英文合同常用法律用语

正式进某国企法律部两个月来,几乎什么事都没做,因为我看不懂合同,看不懂其中的法律术语(legalese),也看不懂行业术语(至今也没弄明白什么叫发动机喘振)。于是被迫开始了人生中学英语学得最认真的两个月。学都学了,贴一些常用的词汇和句型,供大家参考,也欢迎斧正。

一、关于合同(agreement/contract)的一些动、名词

开始commence (commencement) 完成consummate (consummation) 终止terminate (termination) 中止suspend (suspension)

履行perform (performance), carry out, implement (implementation)

拒绝履行repudiate (repudiation)

取消cancel (cancellation)

撤销rescind (rescission), revoke (revocation)

补偿indemnify (indemnity)

转让assign (assignment), grant

保证warrant (warranty), guarantee (guarantee)

Inaction 不作为action 作为

其中indemnify是bug:我第一次看到的时候非常纯真地问:“领导领导,我有个愚蠢的问题,为什么不用compensate?”领导哈哈哈大笑三声:“你个土鳖!合同里没见过用compensate的。”事实是我后来看过的合同里确实没见过compensate。

二、关于一些“人”

当事人party, contractor(合同当事人;承包人)

买方buyer, vendee(通常用于不动产)卖方seller, vendor(通常用于不动产)债权人creditor 债务人debtor 主债务人principle debtor

保证人guarantor 被保证人guarantee

出租人lessor 承租人lessee

发包人主承包人general contractor 分包人subcontractor 转让人grantor, assignor 受让人grantee, assignee

许可人licensor 被许可人licensee

继承人successor 被继承人deceased,decedent

清算人liquidator 破产财产管理人receiver

受益人beneficiary

代理人、法律事务代理人attorney 事实代理人attorney in fact

关联公司affiliate 子公司subsidiary

托运人shipper consignor 承运人carrier

公证人notary public 仲裁员arbitrator

法官、审判员judge 证人testis, witness

胜诉当事人prevailing, prevailing party

这些“人”基本都是由动词变过来的,多以er/or和ee结尾,相对来说还是比较好记。Testis是这里的bug,是比witness看上去更高大上的拉丁语的词,但是其常用词是“睾丸”的意思。没错!你没看错!而且是testical的复数形式!至于其中的联系,纯真的我当然没好意思问领导。

三、一些介词、连词短语

按照in accordance with, comply with, in conformity with

关于in respect of, in connection with(常与arising out of连用), in regard of, with regard to

在不影响…的情况下without prejudice to

以…为条件subject to

尽管…notwithstanding

当…发生时on/upon occurrence of

在…的要求下on the request of

为…的利益for the benefit of on behalf of

包括但不限于including without limitation, including but not limited to

没有/缺少…时in default of

基于…理由on the grounds of

在…范围内insofar as

具有…的性质in the nature of

由…承担for one’s account

对…负责be liable for

(公司)适用哪国法incorporated and existing under the laws of

(合同)be governed and construed by the laws of

在具体某天as of

在某时间之前(包括改时间)on and before

从某时间起(包括/不包括改时间)from and including/excluding

到某时间止(包括/不包括改时间)to and including/excluding 这里需要注意最后三个词组,英文英文合同中不存在关于是否包含本数的推定,所以有必要写明including还是excluding,这点非常重要。至于as of,是一个legalese不好好说人话的典型,纯真的我当然不会再去做用on的土鳖了。

四、用多个词表示一个意思

Legalese的一大特色,即是严谨的体现,也是不好好说人话的体现。

in full force and effect 有效null and void 无效

indirect, special and consequential loss 间接损失

natural and ordinary meaning 通常含义

save and except 除了

记得笔记里只有这几个了,曾经见过一个合同在不可抗力部分把insurrection、rebellion、riot、commotion和usurpation连用的,它们的中文意思分别是:暴动、叛乱、骚乱、骚乱、篡权。纯真的你们,明白了吗?

五、一些有意思的词

hold harmless 免于承担赔偿责任(indemnify and hold the buyer harmless from any and all liabilities)

deem 推定

governmental act/activity 政府行为。这个词经常出现在不可抗力条款中。英美法和我们习惯的理解有一定差别,英美法要求某行为必须是为公共目的才会被认定为governmental,并不是政府所做出的行为就是governmental。哇,这个词好像可以引申出很多思考。

whereas 鉴于。每个英文合同上来都会有一大串鉴于条款,少则几段话,多可达十几页,每句话都是以这个词开头。

estoppels 禁止反言

ad hoc为了特定目的的,例如ad hoc arbitration特别仲裁,不过我国目前不承认特别仲裁。出现了拉丁文的一大麻烦是你会分不清它们的词性,比如这个ad hoc就是长着一个副词的样,查字典显示的貌似也是副词,但是合同里往往向形容里一样用。

至于像herein、hereof、therein这种,不是审合同只是想看合同的意思的话,跳过即可。

读英文合同非常重要的一点是找准适用法,虽然我们习惯说英美法,但是一个单词根据英国法和美国法的解释可能是完全不同的,比如表示一开始提到的解除合同,《美国统一商法典》会细分:根据双方协商解除合同用rescission,根据合同前述条款规定解除合同用termination,根据对方违约解除合同用cancellation。但是你会发现,《统一商法典》自己在用这几个词的时候也没有分:美国佬!你们是在逗我玩么!

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