《跨文化交际》平时作业-
跨文化交际作业
1.1眼神。
“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，无论那个国家交际活动都离不开目光交流，但是目光的交流含义又因不同的文化而不同。
中国人认为紧盯着对方的目光会令人不安；在美国，谈话时的目光接触表示自信、诚恳，但要注意的是，男人之间的长时间凝视有可能被误认为是同性恋；英国男人交往直视对方的眼睛体现绅士风度；在南美，直接的注视则表示信任；阿拉伯人在倾听尊长或宾朋谈话时，两眼总要直勾勾地注视着对方，以示敬重；法国人在公共场合凝视陌生女性见惯不怪，那是欣赏对方的美丽；日本人、韩国人认为长时间看着别人是一种粗鲁的行为，是威胁对方，或者可能是性欲暗示。
In fact, Westerners lack of eye contact as a lack of interest.要注意眼神交流，西方人的交往中特别注重眼神和肢体语言的交流，如果你常常微笑，常常给外教眼神回应，他们会觉得你真正地在参与交流，而且很尊重他，他会自然而然地很注意你的回应，并与你作更深层次的交谈。
别不相信，外教自己也会紧张，你的眼神甚至还可以帮助他觉得舒服和自然，就更容易投入交流了。
1,在欧美文化中，没有眼神的沟通几乎是不可能的，与对方讲话时，或听对方讲话时，一定眼看着对方，否者将被视为对谈话内容没有兴趣，或心理有鬼不敢正视对方，或是性格过于羞怯。
就是在低位不相等的人之间也是如此。
2.但在东方文化中，目光接触就不一定要有。
但两个地位不等的人对话时，地位低的那一个一般不看对方，因为只是会被认为是一种不尊重的行为。
中国人和西方人之间在目光交流方面的确存在一些难以具体描述的差异。
西方人的目光交流尽管不如阿拉伯国家的人那样热烈，却比中国人热情得多。
中国人总不断地抱怨西方人在交谈时总爱死盯着人，甚至在公开谈话的场合也不例外。
毋庸置疑，西方人较注重眼色交流，实际上眼色交流也比中国人频繁得多。
用反应原则作一推测，就可以预料到西方人可能会发现中国人表情羞羞答答，目光躲躲闪闪，认为其时故作腼腆。
跨文化交际案例分析题及答案
跨文化交际案例分析题及答案案例描述在跨国公司A的一个国际会议上，来自不同国家的员工们需要共同讨论一个重要项目。
会议进行了几天，但是却一直没有取得明确的进展。
不同国家的员工语言文化差异导致了沟通障碍，讨论过程中出现了许多误解和纠纷。
公司高层深感困惑，希望找到解决这个问题的方法。
障碍分析1. 语言障碍跨国公司A的员工来自不同的国家，他们使用的是各自母语进行交流。
除了英语是共同的工作语言外，其他国别的员工使用的语言差异较大。
这种语言差异导致了语言表达的不准确和理解的模糊，使得员工们无法正常交流和理解对方。
2. 文化差异不同国家的员工具有不同的文化背景和价值观念，这导致了他们在讨论过程中产生了误解和冲突。
文化差异可以涉及到对时间观念、权力关系、政治正确性和个人自由等方面的不同理解，这些差异会影响到他们的决策方式和工作方式，导致合作的困难。
解决方案1. 提供语言支持和培训跨文化交际的第一个挑战是语言障碍。
为了解决这个问题，公司可以提供语言支持和培训，以帮助员工们提高英语或共同工作语言的能力。
这可通过组织语言培训课程，雇佣专业翻译人员或提供翻译工具等方式实现。
提供语言支持和培训可以降低语言障碍，提高员工之间的沟通效率。
2. 开展跨文化培训除了语言障碍外，文化差异也是讨论中的一个重要问题。
公司可以组织跨文化培训，帮助员工了解不同文化之间的差异，并教授他们如何在跨文化环境中进行有效的沟通和合作。
该培训可以包括介绍不同文化的价值观、信念和行为准则，以及跨文化冲突解决的技巧和策略。
通过开展跨文化培训，可以提高员工对文化差异的认识和理解，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
3. 引入跨文化中介人为了解决跨文化交际中的难题，公司可以考虑引入跨文化中介人。
跨文化中介人是具有跨文化交际经验和能力的人员，他们可以在员工之间进行翻译和解释，协助双方理解并解决可能出现的误解和冲突。
跨文化中介人的介入可以减少员工之间的摩擦，促进合作和理解。
跨文化交际大作业
Intercultural Differences of Family and Education ValuesA friend told me a phenomenon that Americans like to find ways to play, for example, driving their own car, starting from Los Angeles, braving the scorching sun of California, driving four to five hundred kilometers to spend weekends, and Chinese in the United States are still busy working. They spend weekendshaving dinner or watching TVwith their family. Why is there a huge gap between Chinese and Americans in the pursuit of enjoyment of life?This is mainly due to the traditional cultural practices of the two countries.So what is culture? A definition from D.Brown is that“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” As a result, there are many huge differences between those two counties.Someone said:”Chinese are living for others, and Americans are living for themselves.”Chinese peoplework hard for their status and reputation, then desperately to make money. However, earning money is not in order to enjoy life, but for future generations: son, daughter, or even grandchildren.Such as the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, He wanted his sons to rule on from generation to generation. So he named his son Emperor Junior. The Chinese people love to accumulate up to prepare for the next generation to do something in the future or pension. Although lots of Chinese people having got IDs in the United Statesno longer need to worry about their social welfare and health insurance, but they are still too tired, they have been hoping that their bank deposits in each of the new growth, this year there are tens of thousands, next year I hope to earn hundreds of thousands, then hope for millions of the year after.In sharp contrast to their stingy, Chinese spend very generous in their children. Because they thinkthey have experienced too much suffering, so their children are supposed to live better. The children have much pocket money and enjoy the best resources. And they also pay more attention to their sons, because the traditional Chinese think their sons will feed them when they are old due to the imperfect national welfare system.Americans believe in living for themselves. Therefore, the power of Americans to make money is to enjoy life, the pursuit of a higher quality of life. The parents have their own pensions and social welfare, and children over 18 years of age begin to live independently. There is no difference between the poor and the rich in eating or shopping, and the most expensive spending areundoubtedly the acquisition of residential and tourism. Instead of giving their children money, American parents teach them to learn financial management, or to make money by themselves. American families’focus is on fostering the childrento have the ability to adapt to the environment. Based on this concept, they attach to the children's exercise. They generally believe that the children's growth must rely on their own strength. So parents prefer training exercisetheir self-awareness and ability to live independently. The so-called exercise reflects in many respects,the exercise of labor and will. But the most fundamental is to adapt to the exercise of a variety of difficult environments and the ability to work. Through physical training, the kids develop the habits of independent consciousness. And their will also develop their own capacity strengths, wisdom, patience, independent viability and social responsibility.There are also some differences in family value. We Chinese all know that there are some important festivals through a year, such as Mid-autumn Festival and Spring Festival. When the festival comes, we need to come back home to have a sumptuous dinner with all the family members. This movement shows that Chinese are collectivism which is completely different with Americans. This point of view is much broader than Westerners’ which definition is limited to parents and children, and the following definitions are talking about the "family" may be used. First, the core of three generations of Chinese-style familyincludes three generations: grandparents, parents and children. This is the most commonly basic family unit.And the traditional Chinese family also includes generations of ancestors, although they have long been buried. Many people who have the same surname are recorded in the genealogies and often have their own family rules and family motto, and descendants for generations have to comply with. Some Chinese people have a strong sense of pride and proud of their long family history, and even some family can be traced back thousands of years ago.The special feelings of the family and respect for ancestorsof Chinese people make them feel cordial for those who are from the same city or region.Chinese people's "family" also extends to the concept of "nation", and "nation" of the Chinese character includes Chinese character "home". The Chinese people they belong to the "country" as the "home". As a result Chinese people have strong concept of nation, so old man would like to go back to hometown no matter where he is.However, the traditional American family is a "nuclear family." A nuclear family refers to a couple and their children. The average American family today has two or three childrenand maybe a few pets. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. But in America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Instead of fearing Mom and Dad, children may think of them as good friends. From an early age, children gain responsibility in handling money. They may receive a weekly allowance or even work part-time jobs. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.After children being adult, they will leave their parents and even won’t come back for many years.Although we can find many differences between Chinese and American, we do not need to be afraid of communicating with them. If we can realize the differences and we can avoid being embarrassing and misunderstanding. That is why we learn Intercultural Communication.。
