高中英语语法——独立主格结构

独立主格

一、独立主格结构(the absolute structure)用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构的特点：

1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

4)在句中作状语，并对主句进行补充说明。

5)它有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思

三、构成

1、名词/代词+ to do

We divide the work, he to clean windows and I to sweep the floor.

The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。

2、名词/代词+ doing

It being fine, we decided to go for a picnic.

There being no bus or taxi then, we had to walk home.

There being nothing else to do, we left.

The problem having been settled, we ended our meeting.

The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.

（1）.__________no bus, we had to walk home. (A)

A .There being

B .Being

C .Having been

D .There was

（2）._______no bus, we had to walk home. (b)

A .As there being

B .As there was

C .Being

D .There was

（3）._______Sunday, the library doesn't open. (c)

A .Being

B .There being

C .It being

D .Having been

（4）.______Sunday, the library doesn't open. (d or It being)

A .As it being

B .Being

C .It is

D .As it is

3、名词/代词+ done

His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.

Her wallet stolen, she had no money to buy even a bus ticket.因为钱包被偷了，她甚至连买车票的钱也没有了。

The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了，同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。

（1）.______a___, the train started.

A .The signal given

B .Giving the signal B .The signal being given D .The signal giving

（2）.____d______, the train started.

A .After having given the signal

B .After the signal given

C .Giving the signal

D .After the signal was given

（3）.____b_____, the text became easier for us to learn.

A .Explaining new words

B .New words explained

C .Being explained new words

D .Having explained new words

（4）.______a________, the text became easier for us to learn.

A. When new words were explained B .Explaining new words

C .New words explaining

D .Being explained new words

4、名词/代词+adj. / adv.

I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.我看见深深的池塘里，水蓝蓝的像天空。

The condition (being) favorable, he may succeed.条件有利的话，他可能成功。

Summer (being) over, students returned to school.夏天过去了，学生回到了学校。

All the lights on, our classroom building looks even more beautiful.

Computers being very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，但用途却很广泛。

（1）._____b or Conditions being better______, the patient can leave the hospital.

A .Better conditions

B .Conditions better

C .Conditions are better

D .Being better conditions （2）.___c______, the patient can leave the hospital.

A .If better conditions

B .If conditions better

C .If conditions are better D. Being better conditions （3）.______b__, we’d like to go outing.

A .Being Sunday

B .Sunday OK

C .Sunday is OK

D .If Sunday OK

（4）._____d______, we’d like to go outing.

A .If Sunday is OK

B .Sunday being OK

C .Sunday OK D.A,B and C

（5）.____d_____, you can wait a while.

A .The play being still on

B .The play still on

C Being still on the play D.A and B

（6）.____c_____, so you can wait a while

A .The play is still on

B .The play being still on C. As the play is still on D .The play still on

5、名词/代词+ 介词短语

He came into the classroom, book in hand.

The men ran out of the burning house, many of them with their clothes on fire.

He went off, gun in hand.

The old man stood under a big tree, pipe in mouth.

Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语教师手里拿着试卷走进了教室。

（1）.The boy followed the nobleman here, ____ d_______.

A .a sword in hand

B .a sword in his hand B .Being a sword in hand D .sword in hand

（2）.The boy followed the nobleman here _____a______.

A .with a sword in his hand

B .with a sword in hand

C .with a sword being in hand

D .a sword being in hand

（3）.He left the office, _________b_.

A .tears being in eyes

B .tears in eyes

C .being tears in eyes

D .with tears being in eyes （4）.He left the office _____b_____.

A .with tears being in eyes

B .with tears in her eyes

C .being tears in eyes

D .tears being in eyes 在这个结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用冠词。

表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with复合结构。with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语

He stood there, his hand raised.

= He stood there, with his hand raised.

He came into the classroom, book in hand.

with a book in his hand.

He stood under a tree, hand in pocket.

= with a hand in his pocket.

The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

四、独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。

1.作时间状语

1)My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.＝After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room, treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。)