recipient type or hole-type semiconductor. For example, we can obtain p-type semiconductor by doping B into Si.

4）蒙脱土：是一种由纳米厚度的硅酸盐片层构成的粘土，其结构为1:2型的层状硅铝酸盐，单元片层由两层硅氧四面体夹一层铝氧八面体构成，铝氧八面体中的部分Al 被Mg 代替使片层带有负电荷，层间填充阳离子来平衡过剩的负电荷。

Montmorillonite: a kind of clay composed of two tetrahedron and one octahedron nanoscale sheets. Part of Al atom in octahedron is replaced by Mg, which make the sheet negatively charged, the remained charges is neutralized by cations between layers.

5）高岭土：是一种由纳米厚度的硅酸盐片层构成的粘土，其结构为1:1型的层状硅铝酸盐，单元片层由一层硅氧四面体和一层铝氧八面体共用一个氧原子构成，片成间通过氢键相链接。

Kaolin clay: a kind of clay composed of tetrahedron sheet and octahedron sheet by a shared O atom, sheets is connected by hydrogen bond.

6）结构陶瓷：作为工程结构材料使用的陶瓷称为结构陶瓷，具有较高的机械强度、耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐摩擦以及高硬度等性能。其机械强度和断裂韧性对其应用非常重要。structural ceramics: ceramic used as structural materials, they have high mechanical strength, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, abrasion and high hardness properties. Its mechanical strength and fracture toughness is very important in application.

7）自蔓延反应：是利用反应物之间高的化学反应热的自加热和自传导作用来合成材料的一

种技术，当反应物一旦被引燃，便会自动向尚未反应的区域传播，直至反应完全，是制备无机化合物高温材料的一种新方法。Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis: a technology that can prepare material by interactions of reactants driven by self-heating and self-tranducing of chemical reaction heat.

8）介电陶瓷：具有介电性质的陶瓷称为介电陶瓷。介电陶瓷在外加电场作用下将发生极化，材料中正负电荷发生短程的相对分离，正负电荷重心变得不重合，但电荷仍然互相束缚，不能长程迁移，这时形成的束缚态电荷分离就是电偶极子，结果在材料表面形成感生异性电荷，可以看作将外加电场电能转换存放于材料上，并可在一定条件下（撤除外电压）部分释放出电能，该过程与充放电相似，伴随电能损失，表现为材料发热，即介电损耗。

Dielectric ceramics: ceramics have dielectric properties are known as dielectric ceramics. In an applied electric field, dielectric ceramics will be polarized, the positive and negative charges in the material will separate in a short-range, gravity centers of positive and negative charge do not coincide, but the charges is still influenced each other, they don not migrate in a long-distance, results in induced opposite charges on the surface, which can be seen that the external electric field convert electrical energy and stored in the material, and they can release some electrical energy under a certain condition (removal of the external voltage). The process is similar to charging and discharging, accompanied by energy losses, heating radiation, that is dielectric loss. 9）铁电陶瓷：某些陶瓷材料由于晶格对称性较低，本身存在正负电荷重心不重叠，自发产生偶极子，但其自发极化是紊乱取向的，其主要成分是铁电体，因此称铁电陶瓷，没有压电性能。Ferroelectric ceramics: Some ceramic materials have low lattice symmetry, the center of gravity of the positive and negative charge do not overlap, there will form spontaneous dipoles, but its spontaneous polarization is disordered in orientation, the main component is a ferroelectric, so they are named ferroelectric ceramics, they don not have piezoelectric properties.

10）压电陶瓷：具有压电效应的陶瓷称为压电陶瓷。这种陶瓷主要成份是铁电体，由于晶格对称性较低，本身存在正负电荷重心不重叠，自发产生偶极子，但其自发极化是紊乱取向的，此时没有压电性。对这种陶瓷施加强的直流电场进行极化处理，原来混乱取向的自发极化就沿电场方向择优取向。去除电场后，陶瓷仍保留着一定的总体剩余极化，于是使陶瓷有了压电性能，此时可称为压电陶瓷。Piezoelectric ceramic: ceramics that have piezoelectric effect were called piezoelectric ceramics. The main ingredient of the ceramic is ferroelectrics. They have low lattice symmetry, center of gravity of positive and negative charges do not overlap, will form