17410123跨文化交际(日语)
跨文化交际(日语)Cross-Cu1tura1Communication(Japanese)课程代码：17410123学分：2学时：32（其中：课堂教学学时：32实验学时：上机学时：课程实践学时：）先修课程：基础日语，中级日语，中国文化概论适用专业：日语教材：自编开课学院：外国语学院课程网站：无一、课程性质与课程目标（-）课程性质《跨文化交际（日语）》一门实用型课程，通过跨文化交际失误案例分析、生活中出现的商标、广告翻译失误分析等形式，深入浅出，生动但系统地讲授英语国家的人文习俗、社会规约、社交礼仪、体势语言、词语文化内涵等方面的必备知识，并以之和中国、日本的情况进行比较。
通过本课程的学习，学生应能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系；对各类交际形式有所认识；对对象国文化有更进一步的了解,更有效地进行交流；预料和避免由于不同的文化期望而产生的误解；解释手势和其他形式的体态语；讨论有关文化适应和相容的问题。
熟悉中西、中日文化差异、获得基础的跨文化交际能力。
（二）课程目标课程目标1了解中日文化特点。
课程目标2：掌握中日跨文化交际的相关知识和技能。
二、课程内容与教学要求（一）课程内容（O语言文化与交际；（2）文化冲击；（3）人际间的交互作用；(4)角色和关系；(5)姓名的内涵;(6)社会互动；(7)非语言交际。
(二)教学要求(1)了解中日文化背景；(2)培养“跨文化交际”意识；(3)懂得与日本交往时应该如何遵守相应的社交规约;(4)准确使用得体的体势语言；(5)理解日语词汇的文化内涵。
(三)重点与难点(1)语言、文化和交际三者之间关系；(2)非语言交际五、参考书目及学习资料1.《跨文化交际学》，贾玉新编著，上海外语教育出版社，1997年9月第1版。
2.《全球化工作环境中的跨文化沟通》，IrisVarner,1ind著，上海外语教育出版社，2006年10月第1版。
3.《跨文化视角下的中国人》，顾力行编著,上海外语教育出版社，2007年4月第1版。
跨文化交际作业一
跨文化交际作业一．Race和ethnicaccording to the dictionary：race：each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristicsethnic：Individuals who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society, and from which they develop their distinctive cultural behavior, form an ethnic group.简言之，Race应该翻译成种族，它是以“外表”来区别，正如我们常说的黄种人，白种人，黑种人。
种族歧视主义的英文就为Racist而Ethnicity应该定义成族群，它是以后天的”文化认同“来区别，由于共同的信仰，语言，文化习俗和历史背景而产生的归属感，是一种主观的自我认定而形成的。
所以少数民族是minority ethnic group，种族歧视我们说是racial discrimination二．Cross-cultural / inter-culture/ intra-cultural communication1.intercultural，不同文化间的。
（文化间，跨文化）强调的是对等和相互，而这往往暗示各文化间的价值平等和共性，比如intercultural communication/ understanding / appreciation / exchange；intercultural communication文化交际，强调不同，突出对比2.Cross-cultural，（跨文化）似乎更多的承认不同文化的异质，继而需要以某种特别的方式、技巧和能力来打破这种隔阂，达成目的，比如the cross-cultural techniques that enable cross-cultural evangelism / cross-cultural interaction 等等。
23秋国家开放大学跨文化交际与汉语教学期末大作业参考答案
国家开放大学《跨文化交际与汉语教学》期末大作业参考答案一、案例分析（25分/题，共50分）案例一李老师是一名汉语志愿者教师，在美国大学教口语课。
期末考试的形式为一对一的口语考试，考试的时候，她面对学生，认真倾听学生的口试，记录出现的语音语法错误，尽最大可能做到客观评分。
然而，分数发布以后，一名美国学生对分数提出申诉，理由是：“我在进行口试的时候，老师一直对我微笑，并且频频点头，我以为她对我的口试非常满意，可是为什么给了我这么低的分数！”李老师很迷惑：考试时对学生微笑，是为了缓解学生的紧张情绪；点头是为了鼓励学生继续往下说。
请问，如何理解学生对李老师的误解？如果你是李老师，这件事对你的教学有何启示？请你从非言语交际行为的文化差异、国际汉语教学环境中师生文化冲突两个方面对案例进行分析。
参考答案：这个案例涉及到了非言语交际行为的文化差异以及国际汉语教学环境中的师生文化冲突。
让我们从这两个方面来分析学生对李老师的误解以及可能的启示：（1）非言语交际行为的文化差异：微笑：在一些文化中，微笑通常被视为友好和支持的体现，可能会用于鼓励、安慰或者表示满意。
然而，在其他文化中，微笑的含义可能不同，有时甚至被视为不尊重或不严肃。
在美国文化中，通常会鼓励积极表达情感，因此，学生可能将老师的微笑解读为对自己口试表现的积极反馈。
点头：同样，点头在不同文化中也具有不同的含义。
在一些文化中，点头可以表示同意或者支持，而在其他文化中，可能被视为礼貌的回应而不一定表示同意。
在美国文化中，点头通常被视为肯定的反馈，因此学生可能误解老师点头为对他们表现的认可。
（2）国际汉语教学环境中的师生文化冲突：期望和反馈差异：在不同国家和文化中，教育体系和教育风格可能有很大的差异。
学生可能希望更直接的反馈和评价，而老师可能采用更为委婉的方式，以免伤害学生的自尊心。
这种期望和反馈的差异可能导致学生误解老师的意图。
文化教育：对于国际汉语教学来说，了解学生的文化背景以及他们对于教学方式和反馈的期望至关重要。
(0859)《跨文化交际》网上作业题及答案
[0859]《跨文化交际》第1批[填空题]10. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：10. agreements[填空题]9. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：9. gender[填空题]8. Edward Hall alerts us to the invisible aspects of culture and nonverbal communication, which he calls as " language” and "hidden dimension”.参考答案：8. silent[填空题]7. People from cultures schedule several activities at the same time, and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered.参考答案：7. P-time[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5. Beauty is only _____ deep.参考答案：5. skin[填空题]4. Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：4. intercultural[填空题]3. There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurting others _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：3. due[填空题]2. The purpose of the greeting is to ______ social contact, not to transfer information.参考答案：4. establish[填空题]1. In daily verbal communication, there are many _____ ways one must observe in order to maintain smooth cross-cultural interaction.参考答案：1. routine[判断题]10. High uncertainty and anxiety hinder effective intercultural communication to a different extent.参考答案：正确[判断题]9. The Eastern view of the universe is characteristically dualistic, materialistic, and lifeless while the Western view is profoundly holistic, dynamic, and spiritual.参考答案：错误[判断题]8. Due to the cultural differences, interpreting in intercultural encounters is possible but difficult.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. Cultural differences can generate positive impacts on negotiation as people can learn from each other.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.参考答案：正确[判断题]1) 5. Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. "Dragon” means the same to the Westerners as "龙” to the Chinese.参考答案：错误[判断题]3. Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty must be considered as fishingfor compliments.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politenessis ` achieved may vary significantly.参考答案：正确[判断题]1. All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.参考答案：错误第2批[论述题]Define the following terms:1. Nonverbal communication2. Body language/Kinesics3. world view4. the Judeo-Christian tradition5. knowledge6. stereotype参考答案：1. Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2. Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.3. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing natural philosophy; fundamental existential and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics4. Judeo?Christian (sometimes written as Judaeo?Christian) refers to a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity. It is a common term in American cultural and political rhetoric.5. Knowledge is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject; (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information; or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation.6. A stereotype or "stereotypes" is a commonly held public belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions.第3批[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. culture shock3. gender4. stereotype5. body language参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in theexchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. The main cause of cultu re shock is displacement from our "home” culture. This lack of common experiences and familiar surroundings creates varying degrees of consequences.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.Stereotype is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guides our behavior toward a particular group of people. There are a number of reasons that stereotypes, as a form of classification, hamper intercultural communication.5.Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.[论述题]Analyze the following cases，and then answer the given questions.Case 1How would you explain the Director's behavior toward Katherine? How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o` clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang` office at the exactly ten o` clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down. Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished hisconversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation. Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director` s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Case 2Why does Jay refuse to ask his professor or classmen to clarify the directions for his paper?Jay is having difficulty in writing a paper for his communication class, because he's not sure what the professor wants. When he mentions this to his friend Ellen, she suggests he ask the professor or a classmen to clarify directions. Jay refuses, saying "I can figure it out on my own”.参考答案：2. In this case, Jay's unwillingness to ask others for help in understanding his assignment is a sign of his masculine emphasis on independence. As some scholars point out rather humorously, men invariably resist asking directions when they are lost in the road while women do not hesitate to ask strangers for help. What we have discussed about gender identity help us understand this difference. Because women initially develop identity within the first relationships have an undertone of danger-they could jeopardize independence. So Jay's refusal to ask others for help reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Unless Ellen realizes this difference between them, Jay's behavior will continue to baffle her.)[填空题]10.One of the most fundamental ways culture shapes our being is throughexplicit and implicit ________ about our relationship to the nature of the universe and to the non-human natural world.参考答案：10. teachings[填空题]9. Native speakers need to admit that difficulty in understanding _______ also occurs among native speakers and reminds non-native speakers to be open about explanations given.参考答案：9. humor[填空题]8. The American _______ is to conduct business in an efficient manner,while compromises may be part of the outcome.参考答案：8. n orm[填空题]7. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to ________in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：7. misunderstanding[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5.Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案： 5. intercultural[填空题]pliments and compliment responses are an _______ part of daily verbal communication.参考答案：4. essential[填空题]3. Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：3. breakdown[填空题]2. When communicating with each other, each person ___________ and sends messages, and in turn receives and decodes messages.参考答案：2. encodes[填空题]1.Intercultural competence requires sufficient knowledge, suitable _______, and skilled actions.参考答案：1. motivations[单选题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.A：TB：F参考答案：B第4批[判断题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.参考答案：正确[判断题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.参考答案：正确[判断题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.参考答案：错误[判断题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.参考答案：错误[判断题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.参考答案：正确[论述题]Analyze the following casesCase 1Why did the two Korean interpreters continue to study the Chinese female teachers` trousers?In 1987, a delegation consisting of four Chinese English experts went to Pingyong Foreign Language University to train faculty to be top-level simultaneous interpreters for the 13th International Youth Festival. Of the four experts, two were men and two were women. The two men were dressed in suits with ties and the two women were typically dressed in trousers and their typical business clothes. An authority from Pingyong Foreign Language University and two Korean interpreters greeted them at the Pingyong Railway Station. Surprisingly, while exchanging a few formal remarks, the two interpreters` eyes consistently observed the two Chinese female teachers' trousers. The younger teacher, sensed something and repeatedly checked their trousers and shoes to see if they were dirty or marked. About half an hour later, they arrived at the hotel where they would be staying during their mission. The two interpreters showed eachof them to their rooms to give them an opportunity to freshen up before the formal introductions. In a couple of minutes, the four Chinese teachers gathered in one of the rooms, where the head of the university and the two interpreters introduced themselves further and briefed them on the training program. While talking, the two interpreters seemed to continue to study the two female teachers` trousers. At first, they thought that the Korean interpreters were too embarrassed to look straight in the eyes of a woman. Later this assumption was proved wrong. The four Chinese teachers remained a bit puzzled and did not know what was going on…Case 2Could you explain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria without waiting for him？After graduating from Beijing International Studies University, Chen Liang pursued an MA program at a university in Boston, the U.S. Early in the program, he made friends with some of the American friends, Dick, asked Chen to join him in the university cafeteria. On their way they ran into Dick's girlfriend, Lisa, who was on her way to a lecture. Walking shoulder to shoulder, Dick and Lisa carried on an intimate conversation, as if they hadn't seen each other for ages. Meanwhile, Chen Liang was walking behind them, not taking part in the conversation. When they were nearing the cafeteria Lisa said she had to leave for the lecture. Dick turned away and walked off toward the cafeteria. When Dick looked up, he saw Chen waking into the cafeteria. Dick was puzzled as to why Chen didn't wait for him, and went to the cafeteria alone.参考答案：1. Comment: this is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people. In addition, Westerners are goodtimekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules. However, Chinese view appointment in a more flexible manner. They are more causal about commitments. This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the roof of Katherine` s unhappiness. Since the Director made a ten o` clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption. However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher. When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry.2. Suggested answer:In public, the norms of expressing one's feeling and affections toward the opposite sex vary across culture. In Asia and some countries around the Mediterranean Sea, it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public, but not between the opposite sexes, especially in front of the friends. Chen left because he felt awkward witnessing them hugging and kissing. This shows that Dick knows nothing about the natural response of the Chinese to certain behaviors. Similarly, Chen Liang's behavior shows that he is also in the dark about American behaviors.