英语语法分词及独立主格的用法

1．分词的时态和语态

1）分词分为现在分词和过去分词，其否定形式为not + 分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having + 过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：

Being a student, he was interested in books.

Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.

2）现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式。如：

The question being discussed is important.

Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.

2．分词的用法

1）作定语

分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。如：

The man standing by the windows is our teacher.

The excited people rushed into the building.

注意：现在分词作定语时表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：

The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.

①现在分词作定语

A．现在分词作定前置时静感强，而后置的现在分词动感强。如：

The working people are the wisest.

The farmers working here are very busy.

能前置的现在分词为数不太多，常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词，前常有程度副词，有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。如：

I have brought very exciting news to you.

This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.

B．有些现在分词作定语时表示正在发生的动作，这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。如：

Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise ?

Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise ?

The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.

The American president who is visiting China now will return on Saturday.

有些现在分词作定语时表示经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态。此类现在人词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态，而不宜用进行时态。如：They stayed at a hotel standing (which stood) by the lake.

The temple standing (that stood) on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.

C．从形式来看，前置现在分词多为单个分词，而后置现在分词多为短语。但也不能绝对如此，要视情况而定。要是强调动感，即使是单个分词也应后置。如：

Look! The girl singing is Alice and one dancing is Mary.

从内容来讲，前置现在分词多为不及物动词，一般没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语状语。如：

Barking dogs seldom bite.

The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.

注意：现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语，而用作后置定语。

We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

②过去分词作定语

过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示增添的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。如：

This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.

He is a man loved by all.

如果指的动作现在正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，可用现在分词的被动形式作定语。如：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

如果指的是一个未来动作，可用不定式的被动形式作定语。如：

You are invited to a party to be given at our institute at 6: 00 next Sunday evening.

2）作状语

分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。如：

Being a student, I must study hard. （原因）

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. （时间）

The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. （方式）

分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果分词与句子的主语是主动关系，用doing表示与谓语动词同时发生或进行的动作，用having done表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。如果分词与句子的主语是被动关系，则用done强调在谓语动词之前发生的动作，也可用having been done.

表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引出。

有时“with（without）+ 名词（或代词宾语）+ 分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。如：

He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken.

当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词前必须加上自己的主语，此结构被称为独立主格结构。如：Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.

3）作表语。如：

The news is inspiring.

The glass is broken.

4）作宾语补足语。如：

We saw the teacher making the experiment.

注意：在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。如：

I saw the girl getting on the bus.

I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.

注意：“have + 宾语+ 现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have + 宾语+ 过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如：

He had his clothes washed. （他叫别人洗了衣服。）

We had the fire burning all day. （我们使火燃烧了一整天。）

独立主格结构

（一）独立主格结构的构成

独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。

使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。

1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如：

The man lay there, his hands trembling.

有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如：

The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.

2．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如：

The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.

3．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语）

形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态等。如：The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.

4．名词（或代词）+ 副词

副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。如：

The meeting over, we all went home.

5．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语

The teacher came in, a book in his hand.

6．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）

不定式表示将来的动作。如：

He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

有时独立主格结构中名词前的定语可以省略。如：

The boy sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed/(a) book in (his) hand.

（二）独立主格结构的作用

1．作状语

1）表示时间

His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping. 2）表示原因

There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.

3）表示条件

Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.

4）表示方式或伴随

He sat at the table, head down.

2．作同位语

Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.

3．作定语

Close to the bank, we saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

（三）有时用with/without引导的复合结构作状语，在句中可作定语或状语。如：Do you know the girl with a basket on her back ?

英语语法——独立主格

英语语法——独立主格一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的形式英语中，独立主格结构的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。 1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如： Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。三、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1. 作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。

高英语语法专项练习：过去分词

过去分词专项训练 Part1: Fill in the blanks 1. When_______(ask) why he was late, he went red.(脸红了) 2. Deeply ____ (move) by the story, she began to cry. 3. He walked out of the house，_______ （follow）by his pet dog ______(name )Snoopy. 4. When______ (travel), you should take care of your health. 5. Although________ (shock) at the nationwide milk crisis, many mothers still showed they would choose the brands of milk powder cautiously instead of saying “no” to it. party. 6. Even if______ (invite), I won’t attend the evening = Even if I______ (invite), I won’t attend the evening party. 7 _______(dress )in white, she looks really pretty. 8 ________(see) the picture, I couldn’t help thinking of his good old days. 9 Can you see the boy ___________ (question) by the police now? 10 The building ___________ (complete) at the end of this year will be our library. 3. At last the man managed to make himself ___ with his ____ French. A. understood; broken B. understand; break C. understanding; breaking D. understand; broken 4. _____ to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century, the computer is playing a more and more important role in social life. A. Considered B. Considering C. To consider D. Consider 5. Prices of daily goods ________ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 6. Daring, Can’t you get _________ quickly, only fifteen minutes for the party! A. changing B. change C. to be changed D. changed 7. We must study as much as possible to meet the needs of a _________ world we face. A. ever-changed B. ever-change C. ever-changes D. ever-changing 8 The ________ story of the hero _______ everyone to tears. A. moving; moved B. moving; moving C. moved; moved D. moved; moving 9. After the storm there were quite a few ______ trees on the ground. Many people saw them ______ down when the storm came up. A. fallen; fall B. fallen; fallen C. fallen; to fall D. falling; fall 10. To our great grief, there were more than 10 million people _______ in the Wen Chuang earthquake. A. killing B. to be killed C. killed D. having been killed em big at all. 11 _____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesn’t se A Compare B When comparing C Comparing D When compared 12. If one third of a person’s blood _______, they may die. A. lost B is lost C. is losing D. loses tudents ____ outside to come in right away. 13. It’s time for the class meeting. Tell the s A. playing B. to play C. played D. who play 14. ____ drivers are a danger to the safety of the public. A. Drank B. Drunk C. Drinking D. Drink - 1 - / 3

