English-vs-Chinese上课讲义
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• Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them(意合)
• Related terms: Tree structure/bamboo structure
English vs.Chinese
-Ten Pairs of Features
• 1Synthetic vs. Analytic(综合语与分析语) • 2.Rigid vs. Supple(刚性与柔性) • 3.Hypotactic vs. Paratactic(形合与意合) • 4.Complex vs. Simple(繁复与简短)
1.Synthetic vs. Analytic 综合语与分析语
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
– That is our policy and that is our declaration.
—— W. Churchill • 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。
• Paratactic Chinese • Covert coherence 隐性连贯
• 1)word order • （因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。 • Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her
• He has gone abroad for futher studies.
I.
3.Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
• Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives(形合)
• Hypotactic English （overt cohension 显性接应）
• frequent use of relative words, conjunction 关 系词和连接词Who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how,And, or, but, yet, so, however,
（既然）人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻
易错过。
Word Order:Flexible vs. Inflexible
What in the world do you mean?(C.Dickens)
你的意思究竟是什么呀？
inversion
• The Use of Functional Words • English: articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs,
• An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of functional words, auxiliary words and changes in word order to express syntanctic relations
• 5.Impersonal vs Personal (Inanimate vs Animate)（物称与人称）
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
• 6.Passive vs. Active 主动与被动 • 7.Static vs. Dynamic 静态与动态 • 8.Abstract vs. Concrete 抽象与具体 • 9.Indirective vs. directive直接与间接 • 10.Substitutive vs. Repetive 替换与重复
• Chinese is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal makers.
• 天高云淡。（形容词作谓语）
• The sky is high and the clouds are pale.
• 他出国留学去了。（连动式谓语）
three grammtical devices in English: inflection（变化词形） word order（安排词序 ） and the use of function words（运用虚词）
• Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional
• Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
•西2洋)re语pi的tio结n,构pa好ra像lle连lis环m,，co虽nt然ra环st,与an环tit都he联sis络 •起种来瓜，得毕瓜竟，有种联豆得络豆的痕迹；中国语的结构好 •像A无s 缝yo天u s衣ow，, s只o w是ill一yo块u 一rea块p 的硬凑，凑起来 •还3不)f让ou它r-有ch痕ar迹ac。te西r w洋o语rd法是硬的，没有弹 •性物的极；必中反国语法是软的，富于弹性的。
• 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。
• Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy was forced to surrender.
2.Rigid vs. Supple
• SV: The meeting has begun. • SVP:We are students. • SVO:The news surprised me. • SVOO: She sang us a song. • SVOC: We elected him our monitor.
coordiantors (并列连接词)and subordinator. （从属连接词)
• She was with a child.(她带着一个孩子) • She was with child(她怀着孕)
• Chinese: • aspect particles (动态助词：着、了、过) • structural particles (结构助词：的、地、得) • emotional particles (语气助词：呢、吗、吧)
• Related terms: Tree structure/bamboo structure
English vs.Chinese
-Ten Pairs of Features
• 1Synthetic vs. Analytic(综合语与分析语) • 2.Rigid vs. Supple(刚性与柔性) • 3.Hypotactic vs. Paratactic(形合与意合) • 4.Complex vs. Simple(繁复与简短)
1.Synthetic vs. Analytic 综合语与分析语
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.
– That is our policy and that is our declaration.
—— W. Churchill • 这就是我们的国策。这就是我们的宣言。
• Paratactic Chinese • Covert coherence 隐性连贯
• 1)word order • （因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。 • Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her
• He has gone abroad for futher studies.
I.
3.Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
• Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives(形合)
• Hypotactic English （overt cohension 显性接应）
• frequent use of relative words, conjunction 关 系词和连接词Who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how,And, or, but, yet, so, however,
（既然）人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻
易错过。
Word Order:Flexible vs. Inflexible
What in the world do you mean?(C.Dickens)
你的意思究竟是什么呀？
inversion
• The Use of Functional Words • English: articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs,
• An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of functional words, auxiliary words and changes in word order to express syntanctic relations
• 5.Impersonal vs Personal (Inanimate vs Animate)（物称与人称）
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
• 6.Passive vs. Active 主动与被动 • 7.Static vs. Dynamic 静态与动态 • 8.Abstract vs. Concrete 抽象与具体 • 9.Indirective vs. directive直接与间接 • 10.Substitutive vs. Repetive 替换与重复
• Chinese is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal makers.
• 天高云淡。（形容词作谓语）
• The sky is high and the clouds are pale.
• 他出国留学去了。（连动式谓语）
three grammtical devices in English: inflection（变化词形） word order（安排词序 ） and the use of function words（运用虚词）
• Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional
• Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
•西2洋)re语pi的tio结n,构pa好ra像lle连lis环m,，co虽nt然ra环st,与an环tit都he联sis络 •起种来瓜，得毕瓜竟，有种联豆得络豆的痕迹；中国语的结构好 •像A无s 缝yo天u s衣ow，, s只o w是ill一yo块u 一rea块p 的硬凑，凑起来 •还3不)f让ou它r-有ch痕ar迹ac。te西r w洋o语rd法是硬的，没有弹 •性物的极；必中反国语法是软的，富于弹性的。
• 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。
• Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy was forced to surrender.
2.Rigid vs. Supple
• SV: The meeting has begun. • SVP:We are students. • SVO:The news surprised me. • SVOO: She sang us a song. • SVOC: We elected him our monitor.
coordiantors (并列连接词)and subordinator. （从属连接词)
• She was with a child.(她带着一个孩子) • She was with child(她怀着孕)
• Chinese: • aspect particles (动态助词：着、了、过) • structural particles (结构助词：的、地、得) • emotional particles (语气助词：呢、吗、吧)