[填空题]9. In broad terms, nonverbal communication covers four areas: timelanguage (temporal language or chronemics), space language (spatial language or proxemics), language(body movement orkinesics), and paralanguage (voice modulation).参考答案：9. body[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. economic globalization3. gender4. linear time5. intercultural communication competence参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.No country is the dominant economic force in the world. Economic expansion in globalization has resulted in multinational corporations participating in joint ventures, licensing agreements and other international business arrangements.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.The West views time either as an arrow or as a moving river that comes from a distant place in the past and goes to an equally distant place in the future. In this linear view of time, history is goal-directed and gradually progressing in a certain direction.5.Intercultural communication competence (ICC competence) is the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviors to elicit a desired response in a specific environment.[判断题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.参考答案：正确[判断题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.参考答案：错误[填空题]10.According to researchers, there are two primary influences ongender : family communication, particularly betweenmothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.参考答案：10. socialization[填空题]8. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：8. agreements[填空题]7. To develop ________means being able to see things from the point ofview of others so that we can better know and adjust to the other people.参考答案：7. empathy[填空题]6. We need to understand what is ordinarily done in a _______ in order to understand and laugh at messages that are the " out of the ordinary”.参考答案：6. culture[填空题]5.A term in one language does not necessarily have a ______ in the other language.参考答案：5. counterpart[填空题]4.There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurtingothers _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：4. due[填空题]３．Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：3. intercultural[填空题]２．Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：2. breakdown[填空题]1.Intercultural communication occurs whenever there is communication between people from different cultural ______________.参考答案：1. backgrounds。
跨文化交际 作业论文
Term Paper Requirements for Intercultural Communication篇幅：不少于400 words格式：打印，Times New Roman字体, 小四号字，1.5倍行距截止日期：6月12日15:30-16:00，DJ1-116写作要求：从以下主题中选择一个写作，标题自拟，观点明确，思路清晰，论证充分Topics:1. What are the potential problems of interculturalcommunication? Have you ever experienced anyintercultural communication barriers? If any, how do you deal with them?2. “Culture is shared, learned behavior that is transmittedby one generation to another.” What does this statement mean to you in terms of your own personal development?3. Using examples from the English language, discuss howthe language offers insight into some cultural beliefs and attitudes of the British/American people.4. Successful intercultural communication depends not onlyon what we say and the manner in which we say it, butalso on the behavior we display. Use examples to support this statement.The Potential Problems of Intercultural CommunicationWith the development of economic globalization,the potential problems of intercultural communication that arise in interactions between people from different cultures.I have never experienced any intercultural communication barriers,but to learn the course of coss cultural communication.I have learned s lot of information about Intercultural Communication.As far as I am concerned,there are many problems in intercultural communication.Firstly,the language barrier is a major obstacle in cross-cultural communication.For example,two people from different countries, speaking different languages and knew nothing about each other's languages, even they can make use of means of communication such as gestures, figures, but because of the language barrier, the two sides is difficult to understand each other very well.Secondly, non- verbal behavior information is fuzzy complex and unconscious.So it is difficult for us to understand other countries’ culture.Thirdly, intercultural communication has other problems.For one,culture set which is used to organize and simplify the perception of others as a selection process. Cultural stereotype is often highly infectious, once formed, ingrained, will be in quite long period of time to be used in groups or individuals.And it affects information processing method, the problem simplistic, generalization and exaggerate.Even cultural stereotype is strong in an attempt to get the facts out.For another, cultural bias. It is often distorted, misleading in intercultural communication.What’s more,it is ethnocentrism.Ethnocentrism is a kind of thought culture is superior to other cultures, the broad sense is to members of other groups.It will lead to the speaker on the misrepresentations, misleading people to other groups to make false assumptions. Last but not least,the psychology of a stranger would make two strangers meet willgenerate tension, alert, withdrawal or defense psychological tendency.To sum up,I found some methods to overcome the potential problems.First of all, To obtain the knowledge of the target culture and communication skills.As well as the position, emotion, behavior patterns transmit the native culture to the target culture.Then developing the ability of language, communicative competence, pragmatic competence.For instance,fostering the intercultural awareness to strengthen cultural exchanges.Then we should do as the Romans do the degree of master that we called "Seek common ground on major issues while reserving differences on minor points".Finally,to imaginate and share the emotions and experience with others in cross-cultural communication.All in all,people of different cultures appear a series of problems when they communicate to others.But we must know the potential barriers to the formation and find out the feasible countermeasures to overcome obstacles.So that we will promote the world cultural exchange and development.。
跨文化交际课后作业
Judy and Carman are talking with each other, while their children are playing together. Through the conversation between Judy and Carman, there are some problems. Judy has invited Carman for a date for twice but actually she never said an exact time so they didn’t get together. Is Judy dissatisfied with Carman? Absolutely not, so why?According the seven C’s Principles of Communication, effective communication has features of completeness, conciseness, consideration, concreteness, courtesy, clearness and correctness. However, Judy’s invitation didn’t satisfy the principles of completeness, concreteness and clearness. Judy’s invitation is noneffective. And there are four reasons for why she said that：Firstly, she wants to be polite to Carman. They are talking friendly and this sentences express Judy being respectful of Carman. Secondly, she wants to make the conversation closer. In the beginning, they all sharing their own things about their children and family, Judy’s invitation makes association between them, which could help them a closer relation. Thirdly, that makes it easy to start a conversation when they meet again. There is always topic for them to talk with each other the next time they meet. Finally, maybe she wants to end this conversation.I n conclusion, Judy’s noneffective invitation means that she doesn’t want to invite Carman, and that’s just a formula. Carman should know this formula when Judy invites her without exact and detailed information.。
