建筑学专业英语modern housing prototypes 现代住宅的原型

two-1evel unit复式单元single-loaded 外廊式double-loaded adj.内廊式Walk-up n.无电梯的公寓/adj.无电梯的skip-stop corridor 隔层设置的走廊corridor-every-floor 每层设置走廊的vertical circulation system 垂直交通系统low-rise adj.低层；high-rise adj.高层rowhouse adj.联排式住宅；slab n.板式住宅；tower n.塔式住宅Single-orientation unit单一朝向单元Double-Orientation Unit 90°转角单元Double-Orientation Unit, open-ended 双向开敞的单元natural light 自然采光natural ventilation 自然通风mechanical ventilation 机械通风transverse walls 横墙building codes 建筑规程staggered- plan 交错变化的平面auxiliary mean 辅助设施self-contained adj.设备齐全的single-run 单跑楼梯return stairs双跑楼梯英汉互译包含在以下加粗部分及最后一堂课讲到的例子中。

Unit 10 Section 1Intensive ReadingModern Housing Prototypes 《现代住宅的原型》Roger Sherwood （罗杰·舍伍德）Part IINTRODUCTIONThis book is presented in the belief that a reexamination of some of the great housing projects of this century is appropriate at a time when the design of housing commands the attention of architects the world around. The buildings offered here as case studies were selected because of their importance as prototypes, projects that set the standards and patterns of much that was, and is, to follow. Other considerations were diversity –so that a wide range of countries, buildings types and problems would be represented –and architectural quality. My assumption is that there is no excuse for poor architecture; that housing, like all buildings, to paraphrase Geoffrey Scott, must be convenient to use, soundly built, and beautiful.当今住宅设计受到全世界建筑师的关注，所以对本世纪一些伟大的住宅项目重新考究是无可厚非的，这本书就基于此观念做了一些介绍。

这里提供作为案例研究的建筑由于它们作为原型的重要而被挑选，它们确定了许多标准和模式去遵循。

其他的考虑是多样化和建筑品质，多样化使得大量的国家、建筑形式和问题将被陈述。

我的假设是任何低劣的建筑都是没有理由的，就像所有的建筑一样，住宅——套用杰弗里·斯科特的话——必须使用方便、建造地优良并且美观。

But why prototypes? One of the essential points of heuristic thought – the process of discovery and invention relating to problem solving – is the awareness that, until a problem is clearly defined, guesses or conjectures must be made to help clarify the problem. During the period of uncertainty, reference to analogous problems can be used to give a new turn to one’s thinking. Through the study of solutions to related problems, a fresh conclusion may be reached.但是为什么要有原型？一个基本的具有启发性思考的关键——发现和发明的过程与问题的解决相关——就是意识到在一个问题直到被清晰地定义以前，都必须运用猜想或推测帮助问题的澄清。

在这段不确定的时期，参考类似的问题能够给一个人的思考以新的转折。

通过对相关问题解决办法的研究，也许可以得到一个全新的结论。

Various writers have suggested that it is never possible to state all the dimensions of a problem, that “truly quantifiable criteria always leave choices for the designer to make.”In the absence of clear design determinants, and to avoid purely intuitive guessing, it has been argued that analogous reference might give design insight; that perhaps a paradigm of the problem might be accepted as a provisional solution, or an attack on the problem might be made by adapting the solution to a previous problem; that during the period when many of the variable are unknown, a “typology of forms” might be used as a simulati ve technique to clarify the problem.许多作者已经暗示过陈述一个问题的所有维度（所有方面）是绝不可能的，“精确的可定量的尺度总是留给设计师自己决定”。

由于缺少明确的设计决定因素以及为了避免纯粹直觉的猜想，讨论认为相似参照物需给出设计观点，这样也许问题的范例可以当做临时的解决方法，或者作为问题的突破，以调整之前问题的解决方法；当处于很多可变因素都未知的时期，原型（“象征形式”）可以作为模拟技术使问题变清晰。

The notion of using an analogous problem as a paradigm for gaining insight into a present problem is not, of course, new. A mathematician typically looks for an auxillary theorem having the same or a similar conclusion. In architecture, invention often passes through a phase of groping, where ideas about a projected building form are triggered by exposure to some existing building with a similar program, functional specification, or site condition. The analogous building then becomes in some sense a model or a prototype.用相似的问题作为范例而得到对于当前问题深刻认识的理念当然并不新鲜。

一位数学家通常寻求一个有着相同或类似结论的辅助定理。

在建筑中，创造通常是经过一个摸索的阶段获得，在此过程中，一些现存的建筑有着相似的制式、功能规格或基地条件，通过对这些因素的揭示，引发出预想建筑形式的概念，那么这些类似的建筑物在某种意义上就成为一种模型或者原型。

The use of prototypes is especially useful in the design of housing because housing lends itself to systematic typological study. Most building types, such as theaters, schools, factories, or even office buildings, have to respond to different programs and are rarely consistent and repetitive. Housing, because it consists of repeating units with a consistent relation to vertical and horizontal circulation, can more logically be studied in terms of its typological variations. Although housing would seem to embrace almost unlimited possible variations, in fact there are not many basic organizational possibilities and each housing type can be categorized easily.原型的用处在住宅设计中显得尤其突出，因为住宅需要系统类型的研究。