3高中英语语法通霸独立主格结构和with的复合结构

高中英语语法通霸3：独立主格结构和with的复合结构考点1.独立主格结构的构成 A.独立主格结构可以看作是把一个分句破坏了谓语前面我们学过，两个分句放在一起而不用句子连词连接只以逗号隔开，这样的句子是错误的（参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）。 His homework was finished, he went out to play.× 这时，我们可以把一个分句的谓语破坏掉，把其谓语变成非谓语或不用动词。上句可以变为： His homework finished, he went out to play. 这样，这个分句被破坏后就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构可以使句子更简练，有利于表达复杂内容。破坏谓语的方法：含有be的，把be去掉（主系表结构表原因的，be也可变为being）；不含be的，谓语和主语是主动关系的，把谓语变为现在分词；是被动关系的，把谓语变为过去分词；谓语表将来动作的，变为不定式。练习：合并下列句子，把画线句子改为独立主格结构。 1.His wife was ill. He had to stay at home. 2.He arrived at home. His face was red. 3.My homework was finished. I went out to play football with my friends. 4.I rode a bike along the street. My dog was following me. 5.I had to stay at home. A lot of homework had to be done. 6.It rained last Sunday. I had to stay at home. B.独立主格结构的构成 ①名词(代词)+现在分词（与前面构成主动关系） Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou tomorrow. ②名词(代词)+过去分词（与前面构成被动关系） The test finished, we began our holiday. ③名词(代词)+不定式（表将来） He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. ④名词(代词)+副词The game over, the crowd rushed to the exit. ⑤名词(代词)+形容词A hunter came in, his face red with cold. ⑥名词(代词) +介词短语 Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm. ⑦名词(代词) +名词The villagers, most of them women and children, were killed that night. 考点2.with的复合结构与独立主格结构的区别和联系看下面两个句子： ①W ith the traffic light green, the bus got moving. （前面粗体部分是with的复合结构）②The traffic light green, the bus got moving. (前面粗体部分是独立主格结构) 可以看出，作状语时，独立主格结构和with的复合结构在用法上是相同的，可以通过添、去with相互转换。但是作定语时，常用with的复合结构。 The woman with a baby on her back is my aunt. 背上背孩子的那个女的是我阿姨。在独立主格结构中，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均可以不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受限制。 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A policeman ran after him, with a stick in his hand. 1.With a lot of difficult problems ______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settledB. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.With all the magazines I needed ______, I left the post office. A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought 3.With electricity ______, we couldn’t drive the machine. A. was cut off B. being cut off C. cut off D. having cut off 4.Everything ______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to takeB. takenC. to be takenD. taking 5.______ more and more forests damaged, some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. A. AsB. ForC. WithD. By 6.【2010山东】The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked. A. laid B. laying C. to lay D. being laid 7.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into details. A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing 8.【2012辽宁】The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 9.Tom looked at Jenny, tears ______ his eyes, and shouted the words ______ in his heart for years. A. filling; having been hidden B. filled; hidden C. filling; hidden D. filled; hiding 10.With the boy ______ the way, we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to ZhongshanPark. A. leading; finding; leading B. to lead; found; to lead C. led; finding; led D. leading; found; led 11.______, he had to stay at home q329950885 looking after her. A. Being ill B. His wife was ill C. His wife being ill D. Because he was ill 12.______,John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer

英语语法——独立主格

独立主格 10.1 独立主格（一）：独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。（二）独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 10．2With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

英语语法 -ing分词的用法

英语语法-ing分词的用法 ing分词的用法 1、-ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：一般式完成式主动形式doing 主动形式having done 被动形式being done 被动形式having been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。 2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。 3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如： Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。 This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。 4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)–ing分词（短语）作主语： Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。 Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。 ①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。 ②在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如： There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。

英语语法详解ed分词(三)

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