跨文化交际作业1
Case 1 Dinner with friends 陈媛媛王婷婷谢娟田巧英Janice is a young American engineer working for a manufacturing joint venture near Nanjing, she and her husband George, who is teaching English at a university, are learning Chinese and enjoying their new life. They have been eager to get to know Chinese people better so were pleased when Liu Lingling, Janice’s young coworker invited them to her home for dinner.When Janice and George arrived, lingling introduced them to her husband Yang feng, asked them to sit down at a table containing 8 plates of various cold dishes, served them tea and then disappeared with her husband into the kitchen. After a few minutes lingling came back and added water to their tea. Janice offered to help in the kitchen but lingling said she didn’t need help. She invited the couple to look at their firsthand CD player and their color TV and then disappeared again.A half-hour later she came back and sat down and the three began to eat. Yang feng came in from time to time to put dish after hot dish on the table. Most of the food was wonderful but neither George nor Janice could eat the fatty pork in pepper sauce or the sea cucumbers, and there was much more than they could eat. They kept wishing Yang feng could sit down so they could talk to him. Finally he did sit down to eat a bit, but quickly turned on the tv to show them all its high tech features. Soon it was time to go home.George and Janice felt slightly depressed by this experience, but returned the invitation two weeks later. They decided to make a nice American meal and felt lucky to find olives, tomato juice, crackers and even some cheese I the hotel shops. They put these out as appetizers. For the main course they prepared spaghetti and a salad with dressing made from oil, vinegar, and some spices they found in the market.When liu lingling and yang feng arrived they were impressed by the apartment and asked the price of the tv, video palyer, vaccum cleaner and other things. Janice politely refused to answer their questions. They took small tastes of the appetizers and seemed surprised when both George and Janice sat down with them. They ate only a little spaghetti and did not finish the salad on their plates. George urged them to eat more but they refused and looked around expectantly. Janice and George talked about their families and jobs and asked the Chinese couple about theirs. After a while, George cleared the table and served coffee and pastries. Yang feng and lingling each put four spoons of sugar into their coffee but did not drink much of it and ate only a bite or two of pastry.After they left, George said that at least they had a chance to talk, but Janice was upset. “we left their place so full that we couldn’t walk and they’re going to have to eat again when they got home. What went wrong?1.How are differences in objective culture, in this case food culture, contributing to thecommunication difficulties?2.How do Chinese understandings of the host-guest relationships influence how Liu and Yangentertained Janice and George?3.How are George and Janice relying on words to make friends with Liu and Yang?4.What advice can you give to both couples to help them further their friendship?Case 2 Finding an interested buyer 唐小涵谢昕汝李冬梅George Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving”. His first day was going well. He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his productive, tennis rickets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interest. On the second ascendancy he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general manager, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products.Mr. Li responded in fairly good English, “That would be interesting”.Knowing that he had only a few days left in Beijing, George wanted to nail down a time. “When can we meet?” asked George.“Ah. This week is very busy,” replied Mr. Li“It sure is,” said George, “How about 10 o’clock? Meet you here.”“Tomorrow at 10 o’clock?” asked Mr. Li thoughtfully.“Right”, said George, “I’ll see you then?”“Hmm, yes; why don’t you come by tomorrow,” was the reply.“OK”, responded George, “It was nice meeting you.”The next day at 10 o’clock he approached Mr. Li’s company’s exhibit only to find that Mr. Li had some important business and was not able to meet with George. He called back later in the day and was told that Mr. Li was not available.1.What expectations does each of these men have about the formality of a firstbusiness contact?2.What should George have not iced about Mr. Li’s responses to his suggestion for ameeting? Use the concept of high and low context communication in your explanation.3.What advice would you give to each of the two men about how to avoid makingthe same mistakes the next time one of them is in a similar situation?Case 3 What is true friendship? 邓琳琳韩娇淳子祎唐竹Yang ruifang worked as a secretary in an Australian company in Melbourne. She became friendly with one of the Australian secretaries, a woman named Cathy Lane. The two usually ate lunch together and Yang often asked Cathy for advice on problems she faced adjusting to Australian society. Cathy gave her a lot of advice and helped her move from one apartment to another. Cathy went with Yang to the Immigration Bureau several times to help sort out some problems. Yang visited Cathy several times at home but did not invite Cathy to her apartment because she shared it with four other people. If they did not see each other over the weekend, they usually talked on the telephone. As Yang was also preparing to take an English test, she was able to get a lot of help with English in this way.However, something seemed to be going wrong, Cathy seemed to be getting impatient, even a little cold. She started going out by herself at lunchtime instead of eating with Yang, and seemed reluctant to answer questions. Yang was puzzled. She couldn’t imagine what the problem was.1.What was Yang doing that made Cathy decide that the relationship was not a truefriendship?2.Why did Yang think the relationship was developing well？3.From this case what do you think Australians and other westerners expect fromtheir friends?4.Give advice to Cathy and Yang to help them restore their friendship.Case 4 How do students learn? 张秋生徐海郑世贵Karen had been teaching high school English in the United States before she accepted a teaching job at a teacher’s college in china. She found her new environment and her new teaching assignment exciting. Both her students and her colleagues seemed a bit shy of her, but Karen was sure that in time they would all come to be friends.In the classroom, however, Karen was very frustrated. When she asked a question, the class was silent. Only if she called on a particular student would she get an answer, often a very good one. She could not understand why they wouldn’t volunteer when they obviously knew the answers. They were very quiet when she was speaking in front of the class, and never asked questions, let alone interrupt with an opinion, but as soon as the class ended, they would cluster around her desk to ask their questions one-by-one. They would also offer their suggestions about the lesson at this time. Karen often asked her students to work in small groups during class, especially when they were editing each other’s writing. They were slow to move into groups and when they did, they often simply formed a group with the people sitting next to them. Finally she devised her own system of forming groups to get them to interact with students sitting in another section of the classroom.Most frustrating of all, after she taught her class how to edit essays, she found that the students were likely to write vague and not very helpful remarks on their classmates’ papers. They would say nice things about the essays and correct small grammatical errors, but seemed unwilling to criticize them in a way that would help another student revise the essay. They usually accepted her criticism of their writing with good spirits and promises to improve. In fact they frequently asked for more correction of their English from her than she wanted to give. She felt that one hundred percent grammatical correctness was not as important as learning how to correct what they had written on their own and with the help of others. After all, they would not always have a teacher to tell them what was good and not so good about their English writing.1.Explain why students are behaving in the way she experiences as a problem.2.What do you appreciate about the traditional Chinese way of learning and what doyou appreciate about the way learning some foreign teachers prefer?3.What do foreign teachers do in class that make Chinese students uncomfortable？。
《跨文化交际》期末复习应考指南
《跨⽂化交际》期末复习应考指南《跨⽂化交际》期末复习应考指南第⼀部份课程考核说明⼀、复习应考基本要求本学科是由中央电⼤开设的英语本科专业的⼀门必修课，开课⼀期，学完考试及格记4.5学分。
本门课程所有与考试相关的要求均由中央电⼤制定，复习时请以中央电⼤下发的有关资料及中央电⼤教学平台上所挂内容为准。
1. 考核⽬的⽬的在于考查学⽣通过对本门课程的学习，运⽤英语进⾏跨⽂化交际的能⼒。
要求学⽣能够掌握适应不同场合和交际⽬的的⼝头和书⾯交际的技能，能够介绍我国国情和⽂化，讨论有关交际的问题。
能够在阅读时获得整体交际信息或把握主要内容及⼀些细节。
2. 考核⽅式本课程的考核采取两种形式：形成性考核和期末考试。
课程总成绩为百分制，形成性考核占20%，课程期末考试占80%。
（1）形成性考核：包括平时作业、参与⾯授辅导和各项教学活动的情况，以及学⽣对学习过程的⾃我监控情况，占课程总成绩的20%。
（2）期末考试包括⼝试和笔试两部分。
⼝试满分100分，占课程总成绩的15%；笔试包括单项选择，阅读理解和案例分析，满分也为100分，占课程总成绩的65%。
3．适⽤教材考试命题的教材为顾⽈国主编，外语教学与研究出版社2000年9⽉第2版《跨⽂化交际》教材。
4. 命题依据本课程的命题依据是《跨⽂化交际》课程的教学⼤纲、教材、实施意见。
5. 考试要求本课程的期末考试以考查读写技能为主，听说技能为辅，适当包括课程中介绍的语⾔和⽂化知识。
6. 笔试试题结构⼆、复习应考资料及其使⽤本学科本次考试有下列3种资料，可供学员复习应考⽤。
（⼀）中央电⼤下发的形成性考核作业册的4次作业。
形成性考核作业册是由中央电⼤的责任教师重新编写的，与考试题型相同，难度基本⼀致，对本期期末考试有较强的指导性，所以⼀定要认真⽤好。
形成性考核作业⽼师均作过评讲，请按⽼师平时所评讲的要求掌握。
（⼆）在线⾃测题。
在线⾃测题的内容由市电⼤课程责任⽼师设置，并且给出了相应的解析，这四套⾃测题既是对平时作业的补充，同时也是对考试内容的补充和强调，请各位学员⼀定要引起重视。
初中优秀特色作业
初中优秀特色作业
一、语文篇——“阅读与创作”特色作业
1. 阅读札记：
学生在假期中选取一本名著进行深度阅读，并撰写阅读札记，内容包括但不限于主题分析、人物性格剖析、精彩片段摘录及个人感悟等。
要求图文并茂，可适当加入思维导图或手绘插图。
2. 微型剧本创作：
根据所学课文或者课外读物中的故事改编成微型剧本，鼓励学生自行组织排练并在班级内表演，锻炼学生的想象力、创新能力以及团队协作能力。
二、数学篇——“生活中的数学应用”实践作业
1. 数学日记：
学生记录一周生活中遇到的数学问题及其解决过程，如购物时的价格比较、家庭预算制定、路程计算等，让学生感受数学在日常生活中的实际运用。
2. 数学建模项目：
选择一个生活中的实际问题（如城市交通拥堵问题、小区绿化面积规划等），引导学生利用所学知识建立数学模型，并提出解决方案。
三、英语篇——“跨文化交际”实践作业
1. 国际友人书信交流：
利用网络平台与国外同龄人进行英文书信交流，了解不同国家的文化习俗，提高书面表达和跨文化交际能力。
2. 英语配音秀：
选择一部英文动画短片或电影片段进行配音，并录制视频，提交作品的同时附上台词理解和角色揣摩的文字说明。
四、科学实验报告——“动手做科学”探究性作业
学生自主选择或教师指定一项科学实验，如观察种子发芽过程、制作简易太阳能小车等，完成实验后，编写详细的实验报告，包括实验目的、步骤、结果、结论及反思等部分。
以上各科特色作业旨在打破传统作业模式，倡导主动学习和实践
探索，培养学生的创新思维、批判性思考和解决问题的能力，使作业不仅成为检验学习成果的工具，更成为促进学生全面发展的有效途径。
跨文化交际采访报告
种藐视。
最为注意的是与尼日利亚人交谈的时候，不要盯视对方，他们忌讳对方盯视自己，因为这是不尊重人的举止。
而中国人认为聊天时看着对方的眼睛是一种尊重。
3.对客人问长问短，可能会侵犯客人的隐私，或者有些问题是客人不愿回答的，这时客人可能会表现出不耐烦，尼日利亚人在往后的交往中对那一个客人可能不会再像最初的那么热情。
4.随着社会的不断发展，等级观念会不会越来越减弱。
因为等级观念是一种落后的、封建的文化。
在社会发展的定义上，可以说是错误的思想观念。
作业三：《跨文化采访报告》40%跨文化采访报告1.基本情况:采访者的基本情况Name: ***Date of birth:Male/Female: FemaleCountry: ChinaRegion of country where you live：In the Asian region Religion：noLanguages I speak：Chinese被采访者的基本情况Name: Ma KeDate of birth: 1997-3-16Male/Female:MaleCountry : NigeriaRegion of country where he/she live: AfricaWhere is he/she living now? He is Live in China Religion：IslamLanguages he/ she speak: English2.在采访前你对采访对象和采访话题的预期和采访后的感觉是否有差距? 差距有多大?(5%)有差距差距有点大对采访对象：采访对象很热情，和他聊天非常的有趣。
尼日利亚有许多部落，所以各族习俗和文化有很大的差别。
有一个部落十分注重礼节，但是马可告诉我他所在的部落虽然注重礼仪，但是并没有那么严肃。
而且他对其他部落的礼仪文化也有一定的了解。
对采访话题：他们那边的大部分人都是待人比较热情友好的，对待陌生人也如此。
华师17年3月课程考试《跨文化交际》作业考核试题
17春华师17年3月课程考试《跨文化交际》作业考核试题一、单选题（共20 道试题，共40 分。
）1. ______ is a grammatical category of nouns in English，as illustrated by the simple sentence “We are students”. ()。
A. PersonB. CaseC. NumberD. Degree正确答案：2. A: What kind of material do you want me to bring? B: We are in need of many kinds of material. B' s response would be regarded by Americans as()。
A. something urgentB. too greedyC. too generousD. insufficient（不足的）information正确答案：3. “Greenhouse”in English and “温室”in Chinese differ in their ______ meaning. ()A. socialB. conceptualC. thematicD. reflected正确答案：4. “黑面包”can be translated into ()。
A. brown breadB. dark breadC. black breadD. red bread正确答案：5. ______ is，perhaps，the best known subject in which the interaction between language，thought and culture is investigated. ()。
A. Nonverbal communicationB. Intercultural communicationC. Verbal communicationD. Translation正确答案：6. -would you like some more soup? ' －______. It is delicious, but I've had enough.()。
跨文化交际问题作业
Get prepared for intercultural communication?Communication——your ability to share your beliefs, values, ideas, and feelings ——is the basis of all human contact. Whether you live in a city in Canada, a village in India, a commune in Israel, you cannot avoid communication with each other. But how about communication between different cultures? Are you well prepared for that? Before you do that, there are a few points you’d better keep in mind as stated below.What is intercultural communicationIntercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. Its seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real life' situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a business or how psychologists understand their patients. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.Intercultural communication is not new. As long as people from different cultures have been encountering one another there has been intercultural communication. What is new, however, is the systematic study of exactly what happens when cross-culture contacts and interaction take place—when message producer and message receiver are from different cultures. Increased contact among cultures makes it imperative for people to make a concerted effort to get along with and understand those whose believes and backgrounds may be vastly different from their own. Successful intercultural communication is a matter of highest importance if humankind and society are to survive. Thus, theoretical and practical knowledge about intercultural communication process and ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to coexist peacefully with people who do not necessarily share our own life styles or values, is essential to guarantee successful communication.Language is a way of marking cultural identity. Language differs, on the other hand, from other phenomena in that it is used to refer to other phenomena and hasusually to be used to refer beyond itself. Language in use by particular speakers is constantly referring beyond itself irrespective at the intentions of the speaker: language cannot be used without carrying meaning and referring beyond itself, even in the most sterile environment of the foreign language class. The meanings of a particular language point to the culture of a particular social group, and the analysis of those meanings—their comprehension by learners and other speakers—involves the analysis and comprehension of that culture. It disregards the nature of language to treat language independently of the culture which it constantly refers to. No doubt all language teaching contains some explicit reference to the culture; the whole from which the particular language is taken. The interdependence of language learning and culture learning is so evident that we can draw the conclusion that language learning is culture learning and consequently that language teaching is culture teaching.What are elements of human communicationElements of human communication are the context of the communication, the participants, the messages being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback.As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. Paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal feedback allows us to behave in ways that increase understanding of our messages. Feedback serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: in provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process. Verbal communication is, "the ways in which you use the words in a language to generate meaning." It is essentially any communication that uses language, whether it is oral or written. Symbols are used throughout verbal communication as sounds combined to make words-they symbolize ideas, thoughts, etc. Without symbols, communication would be meaningless.How High-context and Low- context cultures influence intercultural communicationAccording to Hall, cultures differ on a continuum that ranges from high to low context. High-context cultures prefer to use high- context messages which are implicit, indirect, conveyed primarily through the context or the social situation. Low-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. There are manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence intercultural communication. for example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. If there are not enough data, or if the point being made is not apparent, members of these cultures will ask very blunt, even curt, questions. They feel uncomfortable with the vagueness and ambiguity often associated with limited data. On the other hand, high-context people are not apt to become impatient and irritated when low- context people insist on giving them information they don’t need. The communication differences between high-context and low-context cultures are also apparent in the manner in which each approach conflict. For example, because high-context cultures tend to be less open, they hold that conflict is damaging to most communication encounters. For them, conflict should be dealt with discreetly and subtly.What is the relationship between language and cultureAccording to Sapir (1921), “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desire by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” Language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior. It is obvious that language plays a paramount role in developing, elaborating and transmitting culture and language, enabling us to store meanings and experience to facilitate communication. The function of language is so important in communication that it is even exaggerated by some scholars. The most famous one is the hypothesis of linguistic determinism concerning the relationship between language and culture, which Nida regards as misconceptions constituting serious difficulties forcross-cultural understanding.Each culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influence on the language system. For example, referring to the same common domestic animal, English chooses the word “dog”, while Chinese has its own character“狗”; Chinese has the phrase“走狗”while English has the e xpression “running dog”, but the meanings attributed to the two expressions are completely different according to Chinese culture and Western culture respectively. To Westerners, “running dog” has a positive meaning since the word “dog”, in most cases, is associated with an image of an animal pet－the favorite friend, thus they have the phrases “lucky dog”（幸运儿）, “top dog”（胜利者）, “old dog”（老手）, “gay dog”（快乐的人）, and it is usually used to describe everyday life and behavior, as in “Love me, love my dog”（爱屋及乌），“Every dog has its day”（凡人皆有得意日）. But in Chinese“走狗”refers to a lackey, an obsequious person. Since Chinese associates derogatory meaning to the character“狗”depending on the cultural difference, Chinese has such expressions as “狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗仗人势”，“狗胆包天”，“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”，“狼心狗肺”，“痛打落水狗”，“狗急跳墙”.We can obviously see that the meaning attributed to language is cultural-specific.A great deal of cross-cultural misunderstanding occurs when the “meanings” of words in two languages are assumed to be the same, but actually reflect different cultural patterns. Some are humorous as when a Turkish visitor to the U.S. refused to eat a hot dog because it was against his beliefs to eat dog meat. Some are much more serious as when a French couple on a trip to China took their pet poodle into a restaurant and requested some dog food. The dog was cooked and returned to their table on a platter!We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following: language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness andeven conflict in cross-cultural communication.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudicesStereotypes consist basically in shared beliefs or thoughts about a particular human group. A stereotype is an ensemble of characteristics that sums up a human group usually in terms of behaviour, habits, etc.The objective of stereotypes is to simplify reality: "they are like that". Bosses are tyrannical; these people are lazy, those are punctual; the people in that part of town are dangerous - one or some of them may have been, but all? Sometimes we use stereotypes about the group to which we feel we belong in order to feel stronger or superior to others. (Or, indeed, to excuse faults in ourselves - "What can I do about it? We are all like that!"). Stereotypes are usually based on some kind of contact or images that we have acquired in school, through mass media or at home, which then become generalised to take in all the people who could possibly be linked.A prejudice is a judgement we make about another person or other people without really knowing them. Prejudices can be negative or positive in character. Prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation process and they are very difficult to modify or eradicate. Therefore it is important that we are aware that we have them.To explain this concept more directly it could help to examine how deeply we know all of our friends. We may have different friends for different occasions, for going to the cinema, going walking, helping with homework, playing football, going to concerts. Do we know what music our football friends enjoy? Or do we just guess? Making assumptions is easy and common. If it is that simple to make assumptions about friends, think how easy it is to make false judgments about people you don't know.How to adapt to a new cultureThere are a few stages for you to experience if you want to experience a new culture. And later I’ll give some practical suggestions for you to better settle in a new culture.HoneymoonVisitors in the honeymoon stage view the new culture as something exciting and fresh. Differences in culture and appearance seem fascinating, while similarities stand out as common bonds. The energy associated with this stage often leads visitors to explore their surroundings and treat their new environment as a source of joy. The honeymoon can last anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Vacationers and similar casual visitors rarely move past this stage, since the length of their stay is limited and they focus their activities in service-oriented areas such as hotels and tourist sites.RejectionAs the first stage fades, the visitor confronts feelings of frustration and resentment. Cultural and language differences create complications in mundane tasks. Feelings of inadequacy predominate, and the reality of the visitor's new life starts to hit home. Disappointments tend to build upon each other, while members of the surrounding culture may treat the visitor like a child or a fool. The visitor becomes extremely sensitive and may develop significant fears about the surrounding culture. IsolationThe disillusionment created by the second stage causes the visitor to retreat into a shell. He becomes extremely critical of the surrounding culture and thinks of his home culture in idealized terms. Homesickness can become pronounced and emotional anxiety increases dramatically. The visitor may experience crying jags, changes in sleep patterns and continued irritation over comparatively minor issues. The exact length of this stage varies from case to case, but often lasts from one to two months, according to Bellini.Assimilation and AcceptanceIn order to function, the visitor begins adapting to his new circumstances. Slowly, the new culture begins to make more sense. He finds fellow countrymen who have adapted to their new culture, or makes new friends in the surrounding culture who help him feel more at home. He integrates more readily into his surroundings: basic tasks become easier and the local language and customs present fewer problems thanthey did before. Eventually, he's able to function in both his new and old circumstances with ease, balancing his cherished past with the promise of his future. Here are some suggestions for you:Maximize exposure to the host culture before departure. Read about everyday life in the destination. Visit appropriate hometown ethnic restaurants and grocery stores to gain exposure to the new culture's food and develop familiarity with the flavors. In addition to gaining as much linguistic proficiency as possible, develop familiarity with popular music and entertainment in the host country. Watch films and stream radio broadcasts or music videos for exposure.Upon arrival, develop a daily routine as quickly as possible. Establish a sleep schedule, eat healthfully and exercise at regular times. Make a point to establish familiarity by finding favorite local coffee shops and parks to avoid culture shock that can arise due to feelings of complete loss of control over life. Some choices may be limited due to language barriers or having to adjust to being the guest of a host family. But maximize available choices through reading materials and ways to spend free time.Maintain relationships with family and friends at home through video chat, letters and email. Create a website or share photographs electronically to engage longtime friends in your experience. Building new friendships in the host culture can also be critical to happiness. Be friendly and invite schoolmates, workmates or neighbors to go walking or out for coffee.Strive to maintain a flexible, positive attitude. Living in a foreign country is an invaluable opportunity full of excitement and challenges. Though it may seem extremely difficult, remember to be a student of the host country's way of life. Laugh at your social or linguistic mistakes. Experience new foods and traditions with an open mind. Flexibility is a critical component of successful adjustment.When you get all theses questions settled, you will be on your smooth way to experiencing a rather new culture and being a qualified cross-cultural communicator.。
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《跨文化交际》平时作业
. Assignments of Cross-cultural Communication
Composition One
Related Unit: Unit One
Title: A Comment on Anecdote 2 in Page 41
Directions: You are required to write it in at least 200 English words. Pay attention to the type of communication Anecdote Two belongs including the effectiveness & politeness of the communication .
Composition Two
Related Unit: Unit Three
Title: Some Differences between Chinese names & English.
Directions: You are required to write it in at least 250 English words. Pay attention to the presentation of your own understanding.
Composition Three
Related Unit: Unit Five
Title: A Comment on the Ideal Ways in Child-rearing
Directions: You are required to write it in at least 250 English words. Your paper is based on the understanding of Text One in Page 179 and in Page 180. The author of the text contrasts child-rearing in Chinese and Australian families. You are required to present the ideal ways in child-rearing by comparing the two ways. Composition Four
Related Unit: Unit Seven
Title: On Translating American Idioms to Chinese
Directions: You are required to write it in more 300 English words. You are required to choose any five of the ten American idioms listed below, put the five chosen into Chinese and comment on your translation, paying attention to the cultural phenomena as you are doing a cross-cultural research.
1. Like water off a duck’s back
2. Too big for one britches (boots)
3. Take it on the chin
4. Straight from the horse’s mouth
5. Snake in the grass
6. Miss the boat (bus)
7. Know if one is coming or going
8. Hit the nail on the head
9. get one’s goat
10. flat broke。